†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb

cÖ_g cÎ

†Kvm© †KvW : HSC-1857

nvqvi †m‡KÛvwi mvwU©wd‡KU †cÖvMÖvg

(GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg)

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb
cÖ_g cÎ
†Kvm© †KvW : HSC-1857

nvqvi †m‡KÛvwi mvwU©wd‡KU †cÖvMÖvg

(GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg)

†jLKe„›`
my`xc ivq
W. mveŸxi Avn‡g`
†gvt iwdKzj Bmjvg
wjUb ej

m¤úv`bv
W. kvšÍby gRyg`vi

mgb¦qKvix
my`xc ivq
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb
cÖ_g cÎ
†Kvm© †KvW : HSC-1857
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cÖKvk Kvj : †g, 2016

cybgy`Yª : b‡f¤^i, 2017
cybgy`Yª : AvM÷, 2018
cybgy`Yª : †deªæqvwi, 2019

cÖKvkbvq
cÖKvkbv, gy`Yª I weZiY wefvM
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
MvRxcyi-1705|

cÖ”Q`
KvRx mvBdzÏxb AveŸvm

cÖ”Q` MÖvwdKm
Ave`yj gv‡jK

Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR
†gvt wUcy myjZvb

© evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

ISBN 978-984-34-3151-6

g~`Yª
eY©‡kvfv gy`ªvqb
gvZzqvBj hvÎvevwo, XvKv
 m~wPcÎ
BDwbU 1: †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb .............................................................................................. 1-22
cvV 1.1: †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi aviYv ............................................................................ 1
cvV 1.2: †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cwiwa ........................................................................... 5
cvV 1.3: †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡ ..................................................................... 7
cvV 1.4: evsjv‡`‡k †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Aa¨q‡bi ¸iæZ¡ ................................................... 9
cvV 1.5: †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ BwZnv‡mi m¤úK© ..................................................... 11
cvV 1.6: †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ mgvRweÁv‡bi m¤úK© ...............................................13
cvV 1.7: †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ A_©bxwZi m¤úK© .....................................................15
cvV 1.8: †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ bxwZkv‡¯¿i m¤úK© ...................................................17
cvV 1.9: †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ †jvK cÖkvm‡bi m¤úK© .............................................. 19
BDwbU 2: mykvmb ............................................................................................................ 23-36
cvV 2.1: mykvm‡bi aviYv ......................................................................................... 23
cvV 2.2: mykvm‡bi ˆewkó¨ ........................................................................................26
cvV 2.3: mykvm‡bi ¸iæZ¡ ......................................................................................... 28
cvV 2.4: evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi mgm¨v .......................................................................... 30
cvV 2.5: mykvm‡bi mgm¨vi mgvavb ............................................................................ 32
cvV 2.6: mykvmb cÖwZôvq bvMwiK I miKv‡ii f~wgKv ...................................................... 34
BDwbU 3: g~j¨‡eva, AvBb, ¯^vaxbZv I mvg¨ ........................................................................... 37-60
cvV 3.1: g~j¨‡ev‡ai aviYv I ˆewkó¨ .......................................................................... 37
cvV 3.2: MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡ai aviYv I ¸iæZ¡ ............................................................... 40
cvV 3.3: mykvmb cÖwZôvq MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva ................................................................ 42
cvV 3.4: AvB‡bi aviYv I †kÖwYwefvM ......................................................................... 44
cvV 3.5: AvB‡bi kvmb ........................................................................................... 46
cvV 3.6: ¯^vaxbZvi aviYv I †kÖwYwefvM....................................................................... 48
cvV 3.7: ¯^vaxbZvi iÿvKeP .....................................................................................51
cvV 3.8: AvBb I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© ............................................................................ 53
cvV 3.9: ˆbwZKZvi aviYv, AvBb I ˆbwZKZvi m¤úK© .................................................... 55
