Banking & Insurance

e¨vswKs GÛ BÝy¨‡iÝ
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
Banking and Insurance

BBS Program
†Kvm© †KvW BBS 2503
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BBS Program
†Kvm© wWfjc‡g›U wUg
†jLK
Aa¨vcK W. †gvt †gvkviivd †nv‡mb
†gvt wgRvbyi ingvb
†gvt AvwZKzi ingvb
m¤úv`bv
Aa¨vcK Gg. gyRvwn`yj Bmjvg

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BBS Program
I‡cb ¯‹zj
MvRxcyi- 1705, †dvb : 9291109
cÖKvk Kvj
cª_g cÖKvk t RyjvB 2008
cÖ”Q`
KvRx mvBdzÏxb AveŸvm
Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR Ges †W¯‹Uc cÖ‡mwms

†gvt wUcy myjZvb
Kfvi MÖvwdK&m
Ave`yj gv‡jK
cÖKvkbvq
cÖKvkbv, gy`ªY I weZiY wefvM
MvRxcyi-1705, †dvb- 9291118
I‡cb ¯‹zj, evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
gy`ªY
weR‡bm wcÖw›Us GÛ c¨v‡KwRs
14/15, cÙwbwa †jb, XvKv
ISBN 984-34-3093-X
m~wPcÎ
welqe¯‘ c„: b¤î

BDwbU 1 t e¨vswKs cÖwZôv‡bi µgweKvk ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1-20
cvV 1 t e¨vs‡Ki msÁv, êwkó¨, Kvh©vejx I ¸iyZ¡ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1
cvV 2 t e¨vsK eë¯’vi µgweKvk ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 8
cvV 3 t e¨vs‡Ki †kªYxwefvM ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 13
BDwbU 2 t evwYwR¨K e¨vsK I Gi cÖ`Ë¡ †mevmg~n ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 21-32
cvV 1 t e¨vsK wnmve ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 21
cvV 2 t evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vejx I cÖ`Ë †mevmg~n ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 26
BDwbU 3 t evwYwR¨K I Ab¨vb¨ e¨vsK ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 33-56
cvV 1 t evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki msÁv, êwkó¨, D‡Ïk¨ I Kvh©vejx ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 33
cvV 2 t wewb‡qvM e¨vsK I AvgvbZ e¨vsK ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 39
cvV 3 t wgkª e¨vswKs ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 44
cvV 4 t wewbgq e¨vsK ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 47
cvV 5 t mgevq e¨vsK ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 50
cvV 6 t f~wg eÜKx e¨vsK I mÂqx e¨vsK ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 53
BDwbU 4 t evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki FY eë¯’vcbv bxwZ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 57-80
cvV 1 t F‡Yi msÁv I cÖKvi‡f` ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 57
cvV 2 t evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki FY eë¯’vcbv ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 65
BDwbU 5 t †K›`ªxq e¨vsK ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 81-94
cvV 1 t †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki msÁv, êwkô¨ I Kvh©vejx ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 81
cvV 2 t †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki FY wbqš¿Y ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 89
BDwbU 6 t Dbœqb e¨vsK ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 95-106
cvV 1 t msÁv, DrcwË, D‡Ïk¨ I cÖKvi‡f` ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 95
cvV 2 t Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vejx ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 102
BDwbU 7 t exgvi †gŠwjK I mvaviY aviYvmg~n ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 107-138
cvV 1 t exgvi msÁv, DrcwË I cÖK…wZ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 107
cvV 2 t exgvi Kvh©vejx, exgvi ¸iyZ¡ I exgvi †kªYxwefvM ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 114
cvV 3 t c~b:exgv, hyMœexgv I evRx Pzw³ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 121
cvV 4 t exgv Pzw³i Acwinvh© Dcv`vbmg~n ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 124
cvV 5 t exgvi bxwZgvjv ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 127
BDwbU 8 t SzuwK eë¯’vcbv ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 139-154
cvV 1 t SzuwKi msÁv, SzuwK eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©vejx,I SzuwKi cÖK…wZ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 139
cvV 2 t SzuwKi †kªbx wefvM, SzuwK g~j¨vqb I SuwK cwigvc ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 142
cvV 3 t SzuwK m¤úwK©Z Z‡_ï Drm, SzuwKi Dcv`vbmg~n, gvbyl I ¯ú‡ì SzuwKmg~n, SzuwK
†gvKv‡ejvq exgvi f~wgKv ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 147
BDwbU 9 t Rxeb exgv ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 155-184
cvV 1 t Rxeb exgvi msÁv, Dcv`vb I cÖK…wZ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 155
cvV 2 t Rxeb exgvi †kªYxweb¨vm ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 161
cvV 3 t `vex cwi‡kva ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 168
cvV 4 t wKw¯Í wba©viY ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 174
cvV 5 t e„wË eë¯’v ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 178
BDwbU 10 t AwMœexgv ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 185-196
cvV 1 t msÁv, Zvrch© I bxwZgvjv ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 185
cvV 2 t AwMœexgvc‡Îi cÖKvi‡f` Ges Kvh©vejx ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 189
cvV 3 t AwMœexgvi Dcv`vbmg~n ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 192
cvV 4 t AwMœexgvc‡Îi ¯^Z¡vc©Y I we‡kl kZ©vejx ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 194
BDwbU 11 t †bŠ-exgv ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 197-206
cvV 1 t †bŠ-exgvi msÁv, cÖKvi‡f` I AvIZv ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 197
cvV 2 t exgv Pzw³i kZ©vejx Ges wewfbœ cÖKvi exgvcÎ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 200
cvV 3 t wewfbœ cÖKvi wec` Ges ¶wZ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 203
cvV 4 t †bŠ-exgvi `vex cwi‡kva ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 205
BDwbU 12 t cybtexgv ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 207-212
cvV 1 t cybtexgvi msÁv I ¸iyZ¡ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 207
cvV 2 t cybtexgvi c×wZ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 209
BDwbU 13 t evsjv‡`‡k exgv eë¯’v ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 213-224
cvV 1 t evsjv‡`‡k exgv eëmvi Dbœqb ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 213
cvV 2 t evsjv‡`‡k cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡M exgvi f‚wgKv ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 216
cvV 3 t evsjv‡`‡k Rxeb exgv †¶‡Î mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv t fwel¨‡Zi P¨v‡jÄmg~n ... ... ... ... ... 219
cvV 4 t evsjv‡`‡k Bmjvgx exgvi êwkó¨ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 222
BDwbU
e¨vswKs cÖwZôv‡bi µgweKvk
1
f~wgKv
A‡_©i †jb‡`b ïiy nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ eëmv evwY‡Rï cÖ‡qvR‡bB e¨vsK eë¯’vi Rb¥ nq| hLb GKc‡¶i evowZ A_©
msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q Ges Ab¨ c‡¶i Avw_©K NvUwZi Kvi‡Y avi ev F‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q, ZLb GB
wecixZgyLx `yB Pvwn`vi mgš^‡q e¨vsK eë¯’v M‡o D‡V| ga¨hy‡M Bû`x eëmvqxiv GK c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K Kg my‡ì
wewbg‡q A_© AvgvbZ wnmv‡e MÖnY KiZ Ges Ab¨ c‡¶i Kv‡Q GB A_© A‡c¶vK…Z †ewk my‡` avi wnmv‡e w`Z| Gfv‡e
av‡ii eëmvi ga¨ w`‡qB e¨vsK eëmvi Rb¥ nq| wKš‘ mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ e¨vsK eë¯’v ïay FY †bIqv I †Ìqvi Kv‡Ri
g‡a¨B mxgve× _v‡Kwb, eis Gi KvR A‡bK we¯Z…Z n‡q‡Q| †hgb, e¨vsK Wªvd&U&, †PK, †c-AW©vi BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g bZzb
bZzb wewbg‡qi gva¨g m„wó Kiv, g‡°j‡ì eëmv evwY‡Rï †jb‡`b wb®úwË Kivi Rb¨ GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq
A_© ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv, †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ gyjab MVb Kiv I jvfRbK Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM Kiv,
AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi †jb‡`b Kiv BZ¨vw`| eZ©gvb hy‡M †Kvb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK
Dbœq‡bi g~j wfwËB n‡jv wkí I evwYR¨| Avi GB wkí I evwY‡Rï Dbœq‡b e¨vs‡Ki f~wgKv Acwimxg| ZvB ejv hvq,
GKwU mylg e¨vswKs eë¯’v Qvov †Kvb †`‡kiB A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb n‡Z cv‡i bv| GB BDwbwU †_‡K Avcwb e¨vs‡Ki msÁv,
êwkô¨, Kvh©vejx I ¸iyZ¡, e¨vsK eë¯’vi µgweKvk, e¨vs‡Ki †kªYxwefvM, m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| Gevi Zvn‡j Avmyb
BDwbwU †kl Kwi Ges welq¸‡jv †R‡bwbB|
cvV- 1 e¨vs‡Ki msÁv, êwkó¨, Kvh©vejx I ¸iyZ¡

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb−
e¨vsK k‡ãi DrcwË wKfv‡e n‡jv Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
e¨vs‡Ki msÁv Ges e¨vswKs m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb
e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb êwkó¨¸‡jv wK wK Zv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb KvR¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb
GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b e¨vs‡Ki f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
e¨vsK k‡ãi DrcwË

evsjv e¨vsK kãwU g~jZ Bs‡iwR Bank kã †_‡K G‡m‡Q hvi AvweavwbK A_© b`x ev Rjvk‡qi Zxi, j¤^v Uzj ev †eÂ
†Kvb wKQzi ¯‘c ev abfvÛvi BZ¨vw`| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î e¨vsK A_© n‡jv Ggb GKwU Avw_©K cÖwZôvb hv RbMY ev cÖwZôv‡bi
KvQ †_‡K AvgvbZ wnmv‡e UvKv Rgv iv‡L, FY †`q Ges A_© msµvšÍ eëmv K‡i|
Bs‡iwR Bank k‡ãi DrcwË wKfv‡e n‡q‡Q Zv wb‡q wbw`©ó K‡i wKQz ejv hvq bv| Kv‡iv g‡Z GwU BUvwjqvb kã, †KD
g‡b K‡ib Rvg©vb, †KD Awóªq, †KDev divwm kã e‡j g‡b K‡ib| g‡a¨hy‡M BUvwji Bû`x eëmvqxiv j¤^v Uzj ev †e‡Â
e‡m UvKvi eëmv KiZ| Gme Uzj‡K AÂj‡f‡` Banco, Bancus, Banc, Banca, Bangk BZ¨vw` bv‡g WvKv n‡Zv|
†mB aviYv Abyhvqx †KD †KD e¨vsK kã‡K BUvwjqvb g‡b K‡i|
Bankrupt kãwU Bank kã †_‡K G‡m‡Q| Bsj¨v‡Û ¯§Y©KviMY gvby‡li KvQ †_‡K AvgvbZ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Zviv
†`L‡Z †cj G AvgvbZKvixiv GK m‡½ Zv‡ì Avgb‡Zi A_© †diZ Pvq bv| GKwU eo As‡Ki UvKv Zv‡ì nv‡Z `xN©
mg‡qi Rb¨ Rgv _v‡K| G Ae¯’v †`‡L Zviv Ab¨‡ì‡K my‡ì wewbg‡q FY w`‡Z ïiy Kij| G KvRwU Zviv AwZ‡Mvc‡b
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg I‡cb ¯‹zj
m¤úbœ KiwQj| GKw`b †MvcbxqZv f½ nj| Avi ZLbB AvgvbZKvixMY GK‡hv‡M G‡m UvKv `vex K‡i| ZLb euvPvi
Rb¨ ¯§Y©KviMY †cQ‡bi ìRv w`‡q cvwj‡q hvq| UvKv †diZ bv cvIqvi Kó mn¨ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i Zviv †mvbvi †`vKv‡bi
mvg‡b iw¶Z †eÂwU †µv‡a †f‡½ †`q| Avi Gfv‡eB Bank Ges Bankrupt ev †`Dwjqv k‡ãi DrcwË nq|
Rvg©vb I Awóªqv‡Z miKvix FY ev KvMwR g~`ªv Bmy¨ Kiv‡K Banke ejv n‡Zv| GQvovI Rvg©vb Back k‡ãi A_© wQ‡jv
†hŠ_ gyjabx Znwej| ZvB †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib †h, Rvg©vb I Awóªq Banke kã †_‡K Bank k‡ãi DrcwË N‡U‡Q|
me‡k‡l ejv hvq, wKQz gZcv_©K¨ _vK‡jI Bs‡iRx Bank kãwU Rvg©vb Banke A_ev BUvjxq Banco kã n‡Z m„wó
n‡q‡Q|
Banco
(BUvjxq kã)
Bank
(Bs‡iwR kã)
Banke
(Rvg©vb kã)
e¨vs‡Ki msÁv
mvaviYfv‡e e¨vsK ej‡Z Ggb GKwU Avw_©K cÖwZôvb‡K eySvq hvi KvR n‡jv GK c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K AvgvbZ wnmv‡e A_©
Rgv ivLv Ges Ab¨ c¶‡K FY †Ìqv ev wewb‡qvM Kiv| e¨vcK A‡_© ej‡Z †M‡j e¨vsK n‡jv Ggb GKwU Avw_©K ga¨¯’
eëmv cÖwZôvb (Financial Intermediary) hv AvgvbZ MÖnY Kiv, FY †Ìqv, FY I A_© m„wó Kiv mn wewfbœ ai‡bi
Avw_©K KvR m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K|
wewfbœ e¨w³ I cÖwZôvb wewfbœfv‡e e¨vsK Gi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb| wb‡P Ggb wKQz ¸iyZ¡c~Y© msÁv †Ìqv nj|
Prof. Cairncross Gi g‡Z e¨vsK GKwU Avw_©K ga¨¯’ Kvievix cÖwZôvb, avi I F‡Yi eëmvqx (A bank is a
financial intermediary, a dealer in loans and debts)
Prof. Chambers Gi g‡Z e¨vsK GKwU Kvh©vjq ev cÖwZôvb hvi KvR nj A_© MÖnY I i¶Y, FY`vb Ges wewbgq
Kvh©vw` (A bank is an office or institution for the keeping, lending & exchanging etc. of money).
A_©bxwZwe` †Kvjeb© Gi g‡Z e¨vsK nj Ggb KZK¸‡jv cÖwZôvb hv A‡_©i wbivc` msi¶Y, FYgÄyi Ges FY
n¯—vš—‡ii Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K (Banks are a variety of firms for the safe keeping of money and for
the granting and transfer of credit).
1949 mv‡j fviZxq e¨vsK eëmvq msµvš— AvBb Abymv‡i e¨vsK nj Ggb GKwU cÖwZôvb hv FY †Ìqv ev
wewb‡qvM Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K AvgvbZ wnmv‡e A_© MÖnY K‡i, †h A_© `vex Kiv gvÎ ev Ab¨fv‡e
†diZ w`‡Z nq Ges hv †PK, Wªvd&&U& ev Ab¨fv‡e DwV‡q †bIqvi eë¯’v _v‡K|
Dc‡ii msÁv¸‡jv we‡kølY Ki‡j eySv hvq †h, e¨vsK Ggb GKwU Avw_©K eëmvqx cÖwZôvb hv wewfbœ wn‡m‡ei (Bank
Account) gva¨‡g AvgvbZ wnmv‡e Kg my‡` A_© msMÖn K‡i Ges H A_© †ewk my‡` Ab¨c¶‡K FY w`‡q gaëZx© g~bvdv
Avq K‡i|
e¨vswKs Gi msÁv
mvaviYfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j e¨vs‡Ki A_© msµvš— hveZxq KvR‡K mvgwMÖKfv‡e e¨vswKs e‡j| A_©vr wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨vsK
GKvD‡›U †hgb t PjwZ, mÂqx I †gqv`x GKvD‡›U A_© MÖnY Kiv, †PK MÖnY Kiv, `vex cwi‡kva Kiv, FY †Ìqv,
wejevÆv Kiv, MÖvnK‡ì A_© GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b ¯’vbvšÍ‡i mvnvh¨ Kiv GB mKj KvRB mgwóMZfv‡e e¨vswKs|
GKK_vq ej‡Z †M‡j e¨vsK †h KvR K‡i ZvB e¨vswKs| wb‡P e¨vswKs Gi wKQz msÁv †Ìqv nj|
BDwbU- 1 c„ôv # 2
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
1949 mv‡ji fviZxq e¨vswKs AvB‡bi 5(1) aviv Abyhvqx e¨vswKs ej‡Z FY gÄyi ev A_© wewb‡qvM Kiv, RbM‡Yi
A_© AvgvbZ wnmv‡e msMÖn Kiv Ges Pvwnev gvÎ ev Ab¨ †Kvb Ae¯’vq Zv D‡Ëvj‡Yi my‡hvM cÖ`vb Kiv (Banking
means the accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment of deposits or money from the
public, re-payable on demand or otherwise, and withdrawable by cheque, draft, order or
otherwise)|
Oxford English Dictionary Abymv‡i e¨vswKs nj GKRb e¨vsKv‡ii eëmvq Ges e¨vsK eëmvq eë¯’vcbv
(Banking is the business of a banker, the keeping or management of a bank)|
me‡k‡l ejv hvq AvgvbZ MÖnY, FY †Ìqv, †PK cwi‡kva Kiv, wejevÆv Kiv, A_© ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv, FY I wewbg‡qi gva¨g
m„wó Kiv, g‡°‡ji g~jëvb `ªe¨ I `wjj msi¶Y Kiv, g‡°‡ji we‡ji ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv, AvgvbZ wnmv‡e cÖvß A_© wewb‡qvM
Kiv mn e¨vs‡Ki hveZxq KvR‡K GKmv‡_ e¨vswKs ejv nq|
e¨vswKs
• AvgvbZ MÖnY
• FY †Ìqv
e¨vsK m¤úvw`Z KvR • †PK cwi‡kva Kiv
(GKwU cÖwZôvb) • wejevÆv Kiv
• A_© ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv
• we‡ji ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv
• wewb‡qvM Kiv
• BZ¨vw`
e¨vs‡Ki êwkó¨
e¨vsK GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôvb hv A‡_©i eëmv K‡i| e¨vs‡Ki input Ges output DfqB nj A_©| ZvB Ab¨vb¨
eëmv‡qi êwkó¨ e¨vsK eëmv‡q Dcw¯’Z _vK‡jI Gi wKQz we‡kl êwkó¨ Av‡Q hv e¨vs‡K Ab¨ eëmv †_‡K Avjv`v
K‡i| wb‡P GmKj mvaviY I we‡kl êwkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1) gvwjKvbv: e¨vswKs cÖwZôvb GK gvwjKvbv, Askx`vix ev †hŠ_ gyjabx †Kv¤úvbx n‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI e¨vsK miKvix
ev †emiKvix gvwjKvbvaxb n‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡k miKvix- †emiKvix Dfq ai‡bi e¨vsKB Av‡Q Ges †emiKvix
mKj e¨vsK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvbx wnmv‡e cÖwZwôZ|
2) K…wÎg mËv: †hŠ_gyjabx †Kv¤úvbx wn‡m‡e †Kvb e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ n‡j Zv GKwU K…wÎg AvBbMZ mËv jvf K‡i|
A_©vr GiKg e¨vs‡Ki gvwjKc¶ I e¨vsK `ywU c„_K mËv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ cvq| Ab¨w`‡K GKgvwjKvbv ev Askx`vix
eëmvq wn‡m‡e e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ n‡j Zv †`‡ki cÖPwjZ e¨vsK AvBb Øviv Aby‡gvw`Z n‡Z nq|
3) Avw_©K ¯^”QjZv: h‡_ó Avw_©K ¯^”QjZv Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb eëmvq cwiPvjbv Kiv †M‡jI e¨vsK eëmvq cwiPvjbv
Kiv hvq bv| KviY e¨vs‡Ki eëmvq n‡jv A‡_©i eëmvq|
4) wbivcËv: e¨vsK RbMY ev cÖwZôv‡bi A_© AvgvbZ wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i I msi¶Y K‡i ZvB AvgvbZKvix‡ì A‡_©i
h_vh_ wbivcËv w`‡Z bv cvi‡j Zv RbM‡Yi Av¯’v nvivq| ZvB e¨vsK Ggb ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z n‡Z n‡e Ges Ggbfv‡e
cwiPvwjZ n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i AvgvbZKvix‡ì AvgvbZ I e¨vs‡Ki wbR¯^ m¤ú‡ì h_vh_ wbicËv cÖ`vb Kiv
hvq|
5) wek¦¯ÍZv: RbM‡Yi Av¯’v I wek¦vm AR©b Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j e¨vs‡Ki Avgvb‡Zi cwigvY Kg‡Z _v‡K| Avi Avgvb‡Zi
cwigv‡Yi Dc‡i e¨vs‡Ki ¯^”QjZv wbf©i K‡i| ZvB mr I wek¦¯Í bv n‡j e¨vs‡Ki Dc‡i gvby‡li Av¯’v _v‡K bv Ges
e¨vsK mdjZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
6) AvgvbZ MÖnY I †diZ `vb: e¨vsK wewfbœ wnmv‡e (Account) †hgb mÂqx, PjwZ I †gqv`x wnmv‡e AvgvbZ MÖnY
K‡i Ges AvgvbZKvix‡ì `vex Abyhvqx Zv h_vwbq‡g cwi‡kva K‡i| mvaviYfv‡e GwUB e¨vs‡Ki Ab¨Zg g~j
KvR| Z‡e wKQz we‡klvwqZ e¨vs‡Ki †¶‡Î AvgvbZ MÖnY I †diZ`vb cÖavb KvR wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq bv|
e¨vswKs GÛ BÝy¨‡iÝ c„ôv # 3

7) FY cÖ`vb: ïay AvgvbZ MÖnY bq, AvgvbZ wnmv‡e cvIqv A_© Ab¨ c¶‡K FY wn‡m‡e †ÌqvI e¨vs‡Ki Ab¨Zg
cÖavb KvR| GRb¨ e¨vs‡K avi I F‡Yi eëmvqx ejv nq|
8) gyjab MVb: RbMY ev cÖwZôv‡bi KvQ †_‡K e¨vsK †h AvgvbZ MÖnY K‡i Zvi meUzKz FY wnmv‡e weZiY bv K‡i
Gi GKwU Ask e¨vsK jvfRbK Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM K‡i| G cÖwµqvq e¨vsK ¶z`ª ¶z`ª AvgvbZ GKwÎZ K‡i GKwU eo
As‡Ki gyjab ˆZwi K‡i| we‡k¦i mKj †`‡kB gyjab evRv‡ii Ab¨Zg m`m¨ wn‡m‡e e¨vsK¸‡jv gyjab MV‡bi
¸iyZ¡c~Y© fywgKv cvjb K‡i|
9) †mev cÖ`vb: Avw_©K †jb‡`b QvovI e¨vsK wewfbœ RbKj¨vYKi I cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g g‡°j‡ì †mev
cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| †hgb:
cÖZ¨qb cÎ Bmy¨ Kiv|
†µwWU ev †WweU KvW© Bmy¨ Kiv|
g‡°‡ji c‡¶ †PK Wªvd&U ev †h‡Kvb `vwe Av`vq|
g‡°‡ji c‡¶ wmwKDwiwUR, eÛ ev mvwU©wd‡KU µq|
g‡°‡ji AvqKi wiUvY© ˆZwi, `vwLj I Rgv`vb msµvš— KvR|
eëmv evwYR¨ I wewb‡qvM cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© g‡°j‡ì civgk© `vb|
g‡°‡ji Avw_©K ¯^”QjZv m¤ú‡K© cÖZ¨qb cÎ †Ìqv|
ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î g‡°‡ji cwiPqcÎ Bmy¨ Kiv, BZ¨vw`|
10) †MvcbxqZv i¶v: e¨vs‡Ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡jv g‡°‡ji hveZxq Z‡_ï m‡e©v”P †MvcbxqZv i¶v Kiv|
wek¦Ry‡o e¨vsK m‡Ÿ©v”P †MvcbxqZv i¶vi cÖZxK wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| Aek¨ miKvi ev Ab¨ h_vh_ KZ…©c¶ we‡kl
†¶‡Î e¨vsK n‡Z g‡°‡ji Avw_©K Z_¨ cvevi AwaKvi iv‡L| †MvcbxqZv i¶vi w`K †_‡K myBm e¨vs‡Ki mybvg
wek¦‡Rvov| KviY G e¨vsKwU †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB MÖvn‡Ki †MvcbxqZv f½ K‡i bv|
e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vejx
m¤§vwbZ g‡°j‡ì AvgvbZ MÖnY Kiv, FY †Ìqv I wewb‡qvM KivB mvaviYfv‡e e¨vs‡Ki g~j KvR n‡jI eZ©gvb hy‡M
e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Ri cwiwa AviI A‡bK †ewk| A_© msµvšÍ Gme KvR QvovI e¨vsK RbKj¨vYg~jK I cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK A‡bK
KvR K‡i _v‡K| Avevi evwYwR¨K e¨vsK, †K›`ªxq e¨vsK A_ev we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK †f‡` Kvh©µg wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K|
hv‡nvK mvaviYfv‡e †Kvb AvaywbK e¨vsK †hme KvR K‡i _v‡K Zv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt
1) AvgvbZ MÖnY: e¨vs‡Ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb KvR nj AvgvbZ wn‡m‡e RbMY ev cÖwZôv‡bi A_© MÖnY Kiv| Gi wecix‡Z
e¨vsK¸‡jv AvgvbZKvix‡ì my` ev jvf w`‡q _v‡K| Gfv‡e e¨vsK RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ mÂqx g‡bvfve m„wó K‡i Ges
wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ g~ja‡bi m„wó K‡i|
2) AvgvbZKvix‡ì `vwe cwi‡kva: AvgvbZKvixiv e¨vs‡K †h A_© Rgv iv‡L AvgvbZKvix PvB‡j Zv †diZ †ÌqvI
e¨vs‡Ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb KvR| PjwZ I mÂqx wnmv‡ei †¶‡Î AvgvbZKvix PvIqv gvÎ e¨vsK Zv †diZ w`‡Z eva¨
_v‡K| Z‡e †gqv`x wnmv‡ei †¶‡Î AvgvbZKvix GKwU c~e© wba©vwiZ †gqv` c~Y© nIqvi Av‡MB Avgvb‡Zi A_©
†diZ PvB‡j e¨vsK H Avgvb‡Zi Dc‡i wba©vwiZ my` †`q bv|
3) †bvU cÖPjb: cÖwZwU †`‡ki †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki KvR n‡jv †bvU I gy`ªvi cÖPjb Kiv| †hgb Avgv‡ì †`‡k evsjv‡`k
e¨vsK †bvU I gy`ªv cÖPjb K‡i _v‡K| Avi evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvi KvR n‡jv †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki Bmy¨ Kiv †bvU I
gy`ªvi cÖPvi I cÖmv‡i mn‡hvwMZv Kiv| Aek¨ ga¨hy‡Mi †klw`‡K miKvi Aby‡gvw`Z evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvI gy`ªv
cÖPjb Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv|
4) wewbg‡qi gva¨g m„wó: eZ©gvb we‡k¦ ïaygvÎ A_©B wewbg‡qi GKgvÎ gva¨g bq, eis Ab¨vb¨ gva¨g †hgb- †PK,
e¨vsK Wªvd&U&, †c-AW©vi BZ¨vw` wewbg‡qi gva¨g wnmv‡e †ewk MÖnY‡hvM¨| evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv wewbg‡qi GB me
gva¨g m„wó K‡i †`bv-cvIbvi wb®úwË I Avw_©K †jb‡`‡b mn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡K|
5) FY `vb: e¨vsK AvgvbZ wnmv‡e ev Ab¨ †h †Kvb Drm †_‡K Kg my‡` †h A_© msMÖn K‡i Zv eëmvqx, wkícwZ ev
Ab¨ †Kvb c¶‡K A‡c¶vK…Z †ewk my‡` FY wnmv‡e w`‡q _v‡K| ZvB h_v_© Lv‡Z FY †Ìqv Ges h_vmg‡q my`mn
H F‡Yi A_© Av`vq Kiv e¨vs‡Ki Ab¨Zg ¸iyZ¡c~Y© KvR|
6) wewbgq we‡ji evÆvKiY: eëmvqxiv evwK‡Z gvj weµq Ki‡j †µZvi KvQ †_‡K GKwU wewbgq wej cvq †hLv‡b
†µZv GKUv wbw`©ó fwel¨r mg‡q H gv‡ji `vg cwi‡lva Ki‡e g‡g© cÖwZkÖywZ †`q| wKš‘ eëmvqx‡ì Riyix Kvi‡Y
hw` wewbgq we‡ji †gqv` c~Y© nevi Av‡MB A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb nq Z‡e e¨vsK H me wewbgq wej A‡c¶vK…Z Kg `v‡g
wK‡b †bq hv‡K we‡ji evÆvKiY e‡j| c‡i we‡ji †gqv` c~Y© n‡j e¨vsK Avw`‡ói KvQ †_‡K we‡ji cy‡iv A_©
Av`vq K‡i †bq|
7) FY wbqš¿Y: †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki KvR n‡jv †`‡ki gy`ªv evRv‡ii wbqš¿Y Kiv| †`‡k †gvU cÖPwjZ gy`ªvi cwigvY †e‡o
†M‡j Zv gy`ªvùxwZ NUvq| ZvB evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv †ewk cwigv‡Y FY weZiY Ki‡j †`‡ki gy`ªv evRv‡i weiƒc
cÖfve c‡o| F‡Yi cwigvY wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z †K›`ªxq e¨vsK evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvi Rb¨ D”P e¨vsK †iU wba©viY K‡i
Ges dj¯îƒc evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvI FY †Ìqvi †¶‡Î my‡ì nvi evwo‡q †`q| d‡j gy`ªv evRv‡i F‡Yi Pvwn`v
K‡g hvq| Gfv‡e †K›`ªxq e¨vsK FY wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki `vwqZ¡ n‡jv FY wbqš¿‡bi †¶‡Î
†K›`ªxq e¨vsK‡K m‡e©vZfv‡e mnvqZv Kiv|
8) A_© ¯’vbvš—i: e¨vsK¸‡jv eëmv-evwY‡Rï †jb‡`b wb®úwË‡Z mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ †`‡k we‡`‡k A_© ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii
eë¯’v K‡i| G‡¶‡Î e¨vsK wbR e¨vs‡Ki kvLv ev Ab¨ †Kvb e¨vs‡Ki kvLv A_ev cÖwZwbwa‡ì gva¨‡g GB A_© GK
¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b cvVvq|
9) gyjab MVb I wewb‡qvM: RbM‡Yi wew¶ß mÂq AvgvbZ wnmv‡e msMÖn K‡i e¨vsK¸‡jv eo ai‡bi gyjab MVb K‡i
Ges Zv wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g †`‡ki wkí I A_©‰bwZK cÖMwZ‡Z ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
10) g~jëvb m¤ú‡ì i¶Yv‡e¶Y: e¨vsK¸‡jv RbM‡Yi bM` A‡_©i wbivcËv †Ìqv QvovI Zv‡ì g~jëvb m¤ú` †hgb
AjsKvi, Rwg I Ab¨vb¨ m¤úwËi `wjjcÎ, †kqvi, wmwKDwiwUR BZ¨vw` wbivc‡` msi¶Y K‡i| GRb¨ g‡°j‡ì
e¨vs‡Ki fë fvov Ki‡Z nq|
11) Znwej msi¶Y: e¨vsK miKvix, ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ ev †emiKvix cÖwZôv‡bi Znwej wbivc` msi¶‡Yi `vwqZ¡ cvjb
K‡i| Gme cÖwZôvb e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g Zv‡ì MÖvn‡Ki KvQ †_‡K cvIbv msMÖn K‡i Ges e¨q cwi‡kva K‡i| †hgb
evsjv‡`‡k wUGÛwU, Iqvmv, wcwWwe BZ¨vw` cÖwZôv‡bi wej msMÖ‡ni `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i evwYwR¨K e¨vsK|
12) miKv‡ii A_© eë¯’vcbvq mvnvh¨ Kiv: miKvi †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g Avw_©K bxwZ cÖYqb I ev¯—evqb K‡i|
A_©vr †K›`ªxq e¨vsK miKv‡ii e¨vsK wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| we‡kl cwiw¯’wZ‡Z evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv †K›`ªxq e¨vsK‡K
FY †`q| GQvovI evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv miKvix mÂqcÎ, wmwKDwiwU, eÛ cÖf„wZ wewµ K‡i miKv‡ii c‡¶
RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K A_© Av`vq K‡i I cvIbv cwi‡kva K‡i|
13) ‰e‡`wkK gy`ªvi †jb‡`b: †K›`ªxq e¨vsK †Kvb †`‡ki ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi wewbgq wbqš¿Y K‡i I wiRvf© msi¶Y K‡i|
evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv miKv‡ii bxwZ AbymiY K‡i Ges †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx we‡`kx gy`ªvi †jb‡`b
K‡i _v‡K|
14) eëmv evwY‡R¨ mn‡hvwMZv: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv Avf¨šÍixY I AvšÍR©vwZK Dfq evwY‡R¨B eëmvqx‡ì mn‡hvwMZv
K‡i _v‡K| GKw`‡K †hgb g‡°‡ji c‡¶ †`bv cvIbv wb®úwË, †c-AW©vi ev †P‡Ki gva¨‡g A_© n¯ÍvšÍi BZ¨vw`
KvR Avf¨šÍixY evwY‡R¨ mn‡hvwMZv K‡i, †Zgwb ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi wewbgq, cÖZ¨qb cÎ Bmy¨, A_© ms¯’vb, civgk©
cÖ`vb BZ¨vw` KvR AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|
me‡k‡l ejv hvq, e¨vs‡Ki KvR Avi AvgvbZ msMÖn I FY weZi‡Yi g‡a¨ mxgve× †bB, eis wek¦vq‡bi GB hy‡M
MÖvnK‡ì eûgyLx Pvwn`vi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q e¨vsK¸‡jv wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨vswKs myweav w`‡”Q|

A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b e¨vs‡Ki f~wgKv

GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb †h KqwU wel‡qi Dc‡i wbf©ikxj e¨vsK eë¯’v Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq|
c„w_exi A‡bK †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK DbœqbB †`‡ki e¨vsK eë¯’vi Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q| e¨vsK eë¯’v †`‡ki K…wl,
wkí, cÖhyw³, evwYR¨ mKj †¶‡Îi Dbœq‡bB cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i _v‡K| Avgv‡ì †`k g~jZ K…wl wbf©i n‡jI wkívqb
G‡`‡ki Dbœq‡b ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Q| K…wl ev wk‡íi h_vh_ Dbœ‡qi Rb¨ PvB G mKj †¶‡Î e¨vcK wewb‡qvM|
evwYwR¨K I we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK¸‡jv G mKj Lv‡Z e¨vcK wewb‡qvMmn eëmvqx‡ì wewfbœ ai‡bi civgk© I †mev cÖ`v‡bi
gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b f~wgKv ivL‡Q| wb‡P GiKg wKQy we‡kl f~wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt
1) mÂq msMÖn, gyjab MVb I wewb‡qvM: e¨vsK¸‡jv wewfbœfv‡e RbM‡Yi ¶z`ª ¶z`ª mÂq msMÖn K‡i eo ai‡bi gyjab
MVb K‡i Ges Zv K…wl, wkí, cÖhyw³ I evwYR¨mn wewfbœ Lv‡Z wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡K GwM‡q wb‡q
hvq| we‡klvwqZ e¨vs‡Ki cvkvcvwk evsjv‡`‡ki evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvI GB `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
2) FY cÖ`vb: e¨vsK¸‡jv ¶z`ª, gvSvix I eo eëmvqx‡ì ¯^í †gqv`x I `xN©‡gqv`x FY w`‡q †`‡ki Avf¨š—ixY I
ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|
3) wewbg‡qi gva¨g m„wó: e¨vsK wewfbœ ai‡bi wewbgq gva¨g m„wó K‡i Avw_©K wewbgq‡K mnR I SuywKgy³ Kivq Lye
mn‡RB †`k †_‡K †`‡k Aí mg‡q eëmvqxK †`bv cvIbv cwi‡kva Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q| †hgb †PK, †c-AW©vi, Wªvd&U&
BZ¨vw` A‡_©i g‡ZvB wewbg‡qi gva¨g wnmv‡e eëüZ n‡”Q|
4) e¨vs‡Ki we‡klvqY: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK eûg~Lx we‡klvwqZ †mev w`‡q
_v‡K| †hgb K…wl e¨vsK K…wl Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b ¯^í †gqv`x I `xN© †gqv`x FY w`‡q _v‡K, evsjv‡`k wkí e¨vsK mnR
k‡Z© wkí FY w`‡q _v‡K Ges evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv eëmvqx‡ì‡K ¯^íKvjxb evwYwR¨K FY w`‡q _v‡K|
5) ‰e‡`wkK evwY‡Rï m¤cÖmviY: evsjv‡`‡ki Avg`vbx I ißvwb evwY‡Rï m¤cÖmvi‡Y wewfbœ e¨vsK bvbvwea
mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K †hgbt AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ A_© ms¯’vb, AvšÍR©vwZK †`bv cvIbv cwi‡kv‡a mn‡hvwMZv
Kiv, ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi wewbgq I ê‡`wkK evRvi we‡køl‡Y cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I civgk© cÖ`vb| G‡¶‡Î EXIM Bank
GKwU we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK| GQvovI evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvi Foreign Exchange Division G RvZxq `vwqZ¡ cvjb
K‡i _v‡K|
6) A_© ¯’vbvš—‡i mnvqZv: AvaywbK e¨vsK eë¯’v GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ wbivc‡` I `ªyZ Zg mg‡q A_©-¯’vbvšÍ‡ii
gva¨‡g †jb‡`b I eëmv evwYR¨ mnRZi K‡i‡Q|
7) K…wl Dbœqb: eëmvqxK wfwË‡Z K…wl c‡Yï Drcv`b e„w× Ges Lv‡`ï ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ e¨vsK K…lK‡ì
wewfbœ †gqv`x FY w`‡q _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î ivRkvnx K…wl Dbœqb e¨vsK I evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK we‡klvwqZ|
8) wkí Dbœqb: evsjv‡`‡ki wkí Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM I FY `v‡bi gva¨‡g e¨vsK¸‡jv A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨
Ae`vb ivL‡Q| G‡¶‡Î evsjv‡`k wkí e¨vsK, evsjv‡`k wkí FY ms¯’v Ges evsjv‡`k ¶z`ª I KzwUi wkí e¨vsK
D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
9) †eKvi mgm¨vi mgvavb I Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó: e¨vsK eë¯’v cÖmv‡ii d‡j Ges wewfbœ Lv‡Z e¨vs‡Ki wewb‡qvM m„wói
gva¨‡g †`‡k e¨vcKnv‡i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi m„wó n‡q‡Q, hv GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b LyeB ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|
10) Rxeb hvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb: e¨vsK wewbgq e„w×i gva¨‡g †gvU †`kR Drcv`b e„w×‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| hv gvby‡li
gv_vwcQz Avq evwo‡q †`q Ges Rxeb hvÎvi gvb evwo‡q †`q| G Qvov †fvM¨ c‡Yï Rb¨ FY mnvqZv w`‡q e¨vsK
gvby‡li Rxeb gvb Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
me‡k‡l ejv hvq evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡k A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b e¨vsK¸‡jv we‡kl f~wgKv ivL‡Q| Avkv Kiv hvq
A`~i fwel¨‡Z evsjv‡`‡k e¨vsK eëmv‡qi DbœwZi cvkvcvwk mvgMÖxK A_©bxwZ Dbœq‡bi c‡_ GwM‡q hv‡e|
cvV ms‡¶c: 1.1
• Bs‡iRx Bank kãwU Rvg©vb Banke A_ev BUvjxq Banco kã n‡Z m„wó n‡q‡Q|
• e¨vsK n‡jv Ggb GKwU Avw_©K ga¨¯’ eëmv cÖwZôvb (Financial Intermediary) hv AvgvbZ MÖnY Kiv, FY
†Ìqv, FY I A_© m„wó Kiv mn wewfbœ ai‡bi Avw_©K KvR m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K |
• e¨vs‡Ki A_© msµvšÍ hveZxq KvR‡K mvgwMÖKfv‡e e¨vswKs e‡j|
• †hŠ_gyjabx †Kv¤úvbx wn‡m‡e †Kvb e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ n‡j Zv GKwU K…wÎg AvBbMZ mËv jvf K‡i|
• RbMY ev cÖwZôv‡bi KvQ †_‡K e¨vsK †h AvgvbZ MÖnY K‡i Zvi meUzKz FY wnmv‡e weZiY bv K‡i Gi GKwU
Ask e¨vsK jvfRbK Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM K‡i|
• e¨vs‡Ki KvR n†jv AvgvbZ MÖnY, FY `vb, gyjab MVb I wewb‡qvM, †bvU I gy`ªvi cÖPjb, wewbg‡qi gva¨g
m„wó, wewbgq we‡ji evÆvKiY, A_© ¯’vbvš—i, g~jëvb m¤ú‡ì i¶Yv‡e¶Y, ‰e‡`wkK gy`ªvi †jb‡`b, miKv‡ii
A_© eë¯’vcbvq mvnvh¨ Kiv, BZ¨vw`|
• e¨vsK eë¯’v †`‡ki K…wl, wkí, cÖhyw³, evwYR¨ mKj †¶‡Îi Dbœq‡bB cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i _v‡K|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 1.1

mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b
1. Bs‡iRx e¨vsK kãwU DrcwË nq †Kvb kã †_‡K?
K) BUvjxq kã Banco L) Rvg©vb kã Banke
M) Dfq kã †_‡K N) †KvbwUB bq
2. mvavib A‡_© e¨vs‡Ki g~j KvR n‡jv-
K) AvgvbZ msMÖn Kiv L) FY †Ìqv
M) AvgvbZ msMÖn Kiv I FY †Ìqv N) AvgvbZ msMÖn I wewb‡qvM Kiv|
3. e¨vswKs ej‡Z eySvq?
K) GKwU e¨vswKs cÖwZôvb L)e¨vs‡Ki AvgvbZ MÖnY I FY †Ìqvi KvR
M) e¨vs‡K Kg©iZ Kg©KZ©v Kg©Pvix N) e¨vs‡Ki m¤úvw`Z mvgMÖxK KvR
4. e¨vs‡Ki gvwjKvbvi aib †Kgb n‡Z cv‡i?
K) GK gvwjKvbv L) Askx`vix
M) meKwU N) †hŠ_ gyjabx †Kv¤úvbx
5. e¨vs‡Ki Znwe‡ji g~j Drm †KvbwU?
K) †K›`ªxq e¨vsKi FY L) msM„nxZ AvgvbZ
M) e¨vs‡Ki Avq N) †KvbwUB bq
6. †KvbwU e¨vs‡Ki KvR bq?
K) g‡°‡ji c‡¶ eÛ, wmwKDwiwUR BZ¨vw` †Kbv‡ePv Kiv L) g‡°‡ji AvqKvi wiUvY© ˆZix I `vwLj Kiv
M) g‡°‡ji cwiPqcÎ Bmy¨ Kiv N) g‡°‡ji cY¨`ªe¨ †Kbv‡ePv Kiv
7. wKfv‡e e¨vsK wewbg‡qi gva¨g m„wó K‡i?
K) †PK, Wªvd&U, †c-AW©vi BZ¨vw` Bmy¨ K‡i| L) A_© ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i|
M) ‰e‡`wkK gy`ªv †jb‡`b K‡i| N) wewbgq we‡ji evÆv K‡i|

cvV- 2 e¨vsK eë¯’vi µgweKvk

D‡Ïk¨
e¨vsK eë¯’vi µgweKvk eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
e¨vsK eë¯’vi Dbœqb m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb
hy‡Mi avivevwnKZvq wKfv‡e e¨vsK eë¯’v weKwkZ n‡q‡Q Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k e¨vsK eë¯’vi µgweKvk e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
e¨vs‡Ki DrcwË I µgweKvk

cÖvPxbKv‡j gy`ªvi cÖPjb ïiy n‡jI e¨vsK eë¯’vi aviYvwU Rb¥ †bq c‡i| cÖ_gw`‡K GK`g gvby‡li A‡_©i wbivcËvi
cÖ‡qvRb nq Ges Av‡iK `j gvby‡li FY AvKv‡i A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb nq| GB `ywU wecixZgyLx Pvwn`vi mgš^‡q e¨vswKs Gi
cÖv_wgK aviYvi Rb¥ nq †hLv‡b gnvRb ev Dcvmbvjq cy‡ivwnZiv GKc¶ †_‡K A_© wb‡q mwÂZ ivLZ Ges Acic¶‡K
Zv FY AvKv‡i w`Z| gnvRb‡ì GBiKg my`wfwËK A_© eëmv Avgv‡ì mgv‡R GLbI †`Lv hvq| cÖ_g w`‡K e¨vsK
eë¯’v GZUv mymsMwVZ bv n‡jI mf¨Zvi µgweKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_, hy‡Mi avivevwnKZvq I eëmv evwY‡Rï Dbœq‡bi
mv‡_ mv‡_ e¨vsK eë¯’vi c~Y© weKvk N‡U| ZvB e¨vsK eë¯’vi DrcwË I µgweKvk‡K GB wZbwU wel‡qi Av‡jv‡K wb‡P
eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
1| mf¨Zvi µgweKvk I e¨vsK eë¯’v

