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The bill was eventually passed, but with a clause that would allow
exemptions to students who think that reading the Noli and Fili
would ruin their faith. In other words, one can apply to the
Department of Education for exemption from reading Rizal’s novels
—though not from taking the Rizal subject. The bill was enacted on
June 12, 1956.
The Rizal Bill became the Republic Act No. 1425, known as the ‘Rizal
Law’. The full name of the law is “An Act to Include in the Curricula
of All Public and Private Schools, Colleges and Universities Courses
on the Life, Works and Writings of Jose Rizal, Particularly His
Novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, Authorizing the
Printing and Distribution Thereof, and for Other Purposes.“
The first section of the law concerns mandating the students to read
Rizal’s novels. The last two sections involve making Rizal’s writings
accessible to the general public—they require the schools to have a
sufficient number of copies in their libraries and mandate the
publication of the works in major Philippine languages.
Jose P. Laurel, then-senator who co-wrote the law, explained that
since Jose Rizal was the founder of the country’s nationalism and
had significantly contributed to the current condition of the nation,
it is only right that Filipinos, especially the youth, know about and
learn to imbibe the great ideals for which the hero died.
Accordingly, the Rizal Law aims to accomplish the following goals:
2. To pay tribute to our national hero for devoting his life and works
in shaping the Filipino character
Not known to many, there is another republic act that concerns the
national hero. Republic Act No. 229 is an act prohibiting
cockfighting, horse racing, and jai-alai on the thirtieth day of
December of each year and to create a committee to take charge of
the proper celebration of Rizal day in every municipality and
chartered city, and for other purposes.
The academic subject on the life, works, and writings of Jose Rizal
was not mandated by law for anything. Far from being impractical,
the course interestingly offers many benefits that some
contemporary academicians declare that the subject, especially
when taught properly, is more beneficial than many subjects in
various curricula.
There is a dictum, “He who controls the past controls the future.”
Our view of history forms the manner we perceive the present, and
therefore influences the kind of solutions we provide for existing
problems. Jose Rizal course, as a history subject, is full of historical
information from which one could base his decisions in life. In
various ways, the subject, for instance, teaches that being educated
is a vital ingredient for a person or country to be really free and
successful.
We can learn much from the way Rizal faced various challenges in
life. As a controversial figure in his time, he encountered serious
dilemmas and predicaments but responded decently and high-
mindedly. Through the crucial decisions he made in his life, we can
sense his priorities and convictions which manifest how noble,
selfless, and great the national hero was. For example, his many
resolutions exemplified the aphorism that in this life there are
things more important than personal feeling and happiness.
People love fiction and are even willing to spend on books or movie
tickets just to be entertained by made-up tales. But only a few
perhaps know that Rizal’s life is full of fascinating non-fictional
accounts.
For instance, it is rarely known that (1) Rizal was involved in a love
triangle with Antonio Luna as also part of the romantic equation; (2)
Rizal was a model in some of Juan Luna’s paintings; (3) Rizal’s
common-law wife Josephine Bracken was ‘remarried’ to a man from
Cebu and had tutored former President Sergio Osmeña; (4) Leonor
Rivera (‘Maria Clara’), Rizal’s ‘true love’, had a son who married the
sister of the former President of the United Nations General
Assembly Carlos P. Romulo; (5) the Filipina beauty queen Gemma
Cruz Araneta is a descendant of Rizal’s sister, Maria; (6) the
sportscaster Chino Trinidad is a descendant of Rizal’s ‘first love’
(Segunda Katigbak); and (7) the original manuscripts of Rizal’s
novel (Noli and Fili) were once stolen for ransom, but Alejandro
Roces had retrieved them without paying even a single centavo.
Laws on Rizal
There are at least two Republic Acts and two Memorandum Orders
pertaining to Jose Rizal:
Republic Act N. 1425 or the Rizal Law
Republic Act No. 229 or the Celebration of Rizal Day’
Memorandum Order No. 247 by President Fidel V. Ramos
CHED Memorandum No. 3, s 1995 by Commissioner Mona D.
Valismo.