cvV 3.10: mv‡g¨i aviYv I †kÖwYwefvM ........................................................................ 58
cvV 3.11: mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© ............................................................................ 60
BDwbU 4: B-Mf©‡bÝ I mykvmb ........................................................................................... 61-72
cvV 4.1: B-Mf‡b©Ý ................................................................................................ 61
cvV 4.2: B-Mf‡b©‡Ýi D‡Ïk¨ .................................................................................. 63
cvV 4.3: B-Mf‡b©‡Ýi ˆewkó¨ .................................................................................. 65
cvV 4.4: B-Mf‡b©‡Ýi ¸iæZ¡ .................................................................................... 67
cvV 4.5: B-Mf‡b©‡Ýi cÖwZeÜKZv .............................................................................69
cvV 4.6: B-Mf‡b©‡Ýi cÖwZeÜKZv `~i Kivi Dcvq .........................................................71
BDwbU 5: bvMwiK AwaKvi, KZ©e¨ I gvbevwaKvi..................................................................... 73-91
cvV 5.1: AwaKv‡ii aviYv ........................................................................................ 73
cvV 5.2: AwaKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM.................................................................................. 75
cvV 5.3: †gŠwjK AwaKvi......................................................................................... 77
cvV 5.4: gvbevwaKvi .............................................................................................. 80
cvV 5.5: RvwZms‡Ni gvbevwaKv‡ii mve©Rbxb †NvlYvcÎ .................................................. 82
cvV 5.6: †gŠwjK AwaKvi I gvbevwaKvi ...................................................................... 86
cvV 5.7: bvMwiK KZ©e¨ ........................................................................................... 88
cvV 5.8: AwaKvi I KZ©‡e¨i m¤úK© ........................................................................... 90
BDwbU 6: ivóªt DrcwË I Kvh©vewj ...................................................................................... 92-119
cvV 6.1: iv‡óªi aviYv.............................................................................................. 95
cvV 6.2: ivóª I miKvi ........................................................................................... 98
cvV 6.3: ivóª I Ab¨vb¨ msN ....................................................................................100
cvV 6.4: iv‡óªi DrcwË msµvšÍ gZev` ....................................................................... 102
cvV 6.5: ej cÖ‡qvM gZev` I weeZ©bg~jK gZev` ........................................................104
cvV 6.6: mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` .................................................................................107
cvV 6.7: AvaywbK iv‡óªi Kvh©vewj .............................................................................. 110
cvV 6.8: cuywRev` .................................................................................................. 112
cvV 6.9: mgvRZš¿ ................................................................................................ 114
cvV 6.10: mgvRZš¿ I cyuwRev‡`i cv_©K¨ .................................................................... 116
cvV 6.11: wgkÖ A_©bxwZ .......................................................................................... 118
cvV 6.12: Kj¨vY ivóª: aviYv I Kvh©vewj ..................................................................... 120
BDwbU 7: miKvi .......................................................................................................... 120-156
cvV 7.1: miKv‡ii aviYv I †kªwYwefvM....................................................................... 123
cvV 7.2: MYZ‡š¿i myweav I mxgve×Zv .......................................................................130
cvV 7.3: GKbvqKZ‡š¿i ¸bvewj I mgm¨v ..................................................................133
cvV 7.4: MYZš¿ I GKbvqKZš¿ ............................................................................... 136
cvV 7.5: MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡j¨i kZ©vewj .........................................................................138
cvV 7.6: Av`k© kvmb e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e MYZš¿ .................................................................140