K) wmÜz mf¨Zv (The Indus Civilization): wLª÷c~e© 5000 A‡ã wmÜz mf¨Zv Kv‡j MÖxm, †ivg I wgm‡i eëmvqxK
†jb‡`‡bi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| cÖZœZË¡we`MY g‡b K‡ib †h †m mgq gy`ªvi cÖPjb wQj Ges cÖvwZôvwbK †Kvb e¨vsK bv
_vK‡jI AbvbyôvwbK e¨vsK eë¯’vi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq, †hLv‡b AvgvbZ MÖnY, FY †Ìqv I ê‡`wkK wewbgq eë¯’v M‡o
D‡VwQj|
L) e¨vwejbxq mf¨Zv (The Babilonian Civilization): wLª÷c~e© 2000 A‡ã e¨vwejbxq mf¨Zvq Dcvmbvjq‡K †K›`ª
K‡i e¨vsK eë¯’vi m„wó n‡qwQj| RbMY Zv‡ì evowZ A_© m¤ú` cÖ‡qvRbxq wbivcËvi Rb¨ DcvmYvj‡qi cy‡ivwnZM‡Yi
Kv‡Q Rgv †i‡L AvmZ| KviY, cy‡ivwnZMY mgv‡Ri mr I cÖfvekvjx e¨w³ wnmv‡e cÖwZwôZ wQ‡jb Ges DcvmYvjq¸‡jv
†Pvi WvKv‡Zi Dc`ªe gy³ wQj| cy‡ivwnZMY RbM‡Yi mwÂZ A_© †_‡K mgv‡Ri AfveMÖ¯’ gvbyl‡ì mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨
FY w`‡Zb| Gmgq Rgv iwm`, †PK eB, †bvUm BZ¨vwì cÖPjbI wQj e‡j cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|
M) êw`K hyM (The Vedic Civilization): wn›`y ag©MÖš’, †e` I gby‡Z wLª÷c~e© 2000 Aã †_‡K 1000 Aã ch©š—
mgqKv‡j fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k e¨vsK eë¯’vi cÖPjb _vKvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| GmKj ag©MÖ‡š’i AvgvbZ MÖnY I FY
m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ ai‡bi agx©q Av‡`k wb‡l‡ai D‡j- L i‡q‡Q|
N) †ivgvb mf¨Zv (The Roman Civilization): wLª÷c~e© 1000 A‡ã †ivgvb mf¨ZvKv‡j e¨vsK eë¯’v A‡bKUv
cÖvwZôvwbK iƒc jvf K‡i| ZLbKvi eëmvqxiv A_© †jb‡`‡bi wKQz wbqgKvbyb m„wó K‡i Ges †jb‡`b wb®úwË‡Z †PK ev
e¨vsK Wªvd&U& Gi gZ `wj‡ji cÖPjb K‡i| †m mg‡q FY †Ìqvi Rb¨ AvbyôvwbK FY`vbKvix e¨vsK (Lone Bank)
cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj e‡jI cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|
O) ˆPwbK mf¨Zv (The Chainese Civilization): wLª÷c~e© 600 A‡ã ˆPwbK mf¨ZvKv‡j eëmv evwY‡Rï e¨vcK
cÖmv‡ii cvkvcvwk e¨vsK eë¯’vI mymsMwVZ nq| †m mgq cÖwZwôZ ÔkvÝx e¨vsKÕ †K A‡b‡KB we‡k¦i cÖ_g msMwVZ e¨vsK
e‡j g‡b K‡ib| GB e¨vsK AvgvbZ msMÖn, FY `vb QvovI gy`ªv cÖPj‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb KiZ|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K eySv hvq †h mf¨Zvi µgweKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ A‡_©i cÖPjb I e¨vsK eë¯’viI DbœwZ N‡U|
2| eëmv-evwY‡Rï Dbœqb I e¨vsK eë¯’v

eëmv evwY‡Rï cÖ‡qvR‡b A_© I FY eëmv‡qi cÖPjb N‡U| ZvB eëmv evwY‡Rï Dbœ‡qi m‡½ m‡½ e¨vsK eë¯’viI
Dbœqb nq| wewfbœ mf¨Zvq Ávb weÁv‡bi weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ eëmv evwY‡Rï cÖmvi N‡U| †hgb ewYK m¤cÖ`vq eëmvi
D‡Ï‡k¨ GK †`k †_‡K Av‡iK †`‡k †M‡j ZLb gy`ªv wewbgq eëmvi m„wó nq| Bû`x eëmvqxMY wb‡`©k c‡Îi gva¨‡g
GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b gy`ªv cvVv‡Zb| Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b Gfv‡eB e¨vsK †bvU, cÖZ¨qb cÎ, †PK BZ¨vwì cÖPjb N‡U|
ga¨hy‡Mi †kl w`‡K eëmv evwYR¨ e¨vcK cÖmvi cvIqvq KvMRx †bv‡Ui cÖPjb N‡U Ges †`k we‡`‡k kvLv e¨vsK ev
cÖwZwbwa wb‡qv‡Mi c×wZ Pvjy nq| myZivs eySv hvq †h, eëmvq cÖmv‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_ eëmvqxK m¤cÖ`v‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡bB
e¨vsK eë¯’v weKvk jvf K‡i|
3| hy‡Mi avivevwnKZvq e¨vsK eë¯’vi weKvk

mf¨Zvi µgweKvk I eëmv evwY‡Rï Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ e¨vsK eëmv‡qi µgweKvk N‡U| GB µgweKvk‡K hy‡Mi
avivevwnKZvi Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j wbgœwjwLZ wPÎ cvIqv hvq|
wmÜz mf¨Zvq MÖxm, †ivg I wgm‡i gy`ªvi cÖPjb, AvgvbZ msi¶Y, FY

cÖvPxb hyM (wLª÷c~e© 5000 †_‡K `vb I ê‡`wkK wewbgq cÖPjb
wLª÷c~e© 4000 Aã) e¨vwejbxq mf¨Zvq DcvmYvjq e¨vswKs Gi cÖPjb
†ivgvb mf¨Zvq FY e¨vsK cÖwZôv
‰PwbK mf¨Zvq kvÝx e¨vsK cÖwZôv
RbKj¨vYagx© DcvmYvjq e¨vsK eë¯’vi cÖmvi

hy‡Mi avivevwnKZvq e¨vsK
BUvwj miKv‡ii cÖ‡Póvq 1157 wLª÷v‡ã e¨vsK Ae †fwbm cÖwZôv

ga¨ hyM (wLª÷c~e© 400 †_‡K †R‡bfvi ewbK‡ì †hŠ_ D‡`¨v‡M 1178 wLª÷v‡ã e¨vsK Ae mvbRwR©I
1600 wLª÷vã) cÖwZôv
BUvwji miKv‡ii D‡`¨v‡M 1401 wLª÷v‡ã e¨vsK Ae evwm©‡jvbv cÖwZôv
1407 wLª÷v‡ã †R‡bfv‡Z e¨vsK Ae †R‡bvqv cÖwZôv
kw³kvjx cÖvwZôvwbK e¨vsK eë¯’vi Dbœqb

1609 wLª÷v‡ã e¨vsK Ae Avg÷vW©vg cÖwZôv
1619 wLª÷v‡ã e¨vsK Ae nvgeyM© cÖwZôv
1656 wLª÷v‡ã miKvix mb`cÖvß e¨vsK Ae myB‡Wb cÖwZôv
1694 wLª÷v‡ã miKvix mb`cÖvß e¨vsK Ae Bsj¨vÛ cÖwZôv
AvaywbK hyM (1600 wLª÷vã 1700 wLª÷v‡ã †KvjKvZvq wn›`y¯Ívb e¨vsK cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g e¨vsK
†_‡K eZ©gvb Kvj ch©š—) eë¯’vi m¤cÖmviY
1765 wLª÷v‡ã Rvg©vwb‡Z e¨vsK Ae cÖywmqv cÖwZôv
wewfbœ †`‡k †K›`ªxq e¨vsK cÖwZôv †hgb e¨vsK Ae d«vÝ (1800 mvj),
†iBL e¨vsK (Rvg©vwb, 1875), e¨vsK Ae Rvcvb (1882), †dWv‡ij
wiRvf© wm‡÷g (hy³ivóª, 1920) BZ¨vw`|
eZ©gvb mg‡q c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k A_©bxwZ, wkí I evwY‡Rï cÖmv‡i
we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK cÖwZôv
fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k e¨vsK eë¯’vi µgweKvk

fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k e¨vsK evemv‡qi DrcwË cÖvPxbKv‡j N‡U‡Q e‡j Abygvb Kiv n‡jI G wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ BwZnvm Rvbv
hvq bv| hvB‡nvK GB Dcgnv‡`‡ki e¨vsK eë¯’vi DrcwËi BwZnvm‡K 5wU ch©v‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ch©vq¸‡jv
n‡jv- cÖvPxbKvj, †gvNj Avgj, weªwUk Avgj, cvwK¯Ívb Avgj Ges evsjv‡`k Avgj|

1) cÖvPxbKvj
cÖvPxbKv‡j fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k e¨vswKs cÖwZôv‡bi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i cÖgvY cvIqv bv †M‡jI A_© I F‡Yi cÖPj‡bi cÖgvY cvIqv
hvq| cÖvq `yB nvRvi eQi c~‡e© A_©bxwZex` †KŠwUj¨ Zvi A_©kv¯¿ bvgK eB‡q e¨vsK eëmvq I my` m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv
K‡i‡Qb| cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB G‡`‡k gv‡ovqvix, KveywjIjv, gyjZvwb, †RvÏvi cÖf„wZ es‡ki †jvKRb A_© I F‡Yi eëmvi
cÖPjb NUvq| G †_‡K eySv hvq †h, AvbyôvwbK e¨vswKs cÖwZôvb bv _vK‡jI my`wfwËK F‡Yi eëmv GB Dcgnv‡`‡k
cÖvPxb, hv cieZx©‡Z AvbyôvwbK e¨vsK eë¯’vi Rb¥ †`q|
2) †gvNj Avgj
†gvNj Avg‡j eëmv evwYR¨ cÖmvi jvf Kivi XvKv, ûMjx I gywk©`vev`mn ¸iyZ¡c~Y© evwYR¨ †K‡›`ª A_© eëmvqx‡ì kvLv
cÖwZôvb M‡o D‡V| †gvNj kvmKivI GB mKj FY cÖwZôvb‡K mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Zv| G mg‡q †gvNj mgªvUMY f~wg, ivR¯^
I LvRbv gy`ªvq Av`vq Ki‡Zb| ïay ZvB bv RbMY †gvNj UvKkv‡j †mvbv-iycv cÖf„wZ g~jëvb e¯‘ gy`ªvq iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z
cvi‡Zv| ûwÛ I wewbgq cÎ ZLb †_‡KB cÖPwjZ wQj| 1700 mv‡ji †kl w`‡K fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k weªwUk †ewbqv‡ì
Dcw¯’wZ N‡U| 1724 mv‡j Bó BwÛqv †Kv¤úvbxi †iKW© cÎ †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, evsjv AÂ‡ji ivR¯^ gywk©`vev‡`
RMr†kV cwiev‡ii gva¨‡g ûwÛ K‡i w`jøx‡Z cvVv‡bv n‡Zv| AZGe †evSv hvq †h, †gvNj Avg‡jB G‡`‡k †Mvôx
gvwjKvbvaxb FY eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¥ nq Ges ûwÛ I wewbgq c‡Îi cÖPjb N‡U|
3) weªwUk Avgj
weªwUk Avgj ïiy nq 1757 mv‡j cjvkxi hy‡× beve wmivRD‡ÏŠjvi civR‡qi ci †_‡K| weªwUk kvm‡bi ïiyi w`‡K
Dcgnv‡`‡k e¨vcK †Mvj‡hv‡Mi m„wó nq Ges e¨vsK eëmv ¶wZMÖ¯’ nq| 1773 mv‡j ivóªxq †KvlvMvi gywk©`vev` †_‡K
†KvjKvZvq ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i ivóªxq mvaviY e¨vsK cÖwZôv Kiv nq Ges GLv‡bB cÖvwZôvwbKfv‡e e¨vsK eë¯’v M‡o D‡V|
weªwUk‡ì cÖ‡Póvq 1770 mv‡j fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k me©cÖ_g BD‡iv‡ci Av`‡j `¨v wn›`y¯Ívb e¨vsK †KvjKvZvq cÖwZwôZ
nq, hwÌ Zv 1832 mv‡j eÜI n‡q hvq| wn›`y¯Ívb e¨vsK cÖwZôvi ci †_‡K mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ GB Dcgnv‡`‡k AviI
A‡bK e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq| G¸‡jv wb‡Pi Q‡K D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
cÖwZôvKvj e¨vs‡Ki bvg

1785 †e½j e¨vsK
1785 ‡Rbv‡ij e¨vsK Ae BwÛqv
1806 e¨vsK Ae †KvjKvZv
1840 e¨vsK Ae †ev‡¤^
1843 e¨vsK Ae gv`ªvR
1920 Bg‡cwiqvj e¨vsK Ae BwÛqv
1935 wiRvf© e¨vsK Ae BwÛqv (†K›`ªxq e¨vsK)
4) cvwK¯Ívb Avgj
1947 mv‡ji AvMó gv‡m weªwUk kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U Ges fviZ I cvwK¯Ívb bvg `y‡Uv †`‡ki Rb¥ nq| cvwK¯Ívb
wefw³i ci ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b e¨vsK eëmvq msK‡Ui m¤§yLxb nq KviY wn›`y e¨vsKviMY cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K †`k Z¨vM
K‡i fvi‡Z P‡j hvq| 1948 mv‡ji 1jv RyjvB cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq e¨vsK wnmv‡e w` †÷U e¨vsK Ae cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZwôZ
nq hvi cÖavb Kvh©vjq wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi KivPx‡Z| 1949 mv‡j GB †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki cÖ_g ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsK wnmv‡e
w` b¨vkbvj e¨vsK Ae cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZwôZ nq| mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vs‡Ki msL¨v evo‡Z _v‡K Ges 1971
mv‡j ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki R‡b¥i AvM ch©šÍ G msL¨v wQj 36| Gi g‡a¨ `ywU e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb Kvh©vjq wQj ZrKvjxb c~e©
cvwK¯Ív‡b Avi evwK 34 wUiB cÖavb Kvh©vjq wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b| †m mgq †`kxq gvwjKvbvaxb `y‡Uv e¨vs‡Ki bvg wQj
BóvY© gv‡K©›UvBj e¨vsK wjwg‡UW I w` BóvY© e¨vswKs Ki‡cv‡ikb wjwg‡UW|
5) evsjv‡`k Avgj
1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi c‡i G‡`‡ki e¨vsK eëmvi hvÎv ïiy nq 1094 wU kvLv wb‡q hvi g‡a¨ 151wU kvLv
wQj c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi gvwjKvbvaxb `yBwU e¨vs‡Ki, 939wU kvLv wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi gvwjKvbvaxb 10wU e¨vs‡Ki Ges
4wU kvLv wQj we‡`kx e¨vs‡Ki| cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡ji †K›`ªxq e¨vsK w` †÷U e¨vsK Ae cvwK¯Ív‡bi G‡`kxq Awd‡m ¯^vaxb
evsjv‡`‡ki †K›`ªxq e¨vsK wnmv‡e evsjv‡`k e¨vsK cÖwZôv Kiv nq| cieZx©‡Z 1972 mv‡j evsjv‡`k miKvi GK
Aa¨v‡`k e‡j e¨vsK eë¯’vi Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ `yBwU †`kx I 10wU cwðg cvwK¯Ívbx gvwjKvbvaxb e¨vsK‡K RvZxqKiY K‡i
†gvU 6wU c„_K mËv wewkó ivóªvqË¡ e¨vs‡K iycvšÍwiZ K‡i| wb‡P Q‡Ki gva¨‡g G e¨vsK¸‡jvi ZvwjKv †Ìqv n‡jv|
cy‡iv‡bv bvg RvZxqKi‡Yi ci bZzb

bvg
1. b¨vkbvj e¨vsK Ae cvwK¯Ívb 1. †mvbvjx e¨vsK
2. wcÖwgqvg e¨vsK wjwg‡UW
3. e¨vsK Ae evnIqvjcyi wjwg‡UW
1. nvwee e¨vsK wjwg‡UW 2. AMÖYx e¨vsK
2. Kgvm© e¨vsK wjwg‡UW
1. BDbvB‡UW e¨vsK wjwg‡UW 3. RbZv e¨vsK
2. BDwbqb e¨vsK wjwg‡UW
1. gymwjg Kgvwk©qvj e¨vsK wjt 4. iƒcvwj e¨vsK
2. ÷¨vÛvW© e¨vsK wjt
3. A‡óª‡jwkqv e¨vsK wjt
1. w` BóvY© gv‡K©›UvBj e¨vsK wjt 5. c~evjx e¨vs
1. w` BóvY© e¨vswKs K‡c©v‡ikb wjt 6. DËiv e¨vsK
6wU ivóªvqË¡ e¨vs‡Ki g‡a¨ †mvbvjx, AMÖYx, iƒcvwj I RbZv e¨vsK GB PviwU cy‡ivcywi ivóªvqË¡ Lv‡ZB i‡q‡Q Z‡e DËiv
I c~evjx e¨vsK‡K cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvbx‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i †emiKvixKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b A‡bK¸‡jv
†emiKvix I we‡`kx †hŠ_ gvwjKvbvaxb e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| GQvovI m¤ú~Y© we‡`kx gvwjKvbvaxb e¨vs‡Ki kvLvI
i‡q‡Q evsjv‡`‡k|
cvV ms‡¶c: 1.2
• wLª÷c~e© 5000 A‡ã wmÜz mf¨ZvKv‡j MÖxm, †ivg I wgm‡i AbvbyôvwbK e¨vsK eë¯’vi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq, †hLv‡b
AvgvbZ MÖnY, FY †Ìqv I ê‡`wkK wewbgq eë¯’v M‡o D‡VwQj|
• wLª÷c~e© 2000 A‡ã e¨vwejbxq mf¨Zvq DcvmYvjq‡K †K›`ª K‡i e¨vsK eë¯’vi m„wó n‡qwQj|
• êw`K hy‡M wLª÷c~e© 2000 Aã †_‡K 1000 Aã ch©šÍ mgqKv‡j fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k e¨vsK eë¯’vi cÖPjb
_vKvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|
• wLª÷c~e© 1000 A‡ã †ivgvb mf¨ZvKv‡j e¨vsK eë¯’v A‡bKUv cÖvwZôvwbK iƒc jvf K‡i|
• wLª÷c~e© 600 A‡ã ˆPwbK mf¨ZvKv‡j e¨vsK eë¯’v mymsMwVZ nq| †m mgq cÖwZwôZ ÔkvÝx e¨vsKÕ we‡k¦i cÖ_g
msMwVZ e¨vsK |
• ga¨hy‡Mi †kl w`‡K KvMRx †bv‡Ui cÖPjb N‡U Ges †`k we‡`‡k kvLv e¨vsK ev cÖwZwbwa wb‡qv‡Mi c×wZ Pvjy
nq|
• weªwUk‡ì cÖ‡Póvq 1770 mv‡j fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k me©cÖ_g BD‡iv‡ci Av`‡j `¨v wn›`y¯Ívb e¨vsK †KvjKvZvq
cÖwZwôZ nq|
• 1948 mv‡ji 1jv RyjvB cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq e¨vsK wnmv‡e w` †÷U e¨vsK Ae cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZwôZ nq hvi cÖavb

Kvh©vjq wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi KivPx‡Z|

• 1949 mv‡j w` †÷U e¨vsK Ae cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ_g ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsK wnmv‡e w` b¨vkbvj e¨vsK Ae cvwK¯Ívb
cÖwZwôZ nq|
• 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi c‡i G‡`‡ki e¨vsK eëmvi hvÎv ïiy nq ev‡ivwU ‡`kx I PviwU we‡`kx
e¨vs‡Ki ‡gvU 1094 wU kvLv wb‡q|
• 1972 mv‡j evsjv‡`k miKvi GK Aa¨v‡`k e‡j `yBwU †`kx I 10wU cwðg cvwKšÍvbx gvwjKvbvaxb e¨vsK‡K
RvZxqKiY K‡i †gvU 6wU c„_K mËv wewkó ivóªvqË¡ e¨vs‡K iycvšÍwiZ K‡i| h_v- †mvbvjx, AMÖYx, iƒcvwj, RbZv,
DËiv I c~evjx e¨vsK|
• eZ©gv‡b DËiv I c~evjx e¨vsK‡K cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvbx‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i †emiKvixKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

1. Dcvmbvjq wfwËK e¨vsK eë¯’v M‡o D‡VwQ‡jv †Kvb mf¨Zvq?
K) wmÜz mf¨Zvq L) e¨wejbxq mf¨Zvq
M) †ivgvb mf¨Zvq N) ‰PwbK mf¨Zvq
2. †Kvb mf¨Zvq †jb‡`‡bi wb®úwË‡Z †PK ev e¨vsK Wªvd&U& Gi cÖ_g cÖPjb nq?
K) e¨wejbxq mf¨Zvq L) ‰ew`K hy‡M
M) †ivgvb mf¨Zvq N) ‰PwbK mf¨Zvq
3. †Kvb e¨vsK‡K c„w_exi me©cÖ_g msMwVZ e¨vsK e‡j g‡b Kiv nq?
K) kvwÝ e¨vsK L) e¨vsK Ad nvgeyM©
M) e¨vsK Ad mvbRwR©I N) e¨vsK Ad evwm©‡jvbv
4. kvwÝ e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq †Kvb mf¨Zvq?
K) wmÜz mf¨Zvq L) ‰PwbK mf¨Zvq
M) ‰ew`K hy‡M N) †ivgvb mf¨Zvq
5. DËiv e¨vs‡Ki c~e© bvg wK wQj?
K) ÷¨vÛvW© e¨vsK wjt L) w` BóvY© e¨vswKs Ki‡cv‡ikb wjt
M) wcÖwgqvg e¨vsK wjt N) Kgvm© e¨vsK wjt
6. fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k BD‡iv‡ci Av`‡j cÖwZwôZ cÖ_g e¨vs‡Ki bvg wK?
K) gymwjg Kgvwk©qvj e¨vsK wjt L) B‡¤úwiqvj e¨vsK Ae BwÛqv
M) ‡Rbv‡ij e¨vsK Ae BwÛqv N) w` wn›`y¯’vb e¨vsK
7. †KvjKvZvq w` wn›`y¯’vb e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq KZ mv‡j ?
K) 1770 L) 1870
M) 1785 N) 1806
8. †Kvb e¨vsK‡K ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki †K›`ªxq e¨vsK wnmv‡e evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq?
K) b¨vkbvj e¨vsK Ae cvwKšÍvb L) w` †÷U e¨vsK Ae cvwKšÍvb
M) †e½j e¨vsK N) gymwjg Kgvwk©qvj e¨vsK wjt
cvV- 3 e¨vs‡Ki †kªYxwefvM

D‡Ïk¨
gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z e¨vsK cÖKvi‡f` Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
Kv‡Ri wfwË‡Z e¨vsK KZ ai‡bi nq Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
MVbcÖYvjxi wfwË‡Z e¨vsK KZ ai‡bi nq Zv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb
wek¦vq‡bi GB hy‡M Ávb weÁv‡bi weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ wek¦e¨vcx eëmv evwY‡Rï e¨vcK cÖmvi N‡U‡Q| Avi eëmv
evwY‡Rï cÖmv‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_ eëmvqx‡ì e¨vswKs †mevi Pvwn`vI n‡q‡Q eûgyLx| GB eûgyLx Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z e¨vsK¸‡jv
wbZ¨bZzb †mev w`‡q Avm‡Q| we‡kl we‡kl †¶‡Îi Dci we‡klvwqZ e¨vs‡Ki msL¨vI evo‡Q| G mg¯— e¨vsK¸‡jvi
gvwjKvbv, MVbcÖYvjx I Kv‡Ri aibI Avjv`v| wb‡P GB wZb `„wófw½ †_‡K e¨vsK‡K wZbwU †kªYx‡Z fvM K‡i †`Lv‡bv
n‡jv|
gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z e¨vs‡Ki †kªYxwefvM

A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vi mv‡_ wgj †i‡L we‡k¦ wewfbœ †`‡k wewfbœ gvwjKvbvq e¨vsK MwVZ n‡q‡Q| wb‡P gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z
e¨vs‡Ki 4wU †kªYxwefvM Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
1| miKvix e¨vsK
†h e¨vsK †Kvb GKwU †`‡ki miKvix gvwjKvbvq cwiPvwjZ, msMwVZ I wbqwš¿Z nq Zv‡K H †`‡ki miKvix e¨vsK e‡j|
miKvix e¨vsK miKv‡ii wbR D‡Ï¨v‡M cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i A_ev Ab¨ †Kvbfv‡e cÖwZwôZ e¨vsK RvZxqKi‡Yi gva¨‡g
miKvix gvwjKvbvq Avbv n‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡k K…wl e¨vsK, †mvbvjx e¨vsK, AMÖYx e¨vsK, RbZv e¨vsK BZ¨vw`
miKvix e¨vs‡Ki D`vniY|
2| †emiKvix e¨vsK
†h e¨vsK †Kvb e¨w³ ev †emiKvix cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ï¨v‡M I gvwjKvbvq MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq Zv‡K †emiKvix
e¨vsK e‡j| †emiKvix e¨vsK¸‡jv †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki ZvwjKvfyw³i gva¨‡g miKv‡ii c‡iv¶ wbqš¿‡Y cwiPvwjZ nq|
evsjv‡`‡k b¨vkbvj e¨vsK wjt, Gwe e¨vsK wjt, Bmjvgx e¨vsK wjt, w` wmwU e¨vsK wjt BZ¨vw` G RvZxq e¨vsK|
3| †hŠ_ gvwjKvbvaxb e¨vsK

†h e¨vsK miKvix I †emiKvix †hŠ_ D‡Ï¨v‡M I gvwjKvbvq MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq Zv‡K miKvix I †emiKvix
†hŠ_ gvwjKvbvaxb e¨vsK e‡j| mvaviYZ GmKj e¨vs‡Ki †gvU †kqv‡ii b~¨bZg kZKiv 51 fvM †kqvi miKvix
gvwjKvbvq _v‡K| hvi Kvi‡Y e¨vsK cwiPvjbvq miKv‡ii wbqš¿Y †ewk _v‡K| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †K›`ªxq e¨vsK Ô‡dWv‡ij
wiRvf© wm‡÷gÕ Ggb e¨vs‡Ki D`vniY|
4| ¯^vqËkvwmZ e¨vsK
†h e¨vsK miKv‡ii we‡kl AvBb e‡j I msweav‡bi we‡kl Aa¨v‡`‡ki gva¨‡g MwVZ nq Ges ¯^vaxbfv‡e miKv‡ii
cÖZ¨¶ n¯—‡¶c QvovB wbqwš¿Z nq Zv‡K ¯^vqËkvwmZ e¨vsK e‡j| Avgv‡ì †`‡k evsjv‡`k e¨vsK, evsjv‡`k wkí
e¨vsK, ivRkvnx K…wl Dbœqb e¨vsK BZ¨vw` ¯^vqËkvwmZ e¨vsK|
Kv‡Ri wfwË‡Z e¨vs‡Ki †kªYxwefvM

mvaviY A‡_© e¨vsK ej‡Z Avgiv evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡KB ey‡S _vwK hvi cÖavb KvR n‡jv AvgvbZ †bqv I FY †Ìqv| wKš‘
eûgyLx eëmvqxK cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨vsK¸‡jv †Kej AvgvbZ †bqv I FY †Ìqv QvovI wewfbœ ai‡bi we‡klvwqZ KvR K‡i
_v‡K| e¨vs‡Ki GB wewfbœ ai‡bi Kv‡Ri wfwË‡Z †kªYxwefvM wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

1| †K›`ªxq e¨vsK
†h e¨vsK miKvix gvwjKvbvq I wbqš¿Y †_‡K miKv‡ii e¨vsK wnmv‡e †`‡ki Avw_©K bxwZ ev¯Íevqb, gy`ªv evRv‡ii wbqš¿Y
I cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i Zv‡K †K›`ªxq e¨vsK e‡j| †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡K Ab¨vb¨ e¨vsK I Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi e¨vsKvi
ejv nq| KviY †`‡ki cÖwZwU e¨vsKB †K›`ªxq e¨vsK Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| evsjv‡`‡ki †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki bvg evsjv‡`k e¨vsK
hv 1972 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq|
2| evwYwR¨K e¨vsK
†h e¨vsK gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ Aí my‡` RbM‡Yi A_© AvgvbZ wnmv‡e msMÖn K‡i Ges †ewk my‡` H A_© Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³
ev cÖwZôvb‡K FY †`q Zv‡K evwYwR¨K e¨vsK e‡j| ïaygvÎ AvgvbZ MÖnY I FY †Ìqv QvovI evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv
g‡°‡ji c‡¶ A_© Av`vq I cwi‡kva K‡i, A_© GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b ¯’vbvšÍi I wejevÆv K‡i| evwYwR¨K e¨vsK
†K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki ZvwjKvfy³ n‡Z cv‡i A_ev bvI n‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki †mvbvjx e¨vsK, AMÖYx e¨vsK, cÖvBg e¨vsK
BZ¨vw` G RvZxq e¨vsK|
3| mgevq e¨vsK
†h e¨vsK mgevq AvB‡bi AvIZvq MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq Ges m`m¨‡ì wew¶ß ¶z`ª ¶z`ª mÂq AvgvbZ wnmv‡e MÖnY
K‡i gyjab MVb K‡i Ges mwgwZi m`m¨‡ì A_©‰bwZK Kj¨v‡Y Aí my‡` Zv‡ì FY †`q Zv‡K mgevq e¨vsK e‡j|
mgevq e¨vsK evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki gZ gybvdv AR©‡bi j¶¨ wb‡q cwiPvwjZ nq bv, eis m`m¨‡ì Avw_©K Kj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨
cwiPvwjZ nq| †QvU †QvU mgevq cÖwZôvb wg‡j GiKg GKwU mgevq e¨vsK cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡i Z‡e mgevq e¨vsK¸‡jv
mvaviYZ †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki ZvwjKvfy³ nq bv| Kzwgjøv †Kv-Acv‡iwUf e¨vsK wjt G‡`‡ki GKwU mgevq e¨vsK|
4| K…wl e¨vsK
†h e¨vsK †`‡ki K…wl Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi j¶¨ wb‡q †h we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq Zv‡K K…wl e¨vsK e‡j| K…wl
e¨vs‡Ki KvR n‡jv K…lK‡ì K…wl hš¿cvwZ, mvi, KxUbvkK, exR BZ¨vw` †Kbvi Rb¨ K…lK‡ì A_©vqY Kiv| evsjv‡`k
K…wl e¨vsK I ivRkvnx K…wl Dbœqb e¨vsK evsjv‡`‡ki we‡klvwqZ K…wl e¨vsK|
5| wkí e¨vsK
wkí Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi j¶¨ wb‡q †h e¨vsK MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq Zv‡K wkí e¨vsK e‡j| wkí e¨vs‡Ki g~j KvR n‡jv wkí
D‡Ïv³v‡ì `xN©‡gqv`x FY †Ìqv, civgk© †Ìqv I †¶Îwe‡k‡l cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK KvR m¤úv`b Kiv| GQvovI †kqvi I
FYcÎ weµ‡q wkí e¨vsK mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
6| wewbgq e¨vsK
†h e¨vsK ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ A_© ms¯’vb, ê‡`wkK wewbgq I †jb‡`b wb®úwË‡Z mn‡hvwMZv Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖwZwôZ nq
Zv‡K wewbgq e¨vsK e‡j| GmKj e¨vsK Avg`vbx I ißvwb cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï Rb¨ FY †`q, Zv‡ì
Rb¨ cÖZ¨qb cÎ Bmy¨ K‡i I ê‡`wkK g~`ªvi wewbgq nvi wba©viY K‡i Avg`vbx ißvwbi †`bv cvIbv cwi‡kv‡a mnvqZv
K‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡k †Kvb we‡klvwqZ wewbgq e¨vsK †bB, Z‡e evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki ê‡`wkK wewbgq kvLv G ai‡bi †mev
w`‡q _v‡K|
7| wewb‡qvM e¨vsK
†`‡ki wkí I evwYwR¨K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K `xN© †gqv`x gyjab mieivn Kivi Rb¨ †h we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡K
wewb‡qvM e¨vsK e‡j| G ai‡bi e¨vs‡Ki Av‡iKwU KvR n‡jv bZzb †Kvb wkí cÖwZôvb M‡o DVvi cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q e¨vsK
wb‡RB H †Kv¤úvbxi †kqvi wK‡b cÖviw¤¢e gyjab mieivn K‡i| Gici cÖwZôvb M‡o DV‡j e¨vsK H mKj †kqvi jv‡f
weµq K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k Bb‡fó‡g›U K‡c©v‡ikb Ae evsjv‡`k (ICB) wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki D`vniY|
8| gv‡P©›U e¨vsK
wewbgq e¨vswKs I wewb‡qvM e¨vswKs myweavi mgš^‡q eëmv evwY‡R¨ mnvqZv `vbKvix we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK‡K gv‡P©›U e¨vsK
e‡j| GmKj e¨vsK g‡°‡ji c‡¶ we‡`k n‡Z bM‡` A_ev wKw¯Í‡Z cY¨ wK‡b Avg`vbxKviK‡ì mieivn K‡i| GQvovI
`xN© †gqv`x FY †Ìqv g‡°‡ji mv‡_ †hŠ_ D‡Ï¨v‡M wewb‡qvM Kiv I †Kv¤úvbxi †kqvi / FYcÎ BZ¨vw` wewµi `vwqZ¡
†bIqvI gv‡P©›U e¨vs‡Ki KvR|
9| mÂqx e¨vsK
†h e¨vsK RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K wew¶ß †QvU †QvU mÂq¸‡jv‡K AvgvbZ wnmv‡e msMÖn K‡i gyjab MVb Kiv Ges
Drcv`bg~Lx Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM Kivi D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q MwVZ nq Zv‡K mÂqx e¨vsK e‡j| mÂqx e¨vsK RbMY‡K mÂ‡q DØy×
Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖ‡Póv Pvjvq †hgbt RbMY Lye Aí UvKv Rgv w`‡qB wnmve Lyj‡Z cv‡i Ges mÂq evov‡bvi
j‡¶¨ A_© D‡Ëvj‡bi Dc‡i wKQyUv wewawb‡la Av‡ivc K‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡k WvKNi mÂq e¨vsK Ggb e¨vs‡Ki D`vniY|
10| Avg`vbx I ißvwb e¨vsK

GUvI wewbgq e¨vs‡Ki g‡Zv ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ e¨vemvqx‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© mnvqZv K‡i Ges g‡°‡ji c‡¶ cÖZ¨qb cÎ
Bmy¨ K‡i, ê‡`wkK wewbgq we‡ji ¯^xK…wZ †`q Ges †jb‡`b wb®úwË K‡i| GQvovI Avg`vbx Kiv gvjvgvj msi¶‡Yi
Rb¨ e¨vsK ¸`vg fvov †`q| evsjv‡`‡k EXIM Bank G ai‡bi GKwU e¨vsK|
11| †fv³v e¨vsK

†fv³v mvavi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx †hgb wUwf, wd«R, GqviKzjvi BZ¨vw` wKb‡Z FY †Ìqvi Rb¨ †h we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK
cÖwZwôZ nq _v‡K Zv‡K †fv³v e¨vsK e‡j| G ai‡bi e¨vsK Rbmvavi‡Yi myweav‡_© †µwWU KvW© Bmy¨ K‡i d‡j Lye
mn‡RB RbmvaviY bM` UvKv †jb‡`‡bi Sv‡gjv QvovB e¨vsK F‡Yi gva¨‡g cY¨ mvgMÖx wKb‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡k G
ai‡bi †Kvb we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK bv _vK‡jI evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv Aí cwim‡i G ai‡bi myweav w`‡q _v‡K| Z‡e gvwK©b
hy³iv‡óª †fv³v e¨vsK †ewk cÖPwjZ|
12| cwienb e¨vsK

†`‡ki cwienb Lv‡Z Avw_©K myweav I Z_¨ civgk© †Ìqvi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡K cwienb
e¨vsK e‡j| G ai‡bi e¨vsK hvbevnb ˆZix, µq, Avg`vbx, †givgZ A_ev LyPiv hš¿cvwZ †Kbvi Rb¨ wewfbœ ‡gqv`x FY
w`‡q _v‡K| Avgv‡ì †`‡k GLbI †Kvb cwienb e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ bv n‡jI evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvB Gai‡bi †mev w`‡q
_v‡K|
13| ¶z`ª I KzwUiwkí e¨vsK

†`‡ki ¶z`ª I KzwUi wkí‡K A_©‰bwZKfv‡e mn‡hvwMZv I cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© †Ìqvi Rb¨ †h we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ
nq Zv‡K ¶z`ª I KzwUi wkí e¨vsK e‡j| G ai‡bi e¨vsK †QvU †QvU wewb‡qvM cÖKí ˆZix Kiv, g~j¨vqb Kiv Ges Zv ev¯—
evq‡b †gqv`x FY w`‡q _v‡K| GK K_vq †`‡ki †QvU †QvU wkí KviLvbv¸‡jvi Dbœq‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wb‡qB GRvZxq e¨vsK
cÖwZôv Kiv nq| Avgv‡ì †`‡k BASIC Bank G ai‡bi GKwU e¨vsK|
14| eÜKx e¨vsK

†h e¨vsK Rwg A_ev ¯’vei/A¯’vei m¤úwË eÜK †i‡L FY MÖnxZv‡K FY w`‡q _v‡K Zv‡K eÜKx e¨vsK e‡j| ¯’vei
m¤úwË eÜK †i‡L mvaviYZ `xN© †gqv`x Ges A¯’vei m¤úwË eÜK †i‡L mvaviYZ ga¨g ev ¯^í †gqv`x FY gÄyi Kiv
nq|
15| wgkª e¨vsK

AvgvbZ e¨vswKs I wewb‡qvM e¨vswKs myweavi mgš^‡q †h e¨vsK MwVZ nq Zv‡K wgkª e¨vsK e‡j| G RvZxq e¨vsK
GKw`‡K †hgb RbM‡Yi A_© AvgvbZ wnmv‡e msMÖn K‡i Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb wewfbœ †gqv‡` FY gÄyi K‡i I †kqvi/FYcÎ

wewµ Ki‡Z mn‡hvwMZv K‡i| Rvcvb, Rvg©vwb mn DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z G RvZxq e¨vs‡Ki h‡_ó Ae`vb j¶¨ Kiv hvq|
Avgv‡ì †`‡k K…wl e¨vsK wgkª e¨vs‡Ki GKwU D`vniY|
16| MÖvgxY e¨vsK

GB e¨vsK †bv‡ej weRqx evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZex` Wt gynv¤§` BDby‡mi D™¢vweZ GK we‡kl ai‡bi e¨vsK hv, mvaviY
e¨vswKs myweav ewÂZ MÖv‡gi `y¯’ gwnjv‡ì A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ ¯^í †gqv`x ¶z`ª FY w`‡q _v‡K| GmKj
e¨vsK MÖvg ch©v‡q gwnjv mMm¨‡ì wb‡q GKwU MÖyc ˆZix K‡i Ges MÖy‡ci m`mïv mvßvwnK mÂq e¨vs‡K Rgv K‡i| Rgvi
cwigvY GKwU wbw`©ó As‡K †cuŠQ‡j wba©vwiZ wKQy ¶z`ª cÖK‡íi FY †Ìqv nq| GB e¨vs‡Ki GKwU †gŠwjK êwkó¨ n‡jv
†Kvb êlwqK RvgvbZ QvovB FY gÄyi Kiv nq|
17| AbvbyôvwbK e¨vsK

†h e¨vsK RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K AvgvbZ msMÖn bv K‡i wbR¯^ Znwej †_‡K †ewk my‡` F‡Yi eëmv K‡i Zv‡K AbvbyôvwbK
e¨vsK e‡j| g~jZ G RvZxq e¨vsK †Kvb AvbyôvwbK e¨vsK bq, eis gnvRb ev †ewbqv †kªYx G ai‡bi FY myweav w`‡q
_v‡K| AvaywbK e¨vsK eë¯’vi c~‡e© †`‡k †`‡k G RvZxq FY eëmvi cÖPjb wQj| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgvÂ‡j G
ai‡bi my` wewËK FY eëmv GLbI †`Lv hvq| evsjv‡`‡k Kg©iZ GbwRI¸‡jv‡KI †¶Î we‡k‡l AbvbyôvwbK e¨vsK ejv
†h‡Z cv‡i|
18| AvÂwjK e¨vsK

†Kvb GKwU †`‡ki bq, eis K‡qKwU †`‡ki mgš^‡q GKwU wbw`©ó AÂ‡ji A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ †h e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ
nq Zv‡K AvÂwjK e¨vsK e‡j| G RvZxq e¨vsK Zvi AÂjfy³ †`k¸‡jvi wewfbœai‡bi DbœqbgyLx cÖK‡í A‡_©i †hvMvb
w`‡q _v‡K| Gwkqvb Dbœqb e¨vsK G ai‡bi e¨vs‡Ki GKwU D`vniY|
19| †Mvôx Dbœqb e¨vsK

†h e¨vsK †Kvb mgvR, †Mvôx ev m¤cÖ`v‡qi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ MwVZ nq Zv‡K †Mvôx Dbœqb e¨vsK e‡j|
BmjvwgK Dbœqb e¨vsK G e¨vs‡Ki D`vniY|
20| AvšÍR©vwZK e¨vsK

RvwZmsN ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv AvÂwjK ms¯’v KZ…©K AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e m`m¨ †`k¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ †h e¨vsK
cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡K AvšÍR©vwZK e¨vsK e‡j| wek¦e¨vsK G ai‡bi GKwU e¨vsK|
MVbcÖYvjxi wfwË‡Z e¨vs‡Ki †kªYxwefvM