Explanation:
Rizal Day
Mangubat gave three reasons explaining why Rizal's death served
as a turning point to the nationalistic hopes of the countrymen: First
is that it served as a signal to the Katipunan to raise up arms
against the Spaniards and begin the revolution. It is important to
note that it was not formed after the death of Rizal, rather, the
event at Bagumbayan on December 30 crystallized the motives of
the organization. Second, his execution also served as a realization
to the elite that they weren't an exemption to the despotism of the
Spanish rule. Many other sectors joined in the Katipunan as the
revolutionary and nationalistic mind began to settle on them. Lastly,
because the event happened at the turn of the century, it was also
significantly considered as a "New Beginning" for the country.
Emilio Aguinaldo gave the first decree to declare December 30 as
"national day of mourning" and as anniversary of Jose Rizal's death.
To observe this, he ordered that all flags must be hoisted at half-
mast on December 29 and on the following day, there would be no
government offices. The first ever monument of Rizal erected was
on Daet, Camarines Norte and its unveiling is simultaneous to the
first observance of Rizal Day on December 30, 1898 by the Club
Filipino. February 1, 1902, the Philippine Commission ordained Act
no. 345 which issues December 30 as Rizal Day and as national
holiday observed each year.
According to Ambeth Ocampo, oftentimes, heroes are remembered
more on their deaths than their births. However, Mangubat
mentions that the death of Rizal would not have that been more
meaningful were it not for birth and life spent for the betterment of
our country. There are many moves that wish to change the date of
Rizal Day to June 19 because it has a more positive sense and that
it is close to June 12 and May 28 which are the Philippine
Independence Day and the National Flag Day, respectively. On the
other hand, December 30 is nearer to the much more celebrated
holidays of Christmas and New Year which often overshadow the
hero's celebration. For me personally, although his birth date is a
much more joyous celebration, his death can be a better
perspective to look at the entirety of Rizal's life and why he was
willing to die for the sake of his love for the country.
DONE in the City of Manila, this 26th day of December in the year of
Our Lord, Nineteen Hundred and Ninety-Four.
CHED Memorandum
No.3,s. 1995
To:
Head of State Colleges and Universities
Head of Private Schools, Colleges and Universities
Office of the President Memorandum Order No. 247
Re: Implementation of Republic Act No. 1425
Enclosed is a copy of Memorandum Order No. 247 dated December
26, from the Office of the President of the Philippines entitled,
"Directing Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports and the
CHAIRMAN OF COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION to fully
implement the Republic Act No. 1425 entitled "An Act to include in
the curricula of all public and private schools, colleges and
universities, courses on the Life, Works and Writings of Jose Rizal,
particularly his novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo,
authorizing the printing and distribution thereof and for other
purposes" for guidance of all concerned.
Strict compliance therewith is requested.
SOCIAL STRUCTURE:
The Philippine society was predominantly feudalistic- the result of
the Spanish land holding system imposed upon the country with the
arrival of the conquistadores. An elite class exploited the masses,
fostered by the “massive slave” relationship between the Spaniards
and the Filipinos. The Spaniards exacted all forms of taxes and
tributes, and drafted the natives for manual labor. Consequently,
the poor became poorer and the rich wealthier.
POLITICAL SYSTEM:
Spain governed the Philippines through the Ministro de
Ultramar (Ministry of the Colonies) established in Madrid in 1863.
This body helped the Spanish monarch manage the affairs of the
colonies and govern the Philippines through a centralized machinery
exercising:
Executive
Legislative
Judicial and
Religious powers
Alcaldes Mayores
Civil Governors
Led the provincial government (alcaldias)
Alcaldes en ordinario
City mayor and vice mayor
Ruled the city government (ayuntamiento)
Gobernadorcillo
Town mayor
Ruled the town government (principalia)
Cabeza de Barangay
Barangay captain
Ruled the barrio
The Guardia Civil
Headed by alferez (Second lieutenant)
Performed police duties
Helped in the maintenance of peace and order
The system of courts was a centralized system
It was a pyramidical organization
Headed by the Royal Audiencia
Served as highest court for civil and criminal cases
Together with the Governor General, they made laws for the
country called autos acordados
Felipe Buencamino
In 1820, he led the petition criticizing the Dominican methods of
instruction in UST, clamored for better professors and demanded
government control their University thru anonymous letters.
and Spanish
editorialstothe
individual rights and freedom, specifically for the Filipino people. As part of his reforms, he even called for the inclusion of t
But, among his best works, two novels stood out from the
rest – Noli Me Tángere (Touch Me Not) and El Filibusterismo
(The Reign of the Greed).
In both novels, Rizal harshly criticized the Spanish colonial
rule in the country and exposed the ills of Philippine society at the
time. And because he wrote about the injustices and brutalities of
the Spaniards in the country, the authorities banned Filipinos from
reading the controversial books. Yet they were not able to ban it
completely. As more Filipinos read the books, their eyes opened to
the truth that they were suffering unspeakable abuses at the hands
of the friars. These two novels by Rizal, now considered his literary
masterpieces, are said to have indirectly sparked the Philippine
Revolution.
Upon his return to the Philippines, Rizal formed a progressive
organization called the La Liga Filipina. This civic movement
advocated social reforms through legal means. Now Rizal was
considered even more of a threat by the Spanish authorities
(alongside his novels and essays), which ultimately led to his exile
in Dapitan in Northern Mindanao.
This however did not stop him from continuing his plans for
reform. While in Dapitan, Rizal built a school, hospital, and water
system. He also taught farming and worked on agricultural projects
such as using abaca to make ropes.
Rizal was granted leave by then Governor-General Blanco,
after volunteering to travel to Cuba to serve as doctor to yellow
fever victims. But at that time, the Katipunan had a full-blown
revolution and Rizal was accused of being associated with the secret
militant society. On his way to Cuba, he was arrested in Barcelona
and sent back to Manila to stand for trial before the court martial.
Rizal was charged with sedition, conspiracy, and rebellion – and
therefore, sentenced to death by firing squad.
Days before his execution, Rizal bid farewell to his
motherland and countrymen through one of his final letters, entitled
Mi último adiós or My Last Farewell. Dr. José Rizal was executed on
the morning of December 30, 1896, in what was then called
Bagumbayan (now referred to as Luneta). Upon hearing the
command to shoot him, he faced the squad and uttered in his final
breath: “Consummatumest” (It is finished). According to historical
accounts, only one bullet ended the life of the Filipino martyr and
hero.
His legacy lives on after his death, the Philippine Revolution
continued until 1898. And with the assistance of the United States,
the Philippines declared its independence from Spain on June 12,
1898. This was the time that the Philippine flag was waved at
General Emilio Aguinaldo’s residence in Kawit, Cavite.
Hymn to labor
Noli Me Tángere
El Filibusterismo
Filipino Nationalism
Filipino Nationalism is an upsurge of patriotic sentiments and
nationalistic ideals in the Philippines of the 19th century that came
consequently as a result of more than two centuries of Spanish rule
and as an immediate outcome of the Filipino Propaganda Movement
(mostly in Europe) from 1872 to 1892. It served as the backbone of
the first nationalist revolution in Asia, the Philippine Revolution of
1896.
The Creole Age (1780s-
1872)
NATIONALISM
According to Gellner, “nationalism” is not the awakening of
nations to self- consciousness: it invents nations where they do not
exist. The drawback to this formulation, however, is that Gellner is
so anxious to show that nationalism masquerades under false
pretences that he assimilates “inventions” to “fabrication” and
falsity, rather than to “imagining” and creation.
RIZAL AND NATIONALISM
Acquiring a better understanding of Rizal’s life demands a
deeper and more profound analysis of his life and writings. His firm
beliefs were the results of what he had seen and experienced during
his European days. Thus, to clear up vague thoughts about him
requires a glimpse into his past. Rizal was one of the elites who
demands changes in the Philippine government during the Spanish
colonization.
Together with his other ilustrado friends, Rizal voiced the
inclusion of Filipinos as representatives in the Cortes.
Filipinization in churches and equal rights were among the
requests made by Rizal to the Spanish government.
with the Spaniards. Rizal
and his fellow ilustrados wanted to acquire the same education and wealth as the Spanish student
have.
The dilemma that Rizal faced was depicted in his two famous
novels, the Noli and El Fili In Noli Me Tangere, Rizal was
represented by both Elias and Ibarra.
In the chapter, “Voice of the Hunted,” Elias believed in the
need for radical reforms in the armed forces, priesthood, and
administrative justice system. While, Ibarra did not agree with
the reforms Elias wanted and believed in the power of the
authorities and the need for necessary evil.