cvV 7.7: ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii ¸bvewj I mgm¨v ...................................................... 142
cvV 7.8: msm`xq ev gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii ¸bvewj I mgm¨v .................................... 144
cvV 7.9: ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi I gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi ...........................................147
cvV 7.10: GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii ¸bvewj I mgm¨v ......................................................... 149
cvV 7.11: hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii ¸bvewj I mgm¨v............................................................ 152
cvV 7.12: GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi I hy³ivóªxq miKvi .........................................................155
BDwbU 8: ivR‰bwZK `j, Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx, †bZ…Z¡ I mykvmb .................................................157-182
cvV 8.1: ivR‰bwZK `‡ji aviYv I ˆewkó¨ .................................................................157
cvV 8.2: ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Kvh©vewj ........................................................................... 160
cvV 8.3: MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª we‡ivax `‡ji f~wgKv .............................................................. 163
cvV 8.4: Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôxi aviYv I ˆewkó¨ .............................................................. 166
cvV 8.5: ivR‰bwZK `j I Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx .............................................................. 169
 cvV 8.6: Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôxi f~wgKv .......................................................................... 172
cvV 8.7: †bZ…‡Z¡i aviYv I cÖKvi‡f` ........................................................................174
cvV 8.8: †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvewj ......................................................................................177
cvV 8.9: mykvmb cÖwZôvq †bZ…Z¡ ............................................................................... 179
BDwbU 9: miKv‡ii A½mg~n .......................................................................................... 183-227
cvV 9.1: miKv‡ii A½ ...........................................................................................183
cvV 9.2: AvBbmfvi aviYv I Kvh©vewj .......................................................................186
cvV 9.3: GK Kÿ wewkó AvBb mfv ........................................................................... 190
cvV 9.4: wØ-Kÿ wewkó AvBb mfv ............................................................................. 194
cvV 9.5: MYZ‡š¿ AvBb mfvi f~wgKv .........................................................................198
cvV 9.6: AvBb mfvi ÿgZv n«v‡mi KviY ................................................................... 200
cvV 9.7: kvmb wefv‡Mi MVb I Kvh©vewj ................................................................... 203
cvV 9.8: kvmb wefv‡Mi ÿgZv e„w× ...........................................................................206
cvV 9.9: wePvi wefv‡Mi MVb I Kvh©vewj ................................................................... 208
cvV 9.10: AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvq wePvi wefv‡Mi f~wgKv ................................................. 211
cvV 9.11: wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv ............................................................................ 213
cvV 9.12: ÿgZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ ............................................................................. 217
cvV 9.13: ÿgZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZi myweav I Amyweav ..................................................... 219
cvV 9.14: ÿgZv fvimvg¨ bxwZ ................................................................................222
cvV 9.15: evsjv‡`‡k ÿgZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZi cÖ‡qvM ....................................................224
BDwbU 10: RbgZ I ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ ............................................................................ 228-237
cvV 10.1: Rbg‡Zi aviYv I ˆewkó¨ ......................................................................... 228
cvV 10.2: RbgZ MV‡bi gva¨gmg~n .......................................................................... 231
cvV 10.3: Rbg‡Zi ¸iæZ¡ ..................................................................................... 233