MVcÖYvjxi wfwË‡Z e¨vsK †K cuvP fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq hv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
1| GKK e¨vsK
†h e¨vsK †Kej gvÎ GKwU Awd‡mi gva¨‡g hveZxq e¨vswKs Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i Zv‡K GKK e¨vsK e‡j| G ai‡bi
e¨vs‡Ki †Kv_vI †Kvb kvLv _v‡K bv| evsjv‡`‡k GLb ch©šÍ †Kvb GKK e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nqwb, Z‡e gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi
AwaKvsk e¨vsKB GKK e¨vsK|
2| kvLv e¨vsK
†h e¨vsK GKwU †K›`ªxq Kvh©vj‡qi Aax‡b †`k we‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b GKB bv‡g A‡bK¸‡jv kvLv cÖwZôv K‡i e¨vswKs
Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i Zv‡K kvLv e¨vsK e‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki e¨vsK eë¯’v mvgwMÖKfv‡e kvLv e¨vsK eë¯’vi AvIZvaxb|
3| †PBb e¨vsK
†h e¨vsK eë¯’vq GKvwaK e¨vsK Zv‡ì wbR¯^ gyjab, Kg©Pvix I ¯^vaxb mËv eRvq †i‡L cvi¯úwiK mg‡SvZv I
mn‡hvwMZvi wfwË‡Z e¨vswKs Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i Zv‡K †PBb e¨vsK e‡j| †PBb e¨vs‡Ki g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv GK
RvZxq e¨vsK¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Gwo‡q Pjv| mvaviYZ †PBb e¨vs‡Ki AvIZvaxb e¨vsK¸‡jvi
cwiPvjbv †ev‡W© gvwjKvYvMZ Kvi‡Y GKB e¨w³ ev cwiev‡ii AskMÖnY †`Lv hvq| d‡j Ggwb‡ZB e¨vsK¸‡jvi g‡a¨
mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve ˆZix nq| †PBb e¨vsK cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ AskMÖnYKvix mKj m`m¨ e¨vs‡Ki cwiPvjbv ch©‡ì
mgš^‡q GKwU wbqš¿K †evW© MVb Kiv nq| Z‡e GB wbqš¿K †evW© m`m¨ e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K †Kvb we‡kl AvBb ev wb‡`©k
Pvwc‡q w`‡Z cv‡i bv, †Kej civgk© w`‡Z cv‡i|
4| MÖyc e¨vsK
hLb †Kvb GKwU Avw_©K cÖwZôvb wb‡RB KZK¸‡jv †QvU †QvU e¨vsK MVb K‡i A_ev GKvwaK e¨vs‡Ki AwaKvsk †kqvi
wK‡b wb‡q Zv‡ì Dci wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv K‡i ZLb Zv‡K MÖyc e¨vswKs e‡j| G‡¶‡Î wbqš¿YKvix H Avw_©K cÖwZôvb‡K
†nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb Ges m`m¨ †QvU e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K mvewmwWqvix †Kv¤úvbx e‡j| A_©vr †nvwìs †Kv¤úvbx I mvewmwWqvix
†Kv¤úvbxi mgš^‡q MÖyc e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq|
5| wgkª e¨vsK
†h e¨vswKs eë¯’vq AvgvbZ e¨vswKs I wewb‡qvM e¨vswKs Dfq myweav GKB ms‡M †Ìqv nh Zv‡K wgkª e¨vsK e‡j| A_©vr
GKB mv‡_ GB e¨vsK RbM‡Yi AvgvbZ MÖnY K‡i Avevi jvfRbK Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM mn `xN©‡gqv`x FY gÄyi K‡i|
eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki e¨vswKs Kvh©µ‡g wgkª e¨vswKs `ªyZ cÖmvi jvf Ki‡Q|
cvV ms‡¶c: 1.3
• gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z e¨vsK‡K 4wU fv†M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v- miKvix, †emiKvix, miKvix I †emiKvix †hŠ_
gvwjKvbvaxb Ges ¯^vqËkvwmZ e¨vsK |
• †`‡ki miKvix gvwjKvbvq cwiPvwjZ, msMwVZ I wbqwš¿Z e¨vsK†K miKvix e¨vsK e‡j|
• †Kvb e¨w³ ev †emiKvix cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ï¨v‡M I gvwjKvbvq MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z e¨vsK†K †emiKvix e¨vsK
e‡j|
• †h e¨vsK miKvix I †emiKvix †hŠ_ D‡Ï¨v‡M I gvwjKvbvq MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq, Zv‡K miKvix I
†emiKvix †hŠ_ gvwjKvbvaxb e¨vsK e‡j|
• †h e¨vsK miKv‡ii we‡kl AvBb e‡j I msweav‡bi we‡kl Aa¨v‡`‡ki gva¨‡g MwVZ nq Ges ¯^vaxbfv‡e
miKv‡ii cÖZ¨¶ n¯—‡¶c QvovB wbqwš¿Z nq Zv‡K ¯^vqËkvwmZ e¨vsK e‡j|
• Kv‡Ri wfwË‡Z e¨vsK wewfbœ ai‡bi n†Z cv‡i, h_v- †K›`ªxq e¨vsK, evwYwR¨K e¨vsK, mgevq e¨vsK, K…wl e¨vsK.
wkí e¨vsK, wewbgq e¨vsK, wewb‡qvM e¨vsK, gv‡P©›U e¨vsK, mÂqx e¨vsK, Avg`vbx I ißvwb e¨vsK, †fv³v e¨vsK,
cwienb e¨vsK, ¶z`ª I KzwUiwkí e¨vsK, eÜKx e¨vsK, wgkª e¨vsK. MÖvgxY e¨vsK, AbvbyôvwbK e¨vsK, AvÂwjK
e¨vsK, †Mvôx Dbœqb e¨vsK, AvšÍR©vwZK e¨vsK, BZ¨vw`|
• †h e¨vsK miKvix gvwjKvbvq I wbqš¿Y †_‡K miKv‡ii e¨vsK wnmv‡e †`‡ki Avw_©K bxwZ ev¯Íevqb, gy`ªv evRv‡ii
wbqš¿b I cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i Zv‡K †K›`ªxq e¨vsK e‡j|
• †h e¨vsK gybvdv AR©‡Yi j‡¶¨ Aí my‡` RbM‡Yi A_© AvgvbZ wnmv‡e msMÖn K‡i Ges †ewk my‡` H A_© Ab¨
†Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb‡K FY †`q Zv‡K evwYwR¨K e¨vsK e‡j|
• †h e¨vsK mgevq AvB‡bi AvIZvq MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq Ges m`m¨‡ì wew¶ß ¶z`ª ¶z`ª mÂq AvgvbZ wnmv‡e
MÖnY K‡i gyjab MVb K‡i Ges mwgwZi m`m¨‡ì A_©‰bwZK Kj¨v‡Y Aí my‡` Zv‡ì FY †`q Zv‡K mgevq
e¨vsK e‡j|

• †h e¨vsK †`‡ki K…wl Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi j¶¨ wb‡q †h we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq Zv‡K K…wl e¨vsK
e‡j|
• wkí Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi j¶¨ wb‡q †h e¨vsK MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq Zv‡K wkí e¨vsK e‡j|
• †h e¨vsK ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ A_© ms¯’vb, ê‡`wkK wewbgq I †jb‡`b wb®úwË‡Z mn‡hvwMZv Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨
cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡K wewbgq e¨vsK e‡j|
• †`‡ki wkí I evwYwR¨K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K `xN© †gqv`x gyjab mieivn Kivi Rb¨ †h we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq
Zv‡K wewb‡qvM e¨vsK e‡j|
• wewbgq e¨vswKs I wewb‡qvM e¨vswKs myweavi mgš^‡q eëmv evwY‡R¨ mnvqZv `vbKvix we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK‡K gv‡P©›U
e¨vsK e‡j|
• †h e¨vsK RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K wew¶ß †QvU †QvU mÂq¸‡jv‡K AvgvbZ wnmv‡e msMÖn K‡i gyjab MVb Kiv Ges
Drcv`bgyLx Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM Kivi D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q MwVZ nq Zv‡K mÂqx e¨vsK e‡j|
• †h e¨vsK ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ e¨vemvqx‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© mnvqZv K‡i Ges g‡°‡ji c‡¶ cÖZ¨qb cÎ Bmy¨ K‡i,
ê‡`wkK wewbgq we‡ji ¯^xK…wZ †`q Ges †jb‡`b wb®úwË K‡i Zv‡K Avg`vbx I ißvwb e¨vsK e‡j|
• †fv³v mvavi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx †hgb wUwf, wd«R, GqviKzjvi BZ¨vw` wKb‡Z FY †Ìqvi Rb¨ †h we‡klvwqZ
e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq _v‡K Zv‡K †fv³v e¨vsK e‡j|
• †`‡ki cwienb Lv‡Z Avw_©K myweav I Z_¨ civgk© †Ìqvi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡K
cwienb e¨vsK e‡j|
• †`‡ki ¶z`ª I KzwUi wkí‡K A_©‰bwZKfv‡e mn‡hvwMZv I cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© †Ìqvi Rb¨ †h we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK
cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡K ¶z`ª I KzwUi wkí e¨vsK e‡j|
• †h e¨vsK Rwg A_ev ¯’vei/A¯’vei m¤úwË eÜK †i‡L FY MÖnxZv‡K FY w`‡q _v‡K Zv‡K eÜKx e¨vsK e‡j|
• AvgvbZ e¨vswKs I wewb‡qvM e¨vswKs myweavi mgš^‡q †h e¨vsK MwVZ nq Zv‡K wgkª e¨vsK e‡j|
• GB e¨vsK GK we‡kl ai‡bi e¨vsK hv, mvaviY e¨vswKs myweav ewÂZ MÖv‡gi `y¯’ gwnjv‡ì A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b
mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ ¯^í †gqv`x ¶z`ª FY w`‡q _v‡K|
• †h e¨vsK RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K AvgvbZ msMÖn bv K‡i wbR¯^ Znwej †_‡K †ewk my‡` F‡Yi eëmv K‡i Zv‡K
AbvbyôvwbK e¨vsK e‡j|
• †Kvb GKwU †`‡ki bq, eis K‡qKwU †`‡ki mgš^‡q GKwU wbw`©ó AÂ‡ji A_©‡YwZK Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ †h e¨vsK
cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡K AvÂwjK e¨vsK e‡j|
• †h e¨vsK †Kvb mgvR, †Mvôx ev m¤cÖ`v‡qi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ MwVZ nq Zv‡K †Mvôx Dbœqb e¨vsK e‡j|
• RvwZmsN ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv AvÂwjK ms¯’v KZ…©K AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e m`m¨ †`k¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ †h
e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡K AvšÍR©vwZK e¨vsK e‡j|
• MVcÖYvjxi wfwË‡Z e¨vsK †K cuvP fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq, h_v- GKK e¨vsK, kvLv e¨vsK, †PBb e¨vsK, MÖyc e¨vsK I
wgkª e¨vsK|
• †h e¨vsK †Kej gvÎ GKwU Awd‡mi gva¨‡g hveZxq e¨vswKs Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i Zv‡K GKK e¨vsK e‡j|
• †h e¨vsK GKwU †K›`ªxq Kvh©vj‡qi Aax‡b †`k we‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b GKB bv‡g A‡bK¸‡jv kvLv cÖwZôv K‡i
e¨vswKs Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i Zv‡K kvLv e¨vsK e‡j|
• †h e¨vsK eë¯’vq GKvwaK e¨vsK Zv‡ì wbR¯^ gyjab, Kg©Pvix I ¯^vaxb mËv eRvq †i‡L cvi¯úwiK mg‡SvZv I
mn‡hvwMZvi wfwË‡Z e¨vswKs Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i Zv‡K †PBb e¨vsK e‡j|
• hLb †Kvb GKwU Avw_©K cÖwZôvb wb‡RB KZK¸‡jv †QvU †QvU e¨vsK MVb K‡i A_ev GKvwaK e¨vs‡Ki AwaKvsk
†kqvi wK‡b wb‡q Zv‡ì Dci wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv K‡i ZLb Zv‡K MÖyc e¨vswKs e‡j|
• †h e¨vswKs eë¯’vq AvgvbZ e¨vswKs I wewb‡qvM e¨vswKs Dfq myweav GKB ms‡M †Ìqv nh Zv‡K wgkª e¨vsK
e‡j|

1. wb‡Pi †Kvb e¨vsKwU miKvix e¨vsK bq?
K) DËiv e¨vsK L) ‡mvbvjx e¨vsK
M) AMÖYx e¨vsK N) K…wl e¨vsK
2. wb‡Pi †Kvb e¨vsKwU mvqZ¡kvwZ e¨vsK bq?
K) ivRkvnx K…wl Dbœqb e¨vsK L) evsjv‡`k e¨vsK
M) evsjv‡`k wkí e¨vsK N) AMÖYx e¨vsK
3. †Kvb e¨vsK †`‡ki gy`ªv evRvi wbqš¿Y K‡i?
K) ‡K›`ªxq e¨vsK L) evwYwR¨K e¨vsK
M) Avg`vbx ißvwb e¨vsK N) wkí e¨vsK
4. mgevq e¨vsK cÖwZôvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv
K) FY weZiY L) my‡ì gva¨‡g gybvdv AR©b
M) mwgwZi m`m¨‡ì A_©‰bwZK Kj¨vY N) AvgvbZ msMÖn
5. evsjv‡`‡k Aew¯’Z BASIC e¨vsK †Kvb ai‡bi e¨vsK?
K) Avg`vbx I ißvwb e¨vsK L) wewb‡qvM e¨vsK
M) wkí e¨vsK N) ¶z`ª I KzwUi wkí e¨vsK
6. †Kvb `ywU e¨vswKs Gi mgš^‡q wgkª e¨vsK Gi m„wó nq?
K) Avg`vbx I ißvwb e¨vsK L) AvgvbZ e¨vsK I wewb‡qvM e¨vsK
M) wewb‡qvM e¨vsK I wewbgq e¨vsK N) evwYwR¨K e¨vsK I AevwYwR¨K e¨vsK
7. †h e¨vsK RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K AvgvbZ msMÖn bv K‡i wbR¯^ Znwej †_‡K †ewk my‡` F‡Yi eëmv K‡i Zv‡K e‡j
K) AbvbyôvwbK e¨vsK L) gv‡P©›U e¨vsK
M) MÖvgxY e¨vsK N) ‡KvbwUB bq
8. BmjvwgK Dbœqb e¨vsK (IDB) †Kvb ai‡bi e¨vsK?
K) AvšÍR©vwZK e¨vsK L) ‡Mvôx Dbœqb e¨vsK
M) AvÂwjK e¨vsK N) ‡KvbwUB bq
9. RvwZmsN ev Ab¨ †Kvb AvÂwjK ms¯’v KZ…©K AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e m`m¨ †`k¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ †h e¨vsK
cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡K e‡j
K) AvÂwjK e¨vsK L) ‡Mvôx Dbœqb e¨vsK
M) AvšÍR©vwZK e¨vsK N) ‡KvbwUB bq

10. †PBb e¨vsK eë¯’vi †¶‡Î wb‡Pi †Kvb Dw³wU mwVK bq?
K) Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv cvi¯úvwiK cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Gwo‡q Pjv
L) m`m¨ e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿K †ev‡W©i Av‡`k wb‡`©k Aek¨B †g‡b Pj‡Z nq
M) AskMÖnYKvix m`m¨ e¨vs‡Ki cwiPvjbv ch©‡ì mgš^‡q GKwU wbqš¿K †evW© MVb Kiv nq
N) m`m¨ e¨vsK¸‡jvi wbR¯^ gyjab I ¯^vaxb ¯^Z¡v eRvq _v‡K|
11. MÖyc e¨vsK MwVZ nq
K) GKK e¨vsK I kvLv e¨vs‡Ki mgš^‡q
L) AvgvbZ e¨vsK I wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki mgš^‡q
M) AvÂwjK e¨vsK I AvšÍR©vwZK e¨vs‡Ki mgš^‡q
N) †nvwìs †Kv¤úvbx I mvewmwWqvwi e¨vs‡Ki mgš^‡q
DËigvjv
1. M 2. M 3. N 4. M 5. L 6. N 7. K

1. L 2. M 3. K 4. L 5. N 6. L 7. N 8. K 9. L

1. K 2. N 3. K 4. M 5. N 6. L 7. K 8. L 9. M 10. L 11. N
K) iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx
1. e¨vsK I e¨vswKs Kv‡K e‡j?
2. e¨vs‡Ki mvaviY êwkó¨¸‡jv wK wK?
3. AvaywbK e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbv Ki|
4. GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b e¨vs‡Ki f~wgKv wK Av‡jvPbv Ki|
5. e¨vsK eë¯’vi DrcwË I µgweKvk Av‡jvPbv Ki|
6. fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k e¨vsK eë¯’vi µgweKv‡ki BwZnvm Av‡jvPbv Ki|
7. Kv‡Ri wfwË‡Z e¨vs‡Ki †kªYxwefvM Av‡jvPbv Ki|
L) msw¶ß cÖkœvejx
1. Bs‡iRx e¨vsK k‡ãi DrcwË wKfv‡e nq?
2. AvgvbZ MÖnY I FY `vbB e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb KvR ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki|
3. e¨vsK wKfv‡e wewbg‡qi gva¨g m„wó K‡i?
4. mf¨Zvi µgweKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ e¨vsK eë¯’vi DbœwZ N‡U?
5. gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z e¨vsK KZ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki|
6. MVbcÖYvjxi wfwË‡Z e¨vs‡Ki †kªYxwefvM Av‡jvPbv Ki|
BDwbU
evwYwR¨K e¨vsK I Gi cÖ`Ë¡ †mevmg~n
2
f~wgKv
GK c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K AvgvbZ msMÖn Kiv Ges Ab¨ c¶‡K FY †Ìqvi ga¨ w`‡qB e¨vsK eë¯’vi m~Pbv n‡jI eëmv
evwY‡Rï cÖmvi I g‡°j‡ì eûgyLx A_©‰bwZK Pvwn`vi Kvi‡YB e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©µg eZ©gv‡b A‡bK we¯Z…Z n‡q‡Q|
evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv ïaygvÎ AvgvbZ msMÖn I FY weZiYB K‡i bv, eis wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK I RbKj¨vYg~jK
KvR K‡i _v‡K| †hgb, g‡°‡ji cÖwZwbwa wnmv‡e A_© Av`vq I cvIbv cwi‡kva K‡i, wmwKDwiwU, †kqvi BZ¨vw` †Kbv-
‡ePv K‡i, g‡°‡ji Ae‡jLK wnmv‡e KvR K‡i, g‡°‡ji A_© I m¤ú‡ì wbivc` msi¶‡Yi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i, BZ¨vw`|
evwYwR¨K e¨vsK A‡bK RbKj¨vYg~jK KvRI K‡i, †hgb- g‡°‡ji m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ mieivn K‡i, g‡°‡ji eëmv evwY‡R¨
civgk© †`q, Zvi A_© GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i, ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î Gj.wm. ev cÖZ¨qb cÎ Bmy¨ K‡i
BZ¨vw`| GB eûgyLx †mevg~jK Kv‡Ri Rb¨ eZ©gvb mgv‡R e¨vsK GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© mvgvwRK cÖwZôvbI e‡U| ïay gybvdv
AR©bB bq, †`‡ki wkí I A_©bxwZ‡Z wewfbœ †mev cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g evwYwR¨ e¨vsK Zvi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i
Avm‡Q| ZvB ejv hvq, GKwU †`‡ki mvgMÖxK e¨vsK eë¯’v KZUv `¶ I mymsMwVZ Zvi Dc‡i †m‡`‡ki mvgMÖxK
A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj| GB BDwbU †_‡K evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki wewfbœ ai‡bi wnmvemg~n Ges Kvh©vejx
m¤ú‡K© wel`fv‡e Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| Gevi Avmyb G BDwb‡Ui AvIZvq cvV¸‡jv †kl Kwi Ges welq¸‡jv †R‡bwbB|
cvV- 1 e¨vsK wnmve

D‡Ïk¨
e¨vsK wnmv‡ei msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb
wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨vsK wnmv‡ei weeiY Zz‡j ai‡Z cvi‡eb
PjwZ Avgb‡Zi myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
mÂqx wnmv‡ei myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
¯’vqx wnmv‡ei myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
e¨vsK wnmve Kv‡K e‡j

evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb KvR n‡jv RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K AvgvbZ msMÖn Kiv| e¨vsK RbM‡Yi A_© †h c×wZi
gva¨‡g wnmve Ly‡j Rgv K‡i Zv‡K Ôe¨vsK wnmveÕ e‡j| AvgvbZKvixiv UvKv Rgv w`‡j Zv Zvi wnmv‡e †hvM Kiv nq
Ges UvKv Zz‡j wb‡j wnmve †_‡K ev` †Ìqv nq| AvgvbZKvixi wnmv‡e UvKv †hvM Kiv‡K †µwWU Kiv e‡j Ges we‡qvM
Kiv‡K †WweU Kiv e‡j| GQvovI AvgvbZKvixi DØ„Ë UvKvi jvfI Zvi wnmv‡e Rgv Kiv nq Ges e¨vsK †Kvb Kwgkb
cvIqvi AwaKvix n‡j wnmve †_‡K Zv ev` †Ìqv nq| GB eë¯’vq AvgvbZKvixiv hLb B”Qv Zvi wnmv‡e †PK, Wªvd&U& ev
bM` A_© Rgv w`‡Z cv‡i A_ev †PK †K‡U UvKv D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Aa¨vcK nvW©m‡bi g‡Z e¨vsK †h wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g MÖvn‡Ki mv‡_ †jb‡`b K‡i Zv‡K e¨vsK wnmve e‡j| me‡k‡l ejv
hvq †h, e¨vsK wnmve ej‡Z AvgvbZKvixi bv‡g e¨vs‡K iw¶Z wnmve‡K eySvq hvi gva¨‡g e¨vsK g‡°‡ji UvKv AvgvbZ
wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i Ges DVv‡bvi my‡hvM †`q|
wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨vsK wnmve

wewfbœ gvbyl wewfbœ Kvi‡Y e¨vs‡K UvKv Rgv iv‡L| RbM‡Yi GB eûgyLx Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ e¨vsK wewfbœ ai‡bi wnmve
†Lvjvi eë¯’v K‡i| KviY, †KejgvÎ GKRvZxq wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi me Pvwn`v c~iY Kiv m¤¢e bq| wb‡P wewfbœ
ai‡bi e¨vsK wnmve eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
e¨vsK wnmve
K) PjwZ wnmve L) mÂqx wnmve M) ¯’vqx wnmve N) we‡kl ai‡bi wnmve
1. we‡kl PjwZ wnmve 1. M„n mÂqx wnmve 1. wZb gvm †gqv`x 1. exgv mÂqx wnmve
2. mvavib PjwZ wnmve 2. ¯‹zj mÂqx wnmve 2. Qq gvm †gqv`x 2. ‡cbkb RvgvbZ wnmve
3. gwnjv mÂqx wnmve 3. GK eQi †gqv`x 3. FY AvgvbZ wnmve
4. kªwgK mÂqx wnmve 4. `yB eQi †gqv`x 4. ‰e‡`wkK gy`ªv wnmve
5. 3 eQi †gqv`x 5. AbvevwmK wnmve
6. 5 eQi †gqv`x 6. ‡cŠbtcywbK wnmve
K) PjwZ wnmve
†h wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g AvgvbZKvix‡K PvIqvgvÎ Zvi Avgvb‡Zi UvKv cwi‡kva Kiv nq Zv‡K PjwZ wnmve e‡j| GKwU
wbw`©ó cwigvY UvKv Rgv w`‡q GB wnmve Lyj‡Z nq Ges AvgvbZKvixiv e¨vsK PjvKvjxb mg‡q hZevi Lywk †PK †K‡U
Zvi Avgvb‡Zi UvKv D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ bM` UvKvi †jb‡`bKvix e¨w³, eëmvqx, cÖwZôvb I wkícwZi Rb¨
PjwZ wnmve †ewk Dc‡hvMx| PjwZ wnmve `yB ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| h_v t
1. mvaviY PjwZ wnmve: mvaviY PjwZ wnmve ej‡Z cÖPwjZ PjwZ wnmve‡KB †evSvq| A_©vr †h wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g
AvgvbZKvixiv e¨vsK †Lvjv _vKv Kvjxb mg‡q hZevi Lywk †PK †K‡U UvKv D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K mvaviY
PjwZ wnmve e‡j| mvaviYZ eëmvqxiv GB wnmve Ly‡j _v‡K Ges bM` UvKv †jb‡`‡bi SuywK bv wb‡q †P‡Ki gva¨‡g
†jb‡`b K‡i| G wnmv‡e UvKv ivL‡j e¨vsK AvgvbZKvix‡K †Kvb my` cÖ`vb K‡i bv|
2. we‡kl PjwZ wnmve: G ai‡bi wnmv‡e AvgvbZKvix GB g‡g© cÖwZkÖywZ †`q †h, GKUv wbw`©ó mg‡qi c~‡e© †m UvKv
Zzj‡e bv| hw` wbw`©ó mg‡qi Av‡M AvgvbZKvix UvKv Zz‡j †bq Zvn‡j Zv‡K †Kvb gybvdv †Ìqv nq bv eis
AvgvbZKvixi KvQ †_‡KB wKQy PvR© Av`vq Kiv nq|
L) mÂqx wnmve
mvaviYZ wbw`©ó Ges w¯’i Av‡qi †jvKRb mÂ‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨vs‡K †h wnmve †Lv‡j Zv‡K mÂqx wnmve ejv nq| e¨vsK
mÂqx wnmv‡ei Dci ¯^ínv‡i my` cÖ`vb K‡i| e¨vsK PjvKvjxb mg‡q hZevi Lywk GB wnmv‡e UvKv Rgv †Ìqv hvq|
wKš‘ mßv‡n `yBev‡ii †ewk UvKv †Zvjv hvq bv| Z‡e A‡bK‡¶‡ÎB AvRKvj e¨vsK wbqgwUi e¨wZµg K‡i| mÂqx wnmve
wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbt
1. M„n mÂqx wnmve: e¨vsK †h mÂqx wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g RbMY‡K N‡i e‡m A_© mÂ‡qi myweav †`q Zv‡K M„n mÂqx
wnmve e‡j| mvaviYZ `wi`ª I Awkw¶Z Rb‡Mvwôi g‡a¨ mÂq cÖeYZv e„w× Kivi Rb¨ G ai‡bi wnmve cwiPvjbv
Kiv nq|
2. ¯‹zj mÂqx wnmve: e¨vsK †h mÂqx wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g ¯‹z‡ji QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì A_© mÂ‡q DrmvwnZ K‡i Ges e¨vswKs
myweav †`q Zv‡K ¯‹zj mÂqx wnmve e‡j|
3. gwnjv mÂqx wnmve: e¨vsK †h mÂqx wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g ïaygvÎ gwnjv‡ì e¨vswKs myweav w`‡q _v‡K Zv‡K gwnjv mÂqx
wnmve e‡j| mvaviY mÂqx wnmv‡ei g‡ZvB GB wnmve cwiPvwjZ nq Ges mvaviYZ gwnjv Øviv G ai‡bi wnmve
cwiPvjbv Kiv nq|
4. kªwgK mÂqx wnmve: e¨vsK †h mÂqx wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g kªwgK Rb‡Mvwôi mÂq cÖeYZv evovq I mÂq msMÖn K‡i
Zv‡K kªwgK mÂqx wnmve e‡j| mvaviYZ †`‡ki eo eo wkí GjvKv¸‡jv‡Z e¨vsK GB wnmve cwiPvjbv K‡i|
M) ¯’vqx wnmve
AvgvbZKvixiv e¨vs‡Ki †h wnmv‡e GK m‡½ GKwU wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© †Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ AvgvbZ wnmv‡e Rgv †`q
Ges H wbw`©ó mg‡qi Av‡M bv DVv‡bvi Rb¨ A½xKvi K‡i Zv‡K ¯’vqx wnmve e‡j| Kgc‡¶ wZb eQi †_‡K m‡e©v”P cuvP
eQi †gqv‡` GB wnmve †Lvjv nq| G wnmv‡ei Dci me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i my` cvIqv hvq| my` cwiZ¨vM K‡i G wnmv‡ei
A_©I wbw`©ó mg‡qi c~‡e© D‡Ëvjb Kiv hvq|
N) we‡kl ai‡bi wnmve

we‡kl ai‡bi e¨vsK wnmve¸‡jv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. exgv mÂqx wnmve: RbMY e¨vs†Ki †h mÂqx wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g mÂqx wnmv‡ei mKj myweavmn evowZ myweav wnmv‡e
Rxeb exgv Ki‡Z cv‡i H e¨vsK wnmve‡K exgv mÂqx wnmve e‡j|
2. †cbkb RvgvbZ wnmve: e¨vsK †h wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g GKwU wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© GKwU wbw`©ó †gqv‡ì Rb¨ Rgv K‡i
†gqv` †k‡l GKKvjxb ev wKw¯—‡Z AvgvbZK…Z A_© †Zvjvi w`‡q _v‡K †cbkb mÂqx wnmve ev wWwcGm (wW‡cvwRU
†cbkb w¯‹g) e‡j| gvbyl‡K mÂ‡q D™¢‚× Kivi Rb¨B G wnmv‡ei cÖPjb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
3. FY AvgvbZ wnmve: e¨vsK ‡Kvb g‡°‡ji bv‡g FY gÄyi Ki‡j F‡Yi A_© Zv‡K bM‡` bv w`‡q Zvi bv‡g GKwU
wnmve (Account) Ly‡j H wnmv‡e AvgvbZ wnmv‡e Rgv K‡i| GB wnmve‡K FY AvgvbZ wnmve e‡j|
4. ‰e‡`wkK gy`ªv wnmve: we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbiZ †`kxq bvMwiKMY †h wnmv‡e ê‡`wkK gy`ªv AvgvbZ wnmv‡e Rgv K‡i Zv‡K
ê‡`wkK gy`ªv wnmve e‡j| GB wnmve we‡`kx gy`ªvq cwiPvwjZ nq|
5. AbvevwmK wnmve: †`kxq bvMwiK we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbKv‡j †`‡ki †Kvb e¨vs‡Ki kvLvq †h mÂqx ev ¯’vqx wnmve †Lv‡j
Zv‡K AbvevwmK wnmve e‡j| G wnmve †`kxq gy`ªvq cwiPvwjZ nq|
6. †cŠbtcywbK wnmve: e¨vs‡Ki †h wnmv‡e (Account) GKwU wbw`©ó mgq ci ci GKwU wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© †Kvb wbw`©ó
†gqv‡ì Rb¨ AvgvbZ ivLv nq, Zv‡K †cŠbtcywbK wnmve e‡j| G wnmv‡e ¶z`ª ¶z`ª mÂq GKwÎZ K‡i fwel¨‡Z
GKm‡½ weivU As‡Ki A_© D‡Ëvjb Kiv hvq| G wnmve n‡jv mÂqx wnmve Ges †gqv`x wnmv‡ei GKwU mw¤§wjZ
iƒc|
PjwZ AvgvbZ wnmv‡ei myweav I Amyweavmg~n

myweavmg~n
1. e¨vsK PjvKvjxb mg‡q GB wnmve n‡Z hZevi Lywk UvKv †Zvjv hvq|
2. A‡bK mgq GB wnmv‡ei wKQy gybvdvI †Ìqv nq|
3. GB wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g bM` UvKv †jb‡`‡bi SuywK Kgv‡bv hvq| KviY, AvgvbZKvix †P‡Ki gva¨‡g †`bv cwi‡kva
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. GB wnmve g‡°j‡ì webv Li‡P Lyj‡Z †Ìqv nq|
5. GB wnmve †_‡K RgvwZwi³ FY †bIqv hvq|
6. GB wnmv‡e Ab¨ †Kvb e¨vs‡Ki †PK, wej BZ¨vw` Rgv w`‡q AvgvbZKvix A_© msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i|
7. GB wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï †jb‡`bI Kiv hvq|

Amyweavmg~n
1. GKUv wbw`©ó cwigvY UvKv Rgv w`‡q GB wnmve Lyj‡Z nq|
2. GKUv wbw`©ó b~¨bZg cwigvY UvKv memgqB wnmv‡e ivL‡Z nq|
3. GB wnmve we‡kl wKQy †¶Î Qvov †Kvb cÖKvi my` †`q bv|
4. mgv‡Ri mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ GB wnmve myweavRbK bq|
mÂqx wnmv‡ei myweav I Amyweavmg~n

myweavmg~n
1. Aí UvKv Rgv w`‡q mÂqx wnmve †Lvjv hvq|
2. GB wnmv‡e me©vwaK 10 j¶¨ UvKv ch©š— Rgv Dc‡i my` †Ìqv nq| Gi †ewk Rgv Ki‡j Zvi Dc‡i †Kvb my`
†Ìqv nq bv|
3. e¨vsK †Lvjv _vKv Ae¯’vq hZevi Lywk UvKv Rgv †Ìqv hvq|
4. †PK †K‡U UvKv D‡Ëvjb Kiv hvq|
5. DØ„Ë UvKvi Dc‡i my` †Ìqv nq| D‡jøL¨ m‡e©v”P Rgvi AwZwi³ UvKvi Dc‡i my` †Ìqv nq bv|
Amyweavmg~n
1. GKwU wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© Rgv bv w`‡q wnmve †Lvjv hvq bv|
2. GB wnmv‡e memgq GKwU wbw`©ó by¨bZg cwigvY A_© Rgv ivL‡Z nq|
3. wnmve Lyj‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi RwUjZvi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| †hgb - e¨vs‡Ki AZxZ †Kvb wnmveavix mbv³KiY msMÖn
Ki‡Z nq, wewfbœ ai‡bi `wjjcÎ Rgv w`‡Z nq BZ¨vw`|
4. mßv‡n `yB ev‡ii †ewk UvKv †Zvjv hvq bv|
5. GB wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g †Kvb cÖKvi F‡Yi myweav †Ìqv nq bv|
6. GKev‡i †ewk cwigv‡Y UvKv Zzj‡Z †M‡j e¨vsK‡K 7 w`b Av‡M †bvwUk w`‡Z nq|
7. GKRb e¨w³ †Kvb GKwU kvLvq †KejgvÎ GKUvB mÂqx wnmve Lyj‡Z cv‡i|
8. GB wnmv‡e cÖwZ eQi GKwU wbw`©ó nv‡i AveMvix ïé (excise duty) †K‡U ivLv nq|
9. GB wnmv‡e cÖvß gybvdv †_‡K evsjv‡`‡k 10% nv‡i Dr‡m Ki KZ©b Kiv nq|
¯’vqx wnmv‡ei myweav I Amyweavmg~n

myweavmg~n
1. GKwU wbw`©ó †gqv‡ì Rb¨ A_© Rgv †i‡L GB wnmve Lyj‡Z nq| d‡j eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e AvgvbZKvixi mÂq m„wó
nq|
2. †gqv‡ì cwigvY hZ †ewk nq my‡ì nviI ZZ †ewk nq|
3. m‡e©v”P †gqv` cvi nIqvi ciI AvgvbZ Rgv ivL‡j RgvK…Z A‡_©i Dc‡i m‡e©v”P my‡ì nv‡ii †P‡qI †ewk nv‡i
my` †Ìqv nq|
4. †gqv` †k‡l my`mn Avgvb‡Zi †gvU A_© cybtivq wbw`©ó †gqv‡` AvgvbZ ivLv hvq|
Amyweavmg~n
1. me ai‡bi †jv‡Ki c‡¶ GB wnmve †Lvjv m¤¢e nq bv|
2. GB wnmve Lyj‡Z Kgc‡¶ 1000 UvKv Rgv w`‡Z nq|
3. wnmve †Lvjvi mgq GKev‡iB m¤ú~Y© UvKv Rgv w`‡Z nq|
4. †gqv` †k‡l Pzw³ bevqb bv Ki‡j †Kvb my` cvIqv hvq bv|
5. ¯’vqx wnmv‡ei †gvU gybvdv †_‡K GKwU wbw`©ó nv‡i miKvix †jfx (levy) wnmv‡e †K‡U ivLv nq|
6. †gqv` †kl nIqvi Av‡M UvKv D‡Ëvjb Kiv hvq bv|
cvV ms‡¶c: 2.1
• e¨vsK RbM‡Yi A_© †h c×wZi gva¨‡g wnmve Ly‡j Rgv K‡i Zv‡K Ôe¨vsK wnmveÕ e‡j|
• AvgvbZKvixi wnmv‡e UvKv †hvM Kiv‡K †µwWU Kiv e‡j Ges we‡qvM Kiv‡K †WweU Kiv e‡j|
• †h wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g AvgvbZKvix‡K PvIqvgvÎ Zvi Avgvb‡Zi UvKv cwi‡kva Kiv nq Zv‡K PjwZ wnmve e‡j|
AvgvbZKviiv e¨vsK PjvKvjxb mg‡q hZevi Lywk †PK †K‡U Zvi Avgvb‡Zi UvKv D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
• mvaviYZ wbw`©ó Ges w¯’i Av‡qi †jvKRb mÂ‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨vs‡K †h wnmve †Lv‡j Zv‡K mÂqx wnmve ejv nq|
†hgb: M„n mÂqx wnmve, ¯‹zj mÂqx wnmve, gwnjv mÂqx wnmve, kªwgK mÂqx wnmve BZ¨vw`| e¨vsK PjvKvjxb
mg‡q hZevi Lywk GB wnmv‡e UvKv Rgv †Ìqv hvq, wKš‘ mßv‡n `yBev‡ii †ewk UvKv †Zvjv hvq bv|
• AvgvbZKvixiv e¨vs‡Ki †h wnmv‡e GK m‡½ GKwU wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© †Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ AvgvbZ wnmv‡e
Rgv †`q Ges H wbw`©ó mg‡qi Av‡M bv DVv‡bvi Rb¨ A½xKvi K‡i Zv‡K ¯’vqx wnmve e‡j|

1. †h wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g AvgvbZKvix‡K PvIqvgvÎ Zvi Avgvb‡Zi UvKv cwi‡kva Kiv nq Zv‡K e‡j
K) PjwZ wnmve L) mÂqx wnmve
M) ¯’vqx wnmve N) ‡KvbwUB bq
2. mvaviYZ wbw`©ó Ges ¯’xi Av‡qi †jvKRb mÂ‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨vs‡K †h wnmve †Lv‡j Zv‡K ejv nq
K) PjwZ wnmve L) mÂqx wnmve
M) ¯’vqx wnmve N) ‡KvbwUB bq
3. AvgvbZKvixiv e¨vs‡Ki †h wnmv‡e GKm‡½ GKwU wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© †Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ AvgvbZ wnmv‡e Rgv
†`q Zv‡K e‡j-
K) mÂqx wnmve L) ¯’vqx wnmve
M) PjwZ wnmve N) ‡KvbwUB bq
4. †`kxq bvMwiK we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbKv‡j †`‡ki †Kvb e¨vs‡Ki kvLvq †h mÂqx ev ¯’vqx wnmve †Lv‡j Zv‡K e‡j-
K) ‰e‡`wkK gy`ªv wnmve L) FY AvgvbZ wnmve
M) AbvevwmK wnmve N) ‡KvbwUB bq
5. PjwZ AvgvbZ wnmv‡e AvgvbZKvix mßv‡n KZevi UvKv D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i?
K) GKevi L) `yBevi
M) Pvievi N) hZevi Lywk
6. mÂqx wnmv‡ei AvgvbZKvix mßv‡n KZevi UvKv Zzj‡Z cv‡i?
K) GKevi L) `yBevi
M) hZevi Lywk N) ‡KvbwUB bq
7. ¯’vqx wnmv‡ei AvgvbZKvix mßv‡n KZevi UvKv Zzj‡Z cv‡i?
K) GKevi L) `yBevi
M) hZevi Lywk N) ‡KejgvÎ †gqv` †k‡l
8. ¯’vqx wnmv‡e Avgvb‡Zi †¶‡Î †gqv‡ì cwigvY hZ †ewk nq my‡ì nvi-
K) ZZ †ewk nq L) ZZ Kg nq
M) GKB _v‡K N) ‡KvbwUB bq

cvV- 2 evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vejx I cÖ`Ë †mevmg~n

D‡Ïk¨
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Ri †kªYxwefvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK (Agency Services) Kv‡Ri weeib w`‡Z cvi‡eb
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki mvaviY RbKj¨vYg~jK KvR (General Utility Services) -Gi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb
evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Z_¨welqK wK wK †mev ‡`q Zvi msw¶ß weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki ê‡`wkK evwYR¨ msµvšÍ †mevi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Ri †kªYxwefvM

AvgvbZ msMÖn Kiv I FY †Ìqvi ga¨ w`‡qB evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Z_v e¨vsK eë¯’vi hvÎv ïiy n‡jI eëmv evwY‡Rï
Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ e¨vsK eë¯’vq †hgb we‡klvqY N‡U‡Q wVK †Zgwb Gi Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ‡ZI †hvM n‡q‡Q bZzb gvÎv|
AvaywbK we‡k¦ eëmv evwY‡Rï eûgyLx Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK †hme KvR K‡i _v‡K Zv‡K g~jZ PviwU fv‡M
fvM Kiv hvq| †hgbt mvaviY Kvh©vejx, cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK Kvh©vejx, †mevg~jK Kvh©vejx Ges Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©vejx|
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki GB eûgyLx KvR¸‡jv‡K wb‡Pi Q‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiv n‡jv|
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vejx
mvaviY Kvh©vejx cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK Kvh©vejx RbKj¨vYg~jK Kvh©vejx Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©vejx
1. AvgvbZ msMÖn 1. A_© Av`vq I cvIbv cwi‡kva 1. A_© ¯’vbvšÍi

2. A_© D‡Ëvj‡Yi my‡hvM 2. †kqvi, wmwKDwiwUR BZ¨vw` †Kbv-‡ePv 2. wbivc` msi¶Y
3. FY †Ìqv 3. AwQ wnmv‡e KvR Kiv 3. cÖZ¨qb cÎ Bmy¨
4. wewb‡qvM Kiv 4. Ae‡jLK wnmv‡e KvR Kiv 4. mg‡qi AwZwi³ mvwf©m
5. wewbg‡qi gva¨g m„wó Kiv 5. †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Kiv 5. †µwWU KvW© Bmy¨
6. wej evÆv Kiv 6. A_© I m¤ú‡ì wbivc` msi¶Y 6. Z_¨ mieivn
7. ‡K›`ªxq e¨vsK‡K mn‡hvwMZv Kiv 7. †MvcYxqZv i¶v Kiv 7. civgk© `vb
8. ‰e‡`wkK wewbg‡q mn‡hvwMZv Kiv 8. AvqKi msµvšÍ KvR
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK Kvh©vejx

evsjv‡`‡ki 1872 mv‡ji Pzw³ AvB‡bi 182 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, A‡bï c‡¶ KvR Kivi Rb¨ ev Z…Zxq c‡¶i mv‡_
†jb‡`b Kiv I cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Kivi Rb¨ wbhy³ e¨w³‡K cÖwZwbwa e‡j| AZGe g‡°‡ji c‡¶ e¨vsK †hme KvR K‡i Zv‡K
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK KvR e‡j| g‡°j‡ì Av¯’v AR©b K‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ evwYwR¨K
e¨vsK¸‡jv †h ai‡bi cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK KvR K‡i Zv wb‡P eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
1. A_© Av`vq I cvIbv cwi‡kva: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK g‡°j‡ì c‡¶ †PK, Wªvd&U& I wewfbœ ai‡bi we‡ji A_© Kwgkb ev
mvwf©m Pv‡R©i wewbg‡q Av`vq K‡i g‡°‡ji wnmv‡e Rgv K‡i| †hgb A‡bK wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi c‡¶ e¨vsK QvÎ †eZb
I wdm msMÖn K‡i| GQvovI evwYwR¨K e¨vsK g‡°‡ji c‡¶ wewfbœ ai‡bi wewbgq we‡ji A_©, evwo fvov, I Ab¨vb¨
wej cwi‡kva K‡i|
2. ‡kqvi ev wmwKDwiwUR †Kbv-‡ePv: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK wewfbœ †Kv¤úvbxi †kqvi, ÷K, wW‡eÂvi BZ¨vw` wewµ K‡i|
eZ©gv‡b †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jvi cÖv_wgK †kqvi †Kbvi cÖavb gva¨gB n‡jv evwYwR¨K e¨vsK| GQvov miKvix wmwKDwiwUR,
eÛ, BZ¨vw` †Kbv-‡ePvq evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv †K›`ªxq e¨vsK‡K mnvqZv K‡i|
3. AwQ ev Uªvwó wnmv‡e KvR: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK g‡°j‡ì AwQ ev Uªvwó wnmv‡e Zv‡ì m¤úwËi i¶Yv‡e¶Y K‡i|
GQvovI GB e¨vsK wR¤§v`vi wnmv‡e g„Z g‡°‡ji m¤úwË i¶Yv‡e¶Y I Iqvwik‡ì g‡a¨ fvM ev‡Uvqviv K‡i †`q|
4. Ae‡jLK wnmv‡e KvR: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK bZzb †Kv¤úvbxi Ae‡jLK wnmv‡e †kqvi ev FYcÎ wewµi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY
K‡i| †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î e¨vsK wb‡RB GB me †kqvi wK‡b bZzb †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv‡K A_© †hvMvb †`q|
5. †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki ev Ab¨vb¨ e¨vs‡Ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Kiv: †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki kvLvi msL¨v mxwgZ nIqvq A‡bK mgq
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Dci wbKvk N‡ii `vwqZ¡ b¨v¯— Kiv nq| †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki c‡¶ A‡bK mgq GB e¨vsK †UªRvix
wej, eÛ, wmwKDwiwU BZ¨vw` †Kbv †ePv K‡i _v‡K|
6. A_© I m¤ú‡ì wbivc` msi¶Y: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK g‡°‡ji KvQ †_‡K msMÖn Kiv Avgvb‡Zi A_© wbivc‡` msi¶Y
K‡i Ges g‡°‡ji wewfbœ ai‡bi g~jëvb m¤ú` †hgb, MnbvcÎ, g~jëvb `wjj, eÛ, †kqvi BZ¨vw` msi¶‡Yi
eë¯’v K‡i| GRb¨ eZ©gv‡b evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv jKvi fvov †`q|
7. †MvcYxqZv i¶v: e¨vsK g‡°‡ji A‡_© m‡e©v”P †MvcYxqZv i¶v K‡i| ZvB g‡°j Qvov Ab¨ KvD‡KB wnmv‡ei
e¨vjvÝ I †jb‡`b m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ †`q bv| Z‡e miKvi A_ev Ab¨ †Kvb h_vh_ KZ…©c‡¶i wb‡`©‡k GB Z_¨ cÖKvk
Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq|
8. AvqKvi msµvšÍ KvR: KL‡bv KL‡bv e¨vsK Zvi g‡°‡ji c‡¶ AvqKi wiUvY©, ˆZix, `vwjL, AvqK‡ii A_© Rgv`vb
Ges AwZwi³ Ki cÖ`Ë¡ n‡q _vK‡j Zv msMÖnmn g‡°‡ji hveZxq AvqKi msµvšÍ KvR K‡i _v‡K|
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki mvaviY RbKj¨vYg~jK Kvh©vejx

