1

Robredo's Run: Why does the most qualified presidential candidate lack numbers?.... p.9

Emilian What’s inside?

Isko Pursuing October 8, 2021
Presidency • Unarmed civil-

Chronicles
ian.. p 3
p.10 • Antibody….
p3

Who is running for the 2022

Philippine Presidential Elections?
From October 1 Elections
to 8, 2021, candi- (Comelec) their
dates to the two certificates of
highest positions candidacy (COC)
in the country for the 2022
will troop to the polls. The country
Sofitel Philippine will hold an elec-
Plaza Manila to tion in ...
file with the
Vice President Leni Robertson, Bongbong Marcos, and Manny Pacquiao seen filling for CoC (Certificate of Candidacy)
Commission on Continue to page 2

Backlash affects President Rodrigo Duterte’s

plans in running for Vice President in 2022.

President Rodrigo had recently received

Duterte has cancelled ever since he accepted
his plans on running his party's nomination
for Vice President in for the country's sec-
2022. The reason for ond-highest office...
this sudden cancella-
tion of plans might be Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte announced his retirement from politics
the backlash that he Continue to page 4 on Oct. 3. (Photo courtesy of Presidential Communications Operations Office)
2

News
Christopher “Bong” Go
October 8, 2021

elections. "If it’s going

Who…. from page 2...
is Duterte’s longtime to be a one-on-one
The country will hold Domagoso, a former and most trusted aide, fight, that will be good
an election in May actor, and Senator widely seen as the gate- because I know I can
2022 to choose a suc- Panfilo Lacson, an ex- keeper to the President. win that,” Marcos said
cessor to President police chief. Duterte's critics had during the Kapihan sa
Rodrigo Duterte, who Despite the familiar suggested Go might run Manila Bay forum. This
is ending his single, names, the spotlight as his proxy, with is also after the confir-
six-year term. will be on Sara Duter- Duterte having previ- mation of Marcos’s
Newly retired boxing te-Carpio, the Presi- ously agreed to run as false allegation of
icon Manny Pacquiao dent's daughter, re- vice president. After Robredo cheating dur-
was the first to file his gardless of her ruling President Duterte an- ing the 2016 vice-
candidacy to be the out running for the of- nounced his retirement presidential elections.
next president of the fice next year. Duterte in politics, he expressed Vice president Leni
Philippines at the start -Carpio has led all that it's a “Sara-Go” Robredo, who leads the
of the 2022 electoral opinion polls for the tandem this election. opposition, is also be-
registrations. The two- top job. With his Ferdinand “Bongbong” ing urged by supporters
time congressman and daughter in charge, Marcos is the son of the to run for the top post.
currently a senator has Rodrigo Duterte could late Philippine dictator. "In the coming days,
vowed to jail corrupt be shielded from in- He also expressed that please pray with me so
officials and has criti- dictment by a domes- he is confident in beat- that our decision will be
cized Duterte's close tic court or the Inter- ing Vice President Leni what is best for our
relationship with Chi- national Criminal Robredo in the 2022 country," she said.
na. He has launched a Court, which has ap-
campaign to provide proved a formal probe
free housing to 1.9 into thousands of kill-
million poor families
saying, "The voices of
the poor have not been
heard". Aside from
Pacquiao, two other
ings in his notorious
"war on drugs". Like
her father, Duterte-
Carpio is known for
her no-nonsense style
picture
contenders have de- and has no qualms
clared their intention about publicly disa-
to run for president. greeing with him, or
Manila Mayor Fran- picking fights with his
cisco "Isko Moreno" allies.
Photo: ABS-CBN
3