cvV 10.4: ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZi aviYv I ˆewkó¨ ........................................................... 235
BDwbU 11: AvgjvZš¿ .................................................................................................... 238-251
cvV 11.1: AvgjvZ‡š¿i aviYv I ˆewkó¨ ..................................................................... 238
cvV 11.2: AvgjvZ‡š¿i Kvh©vewj ...............................................................................242
cvV 11.3: AvgjvZ‡š¿i Revew`wnZv I mykvmb ............................................................ 244
cvV 11.4: evsjv‡`‡k AvgjvZ‡š¿i AwZweKvk ..............................................................246
cvV 11.5: AvgjvZ‡š¿ jvjwdZvi †`ŠivZ¥¨ .................................................................. 248
BDwbU 12: RvZxqZv I †`k‡cÖg ...................................................................................... 252-260
cvV 12.1: RvwZ I RvZxqZvi aviYv...........................................................................252
cvV 12.2: RvwZ I RvZxqZvi cv_©K¨ ........................................................................ 254
cvV 12.3: RvZxqZvi Dcv`vb ..................................................................................256
cvV 12.4: †`k‡cÖg .............................................................................................. 258
gvbeÈb I bgybv cÖkœ ........................................................................................ 261-269
 †Kvm©eB AbymiY Kivi wb‡`©kbv
†Kvm© cwiwPwZ (Course Overview)
†Kv‡m©i bvg : †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb 1g cÎ †Kvm© †KvW : (HSC-1857)
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖv‡gi †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb eBwU GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ cvV¨| eBwU `~iwkÿY c×wZi wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨ iwPZ
n‡q‡Q| `~iwkÿY c×wZi g~j K_vB nj ¯^wbf©i cvV e¨e¯’vcbv| G c×wZi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x© wbR `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡Ri
myweavgZ mg‡q †kLvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ n‡Z cv‡ib| cvVmvgMÖx Dc¯’vcbvi G c×wZ gWz¨jvi c×wZ bv‡g cwiwPZ| GwU
GKB mv‡_ cvV¨cy¯ÍK I wkÿ‡Ki f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| G‡Z wkÿv_©xiv wkÿ‡Ki mivmwi mnvqZv Qvov wb‡RB cov‡kvbv
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ-2010 Gi Av‡jv‡K GbwmwUweÕi bZzb KvwiKzjv‡gi m‡½ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L GB eBwU
¯^wkLb c×wZ‡Z cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges welqe¯‘i †ÿ‡Î RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †ev‡W©i wm‡jevm AbymiY Kiv
n‡q‡Q| cÖwZ BDwb‡Ui ïiæ‡Z f~wgKv †`qv n‡q‡Q| ¯^Zš¿ G BDwbU¸‡jv co‡j wewkó †Kvb w`K¸‡jv Rvbv hv‡e Zv
BDwb‡Ui D‡Ïk¨ ejv Av‡Q| Avevi, cÖwZwU cv‡Vi ïiæ‡Z H cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv‡Z wkÿv_©x D‡Ïk¨
Abyhvqx Ávb AwR©Z nj wK bv Zv hvPvB Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wkÿv_©x‡K cÖwZwU f~wgKv Aek¨B ey‡S co‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU
cv‡Vi †k‡l mvi-ms‡ÿc †`qv Av‡Q| G Qvov wkÿv_©xi ¯^-g~j¨vq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖwZwU cv‡Vi †k‡l cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡b
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ Ges BDwb‡Ui †k‡l m„Rbkxj cÖkœ †`qv n‡q‡Q|
‡cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wel‡qi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q mgvR, cÖwZôvb I iv‡óªi Rb¨ mybvMwiK m„wó‡Z f~wgKv ivLv| AvaywbK
hy‡M iv‡óªi cwiwa †hgb e¨vcK e„w× ‡c‡q‡Q †Zgwb bvMwiK‡`i `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨I e„w× †c‡q‡Q| †cŠibxwZ wel‡qi
†gŠwjK aviYv, ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb, wWwRUvj cÖkvmb e¨e¯’v, iv‡óªi mv‡_ bvMwi‡Ki mvwe©K m¤úK©, †`k‡cÖg,
mykvmb wel‡q Ávb jv‡f GB cvV¨eBwU mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| †`k Mo‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i †hvM¨ K‡i M‡o †Zvjv GB ch©v‡qi
wkÿvi GKwU Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨| cvV¨eBwUi welq wbe©vPb I Dc¯’vc‡bi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©xi m„Rbkxj cÖwZfvi weKvk
mva‡bi w`‡K we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡q‡Q| ¯^-wkLb cvVmvgMÖx wn‡m‡e GwU `~iwkÿY wkÿv_x©‡`i Avb›``vqK cvV I
cÖZ¨vwkZ `ÿZv AR©b wbwðZ Ki‡e e‡j Avkv Kwi|
wkÿv_x©iv hv‡Z eBwU c‡o AwaKZi mydj jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ wb‡P wKQy wb‡`©kbv Zz‡j aiv nj :