AvgvbZ msMÖn I FY `vb evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb KvR n‡jI eZ©gvb Kv‡j cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ Ges
g‡°‡ji mš‘wó AR©‡bi Rb¨ e¨vsK wewfbœ ai‡bi †mevg~jK KvRI K‡i _v‡K| Gme Kv‡Ri ga¨ w`‡q e¨vsK GKw`‡K
†hgb Kwgkb ev PvR© Av`vq K‡i Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb g‡°j‡ì KvQ †_‡K AvgvbZ msMÖn, FY `vb BZ¨vw` gyL¨ eëmvqxK
KvR †c‡ZI mnvqK nq| evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki GB †mevg~jK KvR¸‡jv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. A_© ¯’vbvšÍi: wewfbœ Kvi‡YB g‡°j‡ì GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b A_© ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq| e¨vsK Wªvd&U&, Uªv‡fjvm©
†PK, †bvU, åvg¨gvY cÖZ¨qb cÎ BZ¨vw` `wjj Bmy¨ K‡i evwYwR¨K e¨vsK g‡°‡ji A_© †`k we‡`‡k ¯’vbvšÍi Ki‡Z
A_ev Ab¨ ¯’vb †_‡K A_© msMÖn Ki‡Z g‡°j‡ì mnvqZv K‡i|
2. wbivc` msi¶Y: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv ïaygvÎ g‡°j‡ì Avgvb‡ZiB wbivc` msi¶Y K‡i bv, eis g‡°j‡ì
myweav‡_© Zv‡ì g~jëvb m¤ú` †hgb, †mvbv, nxiv, g~jëvb `wjj, eÛ, wmwKDwiwUR BZ¨vw` msi¶‡Yi eë¯’v K‡i|
GRb¨ e¨vs‡Ki A‡bK kvLvq jKvi fvov †Ìqvi eë¯’v _v‡K|
3. cÖZ¨qb cÎ Bmy¨: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK we‡`k †_‡K cY¨ Avg`vbxi †¶‡Î Avg`vbxKvi‡Ki c‡¶ I ißvbxKvi‡Ki
AbyK~‡j cÖZ¨qb cÎ ev Gjwm Ly‡j _v‡K| GB Gjwmi gva¨‡g e¨vsK ißvbxKviK‡K Zvi c‡Yï g~j¨ cÖvwßi wel‡q
Avg`vbxKvi‡Ki c‡¶ wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i|
4. mg‡qi AwZwi³ mvwf©m: mvaviY e¨vswKs mg‡qi evB‡iI †hmKj eëmvqx ev g‡°j cÖPzi cwigvY Avw_©K †jb‡`b
K‡ib Zv‡ì A‡_©i wbivc` msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ e¨vsK mvÜ¨KvjxY e¨vswKs myweav I 24 N›Uv e¨vswKs myweav cÖ`vb K‡i|
GwUGg ey_ ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs cÖ×wZ‡Z GKRb g‡°j †h †Kvb mg‡qB UvKv D‡ËvjY Ki‡Z
cv‡i|

5. †µwWU KvW© Bmy¨: e¨vsK Zvi g‡°j‡ì wbw`©ó †nv‡Uj, †`vKvb ev evRvi †_‡K GKwU wbw`©ó cwigvY ch©š— †jb‡`b
evwK‡Z m¤úbœ Ki‡Z †µwWU KvW© Bmy¨ K‡i _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î we‡µZv wbw`©ó mgq c‡i Zvi †µwWU Kv‡W©i wewbg‡q
wewµZ c‡Yï g~j¨ e¨vsK †_‡K msMÖn K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K e¨vsK †µwWU Kv‡W©i MÖvnK‡K GKwU gvwmK weeiYx cvVvq
†hLv‡b Rgvi AwZwi³ FY wb‡j Zvi Rb¨ e¨vs‡K wK cwigvY PvR© w`‡Z n‡e Zv D‡jøL _v‡K| G‡Z MÖvnK‡ì bM`
UvKv enb Ki‡Z nq bv Ges cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq e¨vsK FY cvIqvi my‡hvM m„wó nq|
6. Z_¨ mieivn: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK †`‡ki A_© I F‡Yi wel‡q g‡°j‡ì‡K ¸iyZ¡c~Y© eëmvqxK Z_¨ cwi‡ekb K‡i
_v‡K| GB Z_¨ eëmvqx‡ì wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y mnvqK nq| GQvovI cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨vsK wewfbœ cÖwZôvb I miKv‡ii Kv‡Q
g‡°j m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ w`‡q _v‡K| g‡°‡ji Avw_©K ¯^”QjZv wel‡qI GB e¨vsK mb` w`‡q _v‡K|
7. civgk© `vb: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK †`‡ki eëmv evwY‡Rï MwZ cÖK„wZ I †`‡ki wewb‡qvM cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© g‡°j‡ì‡K
civgk© †`q| A‡bK mgq e¨vs‡Ki wewb‡qvM we‡kølKMY g‡°j‡ì †kqvi †Kbv †ePvq civgk© w`‡q _v‡K| e¨vs‡Ki
AvBb we‡klÁMY m¤úwËi gvwjKvYv I `Lj I AvqKi msµvšÍ wel‡q civgk© w`‡q _v‡K|
evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Z_¨ welqK Kvh©vejx

eZ©gvb hy‡M evwYwR¨K e¨vK¸‡jv wewfbœ ai‡bi Z_¨ mieivn K‡i g‡°j‡ì †mev w`‡q _v‡K| AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ wewfbœ
Z_¨ mieiv‡ni cvkvcvwk †`kxq eëmvi †¶‡ÎI e¨vsK wewfbœ ai‡bi Z_¨ msMÖn I mieivn K‡i _v‡K| wb‡P e¨vs‡Ki
Z_¨ welqK †mev¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1. Avw_©K ¯^”QjZv m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ cÖ`vb: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Zvi g‡°‡ji Avw_©K ¯^”QjZv m¤ú‡K© cÖ‡qvRbxq †¶‡Î Z_¨
mieivn K‡i _v‡K| Avgv‡ì †`‡k †UÛvi Rgv †Ìqv, wfmvi Av‡e`b, †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi ZvwjKvf~w³, jvB‡mÝ
msMÖn Kiv BZ¨vw` Kv‡R Avw_©K ¯^”QjZvi mb`cÎ Rgv w`‡Z nq| e¨vsK Zvi g‡°‡ji c‡¶ GRvZxq Avw_©K
¯^”QjZvi mb` w`‡q _v‡K| GQvovI Ab¨ †Kvb cÖwZôvb †K›`ªxq e¨vsK, miKvi ev Av`vj‡Zi Aby‡iv‡a/ Av‡`‡k
evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv g‡°j m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K|
2. ‡Kvb eëmvqx m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ cÖ`vb: eëmvqxK m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi Av‡M A‡bK mgq m¤¢ve¨ eëmvqx m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ Rvbvi
cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| †`‡k we‡`‡k e¨vs‡Ki kvLv ev cÖwZwbwa e¨vsK _vKvi Kvi‡Y evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv B”Qv Ki‡j G
ai‡Yi Z_¨ msMÖn I Zvi g‡°j‡K mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3. cwiPqcÎ Bmy¨: e¨vs‡Ki †Kvb g‡°j hw` we‡`‡k Zvi eëmvq m¤cÖmviY Ki‡Z Pvq Ges G Kvi‡Y Zvi g‡°‡ji
hw` cwiPq c‡Îi ìKvi nq Z‡e evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Zv Bmy¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI e¨vsK Zvi we‡`‡ki kvLv ev
cÖwZwbwa e¨vsK‡K H g‡°‡ji mv‡_ we‡`‡ki eëmvqx‡ì cwiPq K‡i †Ìqvi Rb¨ Ges mn‡hvwMZv Kivi Rb¨
Aby‡iva K‡i|
4. AvBbMZ Z_¨ mieivn: e¨vs‡Ki †Kvb g‡°j Ab¨ †Kvb †`‡k Zvi eëmv cÖwZôvb cÖwZôv Ki‡Z PvB‡j H †`‡ki
AvBb m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ Rvbvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| G‡¶‡Î e¨vsK Zvi g‡°‡ji c‡¶ we‡`‡ki kvLv ev cÖwZwbwa e¨vs‡Ki
gva¨‡g AvBbMZ Z_¨ msMÖn I mieivn K‡i|
5. ey‡jwUb cÖKvk: A‡bK mgq e¨vsK †`k we‡`‡ki eëmv evwYR¨ msµvšÍ wewfbœ Z_¨ Zz‡j a‡i ey‡jwUb cÖKvk K‡i|
GB ey‡jwUb wewfbœ cY¨ mvgMÖxi evRvi I Pvwn`v m¤ú‡K© Ges eëmvi Dbœq‡b KiYxq m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ ai‡bi civgk©
I wb‡`©kbv cÖKvk K‡i| wKQy wKQy e¨vsK gy`ªv evRv‡ii Dci daily alert cÖKvk K‡i|
ê‡`wkK evwYR¨ msµvšÍ †mevg~jK KvR

AvRKvj ê‡`wkK evwYR¨ evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Dc‡i we‡klfv‡e wbf©ikxj| cY¨ Avg`vbx I ißvwbi †¶‡Î A_© †hvMvb
†Ìqv †_‡K ïiy K‡i †jb‡`‡bi wb®úwË ch©šÍ wewfbœ ch©v‡q evwYwR¨K e¨vsK wewfbœ ai‡bi †mev w`‡q _v‡K| evwYwR¨K
e¨vs‡Ki GmKj †mev wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. cÖZ¨qb cÎ Bmy¨: AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ AvRKvj Avi bM` †jb‡`‡b nq bv, eis we‡klfv‡e cÖZ¨qbc‡Îi Dci
wbf©ikxj| ißvwbKviK cY¨ cvVv‡bvi Av‡M Zvi c‡Yï g~j¨ cv‡e g‡g© wbwðZ n‡Z Pvq| GRb¨ ißvwbKviK Zvi
AbyK‚‡j †Kvb e¨vsK †_‡K cvIbv cÖvwßi GKwU wbðqZv cÎ ev cÖZ¨qb cÎ cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ Avg`vbxKviK‡K wb‡`©k
†`q| ZvB Avg`vbxKviK Zvi e¨vsK †_‡K G ai‡bi GKwU cÖZ¨qb cÎ msMÖn K‡i ißvwbKvi‡Ki Kv‡Q cvVvq|
Gfv‡e evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv Avg`vbxKvi‡Ki c‡¶ ißvwbKvi‡Ki AbyK‚‡j cÖZ¨qb cÎ Bmy¨ K‡i ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨
mn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡K|
2. A_© ms¯’vb: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ wewfbœfv‡e AvMvg A_© ms¯’vb K‡iI mn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡K|
†hgb ißvwbKviK cY¨ wkc‡g‡›Ui ci cÖvc¨ wej ev †µwWU G¨vWfvBm Zvi e¨vs‡K AvMvg wewµ K‡i ev evÆv K‡i
A_© msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡ì Mv‡g©›Um eëmvq G ai‡bi A_© ms¯’v‡bi cÖPjb me‡P‡q †ewk cwijw¶Z nq|
3. wewbgq we‡ji ¯^xK…wZ I cwi‡kva: ißvwbKviK cY¨ wkc‡g‡›Ui ci RvnvwR `wjj mn †h wej Avg`vbxKviK ev Zvi
e¨vs‡Ki eive‡i cvVvq, †gqv`x ev PvwnevgvÎ †`q wej n‡j Avg`vbxKvi‡Ki e¨vsK H we‡j ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q _v‡K Ges
Gici †gqv` c~Y© n‡j H e¨vsK A_© cwi‡kva K‡i|
4. ‰e‡`wkK gy`ªv msMÖn: A‡bK mgq ißvwbKviK cY¨ wewµi mgq mivmwi ê‡`wkK gy`ªv Zvi cÖwZwbwa e¨vsK eivei
cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ Avg`vbxKviK‡K wb‡`©k †`q| G‡¶‡Î Avg`vbxKvi‡Ki c‡¶ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK ê‡`wkK gy`ªv msMÖn I
cwi‡kva K‡i|
5. `wjjcÎ n¯ÍvšÍi: ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ e¨vsK ïaygvÎ †jb‡`‡bB mn‡hvwMZv K‡i bv, Avg`vbxKviK I ißvwbKviK
Df‡qi g‡a¨ †h `wjjcÎ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq Df‡qi e¨vsK Zv n¯ÍvšÍ‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq mn‡hvwMZv †`q| †hgb
Avg`vbxKvi‡Ki e¨vsK digv‡qkcÎ, cÖZ¨qbcÎ BZ¨vw` ißvwbKviK ev Zvi e¨vsK eivei cvVvq. Avevi ißvwbKviK
ev Zvi e¨vs‡Ki KvQ †_‡K wewfbœ RvnvwR `wjj †hgb Pvjvb iwk`, exgvcÎ BZ¨vw` msMÖn K‡i|
6. evRvi m¤cÖmviY: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Zvi g‡°j‡K we‡`‡k eëmv cÖwZôv‡bi evRvi m¤cÖmvi‡Y mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|
we‡`kx kvLvi gva¨‡g Ab¨ †`‡ki eëmvqxi mv‡_ eëmvqxK m¤úK© M‡o Zz‡j e¨vsK g‡°j‡ì evRvi m¤cÖmvi‡Y
mn‡hvwMZv K‡i| GQvovI Avg`vbx cÖwZwbwa wnmv‡e we‡`k †_‡K cY¨ Avg`vbx‡ZI e¨vsK Avg`vbxKviK‡K
mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|
7. Z_¨ msMÖn I mieivn: we‡`‡ki evRv‡i g‡°‡ji c‡Yï Pvwn`v, cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi aiY, we‡`kx †µZv‡ì cQ›`, c‡Yï
`vg BZ¨vw` wel‡q evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Z_¨ msMÖn I mieivn K‡i _v‡K| GQvovI g‡°j‡ì cÖwZwbwa wnmv‡e evwYwR¨K
e¨vsK wewfbœ we‡`kx eëmv cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM i¶v K‡i|
me‡k‡l ejv hvq, evwYwR¨K e¨vsK ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î †jb‡`‡bi ïiy †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ wewfbœfv‡e Avg`vbxKviK I
ißvwbKvi‡Ki g‡a¨ ga¨¯ÍZvKvixi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
eZ©gvb hy‡M †Kvb GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi g~j PvweKvwV n‡jv †m‡`‡ki wkí I evwYR¨| GB wkí I evwY‡Rï
Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki f~wgKv mivmwi RwoZ| wewfbœfv‡e evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv †`‡ki wewb‡qvM, Drcv`b, A_©
eë¯’v, BZ¨vw`‡Z e¨vcK f~wgKv iv‡L| A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki GB f~wgKv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. mÂq msMÖn I g~jab MVb: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q c‡o _vKv †QvU †QvU mÂq AvgvbZ wnmv‡e msMÖn K‡i
eo ai‡bi g~jaY MVb K‡i| GB g~ja‡Yi cwigv‡Yi Dci †`‡ki wkí I evwY‡Rï Dbœqb wbf©i K‡i|
2. FY `vb: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK AvgvbZ wnmv‡e msM„nxZ A‡_©i GKwU Ask jvfRbK Lv‡Z FY wnmv‡e w`‡q _v‡K| mviv
we‡k¦ mvaviY †fv³v †_‡K ïi“ K‡i eo ev gvSvwi eëmvq FY cvIqvi GKwU cÖavb Drm n‡jv evwYwR¨K e¨vsK|
FY cÖvwßi cwigvY I KZ mn‡R GB FY cvIqv hvq Zvi Dc‡i †`‡ki Dbœqb A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj|
3. wewb‡qvM: AvgvbZ wnmv‡e msM„nxZ A_© FY wnmv‡e †Ìqv QvovI jvfRbK Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM Kiv nq| GB wewb‡qvM
†`‡k bZzb wk‡íi m„wó Ges †`‡ki KuvPvgvj eënv‡ii bZzb m¤¢vebv m„wó K‡i, hv A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b LyeB Ri“ix|

4. wewbg‡qi gva¨g m„wó: eëmvqxK †jb‡`b‡K AviI mnR Kivi Rb¨ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK †PK, Wªvd&U&, wewbgq wej
BZ¨vw` Bmy¨ K‡i wewbg‡qi gva¨g m„wó K‡i| d‡j †`‡k A_©‰bwZK †jb‡`‡bi cwigvY e„w× cvq Ges Dbœqb
MwZkxj nq|
5. Avf¨šÍixY evwYR¨ m¤cÖmviY: mnR k‡Z© FY `vb, A‡_©i wbivc` msi¶Y I ¯’vcbvšÍi, †kqvi I FYcÎ wewµ
BZ¨vw` Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g e¨vsK Avf¨š—ixY evwYR¨ m¤cÖmvi‡Y mn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡K|
6. AvšÍR©vwZK eëmvq mn‡hvwMZv: g‡°‡ji c‡¶ cÖZ¨qb cÎ Bmy¨ Kiv, wewbgq nvi wba©viY Kiv Ges Avg`vbx c‡Yï
g~j¨ cwi‡kva Kiv BZ¨vw` myweav †Ìqvi gva¨‡g evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ m¤cÖmvi‡Y mn‡hvwMZv
K‡i _v‡K|
7. A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv i¶v: A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv i¶vi Rb¨ †K›`ªxq e¨vsK †h FY wbqš¿Y †KŠkj cÖYqb K‡i
_v‡K evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Zv †g‡b P‡j A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv i¶vq mn‡hvwMZv K‡i| †hgb, †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki wb‡`©k
Abyhvqx evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv †Kvb we‡kl Lv‡Z FY †`q ev FY DwV‡q †bq|
8. g‡°‡ji cÖwZwbwa wnmv‡e KvR: g‡°‡ji c‡¶ e¨vsK wewfbœ †PK, Wªvd&U& BZ¨vwì A_© msMÖn K‡i Ges wewfbœ wej,
Ki, exgv wcÖwgqvg BZ¨vw` cwi‡kva K‡i| GQvovI g‡°‡ji c‡¶ †kqvi, wmwKDwiwUR, FYcÎ BZ¨vw` †Kbv †ePv
K‡i|
9. g‡°‡ji Dc‡`óv wnmv‡e KvR: g‡°‡ji Dc‡`óv wnmv‡e evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv eëmv msµvšÍ wewfbœ ai‡bi Z_¨
msMÖn I mieivn K‡i _v‡K| G‡Z we‡kl K‡i bZzb eëmvqxMY LyeB DcK…Z nb|
10. A_© ¯’vbvšÍ‡i mn‡hvwMZv: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK e¨vsK Wªvd&U&, †PK BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g g‡°‡ji A_© Lye mn‡R Ges wbivc‡`
GK hvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ hvqMvq ¯’vbvšÍi Ki‡Z mn‡hvwMZv K‡i| d‡j bM` A_© †jb‡`‡bi SuywK A‡bK K‡g hvq|
11. Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó: evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki A_©vq‡Y bZzb bZzb wkí KviLvbv M‡o DVvq wkí cÖwZôv‡b A‡bK †jv‡Ki
Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó nq| e¨vs‡Ki wbR¯^ cÖmv‡ii m‡½ m‡½ e¨vswKs Lv‡ZI A‡bK gvby‡li PvKzixi my‡hvM nq| d‡j
†eKviZ¡ K‡g hvq|
12. mvgvwRK wbivcËv cÖwZôv: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK g‡°j‡ì A_© I g~jëvY m¤ú‡ì wbivc` msi¶‡Yi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK
wbivcËv cÖwZôvq mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|
13. miKv‡ii Avw_©K bxwZ ev¯—evqb: gy`ªv evRv‡ii ¸iyZ¡c~Y© m`m¨ wnmv‡e evwYwR¨K e¨vsK miKv‡ii Avw_©K bxwZ
ev¯Íevq‡b †K›`ªxq e¨vsK‡K mn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡K|
14. RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœqb: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv eëmv evwY‡R¨ FY mieivn I wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g †`‡ki Drcv`b‡K
mPj iv‡L| G‡Z RvZxq Drcv`b I RvZxq Avq †e‡o hvq Ges mvgMÖxKfv‡e RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb DbœZ nq|
15. mylg A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK ïaygvÎ eo kni ev evwYwR¨K †K‡›`ªB Zvi kvLv cÖwZôv K‡i bv eis †`‡ki
cÖZ¨šÍ MÖvgvÂ‡j kvLv cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g †`ke¨vcx mylg A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi eë¯’v K‡i|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, †Kvb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki ¸iyZ¡ AZ¨šÍ †ewk| Avm‡j
evwYwR¨K e¨vsKB †`‡ki eëmv evwY‡Rï MwZ evovq I cwiwa m¤cÖmviY K‡i| gy`ªv evRv‡ii me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© m`m¨
wnmv‡e A_©bxwZi mKj ch©v‡q Gi cÖZ¨¶ f~wgKv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb‡K MwZkxj K‡i|
cvV ms‡¶c: 2.2
• eëmv evwY‡Rï eûgyLx Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK †hme KvR K‡i _v‡K Zv‡K g~jZ PviwU fv‡M fvM
Kiv hvq| †hgb t mvaviY Kvh©vejx, cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK Kvh©vejx, †mevg~jK Kvh©vejx Ges Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©vejx|
• g‡°‡ji c‡¶ e¨vsK †hme KvR K‡i Zv‡K evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK KvR e‡j, †hgb g‡°‡ji c‡¶
A_© Av`vq I cvIbv cwi‡kva Kiv, ‡kqvi ev wmwKDwiwUR †Kbv-‡ePv Kiv, AwQ ev Uªvwó wnmv‡e KvR Kiv,
Ae‡jLK wnmv‡e KvR Kiv, ‡K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki ev Ab¨vb¨ e¨vs‡Ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Kiv, g‡°‡ji A_© I m¤ú‡ì wbivc`
msi¶Y Kiv, g‡°‡ji wnmv‡ei ‡MvcYxqZv i¶v Kiv, g‡°‡ji AvqKvi msµvšÍ Kv‡R mnvqZv Kiv BZ¨vw`|
• evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Z_¨ m¤úwK©Z †h mg¯Í †mev w`‡q _v‡K Zvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q g‡°‡ji Avw_©K ¯^”QjZv m¤ú‡K© mb`
†Ìqv, g‡°‡ji Pvwn`v Abyhvqx †Kvb eëmvqx m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ †Ìqv, g‡°‡ji cwiPqcÎ Bmy¨ Kiv, g‡°j‡K
eëmvqxK AvBbMZ Z_¨ mieivn Kiv, eëmv evwYR¨ msµvšÍ wewfbœ Z_¨ m¤^wjZ ey‡jwUb cÖKvk Kiv BZ¨vw`|
• evwYwR¨ e¨vsK ê‡`wkK evwYR¨ m¤úwK©Z †hme †mev w`‡q _v‡K Zvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q g‡°‡ji c‡¶ cÖZ¨qb cÎ Bmy¨
Kiv, ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ A_© ms¯’vb Kiv, g‡°‡ji wewbgq we‡j ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv I cwi‡kva Kiv, ‰e‡`wkK gy`ªv
msMÖn Kiv, Avg`vbx-ißvwb m¤úwK©Z `wjj n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv, g‡°‡ji c‡Yï AvšÍR©vwZK evRvi m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn I
mieivn Kiv I evRvi m¤cÖmvi‡Y mn‡hvwMZv Kiv BZ¨vw`|

1. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki cÖwZwbwa wnmv‡e †Kvb †Kvb `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i ?
K) wbKvk N‡ii `vwqZ¡
L) †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki c‡¶ eÛ, wmwKDwiwUR BZ¨vw` †Kbv †ePv K‡i
M) Dfq KvRB K‡i
N) †KvbwUB bq
2. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î Avg`vbxKvi‡Ki c‡¶ ißvwbKviK‡K Zvi c~Y© g~j¨ cÖvwßi wel‡q †h
wbðqZv cÎ †`q Zv‡K wK e‡j ?
K) åvg¨gvY †PK L) cÖZ¨qb cÎ ev Gj.wm.
M) e¨vsK Wªvd&U& N) †KvbwUB bq
3. wb‡Pi †Kvb KvRwU evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Z_¨ m¤úwK©Z †mev bq ?
K) Avw_©K m”QjZv m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ cÖ`vb L) we‡`kx eëmvqx m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ cÖ`vb
M) cwiPq cÎ Bmy¨ Kiv N) AvqKi m¤úwK©Z KvR Kiv
DËigvjv
1. K 2. L 3. L 4. M 5. N 6. L 7. N 8. K

1. M 2. L 3. N

1. e¨vsK wnmve Kv‡K e‡j? wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨vsK wnmve Av‡jvPbv Ki|
2. evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vejx‡K KZ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq? GKwU Q‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vejx †`LvI|
3. evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbv Ki|
4. evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki mvaviY RbKj¨vYg~jK Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbv Ki|
5. evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Z_¨ welqK Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbv Ki|
6. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK ê‡`wkK evwYR¨ msµvš— †h †mevg~jK KvR K‡i _v‡K Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki|
7. GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki f~wgKv Av‡jvPbv Ki|
L)emsw¶ß cÖkœvejx
1. PjwZ wnmve Kv‡K e‡j? GB wnmv‡ei AvgvbZKvixiv mßv‡n KZevi UvKv D‡ËvjY Ki‡Z cv‡i?
2. mÂqx wnmve Kv‡K e‡j? wewfbœ ai‡bi mÂqx wnmve ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki|
3. PjwZ wnmv‡ei myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki|
4. mÂqx wnmv‡ei myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki|
5. ¯’vqx wnmv‡ei myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki|
BDwbU
evwYwR¨K I Ab¨vb¨ e¨vsK
3
f~wgKv
Avgiv c~e©eZ©x BDwb‡U wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨vs‡Ki mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡qwQ| G e¨vsK¸jxi g‡a¨ evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©µg
me‡P‡q †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ZvB G e¨vsK¸‡jvi Aw¯—Z¡ †PvL †gj‡jB †`Lv hvq| kni ev M‡Äi iv¯Ívq †PvL ivL‡jB
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki mvBb‡evW© †PvL c‡i| G mKj e¨vsK Avcbvi AvgvbZ MÖnY K‡i Ges my` cÖ`vb K‡i; cÖ‡qvR‡b
Avcwb G e¨vsK †_‡K A_© FY wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e AwZwi³ nv‡i my` w`‡Z nq| AwZwi³ my` MÖn‡Yi
gva¨‡g gybvdv AR©b K‡i; Avi gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ nq weavq Ge¨vsK¸jx‡K evwYwR¨K e¨vsK e‡j| GB
BDwb‡U Avcwb evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki msÁv, êwkô¨, D‡Ïk¨, Kvh©vejx Ges Ab¨vb¨ e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vejx m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ
Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| Gevi Avmyb Zvn‡j G¸‡jv †R‡b wbB|
cvV- 1 evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki msÁv, êwkó¨, D‡Ïk¨ I Kvh©vejx

D‡Ïk¨
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki msÁv I êwkó¨ ej‡Z cvi‡eb
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki D‡Ïk¨ eywS‡q ej‡Z cvi‡eb
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki mvaviY Kvh©vejx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki FY m„wói †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Kv‡K e‡j

mvaviYfv‡e e¨vsK ej‡Z evwYwR¨K e¨vsK‡KB eySvq| evwYwR¨K e¨vsK eë¯’vi g‡a¨ w`‡qB AvaywbK e¨vsK eë¯’vi m„wó
n‡q‡Q| ZvB evwYwR¨K e¨vsK‡K A‡b‡KB AvaywbK e¨vs‡Ki mywZKvMvi e‡j| evwYwR¨K e¨vsK n‡jv Ggb GKwU e¨vsK hv
gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Kg my‡` GK c¶ †_‡K AvgvbZ msMÖn K‡i Ges A‡c¶vK…Z †ewk my‡` Ab¨c¶‡K FY †`q ev
jvfRbK Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM K‡i| G Kvi‡Y evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡K Ôavi Kiv A‡_©i aviKÕ Ges Ô¯^í †gqv`x F‡Yi eëmvqxÕ
e‡j| wb‡P evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki K‡qKwU msÁv †Ìqv n‡jv|
Prof. Roger Gi g‡Z evwYwR¨K e¨vsK n‡jv Ggb GKwU e¨vsK hv gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ A_© I A_©‡hvM¨ m¤ú‡ì
eëmv K‡i|
Prof. Gilbert Gi g‡Z evwYwR¨K e¨vsK n‡jv FY`vZv I FYMÖnxZvi gv‡S Ggb GKwU Avw_©K ga¨¯’ eëmvqx
cÖwZôvb hv GKc¶ †_‡K FY MÖnY K‡i I Ab¨c¶‡K FY †`q Ges FY M‡n‡bi Rb¨ †`q my` I FY cÖ`v‡bi
Rb¨ cÖvc¨ my‡ì cv_©K¨B n‡jv Gi gybvdvi Drm|
Dc‡ii msÁv `ywU we‡k- lY Ki‡j evwYwR¨K e¨vsK m¤ú‡K© wb‡Pi aviYvmg~n cvIqv hvq|
⇒ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK GKwU gyjab I A_© ga¨¯’ eëmvqx cÖwZôvb|

⇒ evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki g~j D‡Ïk¨ gybvdv AR©b|
⇒ GB e¨vsK RbM‡Yi A_© Aí my‡` AvgvbZ wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i Ges AvgvbZKvix‡ì †P‡Ki gva¨‡g A_© cwi‡kva
K‡i|
⇒ msM„nxZ AvgvbZ A‡c¶vK…Z †ewk my‡` ev jv‡f FY wnmv‡e w`‡q _v‡K|
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki êwkó¨

evwYwR¨K e¨vsK n‡jv ¯^í †gqv`x F‡Yi eëmvqx hvi cÖavb KvR n‡jv GK c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K Aí my‡` AvgvbZ msMÖn
K‡i Ab¨c¶‡K A‡c¶vK…Z †ewk my‡` FY gÄyi Kiv| F‡Yi eëmvqx wnmv‡e evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Zvi MVb cÖwµqv
cwiPvjbv †KŠkj I Kvh©vejxi w`K †_‡K Ab¨vb¨ e¨vswKs cÖwZôvb †_‡K Avjv`v| wb‡P evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki GB we‡kl
êwkó¨¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
1| MVb cÖwµqv: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK mvaviYZ Askx`vix AvBb, †Kv¤úvbx AvBb ev mgevq AvB‡bi AvIZvq †`‡k cÖPwjZ
e¨vswKs AvBb e‡j MwVZ nq|
2| gybvdv AR©b: evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡jv gybvdv AR©b| hv Ab¨vb¨ we‡klvwqZ e¨vs‡Ki D‡Ïk¨
†_‡K Avjv`v| ZvB evwYwR¨K e¨vsK‡K KwVb evRvi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi g‡a¨ w`‡q gybvdv AR©b Ki‡Z nq|
3| gvwjKvbv: gvwjKvYvi w`K †_‡KI Gi KZ¸‡jv we‡kl êwkó¨ Av‡Q †hgbt †K›`ªxq e¨vsK ev Ab¨vb¨ we‡klvwqZ
e¨vsK iv‡óªi gvwjKvbvq cÖwZwôZ n‡jI evwYwR¨K e¨vsK mvaviYZ †emiKvix ev †¶Î we‡k‡l miKvix †emiKvix †hŠ_
gvwjKvYvq cÖwZwôZ I cwiPvwjZ nq|
4| mÂq msMÖn I ¯^í †gqv`x FY `vb: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK wewfbœ wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g GK c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K Avgvb‡Zi gva¨‡g
mÂq msMÖn K‡i Ges GB mwÂZ A_© Ab¨ c¶‡K FY bM` FY A_ev RgvwZwi³ FY AvKv‡i w`‡q _v‡K| GQvovI
evwYwR¨K e¨vsK cÖZ¨qb cÎ, wewbgq wej, ûwÛ ev e¨vsK Wªvd&U& Gi gva¨‡g MÖvnK‡ì F‡Yi myweav w`‡q _v‡K|
5| wewbg‡qi gva¨g m„wó: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK gy`ªv m„wó Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI wewbg‡qi gva¨g wnmv‡e †PK, e¨vsK Wªvd&U&,
cÖZ¨qb cÎ †µwWK KvW© BZ¨vw` Bmy¨ K‡i _v‡K| ZvB Avw_©K cÖwZôvb wnmv‡e G mKj e¨vsK Lye mn‡RB wewbgq gva¨g
m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i hv Ab¨vb¨ e¨vs‡Ki c‡¶ m¤¢e bq|
6| SuywK: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK SuywK MÖn‡Yi g‡a¨ w`‡qB gybvdv AR©b K‡i KviY AvgvbZKvixiv e¨vs‡Ki Dc‡i Av¯’v nviv‡j
ev FY †Ìqvi mgq h‡_ó mZK©Zv Aej¤^b bv Ki‡j evwYwR¨K e¨vsK‡K eo ai‡bi SuywKi g‡a¨ co‡Z nq| G Kvi‡YB
evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv memgqB AvgvbZKvix‡ì AvK…ó Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi c`‡¶c wb‡q _v‡K Ges FY cÖ`v‡bi
†¶‡Î hvPvB evQvB bxwZ Abymib K‡i MÖvnK wbe©vPb K‡i _v‡K|
7| kvLv e¨vswKs eë¯’v: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK ¸‡jv mvaviYZ Ab¨vb¨ e¨vswKs cÖwZôv‡bi g‡Zv gvÎ GKwU ev Aí msL¨K
Awdm eënvi K‡i Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY †`k we‡`k †_‡K mÂq msMÖn, A_© ¯’vbvš—i I ê‡`wkK
wewbg‡qi myweavi Kvi‡Y A‡bK kvLv ¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq|
8| ‡K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki ZvwjKvf~w³: ‡`‡ki e¨vswKs AvB‡bi AvIZvq Ges †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki AbygwZ wb‡q evwYwR¨K e¨vsK
MwVZ nq| eva¨Zvg~jK bv n‡jI e¨vsK¸‡jvi wbR¯^ cÖ‡qvR‡b evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk evwYwR¨K e¨vsKB †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki
ZvwjKvfy³|
9| †mevagx© cÖwZôvb: gybvdv AR©b Kiv evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jI g‡°j‡ì eûg~Lx Pvwn`v c~i‡Y Ges
evRv‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vK‡Z evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv †KejgvÎ AvgvbZ msMÖn I FY`vb QvovI wewfbœ ai‡bi
we‡klvwqZ †mev w`‡q _v‡K| ZvB me‡k‡l ejv hvq evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Ggb wKQy êwkó¨ Av‡Q hv evwYwR¨K e¨vsK‡K
Ab¨vb¨ e¨vsK †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i|
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki D‡Ïk¨

mvaviYfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨B evwYwR¨K e¨vsK MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq Z‡e gybvdv AR©b
QvovI evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Avi †h mKj D‡Ïk¨ Av‡Q Zv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
1| RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K AvgvbZ msMÖn Kiv|
2| wewfbœ wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi ¶z`ª ¶z`ª mÂq msMÖn K‡i gyjab MVb Kiv|
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
3| msM„nxZ gyjab jvfRbK Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM Kiv I wewfbœ Lv‡Z FY †Ìqv|

4| wewfbœ ai‡bi wewbgq gva¨g m„wó Kiv †hgb †PK, Wªvd&U&, wej BZ¨vw`|
5| †K›`ªxq e¨vsK †h gy`ªv ˆZix I cÖPjb K‡i Zv RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q mieivn Kiv|
6| RbM‡Yi Avgvb‡Zi wbivcËv weavb Kiv|
7| †`k we‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b kvLv cÖwZôv K‡i RbMY‡K e¨vswKs myweav cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g AvÂwjK Dbœqb Kiv|
8| ¶z`ª eëmvqx I Drcv`bKvix‡ì ¶z`ª FY w`‡q `vwi`ª we‡gvPb Kiv|
9| wewfbœ DbœqgyLx cÖK‡í mnR k‡Z© FY †Ìqvi gva¨‡g †`‡ki mvgMÖxK A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Kiv|
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki mvaviY Kvh©vejx

†KejgvÎ AvgvbZ msMÖn Kiv I FY †Ìqvi ga¨ w`‡qB e¨vswKs eë¯’vi hvÎv ïiy n‡jI eëmv evwY‡Rï Dbœq‡bi mv‡_
mv‡_ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvi Kv‡Ri cwiwaI w`b w`b †e‡o †M‡Q| eZ©gvb AvaywbK we‡k¦ g‡°j‡ì wewfbœgyLx Pvwn`v
c~i‡Yi Rb¨ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK †h eûgyLx KvR K‡i _v‡K Zv‡K PviwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: mvaviY Kvh©vejx,
cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK Kvh©vejx, †mevg~jK Kvh©vejx Ges Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©vejx| wb‡P evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki mvaviY KvR¸‡jv D‡jøL
Kiv n‡jv|
1| AvgvbZ msMÖn: RbM‡Yi ¶z`ª ¶z`ª mÂq¸‡jv wewfbœ wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g AvgvbZ wnmv‡e msMÖn Kiv|
2| UvKv D‡Ëvj‡bi my‡hvM †Ìqv: g‡°j‡ì RgvK…Z UvKv PvIqv gvÎ e¨vsK †diZ †`q| PjwZ wnmv‡ei g‡°j †Kvb
Kvh©wè‡m hZevi B”Qv e¨vsK †_‡K UvKv Zzj‡Z cv‡i| mÂqx wnmv‡ei g‡°j mßv‡n `yBevi Ges †gqv`x wnmv‡ei g‡°j
†gqv` †k‡l e¨vsK †_‡K UvKv Zzj‡Z cv‡i|
3| FY †Ìqv: AvgvbZ wnmv‡e cvIqv A_© e¨vsK Aí †gqv‡` FY wnmv‡e weZiY K‡i _v‡K| mvaviYZ AvgvbZKvix‡ì
UvKvi Dci e¨vsK Aí my` †`q Ges F‡Yi Dc‡i e¨vsK A‡c¶vK…Z †ewk my` Av`vq K‡i| GB `yB my‡ì cv_©K¨B
e¨vs‡Ki jvf|
4| wewb‡qvM Kiv: Avgvb‡Zi meUzKzB FY wnmv‡e weZiY bv K‡i Gi GKUv Ask e¨vsK wewfbœ jvfRbK Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM
K‡i| †¶Î we‡k‡l eÛ, wmwKDwiwUR, †kqvi BZ¨vw` wK‡bI e¨vsK UvKv wewb‡qvM K‡i|
5| wewbg‡qi gva¨g m„wó Kiv: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK wewbg‡qi gva¨g wnmv‡e wewfbœ ai‡bi †PK, e¨vsK Wªvd&U&, †c-AW©vi,
cÖZ¨qb cÎ BZ¨vw` cÖPjb K‡i| G RvZxq gva¨g A‡_©i cwie‡Z© g‡°jMY eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
6| FY AvgvbZ m„wó: e¨vsK RbMY‡K †h FY w`‡q _v‡K Zv bM` UvKvq cwi‡kva bv K‡i e¨vs‡K FY MÖnxZvi bv‡g
GKwU wnmve Ly‡j Zv‡Z Rgv K‡i| d‡j FY †_‡K FY Avgvb‡Zi m„wó nq|
7| wejevÆv Kiv: eëmvqxMY wewfbœ cÖKvi we‡ji †gqv` †kl nIqvi Av‡MB evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡K H wej fvwO‡q ev evÆv
K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq A‡_©i †hvMvb †c‡Z cv‡i| evÆv wnmv‡e cvIqv A_© evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki GKwU Avq|
8| †K›`ªxq e¨vsK‡K mn‡hvwMZv Kiv: †`‡k F‡Yi cwigvY I UvKvi gvb w¯’wZkxj ivLvi Rb¨ †K›`ªxq e¨vsK †h FY
wbqš¿Y eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Zv ev¯—evq‡b †K›`ªxq e¨vsK‡K mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|
9| ê‡`wkK wewbg‡q mn‡hvwMZv Kiv: AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ mn‡hvwMZv Kivi Rb¨ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK g‡°‡ji c‡¶
wewbgq we‡ji ¯^xK…wZ †`q Ges wewbgq nvi wba©viY K‡i †jb‡`b wb®úwË K‡i| GQvovI †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki AbygwZ
mv‡c‡¶ ê‡`wkK gy`ªv †Kbv †ePvi Kv‡RI AskMÖnY K‡i|

evwYwR¨K e¨vsK mwZ¨B FY m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i wK?

evwYwR¨K e¨vsK GK c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K Kg my‡` AvgvbZ ev FY msMÖn K‡i Ges H Avgvb‡Zi GKwU Ask bM` Rgv
†i‡L evwK Ask Av‡iK c¶‡K A‡c¶vK…Z †ewk my‡` FY wnmv‡e w`‡q _v‡K| Z‡e FY MÖnxZv‡K F‡Yi UvKv bM‡` bv
w`‡q FY MÖnxZvi bv‡g e¨vs‡K GKwU wnmve Ly‡j Zv‡Z Rgv K‡i hv AveviI AvgvbZ m„wó K‡i| GB Avgvb‡Zi GKwU
Ask AveviI bM` Rgv †i‡L evwK Ask Av‡iK c¶‡K FY wnmv‡e †`q| Gfv‡e e¨vsK FY MÖnY K‡i AvgvbZ m„wó K‡i,
Avevi GB AvgvbZ FY wnmv‡e weZiY K‡i| weZiY Kiv FY e¨vsK wnmv‡e Rgv K‡i AveviI Avgvb‡Zi m„wó nq Ges
GB cÖwµqv GKwU wbw`©ó ch©vq ch©š— Pj‡Z _v‡K|
GK c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K wewae× Zvij¨ wnmv‡e evwK Ask Av‡iK F‡Yi UvKv FY MÖnxZvi bv‡g
cÖv_wgK AvgvbZ/FY GKwU Ask bM` c¶‡K FY wnmv‡e gÄyi wnmve Ly‡j Rgv K‡i bZzb
msMÖn Kiv msi¶Y Kiv Kiv Drcbœ AvgvbZ m„wó Kiv
GKwU wbw`©ó ch©vq evwK Ask Av‡iK Drcbœ Avgvb‡Zi GKwU Ask
ch©š— cÖwµqvwU Pj‡Z c¶‡K FY wnmv‡e wewae× Zvij¨ wnmv‡e GKwU
_v‡K gÄyi Kiv Ask bM` msi¶Y Kiv
Dc‡ii QKwU GKwU D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| aiyb Kwig †Kvb e¨vs‡K 100 UvKv AvgvbZ wnmv‡e Rgv
ivL‡jv| GB AvgvbZ‡K cÖv_wgK AvgvbZ e‡j| e¨vs‡Ki Rb¨ AvgvbZ MÖnY Avm‡j g‡°‡ji KvQ †_‡K FY MÖnY| 100
UvKvi AvgvbZ n‡Z e¨vsK 20 UvKv wewaeä Zvij¨ wnmv‡e Rgv †i‡L evwK 80 UvKv kvwdb‡K FY wnmv‡e w`‡jv| Z‡e
GB UvKv bM‡` bv w`‡q kvwd‡bi bv‡g e¨vs‡K GKwU wnmve Ly‡j Zv‡Z Rgv Ki‡jv, d‡j bZzb K‡i Avgvb‡Zi m„wó
n‡jv| GB AvgvbZ‡K Drcbœ AvgvbZ ejv nq| D‡j- L¨, kvwdb †PK †K‡U fwel¨Z cÖ‡qvR‡b GB F‡Yi UvKv Zzj‡Z
cvi‡e| kvwd‡bi wnmv‡ei 80 UvKvi Drcbœ AvgvbZ †_‡K AveviI 20% UvKv A_©vr 16 UvKv Zvij¨ mÂxwZ †i‡L evwK
64 UvKv myRb‡K FY wnmv‡e w`‡jv, hv AveviI Drcbœ AvgvbZ m„wó Ki‡jv| Gfv‡e GKwU cÖv_wgK AvgvbZ †_‡K FY
m„wó Ges FY †_‡K cybivq AvgvbZ m„wói cÖwµqv‡K evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki eû¸YxZK FY m„wó e‡j|
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki GB eû¸YxZK FY m„wói aviYvwU cÖ‡kœi D‡a© bq| †Kvb †Kvb e¨vsK we‡klÁ g‡b K‡ib we‡kl GB
cÖwµqvq e¨vsK eû¸YxZK AvgvbZ I FY m„wói gva¨‡g GKwU †`‡ki A_© mieiv‡n e¨vcK cÖfve m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Avevi Av‡iK c¶ g‡b K‡i e¨vsK cÖK…Zc‡¶ wbR †_‡K †Kvb FY m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wb‡P eû¸YxZK FY m„wói
aviYvi c‡¶i I wec‡¶i hyw³ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
wec‡¶i hyw³
e¨vsK we‡klÁ Walter Leaf g‡b K‡ib e¨vsK bZzb †Kvb F‡Yi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv eis AvgvbZKvix‡ì RgvK…Z
UvKvB †Kej FY wnmv‡e weZiY Ki‡Z cv‡i| wZwb e‡jb, hviv e¨vs‡K AvgvbZ Rgv K‡i Zviv wKQyw`‡bi g‡a¨B &H UvKv
DwV‡q wb‡Z cv‡i| ZvB e¨vsK‡K AvgvbZKvix‡ì `vex cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ Avgvb‡Zi wec‡¶ bM` UvKv Rgv ivL‡Z nq|
hwÌ a‡i †bIqv nq †h AviI bZzb AvgvbZ Rgv n‡e ZeyI ejv hvq †h, e¨vsK eo‡Rvi Avgvb‡Zi cy‡iv UvKvUvB FY
wnmv‡e w`‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ Gi †ewk bq| myZivs e¨vs‡Ki FY m„wói aviYvwU Aevš—i|
A_©bxwZwe` Edwin Cannon G welqUv‡KB GKwU D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g Gfv‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb - awi, GKUv bvBU K¬v‡e
cÖwZ iv‡Z 100 Rb m`m¨ cÖ‡Z¨‡KB GKwU K‡i QvZv wb‡q Av‡m Ges Zv K¬v‡ei KvD›Uv‡i Rgv iv‡L| GLb hw` KvD›Uvi
msi¶K Zvi AwfÁZv †_‡K †`‡L †h cÖwZ N›Uvq m‡e©v”P 10 Rb QvZv †diZ wb‡q hvq, Z‡e wK ejv hv‡e †h, H
msi¶K evwK 90wU QvZv 1 N›Uvi Rb¨ fvov w`‡q Avq Ki‡e? Avi hw` Zv K‡iI Z‡e GK_v ejv wK wVK n‡e †h,
msi¶K bZzb 90wU QvZv m„wó K‡i‡Q? †Zgwb e¨vsK hw` AvgvbZKvix‡ì RgvK…Z UvKvi Askwe‡kl FY wnmv‡e weZiY
K‡i †m‡¶‡ÎI e¨vsK bZzb FY m„wó K‡i‡Q Zv ejv hv‡e bv|
c‡¶i hyw³
Bsj¨v‡Ûi cÖL¨Z e¨vsK we‡klÁ I A_©bxwZwe` McLead (g¨vKwjW), Howtrey (n‡Uª), Robertson (ievU©mb) Ges
Rvg©vwbi Schumpter (k¤úUvi), Kahn (Kvb) mevB GB g‡g© ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q‡Qb †h, e¨vsK mwZ¨B FY m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Z‡e Zviv GI e‡j‡Qb †h, e¨vs‡Ki cÖv_wgK Avgvb‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡iB bZzb Drcbœ AvgvbZI FY m„wó nq| GB
Drcbœ AvgvbZ ev F‡Yi cwigvY wK n‡e Zv e¨vsK eë¯’vi Ae¯’vb Avw_©K †jb‡`‡b g‡°jMY e¨vs‡Ki Dci KZUv wbf©i
K‡i, RbM‡Yi bM` A_© eënv‡ii cÖeYZv †Kgb BZ¨vw` wel‡qi Dc‡i wbf©i K‡i|
†Kvb GKwU e¨vsK Zvi Avgvb‡Zi AvswkK FY wnmv‡e weZiY Ki‡jI mvgMÖxK e¨vsK eë¯’vq †h cwigvY cÖv_wgK
AvgvbZ Rgv nq Zvi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk cwigv‡Y FY I wewb‡qvM m¤¢e nq| KviY cÖ`Ë FY e¨vs‡K AvgvbZ wnmv‡e
Rgv Kiv nq Ges FY MÖnYKvix †PK †K‡U Zv †`bv cwi‡kva K‡i| H †PK Avevi Ab¨ e¨vs‡K AvgvbZ wnmv‡e Rgv nq
hv †_‡K AveviI GKUv Ask FY wnmv‡e †Ìqv nq| Gfv‡eB †`‡ki mvgMÖxK e¨vsK eë¯’vq †gvU Drcbœ AvgvbZ I
F‡Yi cwigvY evo‡Z _v‡K|
e¨vsK FY m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i GB g‡g© AviI GKwU hyw³ n‡jv - e¨vsK hw` eû¸YxZK FY I AvgvbZ m„wó Ki‡Z bv-B
cvi‡Zv Zvn‡j †`‡ki e¨vsK¸‡jv‡Z RgvK…Z †gvU Avgvb‡Zi cwigvY KL‡bvB †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki Bmy¨K…Z †gvU gy`ªvi
cwigv‡Yi †P‡q †ewk n‡Zv bv| D`vniY¯îƒc t 2005 mv‡ji †deªyqvix gv‡mi †kl Zvwi‡L evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki cÖPwjZ
†bvU I gy`ªvi cwigvY wQj 16,942.97 †KvwU UvKv| GB mg‡q †`‡ki e¨vsK eë¯’vq †gvU Zjex I †gqv`x Avgvb‡Zi
cwigvY wQj m‡e©v‡gvU 1,22,173.92 †KvwU UvKv| e¨vsK eë¯’vq eû¸YxZK FY I AvgvbZ m„wói d‡jB †h †K›`ªxq
e¨vsK Bmy¨K…Z gy`ªv I †bvU cÖvq mvZ¸b e„w× †c‡q e¨vsK Avgvb‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡jv Zv ejvB evûj¨|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †k‡l GB wm×v‡šÍ Avmv hvq †h, evwYwR¨K e¨vsK mwZ¨B FY m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó
e¨vsK Zvi cÖv_wgK Avgvb‡Zi Zzjbvq Lye †ewk Drcbœ AvgvbZ I FY m„wó Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI mvgwMÖK e¨vsK eë¯’vq
Drcbœ AvgvbZ I F‡Yi cwigvY A‡bK e„w× cvq|
cvV ms‡¶c: 3.1
• evwYwR¨K e¨vsK n‡jv Ggb GKwU e¨vsK hv gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Kg my‡` GK c¶ †_‡K AvgvbZ msMÖn K‡i
Ges A‡c¶vK…Z †ewk my‡` Ab¨c¶‡K FY †`q ev jvfRbK Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM K‡i|
• evwYwR¨K e¨vsK mvaviYZ Askx`vix AvBb, †Kv¤úvbx AvBb ev mgevq AvB‡bi AvIZvq †`‡k cÖPwjZ e¨vswKs
AvBb e‡j MwVZ nq|
• †K›`ªxq e¨vsK ev Ab¨vb¨ we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK iv‡óªi gvwjKvbvq cÖwZwôZ n‡jI evwYwR¨K e¨vsK mvaviYZ †emiKvix
ev †¶Î we‡k‡l miKvix †emiKvix †hŠ_ gvwjKvYvq cÖwZwôZ I cwiPvwjZ nq|
• evwYwR¨K e¨vsK gy`ªv m„wó Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI wewbg‡qi gva¨g wnmv‡e †PK, e¨vsK Wªvd&U&, cÖZ¨qb cÎ †µwWW KvW©
BZ¨vw` Bmy¨ K‡i _v‡K|
• eva¨Zvg~jK bv n‡jI evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk evwYwR¨K e¨vsKB wbR¯^ cÖ‡qvR‡b †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki ZvwjKvfy³|
• evwYwR¨K e¨vsK wewfbœ ai‡bi KvR K‡i _v‡K †hgb - AvgvbZ msMÖn, FY †Ìqv, wewb‡qvM Kiv, wewb‡qv‡Mi
gva¨g m„wó Kiv, FY AvgvbZ m„wó Kiv, wej evÆv Kiv, †K›`ªxq e¨vsK‡K mn‡hvwMZv Kiv, ê‡`wkK wewbg‡q
mn‡hvwMZv Kiv BZ¨vw`|
• evwYwR¨K e¨vsK evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Avgvb‡Zi GKwU Ask wewae× Zvij¨ wnmv‡e †i‡L evwK Ask FY †`q| GB FY
Avevi Drcbœ AvgvbZ m„wó K‡i, hv AveviI F‡Yi Rb¥ †`q| Gfv‡e eû¸YxZK AvgvbZ I FY m„wói gva¨‡g
GKwU †`‡ki A_© mieiv‡n evwYwR¨K e¨vsK e¨vcK cÖfve m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|


1. evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb j¶¨ n‡jv
M) wewb‡qvM Kiv N) gybvdv AR©b
2. msM„nxZ AvgvbZ FY wnmv‡e weZiY K‡i Ges H FY cybivq AvgvbZ wnmv‡e Rgv Kivq †h Avgvb‡Zi m„wó nq
Zv‡K e‡j
K) wewae× Zvij¨ L) cÖv_wgK AvgvbZ
M) Drcbœ AvgvbZ N) ‡KvbwUB bq
3. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv Zv‡ì msM„nxZ Avgvb‡Zi †h Ask eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Q Rgv iv‡L Zv‡K
e‡j
K) wewae× Rgv L) RvgvbZ
M) Kwgkb N) e¨vsK †iU
cvV- 2 wewb‡qvM e¨vsK I AvgvbZ e¨vsK

D‡Ïk¨
wewb‡qvM e¨vsK I AvgvbZ e¨vs‡Ki msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb
AvgvbZ e¨vswKs e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
wewb‡qvM e¨vsK wK wK KvR K‡i Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb
wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki myweav-Amyweav¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
wewb‡qvM e¨vsK
wewb‡qvM e¨vsK n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK hv wewfbœ ai‡bi eëmv ev wkíLv‡Z `xN©‡gqv`x gyjab msMÖ‡ni
Rb¨ MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq| 1853 mv‡ji c‡i Rvg©vwb‡Z evwYwR¨K I AvgvbZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi `xN©‡gqv`x gyjab
mieiv‡ni A¶gZvi †cÖ¶vc‡U G RvZxq e¨vsK M‡o D‡V| wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki g~j KvR n‡jv eo AvKv‡ii wkí cÖwZôvb
MV‡b gyjab mieiv‡ni Rb¨ Gi †kqvi wewµi Ae‡jLK Ges `vq MÖnYKvix wnmv‡e KvR Kiv| A‡bK †¶‡Î wewb‡qvM
e¨vs‡Ki Avw_©K mvg_©¨ fvj _vK‡j bZzbfv‡e cÖwZwôZ †Kvb †Kv¤úvbxi mKj †kqvi GB e¨vsK GKKfv‡e ev GKwU
wmwÛ‡KU MVb K‡i wK‡b †bq| GB UvKvq H bZzb †Kv¤úvbxi gyjab wnmv‡e eëüZ nq| e¨vsK cieZx© mg‡q myweavgZ
Zv wewµi eë¯’v K‡i ZvB me‡k‡l ejv hvq wewb‡qvM e¨vsK n‡jv Ggb GKwU msMVb ev Avw_©K eëmvq cÖwZôvb hv
wewfbœ ai‡bi wkí cÖwZôvb I miKvix ms¯’vi †kqvi, ÷K I eÛ wewµ K‡i `xN©‡gqv`x gyjab mieivn K‡i|
AvgvbZ e¨vsK
‡h e¨vsK GK c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K AvgvbZ msMÖn K‡i Ges ¯^í †gqv‡` Ab¨ c¶‡K FY †`q Zv‡K AvgvbZ e¨vswKs e‡j|
AvgvbZ e¨vswKs Avm‡j evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Ri GKwU cÖK…wZ| Avgv‡ì †`‡k †h me evwYwR¨K e¨vsK KvR K‡i Zvi
AwaKvskB g~jZ AvgvbZ e¨vswKs K‡i| G ai‡bi e¨vsK eë¯’vi DrcwË nq I weKvk jvf K‡i hy³iv‡R¨|
M.N. Mishra Gi g‡Z AvgvbZ e¨vswKs n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi e¨vswKs c×wZ †hLv‡b RbM‡Yi wbKU †_‡K AvgvbZ
msMÖn‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î m‡e©v”P 12 gvm †gqv‡` FY †Ìqv nq| G ai‡bi FY I AMÖxg ¯^í †gqv`x nq
Ges ïaygvÎ PjwZ g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †gUvq|
wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vejx

wewb‡qvM e¨vsK GKwU †`‡ki wkíLv‡Z wewb‡qvM msµvšÍ wewfbœ ai‡bi Avw_©K Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z
Ae`vb iv‡L| wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki GB Avw_©K Kvh©µg¸‡jv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
1| Ae‡jLb
wewb‡qvM e¨vsK wewfbœ miKvix, Avav miKvix ms¯’v Ges †Kv¤úvbxi cÖv_wgK wmwKDwiwUR Kwgk‡bi wewbg‡q wewµ K‡i|
GB KvR‡K Ae‡jLb e‡j| wmwKDwiwUR wewµi cvkvcvwk G mKj e¨vsK wmwKDwiwUR Bmy¨ msµvšÍ cÖv_wgK KvR¸‡jv
Ki‡ZI mn‡hvMxZv K‡i _v‡K|
2| wmwKDwiwR µq
ïaygvÎ Ae‡jLK wnmv‡eB KvR bv K‡i wewb‡qvM e¨vsK¸‡jv wb‡RivI cÖPzi cwigv‡Y wmwKDwiwUR µq K‡i| Z‡e G
†¶‡Î †Kv¤úvbxi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v, m¤¢vebv, cÖWv‡±i gvb, eë¯’vcbv ch©‡ì `¶Zv BZ¨vw` wel‡q e¨vcK we‡kølY K‡i
wmwKDwiwUR µq K‡i|

3| gva¨wgK evRv‡i †jb‡`b

ïaygvÎ cÖv_wgK †kqvi bq, G ai‡bi e¨vsK †kqvi evRv‡ii m`m¨ n‡q gva¨wgK †kqviI †Kbv †ePvq AskMÖnY K‡i|
GB e¨vsK wb‡R †kqvi †Kbv QvovI wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì cÖwZwbwa wnmv‡e gva¨wgK wmwKDwiwU †Kbv‡ePvq AskMÖnY K‡i|
4| wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì wnmve cwiPvjbv

¶z`ª wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì DrmvnxZ Kivi Rb¨ wewb‡qvM e¨vsK Zv‡ì wewb‡qvM wnmve †Lvjvi my‡hvM †`q| Ges
wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì Pvwn`vgZ Zv‡ì c‡¶ wmwKDwiwUR µq ev weµq I wewfbœ ai‡bi WKz‡g›U msi¶Y K‡i|
5| wewb‡qvM wmwÛ‡K‡U AskMÖnY

A‡bK eo ai‡bi wewb‡qvM cÖK‡íi †kqvi Bmy¨ g¨v‡bRvi wnmv‡e wb‡qvM †c‡j GB e¨vsK Ab¨vb¨ wewb‡qvM e¨vsK I
Avw_©K cÖwZôvb‡K wb‡q Ae‡jLb wmwÛ‡KU MVb K‡i| Avevi A‡bK mgq wb‡RivI Ab¨ †Kvb Ae‡jLb wmwÛ‡K‡Ui
m`m¨ wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| G‡Z A‡bK eo cÖK‡íi gyjab mieivn Kiv mnR nq|
6| Znwej eë¯’vcbvq mnvqZv Kiv

wewb‡qvM e¨vsK A‡bK mgq wbR¯^ D‡Ï¨v‡M cÖwZwôZ †Kv¤úvbxi Znwej eë¯’vcbvi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i| G‡¶‡Î e¨vsK H
†Kv¤úvbxi cÖ‡qvRbxq Znwe‡ji cwigvY wba©viY K‡i| †Kvb Drm †_‡K Znwej msMÖn Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Zv wbe©vPb K‡i,
A_© msMÖn K‡i Ges Znwej evowZ _vK‡j Zv †Kv_vq wewb‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Zv wbe©vPb K‡i wewb‡qv‡Mi eë¯’v K‡i
_v‡K|
7| †Kv¤úvbx cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Kiv

†h‡nZz wewb‡qvM e¨vsK wb‡RivI wewfbœ †Kv¤úvbxi †kqvi †K‡b ZvB †kqvi‡nvìvi wnmv‡e H mg¯Í †Kv¤úvbxi mfvq
AskMÖnY Ki‡Z nq| wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY †ewk n‡j H mKj †Kv¤úvbxi cwiPvjK wbe©vP‡bI AskMÖnY K‡i| A‡bK mgq
cwiPvjK n‡q H mKj †Kv¤úvbxi cwiPvjbv‡ZI mivmwi AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
8| GKÎxKiY I AwaMÖnY
wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki Avw_©K mnvqZvq cÖwZwôZ wewfbœ †Kv¤úvbxi Kvh©µg‡K AviI †ewk MwZkxj Kivi Rb¨ H †Kv¤úvbx
KZ…©K bZzb †Kvb †Kv¤úvbx‡K GKwÎKiY, AvwZ¥KiY, c~bM©Vb ev AwaMÖn‡Y e¨vsK mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|
Dc‡ii GB Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, wewb‡qvM e¨vsK ïaygvÎ †kqvi Ae‡jL‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i bv, eis GKwU
†`‡ki wewb‡qvM cwi‡e‡ki mvgwMÖK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi wewb‡qvM mnvqK KvR K‡i _v‡K|
wewb‡qvM e¨vswKs-Gi myweavmg~n

†Kvb GKwU †`‡ki wkíLv‡Z `xN©‡gqv`x gyjab mieiv‡ni Rb¨ ev gyjab msMÖ‡n mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ †h we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK
MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq Zv‡K wewb‡qvM e¨vsK e‡j| wewb‡qvM e¨vsK GKwU †`‡ki mvgwMÖK A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b we‡klZ
wkíLv‡Zi Dbœq‡b wewfbœfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| wb‡P wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki GmKj myweavRbK w`K¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡jv|
1| gyjab MV‡b mnvqZv Kiv

†`‡ki wkí cÖwZôv‡b gyjab mieiv‡ni Rb¨ wewb‡qvM e¨vsK wmwKDwiwUR wewµi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡K| cÖ‡qvR‡b GB
e¨vsK wb‡RB cÖPzi cwigv‡Y wmwKDwiwUR wK‡b A_ev Ab¨vb¨ wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki mv‡_ †hŠ_ Ae‡jLb wmwÛ‡KU MVb K‡i
wmwKDwiwUR wewµ K‡i _v‡K|
2| mnvqK Z_¨ `vb

wewb‡qvM e¨vsK ïay gyjab mieivn K‡i bv eis †Kvb Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM Ki‡j Zv †ewk jvfRbK n‡e Ges cÖv_wgK †kqvi
Bmyï †ejvq wK wK KiYxq G wel‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨, civgk© I mn‡hvwMZv w`‡q _v‡K| wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki D‡Ï¨v‡M
MwVZ †Kv¤úvbx cwiPvjbv †¶‡ÎI GB e¨vsK civgk© w`‡q _v‡K| GQvovI A‡bK mgq †Kv¤úvbxi †kqv‡ii GKUv
D‡j- L‡hvM¨ Ask wb‡Riv wK‡b †bq e‡j †Kv¤úvbx cwiPvjbvq mivmwiI AskMÖnY K‡i|
3| wewb‡qvM cwi‡ek m„wó‡Z mnvqZv Kiv

GKwU †`‡ki mvgMÖxK wewb‡qvM cwi‡ek †mB †`‡ki wewb‡qvM e¨vsK¸‡jvi mdjZvi Dc‡i A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i| KviY
†Kvb †`‡ki wewb‡qvM cwi‡ek hv‡Z fv‡jv _v‡K Ges †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv hv‡Z fv‡jv gybvdv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨
wewb‡qvM e¨vsK meiK‡gi mn‡hvwMZv w`‡q _v‡K|
4| wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì mn‡hvwMZv Kiv

GB e¨vsK A‡bKmgq wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì wewb‡qvM GKvD›U Ly‡j †jb‡`‡bi my‡hvM †`q| GQvovI mgMÖ wewb‡qvM evRv‡ii
Avw_©K Ae¯’v, evRvi cwiw¯’wZ BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì mwVK Z_¨ I civgk© w`‡q _v‡K| d‡j †kqvi †ePv
†Kbvi wel‡q wewb‡qvMKvixiv mwVK wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡i| wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì wm×vš— Abyhvqx wewb‡qvM e¨vsK Zv‡ì c‡¶
†kqvi †ePv †Kbv I wewb‡qvM wnmve cwiPvjbv K‡i|
5| Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó

†h †Kvb †`‡ki wkívq‡b I †eKvi mgm¨v mgvav‡b miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk wewb‡qvM e¨vsK ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L| wewb‡qvM
e¨vs‡Ki Avw_©K mnvqZv I civg‡k© †`‡k eo eo wkí KviLvbv M‡o D‡V Ges bZzb Kg©ms¯’v‡bi m„wó nq hvi d‡j
†`‡ki †eKviZ¡ I `vwi`ª Ny‡P wM‡q Dbœqb wbwðZ nq|
wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki Amyweav ev mxgve×Zv

GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b I wkíLv‡Zi weKv‡k wewb‡qvM e¨vsK bvbvfv‡e ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡jI GB
e¨vs‡Ki wKQy mxgve×Zv ev AmyweavI i‡q‡Q| wb‡P wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki mxgve×Zv¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
1| mxgve× gyjab
wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki AvgvbZ MÖn‡Yi †Kvb my‡hvM bv _vKvq †ewk cwigv‡Y wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡j wbR¯^ Drm †_‡K gyjab
msMÖn ev Ab¨ †Kvb Drm †_‡K FY wb‡Z nq| ZvB A‡bK †¶‡ÎB †ewk gyjab cÖ‡qvRb nq Ggb cÖK‡í wewb‡qvM Kiv
GB e¨vs‡Ki Rb¨ KwVb n‡q ci‡Z cv‡i|
2| A`¶Zvi SuywK
wewb‡qvM e¨vsK wewfbœ †Kv¤úvbxi †kqvi Kwgk‡bi gva¨‡g Ae‡jLb, wb‡R †kqvi †Kbv †ePv Kiv Ges m¤¢vebvgqx bZzb
wewb‡qvM‡¶Î Ly‡R †ei K‡i D‡Ï¨v³v‡ì wewb‡qv‡M DØy× K‡i _v‡K| wewb‡qvM evRvi we‡køl‡Y Ges wewb‡qvM
eë¯’vcYvq h‡_ó `¶Zv bv _vK‡j GB e¨vs‡Ki mdjZv SuywKi m¤§yLxb nq|
3| †kqv‡ii dUKv eëmvq

wewb‡qvM e¨vsK wb‡Ri bv‡g †Kbv †kqv‡ii `vg evov‡bvi Rb¨ A_ev wewb‡qvM mn‡hvwMZv wb‡q cÖwZwôZ †Kv¤úvbxi
†kqvi wb‡qI †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î dUKv eëmv‡q wjß n‡Z cv‡i| wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki Ggb KvR †MvUv †kqvi evRvi‡K
Aw¯’wZkxj K‡i †Zv‡j Ges mvaviY wewb‡qvMKvixiv †kqvi gv‡K©‡Ui Dc‡i Av¯’v nvivq|
4| cwiPvjbv ch©‡` n¯Í‡¶c

wewb‡qvM e¨vsK hw` wewb‡qvM mnvqZvq cÖwZwôZ †Kv¤úvbxi ev Ab¨ †Kvb †Kv¤úvbxi cÖPzi cwigv‡Y †kqvi µq K‡i Z‡e
¯^vfvweKfv‡eB H me †Kv¤úvbxi cwiPvjbv cl©‡` wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki GKUv eo wbqš¿Y †_‡K hv| wewb‡qvM e¨vsK hw`

Zvi GB wbqš¿Y ¶gZvi Aceënvi K‡i wbR¯^ ¯^v_© Av`v‡qi †Póv K‡i Z‡e Zv H †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jvi Rb¨ LyeB ¶wZKi
nq|
5| cÖwZK‚j cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve

†`‡ki A_©‰bwZK g›`v Ae¯’v A_ev AvšÍR©vwZK weiƒc cwiw¯’wZ ev cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y †`‡ki eëmv evwYR¨
cwi‡ek Lvivc n‡j wewb‡qvM e¨vsK¸‡jv gvivZ¥Kfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯’ nq| bZzb wewb‡qvM evavMÖ¯’ nIqvq G mg¯Í e¨vs‡Ki
Kvh©µg mxwgZ n‡q c‡o Ges †kqvi evRv‡i †kqv‡ii `vg c‡o hvIqvq e¨vs‡Ki m¤ú‡ì g~j¨ n«vm cvq| GiKg
AbvKvw LZ cwiw¯’wZ †ewk w`b Pj‡Z _vK‡j GB e¨vsK¸‡jvi Aw¯ZZ¡ SuywKi m¤§yLxb nq|
6| GK‡PwUqv cÖeYZv
wewb‡qvM e¨vsK¸‡jv A‡bKmgq wb‡R‡ì wewb‡qvM mnvqZvq cÖwZwôZ wkí cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K wb‡q GKwU Kv‡U©j ev
eëmvqxK †RvU MVb K‡i evRv‡i GK‡PwUqv cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii †Póv Pvjvq| GUv m¤¢e n‡j mvaviY †µZviv ¶wZMÖ¯’ nq
Ges bZzb wkí M‡o IVvi my‡hvM evavMÖ¯’ nq|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, wewb‡qvM e¨vsK wewfbœfv‡e SuywKi m¤§yLxb n‡Z cv‡i A_ev wewb‡qvM evRvi‡K ev
†`‡ki mvgwMÖK wewb‡qvM cwi‡ek‡K wewfbœ Dcv‡q SuywKi g‡a¨ †dj‡Z cv‡i| ZviciI GwU mZ¨ †h GKwU †`‡ki
A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b we‡kl K‡i wkí Dbœq‡b wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki Ae`vb A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv|
cvV ms‡¶c: 3.2
• wewb‡qvM e¨vsK n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK hv wewfbœ ai‡bi eëmv ev wkíLv‡Z `xN©‡gqv`x gyjab
msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq|
• ‡h e¨vsK GK c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K AvgvbZ msMÖn K‡i Ges ¯^í †gqv‡` Ab¨ c¶‡K FY †`q Zv‡K AvgvbZ e¨vswKs
e‡j| AvgvbZ e¨vswKs Avm‡j evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Ri GKwU cÖK…wZ|
• wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki g~j KvR n‡jv eo AvKv‡ii wkí cÖwZôvb MV‡b gyjab mieiv‡ni Rb¨ Gi †kqvi wewµi
Ae‡jLK Ges `vq MÖnYKvix wnmv‡e KvR Kiv|
• wewb‡qvM e¨vsK †kqvi evRv‡ii m`m¨ n‡q gva¨wgK †kqviI †Kbv †ePvq AskMÖnY K‡i|
• ¶z`ª wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ wewb‡qvM e¨vsK Zv‡ì wewb‡qvM wnmve †Lvjvi my‡hvM †`q|
• eo ai‡bi wewb‡qvM cÖK‡íi †kqvi Bmy¨ g¨v‡bRvi wnmv‡e wb‡qvM †c‡j GB e¨vsK Ab¨vb¨ wewb‡qvM e¨vsK I
Avw_©K cÖwZôvb‡K wb‡q Ae‡jLb wmwÛ‡KU MVb K‡i|
• GB e¨vsK Zvi wbR¯^ D‡Ï¨v‡M cÖwZwôZ †Kv¤úvbxi Znwej eë¯’vcbvi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i|
• wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY †ewk n‡j A‡bK mgq cwiPvjK n‡q H me †Kv¤úvbxi cwiPvjbv‡ZI mivmwi AskMÖnY K‡i
_v‡K|
• GB e¨vsK †`‡ki wkívq‡b I †eKvi mgm¨v mgvav‡b miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk wb‡RI ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L|
• AvgvbZ MÖn‡Yi †Kvb my‡hvM bv _vKvq †ewk cwigv‡Y wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡j GB e¨vsK‡K wbR¯^ Drm †_‡K gyjab
msMÖn ev Ab¨ †Kvb Drm †_‡K FY wb‡Z nq|
• wewb‡qvM e¨vsK hw` Zvi wbR¯^ D‡Ï¨v‡M cÖwZwôZ †Kv¤úvbxi cwiPvjK n‡q wbqš¿Y ¶gZvi Aceënvi K‡i Z‡e
Zv H †Kv¤úvbxi Rb¨ LyeB ¶wZKi nq|
• wewb‡qvM e¨vsK¸‡jv A‡bKmgq wb‡R‡ì wewb‡qvM mnvqZvq cÖwZwôZ wkí cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K wb‡q GKwU Kv‡U©j ev
eëmvqxK †RvU MVb K‡i evRv‡i GK‡PwUqv cÖfve we¯—v‡ii †Póv Pvjvq| G‡Z mvaviY †µZviv ¶wZMÖ¯’ nq
Ges bZzb wkí M‡o IVvi my‡hvM evavMÖ¯’ nq|

1. wewb‡qvM e¨vsK cÖ_g †Kvb †`‡k M‡o I‡V?
K) Rvg©vb L) d«vÝ
M) Rvcvb N) ivwkqv
2. e¨vsK KZ…©K wewfbœ miKvix ev †emiKvix ms¯’v ev †Kv¤úvbxi cÖv_wgK †kqvi wewµ Kiv‡K wK e‡j?
K) evÆv Kiv L) Ae‡jLb
M) A_©vqb N) AwaMÖnY
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwU wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki KvR bq
K) gva¨wgK evRv‡ii m`m¨ wnmv‡e †kqvi †Kbv‡ePv Kiv
L) MwVZ †Kv¤úvbxi cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Kiv
M) Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv
N) AvgvbZ msMÖn Kiv

cvV- 3 wgkª e¨vswKs

D‡Ïk¨
wgkª e¨vs‡Ki msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb
wgkª e¨vs‡Ki myweav-Amyweav¸‡jvi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb
AvgvbZ e¨vsK I wgkª e¨vs‡Ki g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
wgkª e¨vsK Kv‡K e‡j

AvgvbZ e¨vswKs I wewb‡qvM e¨vswKs-Gi mgš^‡q †h e¨vsK eë¯’v M‡o I‡V Zv‡K wgkª e¨vsK e‡j| GB e¨vsK RbM‡Yi
KvQ †_‡K wewfbœ wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g AvgvbZ msMÖn K‡i Ges Avgvb‡Zi GKwU Ask Zvij¨ msi¶Y K‡i evwK Ask FY
wnmv‡e †`q Ges wewb‡qvM K‡i| myZivs ejv hvq, †h e¨vsK eë¯’vq h‡_ó wbR¯^ gyjab msMÖn QvovI wewfbœ wnmv‡ei
gva¨‡g AvgvbZ msMÖn K‡i Ges Zv ¯^í †gqv`x I `xN© †gqv`x FY wnmv‡e weZiY K‡i Ges wewfbœ †Kv¤úvbxi †kqvi ev
FYc‡Î wewb‡qvM K‡i Zv‡K wgkª e¨vswKs e‡j|
RbM‡Yi AvgvbZ ¯^í‡gqv`x FY weZiY

msMÖn
wgkª
`xN©‡gqv`x FY weZiY
e¨vswKs
wewfbœ †Kv¤úvbxi †kvi I
wbR¯^ g~jaY FYc‡Î wewb‡qvM
M.N. Mishra Gi g‡Z wgkª e¨vswKs n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi e¨vswKs c×wZ †hLv‡b e¨vsK GKB mv‡_ AvgvbZ msMÖn
K‡i I `xN© †gqv`x FY gÄyi K‡i|
cÖ_g w`‡K Bsj¨v‡Ûi evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv g~jZ AvgvbZ e¨vsK wnmv‡eB M‡o D‡VwQ‡jv Ges Zviv RbM‡Yi AvgvbZ
msMÖn K‡i ¯^í †gqv`x FY w`‡Zv| cieZx©‡Z Bsj¨v‡Ûi wkí Lv‡Z `xN© †gqv`x FY I wewb‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM m„wó nIqvq
e¨vsK¸‡jv `xN© †gqv`x FY †ÌqvI ïi“ K‡i|
Ab¨w`‡K Rvg©vwb, †ejwRqvg, †b`vij¨vÛ cÖf„wZ †`‡k evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Zv‡ì wbR¯^ g~ja‡bi cwigvY †ewk _vKvq
†m‡`‡ki wkívqb‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_g †_‡KB wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki g‡Zv `xN© †gqv`x FY w`Z| cieZx©‡Z evowZ
cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z e¨vsK¸‡jv AvgvbZ msMÖn I ¯^í †gqv`x FY †Ìqv ïiy K‡i|
Gfv‡eB mg‡qi weeZ©‡b AvgvbZ e¨vswKs I wewb‡qvM e¨vswKs mgwš^Z n‡q wgkª e¨vswKs Gi Rb¥ nq| Avgv‡ì †`‡k
evsjv‡`k wkí e¨vsK, evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK, †mvbvjx e¨vsK I iƒcvjx e¨vsKmn miKvix I †emiKvix mKj eo e¨vsKB
Avm‡j wgkª e¨vswKs Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i|
wgkª e¨vs‡Ki myweavmg~n

AvgvbZ e¨vswKs I wewb‡qvM e¨vswKs Gi Amyweav¸‡jv `yi K‡i Dfq ai‡bi e¨vs‡Ki myweav¸‡jv GKmv‡_ cvIqvi Rb¨
wgkª e¨vs‡Ki Rb¥ nq| wgkª e¨vs‡Ki myweavRbK w`K¸‡jv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. †ewk Znwej msMÖn: G ai‡bi e¨vsK eë¯’vq GKw`‡K †hgb wb‡R‡ì gyjab eëüZ nq Ab¨w`‡K †Zgb RbM‡Yi
KvQ †_‡K AvgvbZI msMÖn Kiv nq| d‡j GB e¨vs‡Ki c‡¶ †ewk cwigv‡Y Znwej msMÖn m¤¢e nq|
2. ‡ewk cwigv‡Y gyjab MVb: GB e¨vswKs eë¯’vq `xN©‡gqv`x Znwej msMÖ‡ni cvkvcvwk RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K mÂq
msMÖn Kiv nq| d‡j †ewk gyjab MVb m¤¢e nq|
3. m¤cÖmvwiZ e¨vswKs Kvh©µg: AvgvbZ e¨vswKs I wewb‡qvM e¨vswKs Kvh©µg GKmv‡_ cwiPvwjZ nq e‡j ¯^vfvweK
fv‡e e¨vswKs Kvh©µg m¤cÖmvwiZ nq| m¤cÖmvwiZ e¨vswKs Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g e¨vs‡Ki AwfÁZv I `¶Zv e„w× cvq|
4. ewa©Z e¨vswKs myweav: G ai‡bi e¨vsK †_‡K g‡°jMY A‡bK †ewk myweav †c‡q _v‡Kb| KviY, GB e¨vsK wkí
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K `xN© †gqv`x FY †Ìqvi cvkvcvwk ¯^í †gqv`x FYI †`q|
5. Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡R AskMÖnY: G ai‡bi e¨vsK AvgvbZ MÖnY QvovI wewfbœ eëmv‡q ¶z`ª eëmv‡q ¯^í †gqv`x FY †`q
Ges eo wkí¸‡jv‡K `xN© †gqv`x FY †`q| d‡j †`‡ki mvgMÖxK Drcv`b I Dbœq‡bi MwZ †e‡o hvq|
wgkª e¨vs‡Ki Amyweavmg~n

wgkª e¨vs‡Ki A‡bK ai‡bi myweavRbK w`K _vKv m‡Ë¡I Gi wKQy AmyweavI Av‡Q| wb‡P G¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. we‡klvq‡bi Afve: wgkª e¨vsK GKB mv‡_ AvgvbZ e¨vswKs I wewb‡qvM e¨vswKs Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i e‡j Kv‡Ri
cwigvY A‡bK e„w× cvq| d‡j mvgMÖxK `¶Zv e„w× †c‡jI we‡kl Kv‡R we‡kl `¶Zv AR©‡bi my‡hvM K‡g hvq|
2. evowZ LiP: G ai‡bi e¨vsK‡K AvgvbZ e¨vswKs Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z wM‡q mvaviY e¨vswKs Gi KvRI Ki‡Z
nq| GQvovI †kqvi Ae‡jLK wnmv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv, †kqvi †Kbv- †ePv Kiv, †Kv¤úvbx cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY
Kiv, `xN© †gqv`x FY †Ìqv I FY Av`vq BZ¨vw` Kvh©vejx cwiPvjbvi Kvi‡Y e¨vs‡Ki LiP A‡bK †e‡o hvq|
3. evowZ SuywK: †`‡ki wewb‡qvM cwiw¯’wZ Lvivc n‡j ev A_©‰bwZK g›`v †`Lv w`‡j e¨vsK Zvi `xN© †gqv`x wewb‡qvM ev
FY Zz‡j Avb‡Z cv‡i bv| †m‡¶‡Î e¨vsK gvivZ¥K SuywKi m¤§yLxb nq|
4. wek„sLjvi m„wó: G ai‡bi e¨vsK eë¯’vq we‡klvwqZ Áv‡bi Afve, Kv‡Ri cwiwai e¨vcKZv, myô cwiPvjbv I
wbqš¿‡Yi Afve, wewb‡qvM fvimv‡gï Afve, †Ljvcx F‡Yi cwigvY e„w× cvIqv BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y wek„sLjZv I
Aeë¯’vcbvi m„wó nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
AvgvbZ e¨vswKs I wgkª e¨vswKs Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

AvgvbZ e¨vswKs I wewb‡qvM e¨vswKs Gi mswgkª‡Y wgkª e¨vswKs eë¯’vi D™¢e N‡U‡Q| ZvB wgkª e¨vswKs Gi mv‡_ AvgvbZ
e¨vswKs Gi †ek wKQy wgj Av‡Q| Z‡e G‡ì g‡a¨ A‡bK cv_©K¨ I we`¨gvb hv wb‡Pi Q‡Ki gva¨‡g Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
cv_©‡Kï welq AvgvbZ e¨vswKs wgkª e¨vswKs
1. D‡Ïk¨ RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K AvgvbZ msMÖn AvgvbZ msMÖ‡ni cvkvcvwk ¯^í †gqv`x I `xN©
Kiv Ges Zv‡ì ¯^í †gqv`x FY †gqv`x FY †Ìqv Ges wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g †`‡ki
†Ìqv| wkí I evwYR¨ Dbœq‡b Ask †bIqv|
2. Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ wewfbœ e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi KvQ †_‡K AvgvbZ msMÖ‡ni cvkvcvwk ¯^í I `xN© Dfq
AvgvbZ msMÖn Kiv, ¯^í†gqv`x FY †gqv‡`, †kqvi I FYcÎ †Kbv- †ePv Kiv Ges
†Ìqv, mvaviY e¨vswKs Kvh©µg cÖ‡qvRb n‡j †Kv¤úvbx cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY
cwiPvjbv Kiv BZ¨vw`| Kiv|
3. Kv‡Ri cwiwa Kv‡Ri cwiwa mxgve× _v‡K Ges Kv‡Ri cwiwa eo nq Ges cÖwZôvbI eo nq|
cÖwZôvbI †QvU nq|
4. SuywKi gvÎv SuywKi cwigvY A‡c¶vK…Z Kg _v‡K SuywKi gvÎv †ewk _v‡K Ges wewb‡qvM cwiw¯’wZ
Ges gybvdvI Kg nq| Lvivc n‡j ev †`‡k A_©bxwZ g›`v n‡j ¶wZi
cwigvY †e‡o hvq|
5. g~ja‡bi cwigvY wbR¯^ g~ja‡bi cwigvY †ewk jv‡M bv wbR¯^ g~ja‡bi cwigvY A‡bK †ewk _vK‡Z nq
KviY, ¯^í †gqv`x F‡Yi AwaKvskB KviY, ïaygvÎ Avgvb‡Zi Dc‡i m¤ú~Y© wbf©i K‡i

cv_©‡Kï welq AvgvbZ e¨vswKs wgkª e¨vswKs

RbM‡Yi AvgvbZ †_‡K †Ìqv nq| `xN© †gqv`x FY †Ìqv hvq bv ev wewb‡qvM Kiv
hvq bv|
6. eë¯’vcbvi gvb e¨ve¯’vcbv Kvh©vejx Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e eë¯’vcbv Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ I cwiwa A‡bK e¨vcK I
mnR nq e‡j Kg `¶ eë¯’vcbv RwUj e‡j e¨vc¯’vcbv‡K †ewk `¶ n‡Z nq|
n‡jI P‡j|
7. Dbœq‡b f~wgKv ‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b G ai‡bi AvgvbZ e¨vswKs I wewb‡qvM e¨vswKs Kvh©vejx
e¨vswKs f~wgKv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg GKmv‡_ cwiPvwjZ nq e‡j GB e¨vsK RvZxq
_v‡K| A_©bxwZ‡Z A‡bK †ewk f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|
cvV ms‡¶c: 3.3
• AvgvbZ e¨vswKs I wewb‡qvM e¨vswKs Gi mgš^‡q †h e¨vsK eë¯’v M‡o I‡V Zv‡K wgkª e¨vsK e‡j|
• wgkª e¨vs‡Ki myweav¸‡jv n‡jv: †ewk Znwej msMÖn Kiv hvq, ‡ewk cwigv‡Y gyjab MVb Kiv hvq, e¨vswKs Kvh©µg
A‡bK m¤cÖmvwiZ nq Ges †`‡ki mvgMÖxK Dbœq‡b †ewk f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|
• wgkª e¨vs‡Ki Amyweav¸‡jv n‡jv: Kv‡Ri cwiwa †ewk nIqvq we‡klvq‡bi Afve, e¨vswKs Kvh©µ‡gi LiP †e‡o
hvq, †`‡ki wewb‡qvM cwiw¯’wZ Lvivc n‡j SuywKI †e‡o hvq|

1. wgkª e¨vsK †Kvb ai‡bi FY w`‡q _v‡K?
K) ¯^í †gqv`x L) ¯^í I `xN© Dfq †gqv‡`
M) `xN© †gqv`x N) ‡Kvb FY †`q bv
2. wgkª e¨vs‡Ki Znwe‡ji gyj Drm wK?
K) AvgvbZ L) wbR¯^ gyjab
M) ‡KvbwUB bq N) AvgvbZ I wbR¯^ gyjab
3. AvgvbZ e¨vswKs Gi Zzjbvq wgkª e¨vswKs Gi Kv‡Ri cwiwa †Kgb?
K) mxgve× L) we¯Z…Z
M) GKB iKg N) ‡KvbwUB bq
4. AvgbZ e¨vs‡Ki Zzjbvq wgkª e¨vs‡Ki SuywKi cwigvY
K) A‡c¶vK…Z Kg L) mgvb
M) A‡c¶vK…Z †ewk N) ‡KvbwUB bq
cvV- 4 wewbgq e¨vsK

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb−
wewbgq e¨vsK Kv‡K e‡j
wewbgq e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb KvR wK wK
wewbgq e¨vsK Kv‡K e‡j

GKwU †`‡ki AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ mn‡hvwMZv Kivi Rb¨ A_©vr ê‡`wkK †jb‡`b wb®úwË I ê‡`wkK wewbg‡qi Rb¨ †h
we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡K wewb‡qvM e¨vsK e‡j| GB e¨vsK ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ we‡kl FY mnvqZv †Ìqv QvovI
g‡°‡ji c‡¶ cÖZ¨qb cÎ †Lv‡j, ê‡`wkK gy`ªv msMÖn K‡i, ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi wewbgq nvi wba©viY K‡i, wewbgq we‡j
¯^xK…wZ †`q Ges g‡°‡ji c‡¶ ê‡`wkK †jb‡`‡bi wb®úwË K‡i| GQvovI GB e¨vsK ê‡`wkK wewbgq wej Kwgk‡bi
wfwË‡Z evÆv K‡i Ges we‡ji †gqv` c~wZ© n‡j †mB A_© ê‡`wkK gy`ªvq msMÖn K‡i| wewbgq e¨vsK eë¯’v g~jZ
AvšÍR©vwZK L¨vwZ m¤úbœ eo eo e¨vsK¸‡jvi ê‡`wkK wewbgq msµvš— Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ w`‡qB M‡o D‡V‡Q| wewfbœ †`‡k
GB mKj e¨vsK Zv‡ì kvLv cÖwZôv K‡i AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ I ê‡`wkK wewbgq‡K mnR K‡i‡Q| GmKj e¨vsK
ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq FY mieivn Kiv QvovI †`‡ki eëmv cÖwZôvb‡K we‡`‡ki evRv‡i cwiwPZ K‡i Ges
PvwiwÎK I ¯^”QjZvi mb` cÖ`vb K‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡k ê‡`wkK e¨vsK¸‡jvi †h kvLv i‡q‡Q Zv‡ì Ab¨Zg cÖavb KvR
n‡jv wewbgq e¨vswKs myweav †Ìqv|
Avgv‡ì †`‡k we‡klvwqZ †Kvb wewbqg e¨vsK †bB| Z‡e G‡`‡k cÖwZwôZ we‡`kx e¨vsK¸‡jvB g~jZ wewbgq e¨vswKs
myweav w`‡q _v‡K| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki ê‡`wkK wewbgq kvLvmg~n wewbgq e¨vswKs myweav w`‡q _v‡K|
†hmKj e¨vsK Avgv‡ì †`‡k wewbgq e¨vswKs Kvh©µ‡g RwoZ Zv‡ì g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU e¨vs‡Ki bvg wb‡Pi
ZvwjKvq †Ìqv n‡jv|
†`kx e¨vsK we‡`kx e¨vsK

†mvbvjx e¨vsK Av‡gwiKvb G·‡cÖm e¨vsK
RbZv e¨vsK ÷¨vÛvW© PvUvW© e¨vsK
AMÖYx e¨vsK wmwU e¨vsK Gb G
DËiv e¨vsK Kgvwk©qvj e¨vsK Ae wm‡jvb wjt
Bmjvgx e¨vsK evsjv‡`k wjt w` nsKs mvsnvB e¨vswKs K‡c©v‡ikb wjt
wewbgq e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vejx

‰e‡`wkK wewbg‡qi nvi wba©viY K‡i ê‡`wkK †jb‡`b wb®úwË Kiv I ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ FY mnvqZv †Ìqv wewbgq
e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb KvR n‡jI eZ©gvbKv‡j wewbgq e¨vsK¸‡jv evwYwR¨K e¨vsK wnmv‡e †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki ZvwjKvfy³ †_‡K
Avf¨š—ixb †jb‡`‡bI AskMÖnY K‡i| wb‡P wewbgq e¨vs‡Ki GmKj Kvh©vejx D‡j- L Kiv n‡jv|
1| ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ A_©vqb

Avf¨šÍixb evwY‡R¨ A_©vqY ej‡Z g~jZ FY`vb‡K †evSv‡jI AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ A_©vqY ej‡Z ïaygvÎ FY †Ìqv‡KB
eySvq bv eis GB †jb‡`b wb®úwË‡Z hveZxq KvR m¤úv`‡b mn‡hvwMZv Kiv‡K eySvq| †hgb AvšÍR©AwZK evwY‡Rï
†¶‡Î GK c¶ Avg`vbxKviK Ges Av‡iK c¶ ißvbxKviK| Zviv `yRb `yB †`‡ki Awaevmx nIqvq Ges `ywU †`‡ki
gy`ªv, AvBb, evwYR¨bxwZ gy`ªvi g~j¨gvb DVvbvgv mewKQy Avjv`v nIqvq †h RwUjZvi m„wó nq wewbgq e¨vsK‡K Zv wbimb
Ki‡Z nq|

2| Af¨šÍixY evwY‡R¨ Avw_©K mnvqZv `vb

wewbgq e¨vsK Af¨šÍixb evwY‡RÏ eëmvqx‡ì FY w`‡q _v‡K| mvaviYZ wewbgq wej, c‡Yï gvwjKvYvi `wjj ev cY¨
RvgvbZ †i‡L G ai‡bi FY †Ìqv nq| G j‡¶¨ wewbgq e¨vsK¸‡jv e›ì I evwYR¨ †K‡›`ª Zv‡ì kvLv ¯’vcb K‡i|
3| wewbgq wej msµvš— †jb‡`b

†`‡ki †Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb hLb we‡`‡ki †Kvb Avg`vbxKvi‡Ki Kv‡Q cY¨ ißvbx K‡i ZLb we‡`‡ki
Avg`vbxKvi‡Ki KvQ †_‡K GKwU wewbgq wej cvq| wewbgq e¨vsK ißvbxKviK‡ì GB mKj wej Kwgk‡bi wewbg‡q
msMÖn K‡i †Ìqvi KvR K‡i| KLbI KLbI H we‡ji †gqv` c~wZ©i Av‡MB ißvbxKviK Zvi wewbgq e¨vsK †_‡K GB
wej fvw½‡q wb‡Z cv‡i hv‡K wewbgq we‡ji evÆvKiY e‡j| cieZx©‡Z wewbgq e¨vsK H Avg`vbxKvi‡Ki cÖwZwbwa
e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g we‡ji UvKv msMÖn K‡i †bq|
4| mvaviY e¨vswKs Kvh©vejx

wewbgq e¨vsK¸‡jv evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki g‡Zv RbM‡Yi AvgvbZ msMÖn Kiv, FY †Ìqv, cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK †mev †Ìqv mn
Ab¨vb¨ mvaviY e¨vswKs Kvh©vejx Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡k ó¨vÛvW© PvUvU© e¨vsK Ges nsKs mvsnvB e¨vswKs K‡c©v‡ikb
wewbgq e¨vswKs Gi mv‡_ mv‡_ mvaviY e¨vswKs KvR¸‡jv K‡i _v‡K|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, wewbgq e¨vsK GKwU †`‡ki ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï wewfbœ ai‡bi mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`v‡bi
gva¨‡g ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
cvV ms‡¶c: 3.4
• †`‡ki Avš—R©vwZK evwY‡R¨ mn‡hvwMZv Kivi Rb¨ A_©vr ê‡`wkK †jb‡`b wb®úwË I ê‡`wkK wewbg‡qi Rb¨
†h we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡K wewb‡qvM e¨vsK e‡j|
• evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZwôZ we‡`kx e¨vsK¸‡jvB g~jZ G‡`‡k wewbgq e¨vswKs myweav w`‡q _v‡K| GQvovI Avgv‡ì
†`‡ki evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki ê‡`wkK wewbgq kvLvmg~n wewbgq e¨vswKs myweav w`‡q _v‡K|
• wewbgq e¨vs‡Ki KvR n‡jv ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ A_©vqY Kiv, Avf¨š—ixY evwY‡R¨ Avw_©K mnvqZv †Ìqv, wewbgq
wej msµvš— †jb‡`b Kiv Ges mvaviY e¨vswKs Kvh©vejx cwiPvjbv Kiv, BZ¨vw`|

1. wewbgq e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv
K) ê‡`wkK †jb‡`b wb®úwËK Kiv L) ‰e‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ FY mnvqZv †Ìqv
M) DfqB N) ‡KvbwUB bq
2. †KvbwU wewbgq e¨vs‡Ki KvR bq?
K) g‡°‡ji c‡¶ cÖZ¨qb cÎ †Lvjv L) A_© mÂ‡q DØy× Kiv
M) ‰e‡`wkK gy`ªvi wewbgq nvi wba©viY Kiv N) wewbgq we‡j ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv
3. AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ †jb‡`b wb®úwËi RwUjZvi KviY n‡jv
K) c„_K gy`ªv L) c„_K evwYR¨ bxwZ
M) gy`ªvi g~j¨gv‡Yi DVv bvgv N) me¸‡jvB
4. wb‡Pi †Kvb Rvgvb‡Zi wec‡¶ wewbgq e¨vsK Avf¨šÍixY evwY‡R¨ FY w`‡q _v‡K?
K) wewbgq wej L) cY¨
M) c‡Yï gvwjKvYvi `wjj N) me¸‡jv
5. †gqv` c~wZ©i Av‡MB ißvwbKviK Zvi wewbgq wej e¨vsK †_‡K fvswM‡q wb‡j Zv‡K e‡j-
K) †jb‡`b wb®úwËKiY L) wewbgq we‡ji evÆvKiY
M) wewbgq wej eÜK ivLv N) †KvbwUB bq

cvV- 5 mgevq e¨vsK

D‡Ïk¨
mgevq e¨vs‡Ki msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb
evsjv‡`k mgevq e¨vsK wjwg‡UW Gi DrcwË I Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb
mgevq e¨vsK Kv‡K e‡j

mgevq AvB‡bi AvIZvq MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ †h e¨vsK mwgwZi m`m¨‡ì A_©‰bwZK Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ Zv‡ì KvQ †_‡K †QvU
†QvU mÂq AvgvbZ wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i gyjab MVb K‡i Ges ¯^í †gqv‡` Aí my‡` FY †`q Zv‡K mgevq e¨vsK e‡j|
†Kvb GKK e¨w³ ev Ab¨ †Kvb †QvU mgevq mwgwZI mgevq e¨vs‡Ki m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i| mgevq e¨vs‡Ki D‡Ïk¨ gybvdv
AR©b bq eis cvi¯úwiK A_©‰bwZK mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g m`m¨‡ì A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb KivB GB e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb D‡Ïk¨|
Avgv‡ì †`‡k K…lK, ZuvZx, †R‡j, ¶z`ª eëmvqx cÖf„wZ †ckvi wb¤œe„‡Ëi gvbyl¸‡jv A‡_©i cÖ‡qvR‡b †`kxq gnvR‡bi ev
`v`b eëmvqxi Kv‡Q F‡Yi Rb¨ hvq| GmKj †¶‡Î FY MÖnxZv‡K A‡bK D”Pnv‡i my` w`‡Z nq| d‡j my‡ì †evSv
gv_vq wb‡q A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Zv‡ì Rb¨ KwVb n‡q c‡o| GiKg `wi`ª Rb‡Mvwôi A_©‰bwZK gyw³i j‡¶¨ Zv‡ì cv‡k
G‡m ùvovq wewfbœ mgevq msMVb I mgevq e¨vsK| e¨w³ m`m¨ A_ev †QvU †QvU m`m¨ mgevq mwgwZ¸‡jv AvgvbZ
wnmv‡e †h mÂq Rgv K‡i Zv w`‡qB mgevq e¨vs‡Ki gyjab MwVZ nq| Aek¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡j mgevq e¨vsK evwYwR¨K
e¨vs‡Ki KvQ †_‡K ev †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki KvQ †_‡K A_ev Ab¨ †h †Kvb ms¯’v †_‡K FY wb‡q _v‡K| G gyjab †_‡KB
e¨w³ m`m¨ ev mgevq mwgwZ¸‡jv‡K FY †Ìqv nq| mgevq e¨vsK Zvi m`m¨ bq Ggb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi KvQ †_‡K
AvgvbZ msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges FY w`‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`k mgevq e¨vsK wjt evsjv‡`‡ki mgevq e¨vs‡Ki GKwU
D`vniY|
evsjv‡`k mgevq e¨vsK wjt DrcwË I Kvh©µg

g~jZ †`‡ki `wi`ª K…lK‡ì Avw_©Kfv‡e mnvqZv Kivi j¶¨ wb‡q 1948 mv‡ji 31†k gvP© ZrKvjxY c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b
cÖv‡`wkK mgevq e¨vsK wjt cÖwZwôZ nq| evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi ci GB e¨vsKwU evsjv‡`k mgevq e¨vsK wjt bv‡g
AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| cÖv_wgKfv‡e GB e¨vs‡Ki D‡Ïk¨ wQj †KejgvÎ m`m¨ K…wl mgevq mwgwZ¸‡jv‡KB FY †Ìqv Z‡e
eZ©gv‡b GB e¨vsK K…wl mgevq mwgwZ QvovI Ab¨vb¨ mgevq cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K FY †`q| †`‡ki †h †Kvb mgevq mwgwZ ev
e¨w³ GB e¨vs‡Ki m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i| 30†k Ryb 2004 mvj ch©šÍ evsjv‡`k mgevq e¨vsK wjt Gi m`m¨ mgevq mwgwZi
msL¨v wQj 500wU Avi GmKj mgevq mwgwZi e¨w³ m`‡mï msL¨v wQj 35 j¶|
evsjv‡`k mgevq e¨vsK wjt GKwU we‡klvwqZ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb hvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv wewfbœ mgevq mwgwZ I `wi`ª e¨w³
m`m¨‡ì FY cÖ`vb Kiv | GB e¨vsK 12 m`m¨ wewkó GKwU cwiPvjbv cl©` `viv cwiPvwjZ nq| GB 12 Rb m`‡mï
g‡a¨ 4 Rb miKvi KZ…©K g‡bvwbZ nq Ges Aewkó 8 Rb m`m¨ mgevq mwgwZ¸‡jvi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nq| wb‡Pi Q‡Ki
gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k mgevq e¨vsK wjt Gi eë¯’vcbv KvVv‡gv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| FY †Ìqv QvovI GB e¨vsK A‡bK †¶‡Î
m`m¨‡ì Avw_©K Kvh©µg Z`viwK, wbqš¿Y I mgš^‡q mn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡K| m`m¨‡ì wbKU †_‡K AvgvbZ msMÖn
QvovI Ab¨vb¨‡ì KvQ †_‡K AvgvbZ msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cwiPvjbv cl©‡ì AbygwZ mv‡c‡¶ m`m¨ bq Ggb e¨w³
ev cÖwZôvb‡K FY w`‡Z cv‡i I jvfRbK Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
evsjv‡`k mgevq e¨vsK wjwg‡UW
†gvU 12 m`m¨
miKvi KZ…©K g‡bvwbZ wewkó cwiPvjbv m`m¨ mgevq e¨vsK¸‡jv KZ…©K
4 Rb cÖwZwbwa cl©` wbe©vwPZ 8 Rb cÖwZwbwa
e¨w³ m`më„›` m`m¨ mgevq mwgwZ
wPÎ: evsjv‡`k mgevq e¨vsK wjwg‡U‡Wi cwiPvjbv cl©`
cvV ms‡¶c: 3.5
• mgevq AvB‡bi AvIZvq MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ †h e¨vsK mwgwZi m`m¨‡ì A_©‰bwZK Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ Zv‡ì KvQ
†_‡K †QvU †QvU mÂq AvgvbZ wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i gyjab MVb K‡i Ges ¯^í †gqv‡` Aí my‡` FY †`q Zv‡K
mgevq e¨vsK e‡j|
• e¨w³ m`m¨ A_ev †QvU †QvU m`m¨ mgevq mwgwZ¸‡jv AvgvbZ wnmv‡e †h mÂq Rgv K‡i Zv w`‡qB mgevq
e¨vs‡Ki gyjab MwVZ nq|
• cÖ‡qvRb n‡j mgevq e¨vsK †h‡Kvb evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki KvQ †_‡K ev †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki KvQ †_‡K A_ev Ab¨ †h
†Kvb ms¯’v †_‡K FY wb‡Z cv‡i|
• `wi`ª K…lK‡ì Avw_©Kfv‡e mnvqZv Kivi j¶¨ wb‡q 1948 mv‡ji 31†k gvP© ZrKvjxY c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b cÖv‡`wkK
mgevq e¨vsK wjt cÖwZwôZ nq|
• 30†k Ryb 2004 mvj ch©š— evsjv‡`k mgevq e¨vsK wjt Gi m`m¨ mgevq mwgwZi msL¨v wQj 500wU Avi
GmKj mgevq mwgwZi e¨w³ m`‡mï msL¨v wQj 35 j¶|
• evsjv‡`k mgevq e¨vsK wjt 12 m`m¨ wewkó GKwU cwiPvjbv cl©` `viv cwiPvwjZ nq| GB 12 Rb m`‡mï
g‡a¨ 4 Rb miKvi KZ…©K g‡bvwbZ nq Ges Aewkó 8 Rb m`m¨ mgevq mwgwZ¸‡jvi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nq|
• e¨vsK eë¯’v †`‡ki K…wl, wkí, cÖhyw³, evwYR¨ mKj †¶‡Îi Dbœq‡bB cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i _v‡K|

1 mgevq e¨vsK MwVZ nq †Kvb AvB‡bi AvIZvq?
K) mgevq AvBb L) †Kv¤úvbx AvBb
M) Askx`vix AvBb N) me¸‡jvB
2. mgevq e¨vs‡Ki m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i-
K) †Kvb GKK e¨w³ L) Ab¨ †Kvb †QvU mgevq mwgwZ
M) DfqB N) †KvbwUB bq

3. mgevq e¨vs‡Ki g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv-

K) AvgvbZ msMÖn L) FY †Ìqv
M) gybvdv AR©b N) m`m¨‡ì A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb
4. mgevq e¨vs‡Ki Znwe‡ji Drm¸‡jv wK wK?
K) e¨w³ m`m¨‡ì AvgvbZ
L) m`m¨ mgevq mwgwZ ¸‡jvi AvgvbZ
M) evwYwR¨K e¨vsK, †K›`ªxq e¨vsK A_ev †h †Kvb ms¯’v †_‡K M„nxZ FY
N) me¸‡jvB
5. evsjv‡`k mgevq e¨vsK wjwg‡UW Gi cwiPvjbv ch©‡ì m`m¨ msL¨v KZRb?
K) 10 Rb L) 12 Rb
M) 20 Rb N) 22 Rb
6. evsjv‡`k mgevq e¨vsK wjt Gi cwiPvjbv ch©‡` miKvi KZ…©K g‡bvwbZ m`m¨ _v‡K KZRb?
K) 3 Rb L) 4 Rb
M) 6 Rb N) 8 Rb
cvV- 6 f~wg eÜKx e¨vsK I mÂqx e¨vsK

D‡Ïk¨
f~wg eÜKx e¨vs‡Ki msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb
f~wg eÜKx e¨vsK M‡o IVvi KviY Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb
f~wg eÜKx e¨vsK Znwej †Kv_vq cvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb
†Kvb †Kvb Lv‡Z f~wg eÜKx e¨vsK FY w`‡q _v‡K Zv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
f~wg eÜKx e¨vs‡Ki mgm¨v I mgv‡jvPbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
mÂqx e¨vs‡Ki bvbvwea welq weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb
f~wg eÜKx e¨vsK Kv‡K e‡j?

Rwg eÜK †i‡L K…lK‡ì‡K `xN©‡gqv`x FY †Ìqvi Rb¨ †h e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡K f~wg eÜKx e¨vsK e‡j| K…lKiv
mvaviYZ f~wg eÜKx e¨vsK Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb gva¨g †_‡K `xN©‡gqv`x FY cvq bv| Gi KviY¸‡jv wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|
1) mgevq e¨vsK mvaviYZ ¯^í †gqv`x I ga¨g †gqv`x FY w`‡q _v‡K|
2) K…wl e¨vsK¸‡jv wewfbœ K…wl DcKiY †Kbvi Rb¨ †h FY w`‡q _v‡K ZvI AwaKvsk †¶‡Î `xN©‡gqv`x nq bv|
3) †`kxI gnvRb †kªYx mvaviYZ ¯^í †gqv`x I ga¨g †gqv`x FY †`q| Avi Zv hw` w`‡qI _v‡K Z‡e Pµe„w× my‡ì
cwigvY Ggb ch©v‡q †cuŠ‡Q †h H FY K…lK‡ì Rb¨ jvfRbK nq bv|
4) K…lK‡ì mPivPi Ggb †Kvb g~jëvY m¤ú` _v‡K bv hv RvgvbZ †i‡L FY w`‡Z evwYwR¨K e¨vsK ev Ab¨ †Kvb e¨vsK
Drmvn †eva K‡i| Avi K…lK‡ì Rwgi wecix‡ZI e¨vsK¸‡jv FY w`‡Z Pvq bv| KviY, Rwgi gvwjKvYv wb‡q A‡bK
†¶‡ÎB mgm¨v _v‡K Ges Rwg wewµ K‡i my`vmj Av`vqI mnR bq|
GB †cÖ¶vc‡U K…lK‡ì Rb¨ mnR k‡Z© `xN©‡gqv`x FY †Ìqvi Rb¨B f~wg eÜKx e¨vs‡Ki Rb¥ nq| f~wg eÜKx e¨vsK
A‡bK †`‡kB mgev‡qi wfwË‡Z M‡o D‡V‡Q| mPivPi †QvU †QvU K…wl mgevq mwgwZ GKwÎZ n‡q mgevq e¨vs‡Ki aviYv
Abymv‡i G ai‡bi e¨vsK M‡o †Zv‡j| KL‡bv KL‡bv mgevq mwgwZi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ wewb‡qvMKvixivI AskMÖnY K‡i|
mgev‡qi evB‡i †emiKvix D‡Ï¨v³v‡ì D‡Ï¨v‡M G ai‡bi e¨vsK M‡o DV‡j Zv †ewk jv‡fi †Póv Pvjvq Ges K…lKiv
cÖK…Z DcKvi †_‡K ewÂZ nq| ZvB mgev‡qi wfwË‡Z f~wg eÜKx e¨vsK MVbB †ewk hyw³hy³|
f~wg eÜKx e¨vsK Znwej †Kv_vq cvq

f~wg eÜKx e¨vsK FY MÖnxZv‡ì my‡ì A_© w`‡qB Zv‡ì Znwej MVb K‡i| GQvovI cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Znwej msMÖ‡ni Rb¨
FYcÎ wewµ K‡i Ges miKvix ms¯’vi ev †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki KvQ †_‡K mnR k‡Z© FY †bq| A‡bK mgq G ai‡bi e¨vsK
mÂq AvgvbZ msMÖn K‡i Zv‡K †kqvi g~ja‡Y cwiYZ K‡i|
†Kvb& †Kvb& Lv‡Z GB e¨vsK FY w`‡q _v‡K
GB e¨vsK mPivPi wbæwjwLZ LvZ¸‡jv‡Z FY w`‡q _v‡K|
1) DbœZgv‡bi K…wl hš¿cvwZ †Kbv|
2) DbœZgv‡bi mvi, KxUbvkK, exR ev Ab¨ †Kvb DcKiY †Kbv|
3) Rwgi Dbœqb cÖK‡í wewb‡qvM|
4) ‡¶Î we‡k‡l bZzb Rwg †Kbvi Rb¨|
G mKj Lv‡Z FY `v‡bi †¶‡Î eÜK ivLv Rwg wbew×Z eÜK wnmv‡e e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Q `vqe× _v‡K| K…lK hw` F‡Yi UvKv
†diZ w`‡Z bv cv‡i Z‡e e¨vsK H Rwg wewµ K‡i cvIbv Av`v‡qi †Póv K‡i| FY Av`v‡qi ¯^v‡_© eÜK ivLv Rwgi
evRvi g~j¨ wnmve K‡i Zvi m‡e©v”P 50% UvKv FY gÂzi Kiv nq| mgevq mwgwZi †Kvb m`m¨‡K FY †Ìqvi †¶‡Î H
mwgwZi KZ…©c‡¶i †KD Rvwgb`vi n‡q _v‡Kb|

eÜKx e¨vs‡Ki mgm¨v I mgv‡jvPbv

f~wg eÜKx e¨vsK GLb ch©šÍI e¨vcKfv‡e M‡o I‡Vwb| Gi †cQ‡b cÖavb Kvib n‡jv, K…wl Lv‡Zi Drcv`b A‡bK mgqB
cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y ¶wZMÖ¯’ nq| Avi GKevi ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡j K…lK Zvi F‡Yi wKw¯Í cwi‡kva Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GB
mgm¨v¸wj QvovI f~wg eÜKx e¨vsK m¤ú‡K© wKQy FYvZ¥K mgv‡jvPbvI i‡q‡Q| †hgb:
1) GB e¨vsK F‡Yi Dc‡i A‡bK †ewk nv‡i my` †bq|
2) FY w`‡Z A‡bK mgq †¶cY K‡i|
3) cy‡iv‡bv FY cwi‡kva bv n‡j bZzb FY w`‡Z Pvq bv|
4) F‡Yi wKw¯Íi cwigvY wba©vi‡Yi mgq K…l‡Ki mvg_© we‡ePbv K‡i bv, Ges
5) cÖvK…wZK `~‡h©v‡Mi †¶‡Î wKw¯— †Ìqv Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z Pvc †`q|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, f~wg eÜKx e¨vs‡Ki wKQy mgm¨v I mgv‡jvPbv _vK‡jI K…wl wfwËK A_©bxwZ‡Z G
ai‡bi e¨vs‡Ki ¸iyZ¡ A‡bK| GB e¨vsK K…lK‡ì Avw_©K mvg_© evov‡bv, AvaywbK Pv‡li c×wZ cÖeZ©b, K…wl Lvgvi
cÖwZôv Ges K…lK‡ì K…wl Kv‡R AbycÖvwYZ Kiv mn wewfbœ ai‡bi Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g †`‡ki K…wl LvZ‡K GwM‡q wb‡Z
mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|
mÂqx e¨vsK Kv‡K e‡j
‡`‡ki RbMY‡K mÂ‡q DØy× Ki‡Z Ges mÂq msMÖn K‡i gyjab MVb I Zv Drcv`b Kv‡R wewb‡qv‡Mi j¶¨ wb‡q †h
e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡K mÂqx e¨vsK e‡j|
mÂqx e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb KvR wK
mÂqx e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb KvR n‡jv wewfbœ Dcv‡q RbMY‡K mÂ‡q DØy× Kivi gva¨‡g †`‡ki †gvU mÂq evov‡bv| GRb¨
e¨vsK Lye Aí UvKv Rgv w`‡qB g‡°j‡ì wnmve †Lvjvi my‡hvM w`‡q _v‡K| Z‡e mÂ‡qi cwigvY evov‡bvi j‡¶¨ UvKv
D‡Ëvj‡bi Dc‡i wKQyUv wewawb‡la Av‡ivc K‡i|
mÂqx e¨vs‡Ki D`vniY
c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k ¯‹zj mÂqx e¨vsK, M„n mÂqx e¨vsKmn wewfbœ ai‡bi mÂqx e¨vsK Av‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k ÔWvKNi mÂq
e¨vsKÕ Ggb GKwU e¨vsK|
cvV ms‡¶c: 3.6
• Rwg eÜK †i‡L K…lK‡ì‡K `xN©‡gqv`x FY †Ìqvi Rb¨ †h e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡K f~wg eÜKx e¨vsK e‡j|
• mPivPi †QvU †QvU K…wl mgevq mwgwZ GKwÎZ n‡q G ai‡bi e¨vsK M‡o †Zv‡j|
• f~wg eÜKx e¨vsK FY MÖnxZv‡ì my‡ì A_© w`‡qB Zv‡ì Znwej MVb K‡i| GQvovI cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Znwej
msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ FYcÎ wewµ K‡i Ges miKvix ms¯’vi ev †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki KvQ †_‡K mnR k‡Z© FY †bq|
• GB e¨vsK mPivPi DbœZgv‡bi K…wl hš¿cvwZ, mvi, KxUbvkK, exR ev Ab¨ †Kvb DcKiY †Kbvi Rb¨ FY w`‡q
_v‡K A_ev Rwgi Dbœqb cÖK‡í wewb‡qvM K‡i|
• f~wg eÜKx e¨vsK K…lK‡ì fvM¨ Dbœq‡b A‡bK f~wgKv ivL‡jI †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib GB e¨vsK F‡Yi Dc‡i
A‡bK †ewk nv‡i my` †bq, FY w`‡Z A‡bK mgq †¶cY K‡i, F‡Yi wKw¯—i cwigvY wba©vi‡Yi mgq K…l‡Ki
mvg_© we‡ePbv K‡i bv, Ges cÖvK…wZK `~‡h©v‡Mi †¶‡Î wKw¯— †Ìqv Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z Pvc †`q|
• †`‡ki RbMY‡K mÂ‡q DØy× Ki‡Z Ges mÂq msMÖn K‡i gyjab MVb I Zv Drcv`b Kv‡R wewb‡qv‡Mi j¶¨
wb‡q †h e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡K mÂqx e¨vsK e‡j|
• mÂqx e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb KvR n‡jv wewfbœ Dcv‡q RbMY‡K mÂ‡q DØy× Kivi gva¨‡g †`‡ki †gvU mÂq evov‡bv|
• c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k ¯‹zj mÂqx e¨vsK, M„n mÂqx e¨vsKmn wewfbœ ai‡bi mÂqx e¨vsK Av‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k ÔWvKNi
mÂqx e¨vsKÕ Ggb GKwU e¨vsK|

1. Rwg eÜK †i‡L K…lK‡ì `xN©‡gqv`x FY †Ìqvi Rb¨ †h e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡K e‡j-
K) f~wg eÜKx e¨vsK L) wewb‡qvM e¨vsK
M) AvgvbZ e¨vsK N) K…wl e¨vsK
2. f~wg eÜKx e¨vs‡Ki Znwe‡ji Drm n‡jv-
K) FY MÖnxZv‡ì cÖ`Z¡ my`
L) FYcÎ wewµ Kiv
M) miKvix ms¯’v ev †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki KvQ †_‡K †bIqv FY
N) me¸‡jvB
3. f~wg eÜKx e¨vsK †Kvb †Kvb Lv‡Z FY w`‡q _v‡K?
K) K…wl hš¿cvwZ †Kbv L) mvi, KxUbvkK, exR BZ¨vw` †Kbv
M) Rwgi Dbœqb cÖK‡í wewb‡qvM N) me¸‡jvB
4. mÂq e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb KvR n‡jv-
M) RbMY‡K mÂ‡q DØy× Kiv N) wewb‡qvM Kiv
DËigvjv
1. N 2. M 3. K

1. K 2. L 3. N

1. L 2. N 3. L 4. M

1. M 2. L 3. N 4. N 5. L

1. K 2. M 3. N 4. N 5. L 6. L

1. K 2. N 3. N 4. M
1. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Kv‡K e‡j? evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki êwkó¨¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki|
2. evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki mvaviY Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbv Ki|
3. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK mwZ¨B FY m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i wKbv GB g‡g© †Zvgvi hyw³ †`LvI|

4. wewb‡qvM e¨vsK Kv‡K e‡j? wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbv Ki|

5. GKwU †`‡ki mvgMÖxK A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b wewb‡qvM e¨vsK wKfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i Av‡jvPbv Ki|
6. wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki mxgve×Zv¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki|
7. wgkª e¨vsK Kv‡K e‡j? wgkª e¨vs‡Ki myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki|
8. AvgvbZ e¨vswKs I wgkª e¨vswKs Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`LvI|
9. wewbgq e¨vsK Kv‡K e‡j? wewbgq e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbv Ki|
10. mgevq e¨vsK ej‡Z wK eyS? evsjv‡`k mgevq e¨vsK wjwg‡U‡Wi DrcwË I Kvh©µg Av‡jvPbv Ki|
1. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK wK wK D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq?
2. wewb‡qvM e¨vsK Kv‡K e‡j?
3. AvgvbZ e¨vsK Kv‡K e‡j?
4. AvgvbZ e¨vsK I wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki mgš^‡q wgkª e¨vsK m„wó n‡q‡Q e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki wK? Av‡jvPbv Ki|
5. mgevq e¨vsK MV‡bi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wK?
6. f~wg eÜKx e¨vsK Kv‡K e‡j? GB e¨vsK m„wói †cÖ¶vcU ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki|
7. f~wg eÜKx e¨vs‡Ki Znwej wKfv‡e MwVZ nq Ges †Kvb& †Kvb& Lv‡Z FY †Ìqv nq?
8. f~wg eÜKx e¨vs‡Ki mgm¨v ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki|
9. mÂqx e¨vsK Kv‡K e‡j? Gi cÖavb KvR wK wK?
BDwbU
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki FY eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
4
f~wgKv
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© KvR n‡jv AvgvbZ msMÖn Kiv I FY †Ìqv| AvgvbZKvix‡ì wewfbœ wnmv‡ei
gva¨‡g †h AvgvbZ msMÖn Kiv nq †mB AvgvbZ †_‡KB e¨vsK wewae× Zvij¨ msi¶Y K‡i evwK Ask FY wnmv‡e weZiY
K‡i I wewb‡qvM K‡i| †h‡nZz Avgvb‡Zi A_© †_‡KB FY †Ìqv nq, ZvB FY eë¯’vcbv mwVKfv‡e Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j
e¨vsK‡K eo ai‡bi Avw_©K NvUwZi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| mwVKfv‡e FY we‡kølY Kiv ej‡Z eySvq, †Kvb Av‡e`bKvix‡K
FY †Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i, †Kvb †Kvb Lv‡Z FY †Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i, †Kvb †gqv‡ì RY¨ FY †Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i, †Kvb
Rvgvb‡Zi wecix‡Z FY †Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i BZ¨vw` wel‡q wm×všÍ †bIqv| Gfv‡e FY we‡k lY K‡i FY †Ìqv,
FYMÖnxZvi FY eënv‡ii Z`viwK Kiv I †gqv` †k‡l F‡Yi A_© Av`vq Kivi GB mvgMÖxK eë¯’vcbv‡KB FY eë¯’vcbv
e‡j| †gvUK_v †Kvb e¨vs‡Ki mvgMÖxK mdjZv wbf©i K‡i Zvi FY eë¯’vcbvi mdjZvi Dc‡i| GB BDwb‡U evwYwR¨K
e¨vs‡Ki FY Kx, Gi cÖKvi‡f`, FY I wewb‡qv‡Mi cv_©K¨ AvgvbZ m„wói cÖwµqv, FY gÄ‡ii we‡eP¨ welq, RvgvbZ
m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| Gevi Avmyb wb‡Pi cvV¸‡jv †kl K‡i welq¸‡jv †R‡b wbB|
cvV- 1 F‡Yi msÁv I cÖKvi‡f`

D‡Ïk¨
e¨vsK F‡Yi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb
e¨vsK F‡Yi cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb
FY I wewb‡qv‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
Pvwn`v AvgvbZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
cÖv_wgK I Drcbœ Avgvb‡Zi welq eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
†Kb I wKfv‡e Pvwn`v AvgvbZ bM` A_© wnmv‡e eëüZ nq †mwUi GKwU e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
e¨vsK FY wK
e¨vsK Zvi Znwej †_‡K RbMY ev wewfbœ cÖwZôvb‡K †h FY †`q Zv‡K e¨vs‡Ki FY, AwMÖg ev AvMvg e‡j| e¨vsK,
we‡kl K‡i evwYwR¨K e¨vsK wewfbœ wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g AvgvbZKvix‡ì KvQ †_‡K †h A_© msMÖn K‡i Zv †_‡K wewae×
Zvij¨ wnmv‡e GKUv Ask msi¶Y K‡i evwK Ask FY †`q| †¶Î we‡k‡l wKQy Ask wewb‡qvM Ki‡jI e¨vs‡Ki Znwej
eënv‡ii g~j †¶Î n‡jv FY ev AwMÖg cÖ`vb| wb‡P e¨vsK F‡Yi wKQy msÁv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv t
1. Prof. Hanson Gi g‡Z FY wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g ev RgvwZwi³ FY wnmv‡e e¨vsK Zvi g‡°j‡K †h AwMÖg w`‡q _v‡K
Zv‡K e¨vsK FY e‡j|
2. Oxford Dictionary Abymv‡i e¨vsK KZ…©K GKUv wbw`©ó cwigvY UvKv mvaviYZ GKUv wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ wbw`©ó
my‡ì nv‡i g‡°j‡K †Ìqv n‡j Zv‡K e¨vsK FY ev e¨vs‡Ki AvMvg e‡j|
3. evsjv‡`‡ki wewkó e¨vsKwelqK †jLK Aa¨vcK Wt G Avi Lvb Gi g‡Z e¨vsK FY ej‡Z e¨vsK KZ…©K †Kvb e¨w³
ev e¨w³eM©‡K A‡_©i Zvr¶wYK eënv‡ii my‡hvM †Ìqv‡K eySvq hv †m c~e©m¤§Z †Kvb fwel¨Z Zvwi‡Li g‡a¨
cwi‡kva Ki‡e|
Dc‡ii msÁv¸‡jvi Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq e¨vsK Zvi AvgvbZ wnmv‡e msM„nxZ Znwej gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ FY wnmv‡e
w`‡j Zv‡K e¨vs‡Ki FY e‡j| e¨vsK mvavib FY ev avi, bM` FY I RgvwZwi³ FY GB wZb ai‡bi FY w`‡q _v‡K|
e¨vsK F‡Yi cÖKvi‡f`

eZ©gvb hy‡M FY MÖnxZv‡ì bvbv ai‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡bi K_v we‡ePbv K‡i e¨vsK wewfbœ ai‡bi FY gÄyi K‡i _v‡K| F‡Yi
cÖK…wZ, F‡Yi eënvi I F‡Yi †gqv` GB wZb `„wófw½ †_‡K evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki F‡Yi cÖKvi‡f` wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡jv:
e¨vs‡Ki FY
F‡Yi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx F‡Yi eënvi Abyhvqx F‡bi †gqv` Abyhvqx
Znwej †_‡K †`q `wjwj FY evwYwR¨K FY AevwYwR¨K FY

FY
evwYwR¨K `wjwj AevwYwR¨K `wjwj ¯^í †gqv`x ga¨g †gqv`x `xN© †gqv`x
avi bM` FY RgvwZwi³ FY
K) F‡Yi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx

1. Znwej †_‡K †`q FY
e¨vsK Zvi wbR¯^ Znwej †_‡K †h me FY e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb‡K PjwZ wnmve ev FY wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g bM‡` w`‡q _v‡K
Zv‡K Znwej †_‡K †`q FY e‡j| wb‡P wZb ai‡bi Znwej †_‡K †`q FY Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt
⇒ avi (Loan): e¨vsK hLb gÄyixK…Z FY bM‡` bv w`‡q GKwU FY wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g w`‡q _v‡K Zv‡K avi e‡j| GB
FY wnmv‡ei gÄyixK…Z m¤ú~Y© A_© ¯’vbvš—i Kiv nq| MÖvnK GKmv‡_ A_ev wewfbœ mg‡q †PK †K‡U GB A_© Zzj‡Z
cv‡i| Z‡e A_© ¯’vbvš—‡ii w`K †_‡K gÄyixK…Z m¤ú~Y© F‡Yi DciB MÖvnK‡K my` w`‡Z nq| GB A_© c~e© wba©vwiZ
wKw¯— †gvZv‡eK ev GKev‡iB MÖvnK cwi‡kva K‡i| mvaviYZ ¯’vei m¤úwË eÜK †i‡L e¨vsK G ai‡bi FY w`‡q
_v‡K|
⇒ bM` FY (Cash Credit): cY¨ A_ev A¯’vei m¤úwË RvgvbZ †i‡L e¨vsK PjwZ wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g †h FY gÄyi
K‡i Zv‡K bM` FY e‡j| GRb¨ e¨vsK MÖvnK‡K bM` FY wnmve ev Cash Credit Account Lyj‡Z e‡j ev Zvi
bv‡gi Av‡Mi †Kvb gÄyixK…Z F‡Yi A_© Rgv †`Lvq| †PK †K‡U MÖvnK GB F‡Yi A_© D‡ËvjY Ki‡Z cv‡i| MÖvnK
†h cwigvY A_© DVvq Zvi Dc‡i my` w`‡Z nq Ges GKvwaK wKw¯Í‡Z FY cwi‡kva Kiv hvq|
⇒ RgvwZwi³ FY (Bank Overdraft): e¨vsK †Kvb g‡°j‡K PjwZ wnmv‡e Zvi Rgvi AwZwi³ A_© D‡Ëvj‡Yi
my‡hvM w`‡j Zv‡K RgvwZwi³ FY e‡j| A‡_©i mvgwqK cÖ‡qvR‡b g~jZ MÖvnKMY GB F‡Yi my‡hvM MÖnY K‡i|
MÖvnK †h cwigvY A_© DVvq †KejgvÎ Zvi DciB my` w`‡Z nq|
2. `wjwj FY
e¨vsK wewfbœ cÖKvi `wjjcÎ Bmyï gva¨‡g g‡°j‡ì †h FY †`q Zv‡K `wjwj FY e‡j| G‡Z e¨vsK bM` A‡_© FY †`q
bv, wKš‘ wb‡Ri mybvg I wek¦vm avi w`‡q MÖvnK‡ì Avw_©K Kv‡R mn‡hvwMZv K‡i| wb‡P `yB ai‡bi `wjwj FY Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡jv:
⇒ evwYwR¨K `wjwj FY (Commercial Documentary Credit ): eëmv evwY‡R¨ mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ e¨vsK †h
mg¯— `wjwj FY †`q Zv‡K evwYwR¨K `wjwj FY e‡j| †hgb, Gjwm ev cÖZ¨qbcÎ, †c-AW©vi, e¨vsK M¨vivw›U
cÎ BZ¨vw`|
⇒ AevwYwR¨K `wjwj FY (Non-Commercial Documentary Credit): g‡°j‡ì e¨w³MZ eënv‡ii Rb¨
e¨vsK †h me `wjwj FY w`‡q _v‡K Zv‡K AevwYwR¨K `wjwj FY e‡j| ågYKvixi †PK, ågYKvixi cÖZ¨qbcÎ
BZ¨vw` G RvZxq AevwYwR¨K `wjwj F‡Yi D`vniY|
L) F‡Yi eënvi Abyhvqx