In the chapter, “Elias’ Story,” Elias saw the need for an armed struggle and resistance against the opposing forces
while Ibarra disagreed and believed that education was the
key to make the people liberated, so he encourages the
building of schoolhouses to educate those who are worthy of
it.
a change of heart; he believed
in reforms while Ibarra became a filibuster, initiating revolution. This change of heart in Ibarr
vengeance
This trend of vagueness
continued in the novel El Fili, were Rizal was reflected in the characters of Simoun, Basilio, an
Padre Florentino.
the El Fili, Rizal has implied
his resolution when in the story, he killed Simoun, the promoter of revolution, and made Padre
peace.
ed his stand regarding this
issue in his December 15 Manifesto when he declared that he was against the revolution, and he
IMAGINED COMMUNITY
by Benedict Anderson in his 1983 book Imagined
Communities, to analyze nationalism. Anderson depicts a nation as
a socially
constructed community, imagined by the people who perceive
themselves as part of that group.
NATION
NATION
Of all the persons who had the greatest influence on Rizal’s development as
a person was his mother Teodora Alonso. It was she who opened his eyes
and heart to the world around him—with all its soul and poetry, as well as
its bigotry and injustice. Throughout his brief life, Rizal proved to be his
mother’s son, a chip off the old block, as he constantly strove to keep faith
the lessons she taught him.
His mother was his first teacher, and from her he learned to read, and
consequently to value reading as a means for learning and spending one’s
time meaningfully. It did not take long before he learnt to value time as
life’s most precious gift, for she taught him never to waste a single second
of it. Thus as a student in Spain he became the most assiduous of students,
never missing a class despite his activities as Propaganda leader, or an
examination, despite having to take it on an empty stomach. By his
example, he inspired his compatriots – those who had sunk into a life of
dissipation, wasting time and allowances on gambling and promiscuity- to
return to their studies and deserve their parents’ sacrifices back home.
From his mother he learnt the primacy of improving oneself- thus growing
up he took pains to comprehend the logic of mathematics; to write poems;
to draw, and sculpt; to paint. Sadly, for all these he earned not only glory
but also the fear of myopic souls.
By taking the lead in running the family’s businesses- farms, flour and sugar
milling, tending a store, even making fruit preserves, aside from running a
household, Teodora imbibed in him the value of working with one’s hands,
of self-reliance and entrepreneurship. And by sharing with others she
taught him generosity and helping to make the world a better place for
those who had less in the material life. All these lessons he applied himself
during his exile in Dapitan, as he improved its community by building a dam;
encouraging the locals to grow fruit trees, establishing a school, even
documenting the local flora and fauna.
His mother also taught him to value hard-earned money and better yet, the
importance of thrift and of denying oneself, and saving part of one’s
earnings as insurance against the vagaries of life. Thus he learned to scrimp
and save despite growing up in comfort and wealth. These would later
prove very useful to him during his stay in Europe as he struggled with
privation, considering the meager and often delayed allowance that his
family sent him (by then his family was undergoing financial reverses due to
land troubles). Whenever his precious allowance ran out, he went without
lunch and supper, putting up a front before everyone by going out of his
dormitory every day to give the impression that he took his meals outside.
But, as he walked the streets of Berlin or Barcelona, his nostrils would be
assailed by the delicious aroma of the dishes being cooked within buildings
and houses, increasing his hunger pangs and his suffering all the more.
Other times he saved up on rent by foregoing breakfast altogether, his
breakfast consisting of biscuits and water for a month.
Above all, it was from her he learned about obedience, through the story of
the moth that got burned by the flame because he disobeyed his mother
moth’s warning not to get too near the flame. But life as it often happens
has poignant way of turning around, for it was obedience to the Catholic
Church, as his mother taught him, which proved too hard to live by
especially when he struggled with a crisis of faith in its teachings.Teodora
took none too gently his defection from the Church, which she saw was an
apostasy from faith itself.
One of the turning points of his life, which had a profound influence on his
becoming a political activist later on, was the unjust arrest of his mother on
the charge of conspiring to poison a relative, despite the lack of evidence
against her. But what made the arrest even worse was her humiliating
treatment at the hands of authorities who made her walk all the way from
Calamba to the provincial jail in Santa Cruz, which was 50 kilometers far.
There she was imprisoned for two years before gaining her freedom. All
these she took with calm and quiet dignity, which Rizal though only a child
of eleven about to embark on secondary school in Manila would remember
and replicate during his final moments just before a firing squad snuffed out
his meaningful life on that fateful December morn in 1896.