BDwb‡Ui wk‡ivbvg I f‚wgKv c‡o m¤¢ve¨ welqe¯‘ Kx n‡Z cv‡i †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv Kiæb|

cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv c‡o GB cvV †_‡K Kx wkL‡Z cvi‡eb Zv †R‡b wbb|

Gici g~jcvV fv‡jvfv‡e Aa¨qb Kiæb| Aa¨q‡bi ci wkLbdj¸‡jv AwR©Z nj wK bv Zv fv‡jvfv‡e hvPvB
Kiæb| hw` wkLbdj AwR©Z bv nq Zvn‡j welqe¯‘ cybivq Aa¨qb Kiæb|

wUD‡Uvwiqvj mvwf©m‡K Kvh©‡cv‡hvMx Ki‡Z Avcbvi cvV¨cy¯ÍKwUi mKj BDwbU‡K ZZwU As‡k fvM K‡i wbb|
cÖ_g wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m hvIqvi Av‡M Avcbvi fvMK…Z AskwU fv‡jvfv‡e Aa¨qb Kiæb| †Kvb BDwb‡Ui
welqe¯‘ Aa¨q‡bi mgq †h welq¸‡jv A‡cÿvK…Z KwVb/`y‡e©va¨ g‡b n‡q‡Q Zv wPwýZ K‡i Avcbvi †bvU
LvZvq wjwce× Kiæb Ges KwVb welq¸‡jv mgvav‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b wUDU‡ii mvnvh¨ wbb| GKB c×wZ
AbymiY K‡i me¸‡jv cvV Aa¨qb †kl Kiæb|

cvV‡k‡l cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡bi cÖk¸ œ ‡jvi DËi †`Iqvi †Póv Kiyb| BDwb‡Ui †k‡l †`Iqv DËigvjvi mv‡_
Avcbvi DËi wgwj‡q †`Lyb| me¸‡jv cÖ‡kœi DËi mwVK bv n‡j GB cvVwU AveviI fvj K‡i coyb Ges
cÖk¸
œ ‡jvi mwVK DËi w`‡Z †Póv Kiyb| Gici Abykxjb As‡ki m„Rbkxj cÖk¸ œ ‡jvi DËi Rvbv Av‡Q wK bv
†`Lyb| Rvbv bv _vK‡j mswkøó Ask Avevi coyb|

I‡cb ¯‹z‡ji GB eBwU QvovI ¯’vbxq ÷vwW †m›Uv‡i Avcbvi Rb¨ wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡mi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| Avcwb
cÖ_‡gB Avcbvi wel‡q KZwU wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬vm cv‡eb Zv Avcbvi ÷vwW †m›Uvi †_‡K †R‡b wbb Ges Avcbvi
÷vwW †m›Uv‡ii cÖwZwU wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m AskMÖnY Kiæb|
gvwR©b AvBKb (Margin Icons)
†Kvm©wU Aa¨qb Kivi c~‡e© †Kvm©wU‡Z ch©vqµ‡g †h mg¯Í AvBKb/cÖZxK e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q †m m¤ú‡K© Avcbv‡K
cÖ_‡gB cwiwPZ n‡Z n‡e| G‡Z cy‡iv †Kvm© gWz¨‡ji †KvbwU welqe¯‘/g~j cvV, †KvbwU cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb BZ¨vw`
m¤ú‡K© mn‡RB AewnZ n‡Z cvi‡eb| wb‡¤œ e¨eüZ wewfbœ AvBKb ev cÖZxK¸‡jv †`Lvb nj|

cv‡VvËi P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb wfwWI ev AwWI ev mvnvh¨/cÖ ‡ qvR‡b

D‡Ïk¨ g~ j cvV mvi-ms‡ÿc DËigvjv
g~j¨vqb †`Lv †kvbv

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi I‡cb ¯‹zj cwiPvwjZ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖv‡gi wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wel‡qi A‡bK¸‡jv AwWI/wfwWI †cÖvMÖvg eZ©gv‡b wewUwf/esjv‡`k †eZvi
KZ…©K mßv‡ni wbw`©ó w`‡bi wbw`©ó mg‡q cÖPvwiZ n‡q Avm‡Q|
wkÿv_x© eÜziv, Avcbviv ÷vwW †mÈvi †_‡K †cÖvMÖvg wmwWDj msMÖn K‡i wbw`©ó w`‡bi wbw`©ó
mg‡q cÖPvwiZ †cÖvMÖvgwU †`L‡j DcK…Z n‡eb e‡j Avkv KiwQ| G mgq †evSvi myweav‡_© eBwU
mvg‡b wb‡q emyb Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq welq¸wj †bvU Kivi Rb¨ KvMR I Kjg mv‡_ ivLyb| †Kv‡bv
AwWI/wfwWI welq eyS‡Z Amyweav n‡j cÖ‡qvR‡b Avcbvi wUDU‡ii mnvqZv wbb|

mvnvh¨ ev mnvqZvi Rb¨ Avcbvi ÷vwW my`xc ivq

†m›Uv‡ii †Kvm© wUDU‡ii civgk© wbb| mnKvix Aa¨vcK (ivóªweÁvb)
I‡cb ¯‹zj, evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq