Roll No.

U18EC038
Name : Patel Timir

EXPERIMENT – 5
Date: 06/09/2021
AIM: To measure the phase difference using Ex-OR gate by varying resistor R
THEORY:
The notion of “phase” is usually associated with periodic or repeating signals.
With these signals, the wave shape perfectly repeats itself every time the period of
repetition elapses. For periodic signals one can think of the phase at a given time as the
fractional portion of the period that has been completed. This is commonly expressed in
degrees or radians, with full cycle completion corresponding to 360° or 2π radians. Thus,
when the cycle is just beginning, the phase is zero. When the cycle is half completed, the
phase is half of 360°, or 180. For a sinusoidal signal, probably the two most common
assumptions are that (i) the start of the cycle is the point at which the maximum value is
achieved, and (ii) the point at which the negative to positive zero-crossing occurs.
Frequently what is needed in practice is a measurement of the phase difference between
two signals of the same frequency; that is, it is necessary to measure the relative phase
between two signals rather than the absolute phase of either one. Often, in the
measurement of the relative phase between two signals, both signals are derived from the
same source. These signals might, for example, be the current and voltage of a power
system; the relative phase, φ, between the current and voltage would then be useful for
monitoring power usage, since the latter is proportional to the cosine of φ

The phase of a periodic sinusoidal signal Two signals with a relative phase difference of φ between them

In our circuit we are using an XOR gate to measure the relative phase difference
between the two sinusoidal signals using the given circuit below. As the resistance R1
changes then the relative phase between the signals changes.
θ=θ1⁓θ2=2tan-1(ωRC)
Where θ is phase difference; θ1 is phase of first signal; θ2 is phase of second signal; ω is
the angular frequency of the signals, R is input non-inverting resistance (R1); C is input
capacitance.
 Roll No. U18EC038
Name : Patel Timir

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
XSC1

T
A B C D
V4
5V
U5A

4
3
1
2
R4
LM324AJ

11
1kΩ V3
5V

V1 V5
U4A
1.5Vpk V7 5V
2kHz 15V
0° 7486N
U6A R3

4
3
1kΩ
4

R2 U1
1
1kΩ 2
2
R1 6
LM324AJ

11
3
215Ω V2
7

5
1

741
5V
C1 V6
0.1µF
15V

SIMULATION RESULT:
(i) 𝟑𝟎° Phase Shift (ii) 𝟒𝟓° Phase Shift

(iii) 60° Phase Shift (iv) 𝟗𝟎° Phase Shift

 Roll No. U18EC038
Name : Patel Timir

(v)𝟏𝟐𝟎° Phase Shift (vi) 𝟏𝟓𝟎° Phase Shift

CALCULATION:
f= 2kHz & C=0.1µF

tan(𝝓/2)= 2πf *R *C 𝝓(Prac)= 30 *f *∆t

for 𝝓=30°
R= [tan(30/2)] / 2*3.14*0.1*10-6
⸫ R = 213Ω

𝝓(Prac) = 30*2*103*41.237*10-6
⸫ 𝝓(Prac) = 29.69°

Absolute Error = (30-29.69)/30

= 0.0103

Absolute PercentageError (%) = 0.0103*100

= 1.03%
 Roll No. U18EC038
Name : Patel Timir

OBSERVATION TABLE:
𝝓 Resistor Value ∆t 𝝓 Resistor Absolute Absolute
(Theoretical) Calculated (µs) (Practical) Value Error Percentage
(𝜴) Taken Error (%)
(𝜴)
30° 213 41.237 29.69° 215 0.0103 1.03
45° 329.78 63.328 45.59° 330 0.0131 1.31
60° 416 79.529 57.26° 420 0.0456 4.56
90° 796 128.13 92.25° 796 0.0250 2.50
120° 1.379k 172.312 124.06° 1.38k 0.0338 3.38
150° 2.971k 215.022 154.81° 2.9k 0.0321 3.21

GRAPH: (Phase Vs Resistance)

Theoritical Practical

CONCLUSION:
From this experiment we calculated resistance value for different phase
values and also implemented circuit diagram and observed practical phase different from
∆t by using the given formula.
We also calculated error between theoretical and practical phase
difference and it comes negligible.