News October 8, 2021

spirit of the constitution

Backlash... from page 2...
"The second explana-
tion is this is really part
of a game of trying to
on term limits. Mean-
while, Duterte fell to
second place in a vice
retirement from poli- strategize for the 2022 presidential poll con-
Majorities across tics." The remarks elections," Franco told
basic demographics ducted by Pulse Asia
came shortly after Sen. Nikkei Asia. "Of from Sept. 6 to 11, be-
say President Duterte Bong Go, Duterte's course, this opens the
running in 2022 would hind Senate President
longtime aide, filed his way for Sara" to run, Vicente Sotto, who led
violate the Constitu- candidacy for vice she said. A Social
tion. Some even say by 11 percentage
president. The latest Weather Stations survey points. For them doing
that they are dissatis- developments will fuel conducted in June and
fied with his perfor- their best, giving us as-
speculation that Davao published Sept. 27 sistance and great work
mance as President. City Mayor Sara showed that 60% of re-
One of the framers of in order to complete
Duterte who topped spondents believe and achieve the present-
the 1987 Constitution, the recent Asia pulse Duterte's vice presiden-
Lawyer Christian ed outputs of the given
first choice Presiden- tial bid violates the project.
Monsod, said he is tial survey, will move
willing to file a com- forward with a presi-
plaint should President dential bid, despite lo-
Rodrigo Duterte run cal media reports that
for vice president in she filed candidacy for
2022, warning that his a third term as Davao
candidacy may serve mayor on Saturday.
as a “backdoor” to an-
other presidential term.
Jean Franco, a polit-
ical science professor
"The overwhelming at the University of the
sentiment of the Filipi- Philippines, said recent
nos is that I am not polls showing a drop
qualified, and it would in public support for
be a violation of the President Rodrigo
constitution to circum- Duterte may have
vent the law," the 76- spurred him to back Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte's Oct. 2 remarks may fuel
year-old Duterte said. out.
speculation that his daughter, Davao City Mayor Sara Duterte,
pictured here, will run to succeed him. © Reuters
"Today, I announce my
4
Emilian
Opinions BY DERPO
Robredo's Run: Why
does the most qualified
presidential candidate
lack numbers?
Vice President Leni
Robredo's principles make
her a good public servant,
but her refusal to play the
dirty game of politics may
doom her potential candi-
dacy for Malacañang. It
should have been obvious
for her to run for president
in the high-stakes elec-
tions to choose President
Rodrigo Duterte's succes-
sor. After all, she is the de
facto leader of the Philip-
pine opposition.
It should have been obvi-
ous for her to run for pres-
ident in the high-stakes
elections to choose Presi-
dent Rodrigo Duterte's
successor. After all, she is
the de facto leader of the
Philippine opposition.
As a human rights law-
yer, Robredo is the polar
opposite of Duterte, who
has no qualms about issu-
ing shoot-to-kill orders.
Robredo was efficient and
quick-thinking during the
pandemic year, while the
Opinion
BY BACSAL
President unraveled in the
face of the crisis.
DON’T BE FOOLED BY
“LAKI AKO SA HIRAP”
Senator Manny Pacquiao
lacks political experience,
imagine electing a newly
retired national athlete for
the position of the presi-
dent with the only backing
of the "I know what is the
feeling of being poor so I
can help them" card. Can
his sympathy help the poor
and our economy just
simply knowing how it
feels? It isn't enough. It
may take many years for
him to come up with a so-
lution as with only having
two years of experience in
the field, the time to study
might take him a lot of
time and resources.
He might have great am-
bition but none to avail ex-
perience to make this come
true. We are choosing
leaders, not ATHLETE.
This is no sports competi-
tion nor Olympics. What
we are discussing here is
the well-being of our coun-
try and choosing someone
that can manage, develop
and protect it.
October 8, 2021
BY ABAD
“POLITICAL DYNASTY”
Even the most illustrious political
dynasties may be troublesome. The
harsh truth is that while members of
the political family may be fit for posi-
tions, they are not always representa-
tive. They may be abiding by the letter
of the law, but not necessarily by its
spirit. They may have been democrati-
cally elected, yet their very presence
can be undemocratic. They may have
good intentions and perhaps do good
things, but they introduce hidden haz-
ards that corrode a mature democracy.
Unheard voices are missed opportuni-
ties to make a difference in society.
This is what might happen if we keep
putting the same people in positions of
power. Our politics, already devoid of
the vitality that comes with variety due
to a lack of representation from the
middle to lower economic groups, los-
es even more of it. Experts from a
wide range of disciplines, as well as
people from all walks of life, are re-
quired. Not the same isolated exist-
ence shared by one group of people at
a family table, but a variety of hard-
won opinions grown by experience
5
BY BARLONGAY .
The Philippines is
burning and it’s on
the verge of ruins
with these candidates
The recent news is true.
We are all doomed for
another dictator in the
seat of power. Sara
Duterte and Bongbong
Marcos, the children of
murderers, tyrants, dicta-
tors, oppressors, and
thieves announced that
they will be running for
president. After years of
President Rodrigo Duter-
te insulting and slander-
ing his own daughter, he
now becomes her number
one supporter and advisor
for the 2022 elections.
This could mean many
things but one of them
would be the makings of
the Duterte Political Dyn-
asty. The exact same situ-
ation is happening with
Bongbong Marcos. In his
recent interview with To-
ny Gonzaga on Toni
Talks, he begins to claim
that all of the crimes that
the Marcos family com-
mitted are “Lies. They’re
Opinion
all lies.” And he then pro-
ceeds to say that “People
insists that its shady, fine,
that’s your business.” He
doesn’t seem to under-
stand what that business
actually means to the vic-
tims. Marco clearly sepa-
rates the line from him,
which is classified as the
privileged, and between
the masses who were vic-
tims of his father’s tyran-
ny. He dares to uplift his
father’s legacy when the
legacy was at the cost of
the innocent. That’s the
thing with the candidates
for 2022. They don’t un-
derstand the value of the
people’s lives and can’t
fully comprehend the
damage that they're doing
to their motherland. They
shut down bills, laws and
proposals that could help
and protects the people’s
lives in the name of
God’s will and yet they
openly accept murder,
adultery, theft, assault,
bribery and many more.
This is not the land where
God’s words prevail. This
is now the land where de-
mons rise to take the seat
of power. With the grow-
BY MARCELO MORE-
NO FOR P? NO WAY
Moreno is said to run for
Presidency in the coming
2022 elections. Yes he al-
ready has many successful
projects, as a mayor. But can
he still apply all of his do-
ings when he is the Presi-
dent? I guess no. Being a
mayor for just 2 years of ex-
perience and suddenly rush-
ing to run for the position of
President, totally makes no
sense. It’s a big disad-
vantage if we let someone,
who still lacks experience,
become the President. Why?
He’s only the Mayor of Ma-
nila for 2 years. He may
have difficulties if he be-
comes the President by any
chance. I suggest that he not
take it too fast, or don’t be in
a rush. He can at least run
for at least being Senator as
of now, but the highest posi-
tion of the Government? It
can be hard for him to han-
dle the situation in the Phil-
ippines. It may affect the
whole community. It would
be best for him to have more
experiences as a mayor as of
now. Handling such heavy
and big responsibilities will
be hard for a person who’s
only a Mayor of the City of
Manila for only 2 years.
BBM TO RUN FOR 2022
ELECTIONS
As the BBM supporters,
“The Fault of the Father
Cannot Be Inherited by the
Son''. Many people are still
supporters of Marcos even if
October 8, 2021
they have experienced injus-
tice in the past decade. Peo-
ple are against Ferdinand
Marcos but in this upcoming
2022 Presidential Election,
people switched to Bong-
Bong Marcos. They are still
fighting for BBM as the
quote says, “The Fault of the
Father Cannot Be Inherited
by the Son ''. Which proves
that his father has committed
sins and stole money in our
country. As BBM mentioned
in his interview with Toni
Gonzaga, he wants to be a
musician or astronaut but his
father told him that there is
no money there to be a poli-
tician. This means that they
have a bad plan in running
as the president of the Phil-
ippines such as stealing
money from the govern-
ment. There are many proofs
and victims of the injustices
of Marcoses during Martial
law, like the father of Chel
Diokno that got arrested
without a warrant of arrest
just because saying bad
opinions about the govern-
ment.
We should put standards on
the qualifications of those
running for government, but
there are already laws gov-
erning that. Maybe what we
need are standards within us
- standards on how we
choose who we vote for. If
we cannot stop them from
running, let us choose who
we are voting for. They can’t
win if we won’t let them
BY ALCUETAS
6

BY GARCIA DOC FOR VP

Opinion
TITO SOTTO Meet Sara Duterte: She might be
October 8, 2021

For the fight of Doc. Willie

BY CANTIMBUHAN
PARIN cy showed that President
the Philippines’ next President
Ong this is a good example if he Vicente C. Sotto deserves to be Duterte only placed sec-
wins because he has talent and the vide president because he has ond. A SWS survey con-
Long before her father became
diligence in his job, Not only in done a lot in our town like in his President of the Philippines, Sara ducted in June also
his doctorate but also in entering Duterte-Carpio made headlines as showed that 60% of re-
first two terms, here are some the city mayor who famously
politics because it is a good way the significant measures that punched a court sheriff in public. spondents believe Duter-
to develop our country because Sotto passed into law. Some of She was trying to delay the demoli- te's vice presidential bid
of the use of his talent and dili- the measures he filed this Con-
tion of a local slum but, after box- violates the spirit of the
ing the man repeatedly to the face
gence in his running, it is a lot of and head, Ms Duterte ended up be- constitution on term limits.
gress include the bill seeking to
good done for example in help- ing dubbed by one media outlet as According to President
ing fellow human beings and es- ban firecrackers, the bill to hike "the slugger". The nickname was
pecially the poor so he deserves the SSS monthly pension, the something of an acknowledgement Duterte, the reason why
proposed Maternity Leave Mon- that she is as feisty, headstrong and he’s retiring from politics
to win because he is one of the controversial as her father. Now, is because he got over-
good examples to fellow Filipi- etization Act, the protection of with less than a year to go before
nos, Many people do not want online and broadcast journalist Rodrigo Duterte steps down from whelmed by the sentiment
him because he is a Doctor but from revealing their sources, and
power, many Filipinos see his that he isn’t qualified and
daughter as the ideal candidate to
he is not just because he knows the bill seeking to mandate 14th replace him. it would violate the consti-
others because he uses his mind month pay of employees. "Run Sara Run" is the slogan of tution. This is very contra-
one key support group, which in dictory to his statement he
and deeds so this in his running recent weeks and months has post-
is a right decision in his life be- Laws that converted many ed banners and billboards in cities made previously about
cause it has been proven that it ismunicipalities into cities like across the Philippines to encourage running for vice president
Makati, Marikina, Pasig, Para- her to stand. Ms Duterte denies in-
not just a whole hospital country. volvement in the group. Her sup- to continue his programs
ñaque, and Muntinlupa, among porters say they want Ms Duterte to and his “love for the coun-
BY CAYABYAB others citihood laws. if we see carry on the policies and projects of
her father. But Ms Duterte's oppo-
try.” I don’t get why he got
ISKO PURSUING PRESI- that he has helped or achieve a nents have launched their own op- overwhelmed by these sen-
DENCY lot for our country, he deserves position group to block her run and timents because it’s to be
Mayor Isko Moreno has a good the position he is running for in any prospect of a "Duterte dynas-
ty". Known as Duterte Wakasan — expected if a President is
image with the majority and 2022 because he already has ex- or End Duter- BY CRISTOBAL planning to run for Vice
many good deeds have been test- te — the group
ed and many have been im- BY DE CHAVES of disparate activists, workers, Presidency in the next
THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS FOR
proved especially the Manila ar- 2020 church leaders and students formed term. I hope he’s being
The after the ruling party, PDP-Laban, true to his words this time,
ea that he covers. During his ten- 2022 Philippine Presidential and Vice President
Elections are scheduled to be held on Monday, passed a motion to encourage Mr
ure as the President of our Coun- May 9, 2021. This will be the 17th presidential Duterte — who is still hugely pop- especially on backing
try, he deserves it because he has election and 16th Vice presidential election; some ular — to stand as vice-president, down from running for
old and new faces filed their Certificate of Candi- alongside his daughter.
gone through many challenges in dacy (COC) not only for the high positions but Vice President as it would
life and he uses his intellect in also who wants to renew their term to run for the
next elections. “As of April 20, Comelec records
cause more harm than usu-
every trial that the country will show that 2,770,561 new voters have registered to Cancellation of Rodrigo al if he continues this plan
face because he has a broad participate in the may 2022 general elections.”
Every Filipino is looking out for this election Duterte’s filing for Vice of his. Hopefully, the an-
mind including his allies in the Many Filipinos give their support through social Presidency in 2022 nouncement of him retir-
elections. so he is on the right media platforms . As a Filipino we should know
who is the best for our country that could really ing from politics is true
plan to his running as the presi- address the issues that we are facing. Do not just Recently conducted sur-
veys showed that people and isn’t a scheme to get
dent of the Philippines is not on- give promises, Do something and also according
weren’t satisfied with Ro- more votes for the Vice
to Jimenez “As the country moves closer to the
ly in one place so he can handle elections the more idealized presentation of aspir-
the whole of the Philippines not ing candidates will also be to become an informed
vote, one must look at the actions of potential
drigo Duterte’s presidency. Presidency like how some
only in acting but also in running candidates as early as possible to better know Pulse Asia’s survey on people are speculating.
them.” Despite this pandemic we all hope that in
as President. year 2022 we can have a better country. first-choice vice presiden- BY CABIGTING
7

Entertainment October 8, 2021

MIND SHARPENING ACROSS

2. Intense state of focus
5. Win-win
8. Assembled listener at a public event
9. Voting coalition
10. A person is professionally involved in politics
11. Something shocking
12. Existing or available in large quantities
15. Making known one's thoughts
16. Fulfillment of one's expectation
17. Self-righteous killjoy
18. Power or right to give orders
20. Code in life

DOWN
1. Concerned with beauty
3. Extremely beautiful
4. A particular place or position
6. The process or activity of running business
7. The governing of nation
13. Front page

1. SUCCOUR 14. HAPPINESS

2. SOOTHE 15. REDRESS
3. SOLACE 16. HELP
4. SHELTER 17. RELAXA-
5. RESPITE TION
6. REMEDY 18. CURE
7. RELESE
8. ALLEVIA-
TION
9. ASSISTANCE
10. CHEER
11. CONSOLA-
TION
12. DIVERSION
13. EASE
8

Entertainment October 8, 2021

HOROSCOPE
Netflix’s New K- reward – with very
Taurus (April 20— Gemini (May 21 -
Aries (March 21—
May 20) June 20 Drama ‘Squid high stakes –
April 19)
Keep a level-headed
Your inner circle Your witty mic drops
make you the life of
Game’ is the Fasci- awaits.” While that
may be feeling the (virtual) party and nating Show of the provides a good
friend close by so
short changed of you could stir up en-
you don’t stray from
quality time. Set thusiastic support. Just Year summary, the
your commitments.
Careful with people-
limits around how make sure you take a streamer fails to in-
much work you’re breath and hear what
pleasing too.
doing. other people have to The series is de- form viewers about
say.
scribed by Netflix as the more outlandish
follows: "Hundreds aspects of the show.
Scorpio (October 23 -
November 21)
Libra (September 23 -
October 22) of cash-strapped If you thought tug-
Cancer (June 21 - July
22) But don’t ghost your There are people who players accept an of-war was difficult
inner circle! Taking have your back with-
Treating yourself re-
wards your pleasure cen- breaks will refresh out fail. Then, there unusual offer to on your primary
ters, and there’s nothing your creative feeds. are those whose track
records are dodgy at compete in chil- school field day,
wrong with that. Just Recharge over brunch
stay within your budget. or a coffee break. best. Hit pause before dren's activities." you're in for a treat.
Keep your comforting you stage a full-on
Enjoy a pure, human
connection confidantes close on friendship breakup. Inside, a tantalizing
Sunday. Refile the flaky types.

Leo (July 23 - August

Virgo (August 23 - Sep- 22) Aquarius (January 20
tember 22) Dive into passion pro- - February 18)
Though you want to jects, especially the How far can you go
keep the vibe friendly, ones that have been with a certain some-
you could wind up en- languishing on the one? A moon-Jupiter
snared in their trap. And back burner. But don’t opposition inspires
reversing the charges sacrifice all of your you to stretch out of
out won’t be easy once solo time because your comfort zone. A
they have your signature someone you love is candid conversation
on the dotted line. luring you off your could reveal common
intended path. ground synergies.

Sagittarius (November Capricorn (December

Did you know?..

22 - December 21) 22 - January 19)
Pisces (February 19 -
March 20) Begin your celestial
Clean up on aisle Pisces! stimulus plans, Sag! Today, when tyranni-
devote Saturday to or- Make an effort to cal Pluto completes its
ganizing your house, adopt a more upbeat
paying bills and sorting attitude, particularly
out your schedule. But when it comes to your
five-month retrograde
in your sign, let go of
those OCD urges.
Lightning does have the
don’t spend ALL day in finances. Put an end to
taskmaster mode. any scared financial
causing you to alienate
certain people in your
ability to strike twice.
thinking now. orbit.
9
Magnolia Hotshots Against Rain Or Shine
When we talk about the hot
match of Magnolia Hotshot
against Rain or Shine, Cal-
vin-Corpuz started the
game against Belgium and
in the first quarter Magno-
lia immediately prevailed
with a score of 28-17 due to
a good start by Paul lee but
Calvin and Belga still won
physically and in the sec-
ond quarter Magnolia still
had a big advantage in the
game and in the first quar-
PH vs China in FIBA Women's Asia Cup Division
During the match be-
tween the Philippines and
China in the women's cat-
egory held in Jordan, the
Chinese immediately ru-
ined the game, from the
very beginning, the Chi-
nese immediately dumped
the Philippines with a
score of 35-17 in just the
1st quarter, led this is the
Chinese who showed good
plays.
and when they help on
the court and the Chinese
Sports October 8, 2021
ter it was the physical and on the move again and
Calvin and Belga but in the Magnolia's advantage
second quarter and Corpuz against Rain or Shine has
and Belga it was the physi- become double digits again
cal because Belga was here as well The beast had
stunned but Calvin had 12 a good run with a good per-
points and played well and formance in hustle plays
when the third quarter but due to Barroca's turn
came in, Rain or Shine in the last hour, Rain or
started, led by James Yap, Shine could not catch up so
so the game ended in the the
third quarter at 71-69. only game
in the two but when the last ended
quarter enters Magnolia is 96-86
only 39-9 and Philippines it
until the 4th was led by April
quarter the Fili- Bernardino who
continue to show good on pinos could not had a good
the court against the Phil- recover and the game. There
ippines because of their score ended with were 17points
height advantage they a 143-52 victory and a playing
continue to increase the over China and time of 30mins
advantage and in the 2nd the player-led it. throughout the
quarter, the Chinese China's Lewie quarter and
scored 34-12 because they Yang with 21pts even though the
were still helping on the and 77.8% field Philippines lost
court, even though the goals in his with courage
Chinese had a big heart, game and fol- they still faced
the Filipinos were still lowed by Yueru their opponent.
fighting and the 3rd quar- Li with 18pts
ter ended and the Chinese and 75% field
scored again. China is still goals and in the
10

Acknowledgements October 8, 2021

Sources:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Philippine-elections-2022/Duterte-
says-he-is-retiring-from-politics-and-won-t-run-for-VP

https://www.elle.com/horoscopes/daily/

We would like to express our gratitude to our teacher, Mr.
Mario, for giving us the opportunity to learn and explore this
kind of activity which is, making a newspaper. I Am very grate-
ful to do this kind of activity. Also, we would like to express our
great appreciation to all of my classmates, who did their best
to do the assigned or given tasks to them. A job well done for
us everybody. We would like to express our great appreciation
to our leader, Abby, and also to all of my classmates and
teammates:
https://observer.com/2021/09/netflix-squid-game-wildest-show-of-
year-season-2
https://redtri.com/quirky-facts-and-trivia-for-kids/slide/3
https://www.scmp.com/sport/china/article/3150373/china-beat-
philippines-91-points-2021-fiba-womens-asian-cup-opener
https://www.rappler.com/sports/pba/game-results-quarterfinals-
magnolia-hotshots-rain-or-shine-elasto-painters-september-30-
2021
https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/contenders-philippines-
2022-presidential-race-2021-09-30/

https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/10/02/news/duterte-withdraws-from
-vp-race-go-to-run-for-vice-president/1816888
Mr. Cantimbuhan, Vince
https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/contenders-philippines-
2022-presidential-race-2021-09-30/

Mr. Marcelo, Christopher https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/philippines-kicks-off-

election-season-under-pandemic-cloud-2021-09-30/

Mr. Garcia, Axel

Ms. Cayabyab, Jiam

Ms. Alcuetas, Alexandra

Ms. Bacsal, Alyanna

Ms. Barlongay, Marielle

Ms. De Chavez, Georelene

Ms. Derpo, Michelle

Ms. Cabigting, Rica

11 HUMSS 3-
Ms. Cristobal, Iris
MAKAKALIKASAN