1. evwYwR¨K FY (Commercial Credit)
evwYwR¨K D‡Ï‡k¨ M‡o DVv wkí KviLvbv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Ges Avf¨š—ixY/ ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ eënv‡ii Rb¨ e¨vsK †h
FY w`‡q _v‡K Zv‡K evwYwR¨K FY e‡j| mvaviYZ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv wbR¯^ Znwej †_‡K ev `wj‡ji gva¨‡g wewfbœ
†gqv‡` evwYwR¨K FY w`‡q _v‡K|
2. AevwYwR¨K FY (Non-Commercial Credit)

evwYwR¨K D‡Ïk¨ Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨vsK †h FY w`‡q _v‡K Zv‡K AevwYwR¨K FY e‡j| †hgb, Nievwo wbg©vY,
M„n¯’vjxi `ªe¨ †Kbv, wk¶v e¨q enb Kiv BZ¨vw` Kv‡Ri Rb¨ g‡°j‡ì GB ai‡Yi FY †Ìqv nq|
M) F‡Yi †gqv` Abyhvqx

1. ¯^í †gqv`x FY (Short Term Credit)
Lye Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ e¨vsK MÖvnK‡ì †h FY w`‡q _v‡K Zv‡K ¯^í †gqv`x FY e‡j| GB †gqv` K‡qK N›Uv †_‡K m‡e©v”P
1 eQi n‡Z cv‡i| bM` FY, RgvwZwi³ FY, PvIqv gvÎ †`q FY BZ¨vw` ¯^ígvÎ F‡Yi D`vniY|
2. ga¨g †gqv`x FY (Mid Term Credit)

e¨vsK MÖvnK‡ì 1 †_‡K 5 eQ‡ii Rb¨ †h FY gÄyi K‡i Zv‡K ga¨g †gqv`x FY e‡j| mvaviYZ ¯’vei m¤úwË RvgvbZ
†i‡L evwYwR¨K I AevwYwR¨K Lv‡Z GB FY †Ìqv nq| GB F‡Y my‡ì nvi Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk|
3. `xN© †gqv`x FY (Long Term Credit)

Kgc‡¶ 5 eQi ev Zvi †ewk †gqv‡ì Rb¨ e¨vsK †h FY gÄyi K‡i Zv‡K `xN© †gqv`x FY e‡j| wgj-KviLvbv ˆZix,
evwo ˆZix, Rwg ev hš¿cvwZ †Kbv BZ¨vw` Lv‡Z e¨vsK `xN©‡gqv`x FY w`‡q _v‡K| ¯’vei m¤úwË eÜK †i‡L G ai‡bi FY
†Ìqv nq|
FY I wewb‡qv‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

evwYwR¨K e¨vsK RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K †h AvgvbZ msMÖn K‡i Zv eënv‡ii cÖavb `ywU LvZ n‡jv FY †Ìqv I wewb‡qvM
Kiv| GB `ywU LvZ †_‡KB e¨vsK Zvi gybvdvi me‡P‡q eo Ask AR©b K‡i| GKB D‡Ï‡k¨ Dfq Lv‡Z A_© Kv‡R
jvMv‡bv n‡jI GB `yB Lv‡Zi g‡a¨ h‡_ó cÖK…ZMZ cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| wb‡P GKwU Q‡Ki gva¨‡g cv_©K¨¸‡jv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:

cv_©‡Kï welq FY wewb‡qvM

1. msÁv e¨vsK Zvi g‡°j‡K wbw`©ó my‡` ev jv‡f A‡c¶vK…Z †ewk gybvdv jv‡fi Avkvq wewfbœ
†h Avw_©K myweav †`q Zv‡K FY e‡j| Lv‡Z wb‡RB A_© LvUv‡bv ev cuywR e„w× Kiv‡K
wewb‡qvM e‡j|
2. D‡Ïk¨ Avm‡ji mv‡_ wbw`©ó nv‡i my` ev gybvdv cÖ‡qvRbxq Zvij¨ msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ ¯^í‡gqv`x
AR©b| eÛ †Kbv A_ev †ewk gybvdv AR©‡bi Rb¨
`xN©‡gqv`x eÛ, wmwKDwiwUR BZ¨vw` Lv‡Z
wewb‡qvM Kiv|
3. Av‡qi aib my` ev gybvdv †_‡K Avq, GQvovI †kqvi †Kbv n‡j jf¨vsk, †evbvm †kqvi I
AwZwi³ PvR© ev `Û my` †_‡K Avq| †kqv‡ii g~j¨ †e‡o hvIqvq Awbw`©ó Avq|
Ab¨w`‡K FYcÎ †Kbv n‡j Zvi Dci GKwU
wbw`©ó nv‡i my` ev gybvdv †_‡K Avqv|
4. iƒcvšÍi‡hvM¨Zv F‡Yi A_© GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q †diZ eÛ ev wmwKDwiwUR †h †Kvb mgq gva¨wgK
cvIqv hvq| ZvB GB mg‡qi Av‡M G‡K evRv‡i wewb‡qvM K‡i A_© msMÖn Kiv hvq|
A‡_© iƒcvš—i Kivi †Zgb my‡hvM _v‡K
bv|
5. Zvi‡jï my‡hvM wbw`©ó †gqv‡ì Av‡M †h‡nZz F‡Yi A_© G‡¶‡Î eÛ ev wmwKDwiwUR gva¨wgK evRv‡i
ev Gi wKw¯— †diZ cvIqv hvq bv, ZvB wewµ Kiv hvq e‡j ev †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡K Rgv
Zij ev bM` A‡_©i cÖ‡qvR‡b G‡K †i‡L FY †bqv hvq e‡j Zvi‡jï my‡hvM †ewk
Kv‡R jvMv‡bv KwVb| _v‡K|
6. Kv‡Ri AvIZv FY`vb Kv‡Ri AvIZv mxgve×| e¨vsK AwaK Av‡qi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q Ggb †h †Kvb
‡Kej Zvi cwiwPZ Ges Kv‡Qi g‡°j ¯’v‡b ev eÛ-wmwKDwiwU‡R A_© wewb‡qvM Kiv
ev MÖvnK‡ì FY w`‡q _v‡K| nq|
7. †hvMv‡hvM F‡Yi †¶‡Î e¨vsK I FYMÖnxZvi g‡a¨ G‡¶‡Î e¨vs‡Ki mv‡_ eÛ ev wmwKDwiwUR
mivmwi cwiwPwZ I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi we‡µZvi †Kvb cÖZ¨¶ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb
cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| c‡o bv|
8. ì Klv-Kwl my‡ì nvi I kZ©vejx wK n‡e G wb‡q †UªRvwi wej, eÛ, wmwKDwiwUR BZ¨vw` cÖv_wgK
e¨vsK I FY MÖnxZvi g‡a¨ ì Klv- Bmy¨ †_‡K †Kbvi †¶‡Î ì Klv-Kwli †KvbB
Kwli my‡hvM _v‡K| e¨vsK fv‡jv my‡hvM _v‡K bv|
g‡°j‡ì Rb¨ h‡_ó Qvo w`‡ZI ivwR
_v‡K|
9. RvgvbZ F‡Yi wec‡¶ e¨vsK e¨w³K ev Ae¨w³K wewb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î RvgvbZ msi¶‡Yi †KvbB
ev Dfq ai‡bi RvgvbZ msMÖn K‡i| my‡hvM †bB| †kqvi ev FYc‡Î D‡j wLZ
cÖwZkÖ“wZB G‡¶‡Î h‡_ó g‡b Kiv nq|
10. Kvh©KvwiZvi mgvwß FYMÖnxZv F‡Yi A_© my‡`-Avm‡j †diZ wbw`©ó †gqv`x wej, eÛ I FYc‡Îi †¶‡Î Gi
w`‡j FY Pzw³i cwimgvwß nq| †gqv` c~iY n‡j Ges †kqv‡ii †ejvq gva¨wgK
evRv‡i Zv wewµ Kiv n‡j wewb‡qv‡Mi
cwimgvwß nq|
Pvwn`v AvgvbZ I FY
†h Avgb‡Zi A_© PvIqvgvÎ e¨vsK Zvi g‡°j‡K ev g‡°‡ji cÖwZwbwa‡K w`‡Z eva¨ _v‡K Zv‡K Pvwn`v AvgvbZ e‡j|
GB Pvwn`v AvgvbZ g‡°j‡ì cÖv_wgK Rgv †_‡KI m„wó n‡Z cv‡i A_ev gÄyixK…Z FY †_‡KI m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb
e¨vsK hLb Zvi g‡°j‡K FY †`q ZLb Zv bM‡` bv w`‡q g‡°j‡K H e¨vs‡K GKwU AvgvbZ wnmve Lyj‡Z e‡j Ges
F‡Yi UvKv H AvgvbZ wnmv‡e Rgv K‡i| FY MÖnxZv †PK †K‡U Zvi AvgvbZ wnmve †_‡K cÖ‡qvRb gvwdK H UvKv
Zzj‡Z cv‡i| e¨vsK Avevi GB Avgvb‡Zi GKwU Ask wewae× wiRvf© msi¶Y K‡i evwK Ask Av‡iKRb‡K FY wnmv‡e
w`‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e cÖwZwU FY Avgvb‡Zi m„wó K‡i Ges cÖwZwU AvgvbZ †_‡K AveviI F‡Yi m„wó nq| G‡¶‡Î Avm‡j
bM` UvKv AvgvbZ wnmv‡e _v‡K bv eis FY MÖnxZvi Pvwn`v AvgvbZ wnmv‡e _v‡K| myZivs ejv hvq FY MÖnxZv‡ì F‡Yi
A_© †h AvgvbZ m„wó K‡i Zv‡K Pvwn`v AvgvbZ e‡j|
cÖv_wgK I Drcbœ AvgvbZ

†h Avgvb‡Zi A_© PvIqv gvÎ e¨vsK Zvi g‡°j‡K ev Zvi cÖwZwbwa‡K w`‡Z eva¨ _v‡K Zv‡K Pvwn`v AvgvbZ e‡j|
mvaviYfv‡e PjwZ wnmve I mÂqx wnmv‡e g‡°j †h A_©, †PK ev Ab¨ †Kvb Av`vq‡hvM¨ `vex Rgv K‡i Zv‡K Pvwn`v
AvgvbZ e‡j| wKš‘ MÖvnK‡ì bv‡g †h FY gÄyi K‡i ZvI bM‡` bv w`‡q g‡°‡ji FY wnmv‡e ev PjwZ wnmv‡e Rgv
K‡i| G‡ZI Pvwn`v Avgvb‡Zi m„wó nq| myZivs Dr‡mi w`K †_‡K Pvwn`v AvgvbZ‡K `yBfv‡e fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
cÖv_wgK Pvwn`v AvgvbZ I Drcbœ Pvwn`v AvgvbZ|
Pvwn`v AvgvbZ
g‡°j KZ…©K m„ó hv e¨vs‡Ki bM` e¨vsK KZ…©K m„ó hv e¨vs‡Ki F‡Yi
mwÂwZ e„w× K‡i cwigvY e„w× K‡i
Drmt Drmt
PjwZ ev mÂqx wnmv‡e g‡°‡ji FY wnmv‡e ev
g‡°‡ji Rgv Kiv A_©, †PK PjwZ wnmv‡e Rgv Kiv
ev Av`vq‡hvM¨ `vex gÄyixK…Z FY
cÖv_wgK Pvwn`v AvgvbZ Drcbœ Pvwn`v AvgvbZ
K) cÖv_wgK Pvwn`v AvgvbZ

PjwZ ev mÂqx wnmve Ly‡j g‡°j H wnmv‡e †h A_© Rgv K‡i Zv‡K cÖv_wgK AvgvbZ ev cÖv_wgK Pvwn`v AvgvbZ e‡j|
GB wnmv‡e ïaygvÎ bM` A_©B Rgv Kiv nq bv eis †PK ev Ab¨ †h‡Kvb Av`vq‡hvM¨ `vexI AvgvbZ wnmv‡e Rgv Kiv
hvq| T.T. Sethi e‡jb cÖK…Z bM` A‡_©i Rgv (A_ev †PK I Ab¨ bM` `vex) †_‡K cÖv_wgK Avgvb‡Zi m„wó nq| GB
AvgvbZ Rgvi d‡j evB‡i †_‡K A_© G‡m e¨w³K AvgvbZ wnmv‡e e¨vs‡K Rgv nq| cÖv_wgK AvgvbZ Rgvi d‡j
RgvMÖnYKvix e¨vs‡Ki b` mwÂwZ e„w× cvq| g‡b Kwi, myRb Zvi mÂqx wnmv‡e bM` 1000 UvKv Ges Ab¨ e¨w³ †_‡K
cvIqv GKwU 5000 UvKvi †PK Rgv Ki‡jv| G‡¶‡Î myR‡bi wnmv‡e †gvU 6000 UvKvi Pvwn`v AvgvbZ m„wó n‡jv Ges
e¨vs‡Ki bM` mwÂwZ GKB cwigvY e„w× †c‡jv|
L) Drcbœ Pvwn`v AvgvbZ

†h AvgvbZ mvavibfv‡e g‡°j KZ…©K AvgvbZ wnmv‡e e¨vs‡K Rgv Kiv nq bv eis evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Zvi we‡kl †KŠk‡j
cÖv_wgK Avgvb‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i m„wó K‡i Zv‡K Drcbœ AvgvbZ ev Drcbœ Pvwn`v AvgvbZ e‡j| T.T. Sethi Gi
g‡Z Drcbœ AvgvbZ ej‡Z H AvgvbZ‡K eySvq hv e¨vsK wb‡Ri wec‡¶ I FY MÖnxZvi c‡¶ m„wó K‡i, A_ev e¨vsK

†Kvb m¤úwË ev wmwKDwiwUR wKb‡j we‡µZvi c‡¶ m„wó K‡i| A_©vr Drcbœ AvgvbZ m„wói welqwU e¨vs‡Ki wbqš¿‡Y Ges
GB Avgvb‡Zi meUvB e¨vsK F‡Yi cwigvY e„w× K‡i|
Drcbœ AvgvbZ wbæwjwLZ `yBfv‡e m„wó n‡Z cv‡i:

1. FY gÄy‡ii gva¨‡g AvgvbZ m„wó
evwYwR¨K e¨vsK hLb †Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi bv‡g FY gÄyi K‡i ZLb H FY bM‡` bv w`‡q Zv‡K GKwU AvgvbZ
wnmve Lyj‡Z e‡j A_ev Av‡M †_‡KB Pvjy Av‡Q Zvi Ggb GKwU AvgvbZ wnmv‡e F‡Yi UvKv ¯’vbvš—i K‡i| d‡j
wnmv‡ei ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g e¨vs‡Ki Avgvb‡Zi cwigvY e„w× cvq| G‡¶‡Î e¨vs‡K bM` A_© Rgv bv nIqvq bM` mwÂwZ‡Z
Avm‡j †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv| wKš‘ GB †KŠk‡ji Kvi‡Y †gvU Pvwn`v Avgvb‡Zi cwigvY e„w× cvq| AvgvbZ †e‡o
hvIqvq e¨vsK Zvi ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g G †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Zvij¨ mwÂwZ †i‡L Avevi Ab¨ KvD‡K FY †`q Ges Zv GKB
wbq‡g AvgvbZ wnmv‡e Rgv nq| d‡j A‡bKUv R¨vwgwZK nv‡i Drcbœ Avgvb‡Zi m„wó nq| awi, e¨vsK kvwdb‡K 100
UvKv FY gÄyi K‡i Zv kvwd‡bi AvgvbZ wnmv‡e Rgv Ki‡jv| G‡¶‡Î e¨vs‡Ki †gvU F‡Yi cwigvY 100 UvKv †e‡o
†Mj Ges Avgvb‡Zi cwigvYI 100 UvKv †e‡o †Mj| wKš‘ bM` †Kvb UvKv Rgv bv nIqvq e¨vs‡Ki bM` mwÂwZi
cwigvY GKB _vK‡jv| GB 100 UvKv AvgvbZ †_‡K 20 UvKv Zvij¨ mwÂwZ †i‡L e¨vsK 80 UvKv myRb‡K FY wnmv‡e
†`q Ges GKBfv‡e Zv myR‡bi AvgvbZ wnmv‡e Rgv K‡i| GLb e¨vs‡Ki †gvU F‡Yi cwigvY †e‡o †Mj (100 + 80)
= 180 UvKv Ges Avgvb‡Zi cwigvY †e‡o †Mj (100 + 80) = 180 UvKv| Z‡e GeviI bM` UvKv e¨vs‡K Rgv bv
nIqvq e¨vs‡Ki mwÂwZ GKB _vK‡jv| A_©vr gÄyixK…Z FY Avgvb‡Zi m„wó Ki‡Q Ges AvgvbZ bZzb K‡i F‡Yi m„wó
Ki‡Q|
2. m¤ú` ev wmwKDwiwUR µ‡qi gva¨‡g AvgvbZ m„wó
evwYwR¨K e¨vsK †Kvb m¤ú` ev wmwKDwiwUR wKb‡j Gi g~j¨ bM‡` cwi‡kva bv K‡i e¨vs‡Ki †Kvb wbR¯^ kvLvq
cwi‡kva‡hvM¨ `vMKvUv †PK †`q| d‡j we‡µZv eva¨ n‡q H †PK H e¨vs‡Ki †Kvb wnmv‡e Rgv †`q ev bZzb K‡i wnmve
Ly‡j Rgv †`q| †PKwU H wnmv‡e Rgv nIqvq e¨vs‡Ki Avgvb‡Zi cwigvY ev‡o Ges AvgvbZ †e‡o hvIqvq Av‡Mi wbq‡g
F‡Yi cwigvYI ev‡o| FY AveviI AvgvbZ m„wó K‡i| Gfv‡eB Drcbœ AvgvbZ m„wó n‡Z _v‡K|
†Kvb e¨vsK KZUv Drcbœ Pvwn`v AvgvbZ m„wó Ki‡Z cvi‡e Zv e¨vs‡Ki cÖv_wgK Pvwn`v Avgvb‡Zi cwigv‡Yi Dci
we‡klfv‡e wbf©i K‡i| cÖv_wgK AvgvbZ †_‡KB †h‡nZz Zvij¨ mwÂwZ Rgv †i‡L evwKUv FY Ges Zv †_‡KB Drcbœ
AvgvbZ m„wó n‡Z _v‡K ZvB cÖv_wgK AvgvbZ hZ †ewk n‡e e¨vs‡Ki Drcbœ AvgvbZ ZZ †ewk n‡e|
Pvwn`v AvgvbZ wKfv‡e bM` A_© wnmv‡e eëüZ nq

evwYwR¨K e¨vsK eë¯’v eZ©gv‡b GZUvB RbwcÖq n‡q‡Q †h, Gi Pvwn`v AvgvbZ bM` A‡_©i g‡ZvB wek¦e¨vcx eëüZ
n‡”Q| evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Bmy¨ Kiv †PK, e¨vsK Wªvd&U&, †c-AW©vi BZ¨vw` eënvi K‡i AvRKvj gvbyl bM` A‡_©i g‡Zv
†jb‡`b I †`bv cwi‡kva K‡i| e¨vsK Zvi AvgvbZKvix‡K †P‡Ki gva¨‡g e¨vsK †_‡K A_© D‡Ëvj‡b my‡hvM †`q| †h
A_© PvIqv gvÎ e¨vsK cwi‡kva Ki‡Z eva¨ _v‡K| e¨vsK Zvi PjwZ I mÂqx wnmv‡ei AvgvbKvix‡ì‡K GiKg my‡hvM
w`‡q _v‡K| d‡j G AvgvbZ Pvwn`v AvgvbZ wnmv‡e MY¨ nq, hv AvgvbZKvix bM` A‡_©i g‡Zv eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
M.C. Vaish Gi g‡Z Pvwn`v AvgvbZ bM` A‡_©i g‡Zv KviY, AvgvbZKvix †PK †K‡U †jb‡`b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges e¨vsK G
ai‡bi †P‡Ki A_© PvIqv gvÎ Zvi AvgvbZKvixi AvgvbZ †_‡K w`‡Z eva¨ _v‡K| Dc‡ii msÁv `ywU we‡k lY Ki‡j
†`Lv hvq †h, Pvwn`v Avgvb‡Zi gvwjK †h †Kvb mgq †PK †K‡U A_© Zzj‡Z cv‡i ev †jb‡`‡b GiKg †PK bM` A‡_©i
g‡Zv eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Pvwn`v AvgvbZ‡K bM` A‡_©i g‡Zv eënvi Ki‡j wbæwjwLZ myweav¸‡jv cvIqv hvq|
bM` A‡_©i eënvi A‡bK SuywKc~Y©| KviY, Zv Lye mn‡RB †Pvi-WvKvZ ev wQbZvBKvix‡ì bR‡i c‡o| d‡j UvKv
†h †`q Ges †h †bq Zviv Df‡qB SuywKi g‡a¨ c‡o| Z‡e e¨vs‡Ki †PK, we‡kl K‡i `vM KvUv †PK eënvi Ki‡j G
ai‡bi SuywK _v‡K bv ej‡jB P‡j|
bM` UvKv ¸Y‡ZI A‡bK mgm¨v m„wó nq| †hgb, ¸Y‡Z fyj nIqv, Rvj UvKv ev †Quov UvKv MÖnY Kiv BZ¨vw`| †PK
eënvi K‡i GB mg¯— Sv‡gjv cy‡ivcywi ev` †Ìqv hvq|
bM` A_© msi¶Y A‡bK SuywKc~Y© Ges LiPmva¨| ZvB bM` A‡_©i cwie‡Z© †PK eënvi Ki‡j GB SuywK I e¨q
A‡bK K‡g Av‡m|
bM` A_© †jb‡`b Ki‡j gvby‡li Li‡Pi cÖeYZv †e‡o hvq| wKš‘ †PK eënvi Ki‡j wgZe¨vwqZv mnR nq|
bM` A_© †jb‡`‡bi wnmve ivL‡Z wM‡q fyj nevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| wKš‘ †PK †K‡U †jb‡`b Kiv n‡j e¨vsK Zvi
g‡°‡ji c‡¶ wnmve msi¶Y K‡i| G‡Z fy‡ji m¤¢vebv K‡g hvq|
bM` A_© †KejgvÎ eZ©gvb mg‡qB †jb‡`b Kiv hvq| wKš‘ fwel¨‡Zi †Kvb Zvwi‡L †PK †K‡U eZ©gvb mg‡q
fwel¨‡Zi †jb‡`b Kiv hvq|
`~‡ii †Kvb †jb‡`‡b A_© enb Kiv A‡bK SuywKc~Y©| A_P †PK †K‡U Avgiv mn‡RB `~‡ii †Kvb †jb‡`b cwi‡kva
Ki‡Z cvwi| eZ©gvb Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³i hy‡M †PK mqswµq c×wZ‡Z e¨vs‡Ki †`k we‡`‡ki †h †Kvb kvLv †_‡K
mn‡RB A_© †Zvjv hvq|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K eySv hvq †h, eZ©gvb hy‡M bM` A_© †jb‡`b Kiv A‡bK SuywKc~Y© I Sv‡gjvc~Y©| ZvB wewfbœ e¨w³
ev eëmvqxMY e¨vs‡K Pvwn`v AvgvbZ wnmve Ly‡j †P‡Ki gva¨‡g †jb‡`b K‡i| Gfv‡eB e¨vs‡Ki Pvwn`v AvgvbZ bM`
A‡_©i g‡Zv eëüZ n‡”Q|
cvV ms‡¶c: 4.1

• e¨vsK Zvi Znwej †_‡K RbMY ev wewfbœ cÖwZôvb‡K †h FY †`q Zv‡K e¨vs‡Ki FY, AwMÖg ev AvMvg e‡j|
• cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx FY `yB ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i, h_v: wbR Znwej †_‡K †`q FY Ges `wjwj FY|
• e¨vsK Zvi wbR¯^ Znwej †_‡K †h me FY e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb‡K PjwZ wnmve ev FY wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g bM‡` w`‡q
_v‡K Zv‡K Znwej †_‡K †`q FY e‡j| GB FY wZb ai‡bi nq, h_v: avi, bM` FY Ges RgvwZwi³ FY|
• e¨vsK hLb gÄyixK…Z FY bM‡` bv w`‡q GKwU FY wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g w`‡q _v‡K Zv‡K avi e‡j|
• cY¨ A_ev A¯’vei m¤úwË RvgvbZ †i‡L e¨vsK PjwZ wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g †h FY gÄyi K‡i Zv‡K bM` FY e‡j|
• e¨vsK †Kvb g‡°j‡K PjwZ wnmv‡e Zvi Rgvi AwZwi³ A_© D‡Ëvj‡Yi my‡hvM w`‡j Zv‡K RgvwZwi³ FY e‡j|
• e¨vsK wewfbœ cÖKvi `wjjcÎ Bmyï gva¨‡g g‡°j‡ì †h FY †`q Zv‡K `wjwj FY e‡j| GB FY `yB ai‡Yi n‡Z
cv‡i, h_v t evwYwR¨K `wjwj FY Ges AevwYwR¨K `wjwj FY|
• eënvi Abyhvqx FY `yB ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i, h_v: evwYwR¨K FY I AevwYwR¨K FY|
• evwYwR¨K D‡Ï‡k¨ M‡o DVv wkí KviLvbv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Ges Avf¨š—ixY/ ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ eënv‡ii Rb¨
e¨vsK †h FY w`‡q _v‡K Zv‡K evwYwR¨K FY e‡j|
• evwYwR¨K D‡Ïk¨ Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨vsK †h FY w`‡q _v‡K Zv‡K AevwYwR¨K FY e‡j|
• †gqv` Abyhvqx FY wZb ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i, h_v t ¯^í †gqv`x, ga¨g †gqv`x I `xN© †gqv`x|
• †h Avgb‡Zi A_© PvIqvgvÎ e¨vsK Zvi g‡°j‡K ev g‡°‡ji cÖwZwbwa‡K w`‡Z eva¨ _v‡K Zv‡K Pvwn`v AvgvbZ
e‡j| Pvwn`v AvgvbZ `yB ai‡bi, h_v t cÖv_wgK AvgvbZ I Drcbœ AvgvbZ|
• PjwZ ev mÂqx wnmve Ly‡j g‡°j H wnmv‡e †h A_© Rgv K‡i Zv‡K cÖv_wgK AvgvbZ ev cÖv_wgK Pvwn`v AvgvbZ
e‡j|
• †h AvgvbZ mvavibfv‡e g‡°j KZ…©K AvgvbZ wnmv‡e e¨vs‡K Rgv Kiv nq bv eis evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Zvi we‡kl
†KŠk‡j cÖv_wgK Avgvb‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i m„wó K‡i Zv‡K Drcbœ AvgvbZ ev Drcbœ Pvwn`v AvgvbZ e‡j|
• e¨vsK Zvi PjwZ I mÂqx wnmv‡ei AvgvbKvix‡ì‡K †P‡Ki gva¨‡g e¨vsK †_‡K A_© D‡Ëvj‡b my‡hvM †`q| d‡j
GB Pvwn`v AvgvbZ bM` A‡_©i g‡Zv eënvi Kiv hvq|


1. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Zvi Znwej †_‡K RbMY ev wewfbœ cÖwZôvb‡K †h FY †`q Zv‡K e‡j-
K) e¨vs‡Ki FY L) e¨vs‡Ki AMÖxg
M) e¨vs‡Ki AvMvg N) me¸‡jvB
2. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK hLb †Kvb gÄyixK…Z FY bM‡` bv w`‡q GKwU FY wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g w`‡q _v‡K ZLb Zv‡K e‡j-
K) bM` FY L) ¯^í †gqv`x FY
M) avi N) RgvwZwi³ FY
3. cY¨ ev A¯’vei m¤úwË RvgvbZ †i‡L PjwZ wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g e¨vsK †h FY gÄyi K‡i Zv‡K e‡j-
K) `wjwj FY L) bM` FY
M) `xN© †gqv`x FY N) RgvwZwi³ FY
4. e¨vsK †Kvb g‡°j‡K Zvi PjwZ wnmv‡ei w¯’wZi †P‡q †ewk A_© D‡Ëvj‡bi my‡hvM w`‡j Zv‡K e‡j-
K) RgvwZwi³ FY L) avi
M) `wjwj FY N) ‡KvbwUB bq
5. e¨vsK Zvi g‡°‡ji bv‡g Gj.wm. ev cÖZ¨qb cÎ Bmy¨ Ki‡j Zv‡K e‡j -
K) Znwej †_‡K †`q FY L) evwYwR¨K `wjwj FY
M) AevwYwR¨K FY N) †KvbwUB bq
6. †h Avgvb‡Zi A_© PvIqv gvÎ e¨vsK Zvi g‡°j‡K ev g‡°‡ji cÖwZwbwa‡K w`‡Z eva¨ _v‡K Zv‡K e‡j-
K) Pvwn`v AvgvbZ L) ¯’vqx AvgvbZ
M) Drcbœ AvgvbZ N) †KvbwUB bq
7. PjwZ ev mÂqx wnmv‡e g‡°j wb‡R bM‡` ev †P‡Ki gva¨‡g †h A_© Rgv K‡i Zv‡K e‡j-
K) cÖv_wgK Pvwn`v AvgvbZ L) Drcbœ Pvwn`v AvgvbZ
M) `y‡UvB N) †KvbwUB bq
8. †h AvgvbZ g‡°j wb‡R Rgv K‡i bv eis e¨vsK Zvi wb‡Ri wec‡¶ I FY MÖnxZvi c‡¶ m„wó K‡i Zv‡K e‡j
K) cÖv_wgK Pvwn`v AvgvbZ L) Drcbœ Pvwn`v AvgvbZ
9. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK wKfv‡e Drcbœ AvgvbZ m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i?
K) FY gÄy‡ii gva¨‡g L) m¤ú` µ‡qi gva¨‡g
M) eÛ, wmwKDwiwUR BZ¨vw` µ‡qi gva¨‡g N) meKwU
cvV- 2 evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki FY eë¯’vcbv
D‡Ïk¨
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki eû¸wYZK FY ev AvgvbZ m„wói †KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
FY cÖwµqvi avivevwnK KvR¸‡jv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb
FY gÄy‡ii we‡eP¨ welq¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb
RvgvbZ m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ ej‡Z cvi‡eb
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki FYbxwZ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
bxwZ‡Z wK wK wel‡q w`K wb‡`©kbv _v‡K
FY we‡kølY m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki eû¸wYZK FY ev AvgvbZ m„wói cÖwµqv

evwYwR¨K e¨vsK GK c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K Kg my‡` AvgvbZ ev FY msMÖn K‡i Ges H Avgvb‡Zi GKwU Ask bM` Rgv
†i‡L evwK Ask Av‡iK c¶‡K A‡c¶vK…Z †ewk my‡` FY wnmv‡e w`‡q _v‡K| Z‡e FY MÖnxZv‡K F‡Yi UvKv bM‡` bv
w`‡q FY MÖnxZvi bv‡g e¨vs‡K GKwU wnmve Ly‡j Zv‡Z Rgv K‡i hv AveviI AvgvbZ m„wó K‡i| GB Avgvb‡Zi GKwU
Ask AveviI bM` Rgv †i‡L evwK Ask Av‡iK c¶‡K FY wnmv‡e †`q| Gfv‡e e¨vsK FY MÖnY K‡i AvgvbZ m„wó K‡i,
Avevi GB AvgvbZ FY wnmv‡e weZiY K‡i| weZiY Kiv FY e¨vsK wnmv‡e Rgv K‡i AveviI Avgvb‡Zi m„wó nq Ges
GB cÖwµqv GKwU wbw`©ó ch©vq ch©šÍ Pj‡Z _v‡K|
GK c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K wewae× Zvij¨ wnmv‡e evwK Ask Av‡iK F‡Yi UvKv FY MÖnxZvi
cÖv_wgK AvgvbZ/FY GKwU Ask bM` c¶‡K FY wnmv‡e bv‡g wnmve Ly‡j Rgv K‡i
msMÖn Kiv msi¶Y Kiv gÄyi Kiv bZzb Drcbœ AvgvbZ m„wó
Kiv
GKwU wbw`©ó ch©vq evwK Ask Av‡iK Drcbœ Avgvb‡Zi GKwU Ask
ch©š— cÖwµqvwU c¶‡K FY wnmv‡e wewae× Zvij¨ wnmv‡e GKwU
Pj‡Z _v‡K gÄyi Kiv Ask bM` msi¶Y Kiv
Dc‡ii QKwU GKwU D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g eySv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| aiyb, kvwdb †Kvb e¨vs‡K Zvi PjwZ wnmv‡e 100 UvKv
AvgvbZ wnmv‡e Rgv ivL‡jv| GB AvgvbZ‡K cÖv_wgK AvgvbZ e‡j| GB 100 UvKvi AvgvbZ n‡Z e¨vsK 20 UvKv
wewaeä Zvij¨ wnmv‡e Rgv †i‡L evwK 80 UvKv myRb‡K FY wnmv‡e w`‡jv|
Z‡e GB UvKv bM‡` bv w`‡q myR‡bi bv‡g e¨vs‡K GKwU wnmve Ly‡j Zv‡Z Rgv Ki‡jv, d‡j bZzb K‡i Avgvb‡Zi m„wó
n‡jv| GB AvgvbZ‡K Drcbœ AvgvbZ e‡j| D‡jøL¨, myRb †PK †K‡U fwel¨Z cÖ‡qvR‡b GB F‡Yi UvKv Zzj‡Z cvi‡e|
myR‡bi wnmv‡ei 80 UvKvi Drcbœ AvgvbZ †_‡K AveviI 20% UvKv A_©vr 16 UvKv Zvij¨ mwÂwZ †i‡L evwK 64 UvKv
Kwig‡K FY wnmv‡e w`‡jv, hv AveviI Drcbœ AvgvbZ m„wó Ki‡jv| Gfv‡e GKwU cÖv_wgK AvgvbZ †_‡K FY m„wó Ges

FY †_‡K cybivq AvgvbZ m„wói cÖwµqv‡K evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki eû¸YxZK FY m„wó e‡j| wb‡Pi Q‡K D`vniYwU we¯—vwiZ
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
AvgvbZKvix / FYMÖnxZv gÄyixK…Z Pvwnv`v AvgvbZ wewae× Zvij¨ c~bivq FY wnmv‡e

F‡Yi cwigvY cÖv_wgK Drcbœ msi¶Y (20%) †`qvi g‡Zv A_©
AvgvbZ AvgvbZ
kvwdb (cÖv_wgK 100.00 20.00 80.00
AvgvbZKvix)
myRb (Drcbœ 80.00 80.00 16.00 64.00
AvgvbZKvix)
Kwig (Drcbœ 64.00 64.00 12.80 51.20
AvgvbZKvix)
.................. 51.20 51.20 10.24 40.96
.................. 40.96 40.96 8.19 32.77
.................. 32.77 32.77 6.55 26.21
.................. 26.21 26.21 5.24 20.97
.................. 20.97 20.97 4.19 16.78
.................. 16.78 16.78 3.36 13.42
m‡e©v‡gvU 400 100 400 100
Dc‡ii QK †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, †gvU Avgvb‡Zi cwigvY (100+400) = 500 UvKv| A_©vr cÖv_wgK AvgvbZ 100
UvKv Ges Drcbœ Avgvb‡Zi cwigvY 400 UvKv| GQvovI †gvU F‡Yi cwigvY 400 UvKv, hwÌ bM` A_© msi¶‡Yi
cwigvY 100 UvKv hv cÖv_wgK Avgvb‡Zi mgvb| A_©vr, 20% wewae× Zvij¨ msi¶Y Ki‡j 100 UvKvi cÖv_wgK
AvgvbZ †_‡K 400 UvKvi Drcbœ AvgvbZ m„wó nq| GB Drcbœ AvgvbZ 400 UvKvi F‡Yi m„wó Ki‡Q|
cÖv_gwK Avgvb‡Zi hZ¸Y †gvU Pvwn`v AvgvbZ m„wó nq Zv‡K eû¸YK Pvwn`v AvgvbZ (Demand Deposit
Multiplayer) e‡j Ges cÖv_wgK Avgvb‡Zi hZ¸Y Drcbœ AvgvbZ m„wó nq Zv‡K eû¸YK FY (Credit Multiplayer)
e‡j| A_©vr †gvU Pvwn`v AvgvbZ †_‡K cÖv_wgK AvgvbZ ev` w`‡j †gvU F‡Yi cwigvY cvIqv hvq| wb‡P mgxKi‡Yi
mvnv‡h¨ G¸‡jv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
1
Demand Deposit Multiplayer =
Rr (Re quired Liquidity Re serve Ratio)
1
A_ev, eû¸YxZK PvwnZv AvgvbZ =
cÖ‡ qvRbxq Zvij¨ mwÂwZ AbzcvZ
1 1
Dc‡ii D`vniY Abyhvqx eû¸YxZK Pvwn`v AvgvbZ = = = 5 ¸Y (Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, 100 UvKvi
20% 0.20 cÖv_wgK AvgvbZ †_‡K 500 UvKvi
†gvU Pvwn`v AvgvbZ m„wó n‡q‡Q hv
cÖv_wgK Avgvb‡Zi 5 ¸Y)
1
Avevi Credit Multiplayer = −1
Rr (Re quired Liquidity Re serve Ratio)
1
A_ev, eû¸YK FY = −1
1 1
Dc‡ii D`vniY Abyhvqx eû¸YK FY = −1 = − 1 = 4 ¸Y (Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, 100 UvKvi cÖv_wgK
20% 0.20 AvgvbZ †_‡K 400 UvKvi †gvU FY m„wó
n‡q‡Q hv cÖv_wgK Avgvb‡Zi 4 ¸Y)
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ¯úóZB eySv hvq †h, evwYwR¨K e¨vsK cÖv_wgK AvgvbZ †_‡K FY Ges FY †_‡K Drcbœ AvgvbZ
m„wói gva¨‡g eû¸YxZK FY I AvgvbZ m„wó K‡i|
FY Kvh©µ‡gi avivevwnK c`‡¶c

FY †Ìqv evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© KvR| GB KvR mwVKfv‡e m¤úv`‡bi Dc‡i e¨vs‡Ki mdjZv wbf©i
K‡i| MÖvnK‡ì Pvwn`vgZ `ªyZ mg‡q FY w`‡Z bv cvi‡j MÖvnK A‡bK mgq F‡Yi A_© mwVKfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡i bv
Ges G‡Z FY †diZ w`‡ZI mgm¨vi m„wó nq| Ab¨w`‡K `ªyZZvi mv‡_ FY w`‡Z wM‡q hw` FY Aby‡gv`‡bi mKj w`K
h_vh_fv‡e g~j¨vqY Kiv bv nq Zv n‡j †hvM¨ FY MÖnxZv‡K Luy‡R †ei Kiv KwVb nq Ges cieZx©‡Z H FY Av`vqI
KwVb n‡q c‡o| ZvB FY Aby‡gv`‡bi ïiy †_‡K FY †diZ cvIqv ch©šÍ hveZxq KvR e¨vsK GKwU ch©vqµwgK c×wZ‡Z
K‡i _v‡K| wb‡P †iLvwP‡Îi gva¨‡g GB cÖwµqv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
F‡Yi Av‡e`b MÖnY cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn FY we‡k- lY FY m¤ú‡K© P~ovš— wm×vš—
MÖnY
FY Pzw³ ev¯—evqb
FY Pzw³ m¤úv`b I FY weZiY Kiv `wjjcÎ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv
ch©‡e¶Y I ZË¡veavb
Av`vq
1. F‡Yi Av‡e`b MÖnY

FY Kvh©µ‡gi cÖ_g avc n‡jv FY MÖn‡Y B”QyK e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi KvQ †_‡K F‡Yi Av‡e`bcÎ MÖnY Kiv| mvaviYZ
e¨vsK GKwU gyw`ªZ Av‡e`b dig ˆZix K‡i iv‡L hv c~iY K‡i Av‡e`bKvixiv e¨vs‡K Rgv †`q| Av‡e`bcÎ cvIqvi ci
e¨vs‡Ki FY wefvM Zv h_vh_fv‡e c~iY Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv cix¶v K‡i cieZx© eë¯’v MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ bw_fy³ K‡i|
2. cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn

Av‡e`bKvix‡K FY †Ìqv DwPZ n‡e wKbv G wel‡q wm×vš— †bIqvi Rb¨ e¨vsK cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i| GmKj
Z‡_ï g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q:
i. Av‡e`bKvixi ¯^”QjZv
ii. FY MÖn‡Yi D‡Ïk¨
iii. FY cwi‡kv‡ai mvg_©¨
iv. FY eënv‡ii `¶Zv BZ¨vw`|
GB Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ e¨vsK Av‡e`bKvixi mv¶vZKvi MÖnY K‡i A_ev cwiwPZ e¨w³‡ì KvQ †_‡K Av‡e`bKvixi
mZZv, PwiÎ, eëmvqxK Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i|

†Kv¤úvbxi †¶‡Î Avq-e¨‡qi weeiYx I DØ„Ë¡ cÎ cix¶v wbix¶v K‡i †`Lv nq| F‡Yi Rb¨ m¤úwË RvgvbZ ivLv n‡j
Zvi gvwjKvbv m¤úwK©Z `wjj Rgv ivLv nq| GQvovI cÖwZôv‡bi †UªW jvB‡mÝ, †iwR‡óªkb mvwU©wd‡KU BZ¨vw` msMÖn Kiv
nq| Ab¨vb¨ e¨vs‡K H e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi bv‡g †Kvb FY Av‡Q wKbv ev _vK‡j Zv cwi‡kv‡ai Ae¯’v †Kgb †m m¤ú‡K©
Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq|
3. FY we‡k lY
FY †Ìqvi †¶‡Î FY we‡kølY Kiv me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© KvR| G ch©v‡q Av‡e`bKvix m¤ú‡K© cÖvß Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z Zv‡K
FY †Ìqv DwPZ n‡e wKbv Zv we‡kølY Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î †h mKj welh me‡P‡q †ewk ¸iyZ¡ cvq †m¸‡jv n‡jv:
i. Av‡e`bKvixi A_© ev FY msµvšÍ †jb‡`‡bi BwZnvm
ii. Av‡e`bKvixi e¨w³MZ PwiÎ
iii. FY eënv‡ii ¶gZv
iv. cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z FY †diZ †Ìqvi mvg_©¨
v. †h cÖK‡í FY PvIqv n‡”Q Zvi m¤¢vebv
vi. Rvgvb‡Zi aib
vii. Rvgvb‡Z Av‡e`bKvixi gvwjKvbv KZUzKz
viii. Rvgvb‡Zi g~j¨
ix. RvgvbZ n¯—vš—i ev weµq‡hvM¨ wKbv
x. Av‡e`bKvixi c‡¶ wbðqZv `vbKvix e¨w³i mvg_©¨, BZ¨vw`|
4. FY m¤ú‡K© P~ovšÍ wm×všÍ MÖnY

FY we‡k l‡Yi ci Av‡e`bKvixi bv‡g FY gÄyi Kiv n‡e wKbv †m wel‡q P~ovšÍ wm×všÍ †bIqv nq| †K GB wm×vš&&Í †&b‡e
G m¤ú‡K© e¨vs‡Ki wbR¯^ wbqg Kvbyb _v‡K| mv`viYZ GKwU wbw`©ó cwigvY ch©šÍ FY e¨vs‡Ki kvLv g¨v‡bRvi Aby‡gv`b
Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Zvi AwZwi³ F‡Yi †¶‡Î F‡Yi Av‡e`b, mshy³ KvMRcÎ I kvLv g¨v‡bRv‡ii cÖ¯ÍvecÎ e¨vs‡Ki
cÖavb Kvh©vj‡q cvVv‡Z nq| †m‡¶‡Î FY we‡k&ølY I Aby‡gv`b msµvšÍ wm×všÍ cÖavb Kvh©vj‡qB m¤úbœ Kiv nq| FY
†Ìqvi wel‡q wm×všÍ †bIqv n‡j G wel‡q Av‡e`bKvix‡K wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ e¨vs‡Ki kvLvq †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z ejv nq
Ges kvLv eë¯’vcK FY cÖ`v‡bi evwK KvR m¤úv`b K‡ib| Aek¨ F‡Yi Av‡e`b gÄyi bv Kiv n‡j e¨vs‡Ki AcviMZvi
wel‡qI Av‡e`bKvix‡K Rvbv‡bv nq|
5. `wjjcÎ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv

FY gÄy‡ii wm×všÍ n‡j FY weZi‡Yi Av‡MB Av‡e`bKvix I e¨vs‡Ki g‡a¨ GKUv F‡Yi Pzw³cÎ cÖYqb Kiv nq| F‡Yi
Av‡e`bc‡Î †h mKj wel‡qi D‡jøL _v‡K g~jZ Zvi Dc‡i wfwË K‡i FY Pzw³cÎ ˆZix Kiv nq| FY Pzw³c‡Î †h mKj
Z_¨ _v‡K Zv n‡jv:
i. FY MÖnxZvi bvg I wVKvbv
ii. F‡Yi cwigvY
iii. F‡Yi aiY
iv. F‡Yi †gqv`
v. my‡ì nvi
vi. FY †di‡Zi wKw¯Í
vii. wKw¯— †diZ w`‡Z e¨_© n‡j e¨vs‡Ki KiYxq
viii. RvgvbZ wnmv‡e ivLv m¤úwËi g~j¨, aiY, gvwjKvYv I `Lj,
ix. FY MÖnxZvi A½xKvibvgv, BZ¨vw`|
6. Pzw³ m¤úv`b I FY weZiY Kiv
FY weZi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `wjj ˆZix Kiv n‡j FY MÖnxZv I e¨vs‡Ki g‡a¨ FY Pzw³ m¤úv`b Kiv nq| GB Pzw³
m¤úv`‡bi ci e¨vs‡K FYMÖnxZvi wnmve bv _vK‡j e¨vsK Zv‡K GKwU FY AvgvbZ wnmve Lyj‡Z e‡j| Aek¨ FYMÖnxZvi
bv‡g PjwZ wnmve _vK‡j bZzb K‡i wnmve bv Lyj‡jI P‡j| Gici FY Pzw³ †gvZv‡eK m¤ú~Y© F‡Yi A_© ev Gi
Askwe‡kl ev wKw¯—i A_© e¨vsK H wnmv‡e ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i| GB ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_ FY †Ìqv n‡q‡Q e‡j a‡i †bIqv
nq| mvaviY avi (Loan) Gi †¶‡Î GB A_© ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii mgq †_‡KB my‡ì wnmve ïiy n‡q hvq| Z‡e bM` FY (Cash
Credit) I RgvwZwi³ F‡Yi †¶‡Î (Bank Overdraft) Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi ci gÄyixK…Z F‡Yi A_© ev Gi Askwe‡kl
D‡ËvjY bv Kiv ch©šÍ my‡ì wnmve ïiy nq bv| GQvovI †h cwigvY A_© D‡ËvjY Kiv nq ïaygvÎ Zvi DciB my` w`‡Z
nq|
7. FY Pzw³ ev¯Íevqb ch©‡e¶Y I ZË¡veavb

FY weZi‡Yi c‡iB FY Kvh©µg †kl nq bv eis FY Av`vq bv nIqv ch©šÍ Zv envj _v‡K| ZvB FYMÖnxZv mwVK Lv‡Z
h_vh_fv‡e F‡Yi A_© Kv‡R jvMv‡”Q wKbv ev Aceënvi Ki‡Q wKbv †m wel‡q ch©‡e¶Y I ZË¡veavb Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î
†Kvb Ab¨_v NU‡j e¨vsK Zv FYMÖnxZvi bR‡i Av‡b, civgk© †`q Ges F‡Yi A_© †diZ w`‡Z DØy× K‡i| FYMÖnxZv
mgmvq co‡j e¨vsK cÖ‡qvR‡b bZzb FY gÄyi K‡i ev Av‡Mi FY wiwmwWDwjs K‡i FYMÖnxZvi Ae¯’vi DbœwZ Kivi †Póv
K‡i|
8. FY Av`vq
FY Kvh©µ‡gi †kl avc n‡jv F‡Yi A_© Av`vq Kiv Ges FY wnmve mgvß Kiv| FY †Ìqv mnR wKš‘ FY Av`vq Kiv
†ek KwVb| A‡bK †¶‡ÎB FYMÖnxZv h_vmg‡q F‡Yi A_© †diZ w`‡Z cv‡i bv| G‡¶‡Î e¨vsK ZË¡veav‡bi gva¨‡g
FYMÖnxZv‡K FY †diZ w`‡Z DrmvnxZ K‡i| evievi †hvMv‡hvM I ZË¡veav‡bi c‡iI FYMÖnxZv hw` FY †diZ bv †`q
Z‡e FYMÖnxZvi B”Qv, mvg_©¨, FY cÖK‡íi Ae¯’v, FY †diZ cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv BZ¨vw` welq we‡ePbvq G‡b H
FYMÖnxZv‡K m‡›`nRbK ZvwjKvi AšÍfy©³ K‡i| Gici Av`vj‡Zi Avkªq MÖnY K‡i e¨vsK FY Av`v‡qi †Póv K‡i| hw`
†`Lv hvq †h, cÖwZôvbwU FY cwi‡kv‡a G‡Kev‡iB A¶g nq Z‡e e¨vsK Av`vj‡Z H cÖwZôvb‡K †Ìwjqv †NvlYvi
Av‡e`b K‡i Ges GB †NvlYvi ci F‡Yi Askwe‡kl †diZ cvq| F‡Yi evwK Ask Kz-FY wnmv‡e †`wL‡q H FY wnmve
mgvß Kiv nq|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq †h, e¨vs‡Ki FY Kvh©µg KZ¸‡jv avivevwnK c`‡¶‡ci mgwó| GB Kvh©µ‡gi cÖ_g
†_‡KB hw` e¨vsK mZK©, Avš—wiK I `¶ nq Ges FY MÖnxZvi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM i¶v K‡i P‡j I F‡Yi h_vh_ ZË¡veavb
K‡i Z‡e Kz-F‡Yi cwigvY †ewk n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡ib Kz-FY FYMÖnxZv m„wó K‡i bv, eis FY `v‡b
Aeë¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g e¨vsKB Zv m„wó K‡i|
FY gÄy‡ii mgq we‡eP¨ welqmg~n

e¨vsK AvgvbZ wnmv‡e †h A_© msMÖn K‡i Zv eënv‡ii GKwU cÖavb LvZ n‡jv FY †Ìqv| mwVKfv‡e FY gÄyi Kivi
Dc‡i FY †diZ cvIqv wbf©i K‡i| ZvB e¨vsK wewfbœ welq m¤ú‡K© wePvi we‡k lY K‡i FY gÄyi K‡i| wb‡P FY
gÄy‡ii mgq we‡eP¨ welq¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1. Zvij¨
evwYwR¨K e¨vsK FY gÄy‡ii mgq me©cÖ_g Zvij¨ bxwZ AbymiY K‡i| e¨vsK wb‡Ri UvKvi Dc‡i wfwË K‡i eëmv
cwiPvjbv K‡i bv, eis AvgvbZKvix‡ì UvKvi Dc‡iB G‡K wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| ZvB fwel¨‡Z hv‡Z AvgvbZKvixiv
PvIqvgvÎ Zv‡ì `vwe cwi‡kva Kiv hvq Ggb cwigvY mwÂwZ †i‡L Z‡eB e¨vsK FY gÄyi K‡i| ïay ZvB bq, KZ `ªyZ
GB F‡Yi A_© †diZ cvIqv hv‡e †mUvI we‡eP¨ welq|
2. wbivcËv

FYMÖnxZv F‡Yi A_© †diZ w`‡Z bv cvi‡j A_ev h_vmg‡q †diZ w`‡Z bv cvi‡j e¨vsK‡K gvivZ¥K A‡_©i NvUwZ‡Z
co‡Z nq| ZvB e¨vsK F‡Yi wbivcËv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ mvaviYZ FYMÖnxZvi KvQ †_‡K Dchy³ e¨w³MZ I Ae¨w³MZ
RvgvbZ MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| FYMÖnxZv h_vmg‡q F‡Yi UvKv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j e¨vsK RvgvbZx m¤úwË wewµ K‡i
H UvKv Av`vq K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i| Aek¨ RvgvbZ wewµ K‡i F‡Yi UvKv Av`vq Ki‡Z n‡e Av‡M †_‡KB Ggb m‡›`n m„wó
n‡j e¨vsK Zv‡K FY †`q bv|
3. FYMÖnxZvi Avw_©K m”QjZv

FYMÖnxZv Avw_©Kfv‡e m”Qj n‡j Zvi KvQ †_‡K F‡Yi A_© †diZ cvIqvi m¤¢vebv A‡bK †ewk _v‡K| wKš‘ Zvi Avw_©K
Ae¯’v Lvivc n‡j A_ev Zvi m¤úwËi cwigvY F‡Yi `vq cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ h‡_ó bv n‡j †m‡¶‡Î F‡Yi A_© Av`vq
AwbwðZ n‡q c‡o| ZvB FY gÄyi Kivi mgq FYMÖnxZvi Avw_©K ¯^”QjZvi welqwU we‡kl ¸iyZ¡mnKv‡i †`Lv nq|
4. FYMÖnxZvi mZZv
e¨vsK KL‡bvB Amr e¨w³‡K FY w`‡Z Pvq bv| KviY Ggb †jvK memgqB wewfbœ Uvjevnvbv K‡i F‡Yi UvKv
AvZ¥mv‡Zi †Póv K‡i|
5. FYMÖnxZvi eëmvqxK `¶Zv

FYMÖnxZv hw` †Kvb eëmvqx nb Z‡e Zv‡K FY gÄy‡ii mgq e¨vsK Zvi eëmvqxK `¶Zv I †hvM¨Zv we‡k lY K‡i
†`‡L| †Kbbv, Amdj eëmvqx FY wb‡j †m FY †diZ cvIqvi m¤¢vebv K‡g hvq|
6. gybvdvi m¤¢ve¨Zv
FYMÖnxZv †h Lv‡Z eënv‡ii Rb¨ F‡Yi Av‡e`b K‡i H Lv‡Z KZUv gybvdv AR©b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i e¨vsK Zv we‡kølY
K‡i| †hme Lv‡Z †ewk gybvdv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e †mme Lv‡Z FY w`‡Z e¨vsK †ewk AvMÖnx nq, KviY H Lv‡Z F‡Yi UvKv
†diZ cvevi m¤¢vebv †ewk _v‡K|
7. F‡Yi D‡Ïk¨
FYMÖnxZv †h Lv‡Z wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ F‡Yi Av‡e`b K‡i H LvZ KZUv Drcv`bkxj Zv we‡ePbv K‡i †`Lv nq, KviY
Abyrcv`bkxj Lv‡Z FY w`‡j Zv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b f~wgKv iv‡L bv Ges F‡Yi A_© †diZ cvIqvi m¤¢vebvI Kg
_v‡K|
8. F‡Yi êwPÎKiY
e¨vsK Zvi Znwe‡ji GKUv eo Ask FY wnmv‡e weZiY K‡i| GB FY hw` gvÎ K‡qKRb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨
mxgve× _v‡K A_ev gvÎ K‡qKwU Lv‡Z GB FY †Ìqv nq Z‡e F‡Yi A‡_©i SuywKi cwigvY e„w× cvq| †Kvb GKK
FYMÖnxZv‡K A‡bK †ewk cwigvY FY w`‡j †m hw` Zv h_vmg‡q cwi‡kva Ki‡Z bv cv‡i A_ev †Kvb GKK Lv‡Z A‡bK
†ewk cwigvY FY w`‡j H LvZ hw` mdj bv nq Z‡e e¨vsK eo ai‡Yi Avw_©K ¶wZi m¤§yLxb nq| ZvB FY gÄy‡ii mgq
e¨vsK †ewk msL¨K e¨w³‡K wewfbœ ai‡Yi Lv‡Z wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ FY w`‡Z AvMÖnx nq|
9. Rvgvb‡Zi ¸Yv¸Y
Rvgvb‡Zi wec‡¶ FY †Ìqv n‡j e¨vsK Rvgvb‡Zi ¸Yv¸Y fv‡jv K‡i hvPvB K‡i †`‡L| fv‡jv gv‡bi RvgvbZ bv n‡j
e¨vsK Zv mn‡R wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv e‡j Abv`vqx F‡Yi A_© Av`vq KivI Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o|
10. Rvgvb‡Zi weµq‡hvM¨Zv

†h Rvgvb‡Zi wec‡¶ e¨vsK FY gÄyi K‡i Zv mn‡R weµq‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e| ¯’vei m¤úwË mn‡R wewµ Kiv hvq bv e‡j
Gi wec‡¶ FY w`‡Z e¨vsK Lye †ewk AvMÖnx nq bv|
me‡k‡l ejv hvq evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki mdjZv A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i Gi FY eë¯’vcbvi mdjZvi Dc‡i| KviY
h_vmg‡q FY gÄyi Ki‡j Ges h_vmg‡q Zv †diZ cvIqv †M‡j e¨vsK Pjgvb Avq msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges bZzb bZzb
F‡Yi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| myZivs e¨vs‡Ki FY`v‡bi mvg_©¨ I gybvdv evov‡bvi Rb¨ Dc‡ii welq¸‡jv fv‡jvfv‡e we‡ePbv
K‡i FY †Ìqv DwPZ|
FYwelqK Z_¨vejxi Drm

FY Aby‡gv`‡bi c~‡e© e¨vsK FYMÖnxZv m¤ú‡K© Ges †h Lv‡Z FY eënvi Kiv n‡e H Lv‡Zi m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB Gi Rb¨
Z_¨ msMÖn I we‡kølY K‡i| FY we‡køl‡Y mwVK I ch©vß Z_¨ bv †c‡j FY we‡kølY mwVK nq bv Ges F‡Yi A_© †diZ
cvIqvq AwbðqZv †`Lv †`q| FY welqK G mg¯Í Z_¨ e¨vsK wewfbœ Drm †_‡K msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i| wb‡P GmKj Drm
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. Av‡e`bc‡Îi weeiY
F‡Yi Av‡e`bKvix e¨vs‡Ki mieivn Kiv gy`ªxZ Av‡e`bc‡Î †h Z_¨ D‡jøL K‡i †mwU FY welqK Z‡_ï cÖv_wgK Drm
e‡j aiv nq| e¨vsK H dig mieivn K‡i e‡j Zv Ggbfv‡e ˆZix Kiv nq hv‡Z Av‡e`bKvix I FY cÖKí m¤ú‡K©
cÖ‡qvRbxq ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ cvIqv hvq|
2. mswkøó `wjj cÎvw`
Av‡e`bc‡Îi mv‡_ †h wewfbœ ai‡bi `wjjcÎ Rgv w`‡Z ejv nq Zv †_‡KB A‡bK ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| Gme
`wjjc‡Îi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q cÖwZôv‡bi †¶‡Î †UªW jvB‡mÝ, †Kv¤úvbxi †¶‡Î msN ¯§viK I msNwewa, Askx`vix eëmv‡qi
†¶‡Î Askx`vix Pzw³cÎ BZ¨vw`|
3. DØ„ËcÎ I Avq weeiYx
FYMÖnxZv hw` †Kvb †Kv¤úvbx nq Z‡e H †Kv¤úvbxi DØ„ËcÎ I Avq weeiYx Rgv †bIqv nq| GKgvwjKvbv I Askx`vix
eëmv‡qi †¶‡ÎI weMZ eQi¸‡jvi Avw_©K weeiYx we‡kølY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G †_‡K Av‡e`bKvix †Kv¤úvbx ev
cÖwZôv‡bi Avw_©K mvg_©¨ m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ cvIqv hvq|
4. cÖwZ‡ekx e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb
Av‡e`bKvix †Kvb e¨w³ n‡j H e¨w³i cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Av‡e`bKvix cÖwZôvb n‡j
cÖwZ‡ekx cÖwZôvb †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq|
5. e¨vsK Kgx©
F‡Yi Av‡e`b cvIqvi ci e¨vs‡Ki FY wefv‡Mi mswkøó GK ev GKvwaK Kgx©i Dc‡i Av‡e`bKvix m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ Z_¨
msMÖ‡ni `vwqZ¡ †Ìqv nq| Zviv †Mvc‡b Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i e¨vs‡Ki kvLv eë¯’vc‡Ki Kv‡Q †ck K‡ib|
6. e¨vsK msiw¶Z Z_¨
F‡Yi Av‡e`bKvix e¨vs‡Ki cyivZb MÖvnK n‡q _vK‡j e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Q Av‡e`bKvix m¤ú‡K© A‡bK Z_¨ ‡hgb,
Av‡e`bKvixi FY †diZ †Ìqvi c~e© BwZnvm, mybvg, Avw_©K m”QjZv BZ¨vw` Z_¨ Rgv _v‡K| GmKj Z_¨ †_‡KI
e¨vsK FY wel‡q wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡i|
7. mgagx© cÖKí
F‡Yi Av‡e`bKvix †hB cÖK‡í eënv‡ii Rb¨ F‡Yi Av‡e`b K‡i‡Qb H ai‡Yi cÖK‡í FY †Ìqv DwPZ n‡e wKbv Zv
hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ GKB ai‡Yi c~e©eZx© †Kvb cÖKí †_‡K Z_¨ †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z K‡i cÖK‡íi mdjZvi m¤¢vebv
m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq|
8. Z_¨ mieivnKvix cÖwZôvb
eo ai‡Yi cÖK‡í eo As‡Ki FY †Ìqvi †¶‡Î †`‡ki eZ©gvb I fwel¨Z cwiw¯’wZ, Av‡e`bK…Z cÖK‡íi fwel¨Z
m¤¢vebv, evRvi msµvš— Z_¨, g~jab mieivn cwiw¯’wZ BZ¨vw` wel‡q we‡klÁ cÖwZôv‡bi civgk© †bqvi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
G‡¶‡Î we‡klvwqZ Z_¨ mieivnKvix cÖwZôvb GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Drm e‡j we‡ewPZ nq|

9. A_©‰bwZK cwimsL¨vb
†`‡ki wewfbœ ms¯’v cÖwZ eQi wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK cwimsL¨vb cÖKvk K‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡k A_© gš¿Yvjq, cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv,
evsjv‡`k e¨vsK, ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡iv, Gd.we.wm.wm.AvB BZ¨vw` cÖwZôvb wewfbœ ai‡bi Z_¨ Zz‡j a‡i| eo ai‡bi FY
gÄy‡ii †¶‡Î GmKj Z_¨ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© e‡j we‡ewPZ nq|
10. †µwWU Bbdi‡gkb ey¨‡iv (CIB)
CIB evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki Z_¨ msMÖn I mieivn msµvšÍ GKUv we‡klvwqZ wefvM| GB wefvM Pvjyi ci †_‡K Zv G‡`‡k
FYwelqK Z_¨ msMÖn I mieiv‡n ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Drm wnmv‡e KvR K‡i Avm‡Q| GwU B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g
ZvwjKvfy³ mKj e¨vs‡Ki FY wefv‡Mi mv‡_ hy³| d‡j †Kvb FY Av‡e`bKvix †h †Kvb ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsK †_‡K FY
wb‡j ev †Ljvcx n‡j G msµvšÍ Z_¨ CIB ‡_‡K mn‡RB Rvbv hvq|
F‡Yi RvgvbZ Kv‡K e‡j
e¨vsK Zvi †Kvb g‡°j‡K FY †Ìqvi Av‡M GB g‡g© wbwðZ n‡Z Pvq †h, F‡Yi UvKv mgqgZ †diZ cvIqv hv‡e|
KviY, †Kvb †Kvb g‡°j FY †bIqvi ci F‡Yi UvKv wVKgZ cwi‡kva bvI Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB FY cwi‡kv‡ai wbðqZvi
cÖgvY ¯îƒc FYMÖnxZv e¨vsK‡K †h m¤úwË ev M¨vivw›U †`q ZvB F‡Yi RvgvbZ wnmv‡e cwiwPZ|
e¨vsK F‡Yi wbivcËv weav‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ FYMÖnxZvi ¯’vei ev A¯’vei m¤úwË A_ev FYMÖnxZv ev Z…Zxq c‡¶i wbðqZv
MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| FYMÖnxZv †Kvb Kvi‡Y F‡Yi UvKv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j e¨vsK RvgvbZ wewµ K‡i A_ev wbðqZv
`vbKvix Z…Zxq c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K F‡Yi UvKv Av`vq Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Oxford Dictionary Abymv‡i RvgvbZ n‡jv FYMÖnxZvi †Ìqv Ggb †Kvb m¤úwË hv FYMÖnxZv F‡Yi A_© †diZ w`‡Z
e¨_© n‡j FY`vZv wewµ K‡i ev n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i Zvi F‡Yi A_© †diZ †c‡Z cv‡i|
me‡k‡l ejv hvq, e¨vsK KZ…©K FY †Ìqvi mgq FYMÖnxZvi KvQ †_‡K F‡Yi UvKv cwi‡kv‡ai wbðqZv wnmv‡e †h
¯’vei-A¯’vei m¤úwË ev e¨w³MZ M¨vivw›U A_ev Z…Zxq c‡¶i †Ìqv M¨vivw›U cvIqv hvq Zv‡K e¨vsK F‡Yi RvgvbZ
e‡j|
Rvgvb‡Zi cÖKvi‡f`
e¨vsK †h Rvgvb‡Zi wecix‡Z AMÖxg ev FY †`q Zv‡K cÖavbZ `yB fv‡e fvM Kiv hvq| h_v- K) e¨w³K ev e¨w³MZ
RvgvbZ, L) Ae¨w³K ev ˆbe©¨w³K RvgvbZ| GQvovI AviI GK ai‡bi Rvgvb‡Zi cÖPjb i‡q‡Q hv‡K AwZwi³
RvgvbZ ejv nq| wb‡P GKwU Q‡Ki gva¨‡g wewfbœ ai‡bi RvgvbZ †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
F‡Yi RvgvbZ
e¨w³MZ RvgvbZ Ae¨w³K RvgvbZ AwZwi³ RvgvbZ

(Personal Security) (Non-Personal Security) (Collateral Security)
c~e©¯^Z¡ cYëÜK ¯’vei m¤úwË eÜK `Ljnxb eÜK

(Lien) (Pledge) (Mortgage) (Hypothecation)
K) e¨w³MZ RvgvbZ (Personal Security)

FY MÖn‡Yi mgq FYMÖnxZv †Kvb cÖKvi m¤úwË eÜK bv †i‡L hw` ïaygvÎ A_ev Z…Zxq †Kvb e¨w³i M¨vivw›U ev wbðqZv
†`q Zvn‡j H M¨vivw›U ev wbðqZv‡K e¨w³K ev e¨w³MZ RvgvbZ e‡j| e¨w³MZ Rvgvb‡Zi wecix‡Z FY †Ìqv LyeB
SuywKc~Y©| ZvB e¨vsK †KejgvÎ we‡kl we‡kl g‡°j‡ì †¶‡ÎB e¨w³MZ Rvgvb‡Zi wec‡¶ FY w`‡q _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î
FYMÖnxZvi PwiÎ, mZZv, Avw_©K m”QjZv I mvgvwRK gh©v`vi welq we‡ePbv Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î FYMÖnxZv FY cwi‡kv‡a
e¨_© n‡j e¨vsK RvgvbZKvixi weiy‡× AvBbMZ eë¯’v wb‡Z cv‡i|
L) Ae¨w³K ev ˆbe©¨w³K RvgvbZ (Non-Personal Security)

e¨vsK hLb FYMÖnxZvi KvQ †_‡K Rwg, `vjvb-‡KvVv, cY¨-`ªe¨ BZ¨vw` ¯’vei I A¯’vei m¤úwË RvgvbZ †i‡L FY †`q
ZLb H RvgvbZ‡K Ae¨w³K ev ˆbe©¨w³K RvgvbZ e‡j| GB RvgvbZ e¨vs‡Ki Rb¨ †ewk wbivc`| G‡¶‡Î FYMÖnxZv
FY cwi‡kva Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡j Ae¨w³K RvgvbZ wewµ K‡i e¨vsK F‡Yi UvKv Av`vq Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gai‡bi RvgvbZ 4
ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K hv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. c~e©¯^Z¡ (Lien)
FY MÖn‡Yi mgq FYMÖnxZv †h ¯’vei ev A¯’vei m¤úwË e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Q RvgvbZ wnmv‡e †`q, FY cwi‡kva bv nIqv ch©šÍ
hw` H m¤úwËi ¯^Ë¡ ev cÖ‡qvR‡b H m¤úwË `L‡j †bIqvi AwaKvi e¨vsK‡K w`‡q _v‡K Z‡e H RvgvbZ‡K c~e©¯^Z¡ ev
wj‡qb e‡j| FY cwi‡kva bv nIqv ch©šÍ RvgvbZx m¤úwËi Dc‡i e¨vs‡Ki AwaKvi eRvq _v‡K, Z‡e H m¤úwËi
gvwjKvbv FYMÖnxZvi nv‡ZB _v‡K| ZvB c~e©¯^‡Z¡i †¶‡Î Rvgvb‡Zi Dci e¨vs‡Ki AwaKvi _vK‡jI e¨vsK Zv wewµ
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
2. cYëÜK (Pledge)
FY †bIqvi mgq FYMÖnxZv RvgvbZ wnmv‡e e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Q †Kvb cY¨ ev A¯’vei m¤úwË eÜK ivL‡j Zv‡K cYëÜK
e‡j| FYMÖnxZv FY cwi‡kva Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j e¨vsK Zvi weiy‡× gvgjv `v‡qi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges eÜKx cY¨ AwZwi³
RvgvbZ wnmv‡e wb‡Ri `L‡j †i‡L w`‡Z cv‡i| Aek¨ e¨vsK wewa †gvZv‡eK Dchy³ †bvwUk w`‡q eÜKx cY¨ wewµI
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3. ¯’vei m¤úwË eÜK (Mortgage)
FYMÖnxZv F‡Yi RvgvbZ wnmv‡e †Kvb ¯’vei m¤úwËi m¤ú~Y© ev AvswkK AwaKvi e¨vsK‡K w`‡j H RvgvbZ‡K ¯’vei
m¤úwË eÜK ev gU©‡MR e‡j| FYMÖnxZv mgqgZ FY cwi‡kva Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j e¨vsK AvBb Abyhvqx H eÜKx m¤úwË
wewµ K‡i F‡Yi UvKv Av`vq Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. `Ljnxb eÜK (Hypothecation)
FYMÖnxZv hw` †Kvb ¯’vei ev A¯’vei m¤úwË e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Q Ggbfv‡e eÜK †`q †h H m¤úwËi `Lj FYMÖnxZvi wb‡Ri
Kv‡QB _v‡K, ZLb Zv‡K `Ljnxb eÜK e‡j| G ai‡bi eÜKxi †¶‡Î FYMÖnxZv eÜKx m¤úwËi `Lj wb‡Ri Kv‡Q iv‡L
wKš‘ e¨vs‡K m¤úwËi `wjjcÎ RvgvbZ wnmv‡e w`‡q †`q| G‡¶‡Î e¨vsK eÜKx m¤úwËi AvBbMZ ¯^Ë¡ cvq e‡U wKš‘
FYMÖnxZvi Kv‡Q Gi `Lj †_‡K hvq|
M) AwZwi³ RvgvbZ (Collateral Security)
e¨vsK hw` F‡Yi wec‡¶ †Kvb ¯’vei ev A¯’vei m¤úwË RvgvbZ ivLv QvovI H F‡Yi wec‡¶ Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³ Rvwgb`vi
ev M¨viv›Ui (Guarantor) wnmv‡e _v‡K Z‡e Zv‡K AwZwi³ RvgvbZ e‡j| m¤úwËi mv‡_ Z…Zxq †Kvb e¨w³ Rvwgb`vi
_vKvq G‡¶‡Î F‡Yi A_© †diZ cvIqvi wbðqZv †e‡o hvq| KviY, RvgvbZx m¤úwË wewµ K‡i F‡Yi m¤ú~Y© A_© Av`vq
Kiv m¤¢e bv n‡j e¨vsK ZLb Rvwgb`v‡ii weiy‡× AvBbMZ eë¯’v wb‡q A_© Av`vq Ki‡Z cv‡i|
DËg Rvgvb‡Zi êwkó¨
FY MÖn‡Yi mgq FYMÖnxZv F‡Yi UvKv cwi‡kv‡ai wbðqZv wnmv‡e †h ¯’vei-A¯’vei m¤úwË A_ev e¨w³MZ ev Z…Zxq
c‡¶i M¨vivw›U e¨vsK‡K w`‡q _v‡K Zv‡K e¨vsK F‡Yi RvgvbZ e‡j| ¯’vei A¯’vei m¤úwË RvgvbZ ivL‡j Zv‡K
Ae¨w³K RvgvbZ e‡j Ges e¨w³MZ ev Z…Zxqc‡¶i M¨vivw›U RvgvbZ wnmv‡e ivL‡j Zv‡K e¨w³K RvgvbZ e‡j| GB
RvgvbZ mwVKfv‡e g~j¨vqY K‡i Zvic‡i e¨vsK FY w`‡q _v‡K| GKwU DËg RvgvbZ ej‡Z mvaviYfv‡e H RvgvbZ‡K
eySvq hvi gvwjKvbv wb‡q †Kvb m‡›`n †bB Ges hv mn‡R wewµ K‡i F‡Yi A_© Av`vq Kiv hvq| e¨vcK A‡_© ej‡Z
†M‡j †Kvb Rvgvb‡Zi wbæwjwLZ êwkó¨¸‡jv _vK‡j Z‡eB Zv‡K DËg RvgvbZ ejv nq|
K) DËg Ae¨w³K Rvgvb‡Zi êwkó¨
1. Rvgvb‡Zi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv: †Kvb RvgvbZx m¤úwË AvBbZ MÖnY‡hvM¨ bv n‡j H RvgvbZ‡K DËg RvgvbZ ejv hvq bv|
KviY, F‡Yi UvKv †diZ cvIqv bv †M‡j GRvZxq m¤úwË wewµ K‡i F‡Yi A_© Av`vq Kiv e¨vs‡Ki Rb¨ Am¤¢e
n‡q c‡o|

2. Rvgvb‡Zi weµq‡hvM¨Zv: †h RvgvbZx m¤úwË mn‡R wewµ Kiv hvq Zv‡KB DËg RvgvbZ e‡j| mn‡R I wbwe©‡Nœ
weµq‡hvM¨ RvgvbZ e¨vsK F‡Yi wbivcËv evovq|
3. RvgvbZx m¤úwËi Zvij¨: †hB Rvgvb‡Zi ch©vß Zvij¨ _v‡K bv Zv‡K DËg RvgvbZ ejv hvq bv| ZvB RvgvbZx
m¤úwË MÖnY Kivi Av‡MB H m¤ú‡ì Zvij¨ †Kgb Zv wba©viY Kiv Riyix| G‡¶‡Î Zvij¨ ej‡Z KZ mn‡R, KZ
Kg ¶wZ‡Z I KZ `ªyZ RvgvbZx m¤úwË wewµ K‡i bM` A_© cvIqv hvq Zv‡K eySvq|
4. RvgvbZx m¤ú‡ì ¯^Ë¡: RvgvbZx m¤úwËi Dc‡i FY MÖnxZvi cÖK…Z gvwjKvbv bv _vK‡j H RvgvbZ e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Q
MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| RvgvbZx m¤úwËi gvwjKvbvq Sv‡gjv _vK‡j Zv‡K DËg RvgvbZ ejv hvq bv| ZvB e¨vsK RvgvbZx
m¤ú` MÖn‡Yi c~‡e© Gi gvwjKvbv m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ nq|
5. RvgvbZx m¤ú‡ì g~j¨: RvgvbZx m¤ú‡ì g~j¨ Aek¨B F‡Yi cwigv‡Yi †P‡q h‡_ó †ewk nIqv DwPZ| G‡Z e¨vsK
F‡Yi wbivcËv e„w× cvq| KviY, RvgvbZx m¤ú‡ì g~j¨ F‡Yi cwigv‡Yi †P‡q Kg ev mgvb n‡jI wewµ Kivi mgq
H `v‡g wewµ Kiv hvq bv| ZvB †gvU F‡Yi cwigv‡Yi †P‡q †ewk g~jëvY m¤úwË‡K DËg RvgvbZ ejv nq|
6. RvgvbZx m¤ú‡ì g~‡jï w¯’wZkxjZv: RvgvbZx m¤úwËi evRvi g~j¨ Lye †ewk DVvbvgv Ki‡j H Rvgvb‡Zi wec‡¶
FY †Ìqv e¨vs‡Ki Rb¨ SuywKc~Y© n‡q c‡o| KviY, FY Abv`vqx _vK‡j RvgvbZx m¤úwË wewµi mgq hw` Zvi
evRvi g~j¨ K‡g hvq Z‡e e¨vsK F‡Yi m¤ú~Y© A_© †diZ †c‡Z cv‡i bv| GRb¨ RvgvbZx m¤úwËi g~j¨ w¯’wZkxj
nIqv DËg Rvgvb‡Zi êwkó¨|
7. Rvgvb‡Zi `vqgy³Zv: †h m¤ú` Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi Kv‡Q RvgvbZ wnmv‡e `vqe× Av‡Q Zv e¨vsK F‡Yi
wec‡¶ RvgvbZ wnmv‡e MÖnY Kiv e¨vs‡Ki Rb¨ wbivc` bq| ZvB `vqgy³ RvgvbZB DËg RvgvbZ|
8. c‡Yï `Lj: e¨vs‡Ki Ggb ai‡bi RvgvbZ †bIqv DwPZ hv Lye mn‡RB wb‡Ri `L‡j †bIqv hvq| we‡kl K‡i
RvgvbZ wnmv‡e cY¨ wb‡j FY gÄy‡ii mgq A_ev FY Pzw³ m¤úbœ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ H m¤úwËi `Lj †bIqv
DwPZ|
9. RvgvbZx m¤úwËi ¸Yv¸Y: RvgvbZx m¤ú` hw` cY¨`ªe¨ nq Z‡e Zv DbœZgv‡bi nIqv DwPZ| wejvm`ªe¨ ev †hme
c‡Yï Pvwn`v memgq cwieZ©b nq Ggb cY¨ RvgvbZ wnmv‡e MÖnY Kiv DwPZ bq| GQvovI †h cY¨ cPYkxj
cÖK…wZi ev †h c‡Yï is I ¸Yv¸Y BZ¨vw` K‡g hvq Zv RvgvbZ wnmv‡e MÖnY Kiv DwPZ bq|
L) DËg e¨w³K Rvgvb‡Zi êwkó¨

1. Avw_©K mvg_©¨: FYMÖnxZvi ev Z…Zxq †Kvb e¨w³i e¨w³MZ RvgvbZ MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î Zvi Avw_©K mvg_©¨ ev m”QjZv
m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ n‡q e¨vsK Z‡eB FY †`q| Avw_©K m”QjZv bv _vK‡j e¨w³MZ Rvgvb‡Zi Avm‡j †Kvb `vg _v‡K bv|
2. Rvwg`v‡ii mZZv: Z…Zxq c¶ hLb e¨w³MZ RvgvbZ †`q ZLb ïay Zvi Avw_©K m”QjZv †`L‡jB P‡j bv, eis
Zvi mZZv I mybvgI _vKv PvB| KviY, †Kvb Amr e¨w³ Rvwgb`vi n‡q _vK‡j Abv`vqx F‡Yi †¶‡Î F‡Yi UvKv
Av`vq Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡o|
3. Rvwgb`v‡ii mvgvwRK gh©v`v: FY †Ìqvi mgq Rvwgb`vi FYMÖnxZv ev Z…Zxq c‡¶i mvgvwRK gh©v`v we‡ePbv Kiv
DwPZ| mgv‡R myL¨vwZ Av‡Q Ggb †Kvb e¨w³ wb‡Ri gh©v`vi K_v wPšÍv K‡iB FY cwi‡kv‡ai †Póv K‡i| †fvM¨
c‡Y¨ FY †Ìqvi mgq e¨vsK‡K G welqwU we‡klfv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K eySv hvq †h, Rvgvb‡Zi GB êwkó¨¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e we‡ePbv K‡i RvgvbZ MÖnY Kiv n‡j
e¨vs‡Ki ¶wZMÖ¯’ nevi m¤¢vebv A‡bK K‡g hvq|
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki FY bxwZ
bxwZ ej‡Z Av‡M †_‡K wVK K‡i ivLv †Kvb wb‡`©kbv‡K eySvq, hv wm×vš— MÖnY I ev¯Íevq‡bi mgq †g‡b Pjv nq|
evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv FY †Ìqvi mgq FY`vb Kvh©µg‡K wKfv‡e myô I wbqggvwdK Kiv hvq †mRb¨ Av‡M †_‡KB
cÖ‡qvRbxq †KŠkj ev wb‡`©kbv wVK K‡i iv‡L| GB †KŠkj ev wb‡`©kbv‡KB e¨vs‡Ki FY bxwZ e‡j| e¨vs‡Ki FY bxwZ‡Z
wbæwjwLZ wel‡qi w`K wb‡`©kbv _vKv ìKvi|
1. e¨vs‡Ki Znwe‡ji KZ Ask FY wnmv‡e †Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i Zv wKfv‡e wba©viY Kiv n‡e|
2. †Kvb& †Kvb& Lv‡Z FY †Ìqv n‡e|
3. †Kvb& FY †Kvb& †gqv‡ì Rb¨ †Ìqv n‡e|

4. F‡Yi Av‡e`b wKfv‡e M„nxZ n‡e|
5. F‡Yi cwigvY I LvZ †f‡` FY gÄyiKvix KZ…©c¶ †K ev Kviv n‡eb|
6. F‡Yi Rvgvb‡Zi msi¶Y eë¯’v Kx n‡e|
7. F‡Yi Pzw³ wKfv‡e m¤úv`b Kiv n‡e|
8. wKfv‡e FY we‡kølY Kiv n‡e|
9. F‡Yi g~j¨ KZ n‡e Ges wKfv‡e Zv wba©viY Kiv n‡e|
10. FY Z`viKx Kvh©µg wKfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡e|
11. F‡Yi wKw¯Í †Ljvcx n‡j Kx Ki‡Z n‡e|
12. ‡Ljvcx FY Av`v‡q wK wK eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv n‡e, BZ¨vw`|
†gvUK_v FYbxwZ‡Z F‡Yi Znwej eë¯’vcbv †_‡K ïiy K‡i FY Av`vq ch©šÍ wewfbœ ch©v‡q KiYxq m¤ú‡K© w`K wb‡`©kbv
_v‡K| GB wb‡`©kbv hZ †ewk my¯úó I ev¯—em¤§Z nq cÖK…Z FY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv ZZB mnR I mdj nq|
FY we‡k-lY Kv‡K e‡j

evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki m¤ú` eë¯’vcbvq FY`vb me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© I SuywKc~Y© KvR| e¨vs‡Ki gybvdvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask GB
FY LvZ †_‡KB Av‡m| Avevi G Lv‡Z Kz-FY ev †Ljvdx FY nIqvi m¤¢vebvI h‡_ó _v‡K| ZvB e¨vsK‡K FY m¤úwK©Z
mKj Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i FY`v‡bi wel‡q wm×vš— wb‡Z nq| mgqgZ FY cwi‡kva Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv Ggb e¨w³‡K FY
w`‡j, AjvfRbK Lv‡Z FY w`‡j A_ev h_vh_ bq Ggb Rvgvb‡Zi wec‡¶ FY w`‡j e¨vsK‡K Avw_©K ¶wZi m¤§yLxb
n‡Z nq| ZvB FY †Ìqvi †¶‡Î FYMÖnxZv, FY cÖKí I RvgvbZ msµvšÍ wePvi we‡køl‡Yi KvR‡KB FY we‡k lY
e‡j|
FY we‡køl‡Yi †¶‡Î we‡eP¨ welqmg~n

eo ai‡Yi FY †Ìqvi †¶‡Î FY we‡kølY I gÄy‡ii `vwqZ¡ DaŸ©Zb e¨vsK Kg©KZ©v‡ì Dc‡i _v‡K| †QvU †QvU F‡Yi
†¶‡Î e¨vs‡Ki kvLv eë¯’vcKB FY we‡kølY I FY gÄyi Ki‡Z cv‡i| FY we‡køl‡Yi mgq Av‡e`bKvixi Av‡e`bc‡Î
D‡jøwLZ Z_¨ I e¨vsK KZ…©K msM„nxZ Z_¨mg~n we‡klfv‡e we‡ePbvq Avbv nq| GQvovI †h Lv‡Z FY PvIqv n‡”Q Zvi
Ae¯’v Ges †h Rvgvb‡Zi wecix‡Z FY †Ìqv n‡”Q Zvi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv e¨vs‡Ki wbR¯^ FY`vb bxwZi mv‡_ KZUv
msMwZc~Y© Zv wgwj‡q †`Lv nq|
FY we‡køl‡Yi †¶‡Î GB ¸iyZ¡c~Y© we‡eP¨ welq¸‡jv wb‡Pi Q‡Ki gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
FY we‡k- lY
Av‡e`bKvixi Ae¯’v e¨vsK msM„nxZ Z_¨ cÖvw_Z FY Lv‡Zi Ae¯’v Rvgvb‡Zi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv
• PwiÎ • FY †diZ †Ìqvi • FY eënv‡ii D‡Ïk¨ • gvwjKvbvi h_v_©Zv

• mvg_©¨ AZxZ †iKW© • FY cÖK‡íi m¤¢vebv • g~j¨
• Avw_©K m”QjZv • Ab¨vb¨ e¨vsK †_‡K • FY †di‡Zi wbðqZv • weµq‡hvM¨Zv
• BZ¨vw` M„nxZ FY I Zv †diZ • `vqgy³Zv
`v‡bi Ae¯’v • g~‡jï w¯’wZkxjZv
• Avw_©K Ae¯’v

me‡k‡l ejv hvq F‡Yi Av‡e`b MÖnY K‡i FY gÄyi Kiv KZUzKz hyw³hy³ Zv wePvi we‡k lY Kiv‡KB FY we‡k lY
e‡j| mwVKfv‡e FY we‡kølY Kiv n‡j †Ljvcx FY nIqvi m¤¢vebv A‡bK K‡g hvq| ZvB e¨vs‡Ki FY`vb Kvh©µ‡gi
mdjZv A‡bKvs‡k FY we‡køl‡Yi Dc‡i wbf©i K‡i|
FY we‡kølY cÖwµqvi ch©vqµwgK avcmg~n
‡Kvb F‡Yi Av‡e`b MÖnY Kiv n‡e wKbv A_©vr †Kvb FY gÄyi Kiv n‡e wKbv †m wel‡q wm×všÍ †bqvi Rb¨ e¨vsK
FYMÖnxZv, FY cÖKí I RvgvbZ msµvšÍ welqvejx wePvi we‡kølY K‡i| GB KvR‡KB FY we‡kølY e‡j| ZvB FY
we‡kølY Kvh©µg cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv †_‡K ïiy nq Ges FY †Ìqv n‡e wK n‡e bv GB wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g †kl
nq| wb‡P †iLvwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ FY we‡køl‡Yi ch©vqµwgK avc ev c×wZ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:
FY we‡k- l‡Yi
ch©vµwgK avc
• FYAv‡e`bKvix msµvšÍ Z_¨
• cÖv_x©Z F‡Yi LvZ m¤úwK©Z Z_¨
cÖ_g avct • FY †diZ welqK Z_¨
Z_¨ msMÖn ch©vq • RvgvbZ msµvšÍ Z_¨
• AwZwi³ Z_¨
wØZxq avct • Av‡e`bc‡Îi h_v_©Zv we‡kølY

Z_¨ we‡k- lY ch©vq • Av‡e`bKvixi mvg_©¨ we‡kølY
• FY cÖK‡íi h_v_©Zv we‡kølY
• FY †di‡Zi wbðqZv we‡kølY
P~ovšÍ wm×všÍ MÖnY ch©vq
FY †Ìqv n‡e FY †Ìqv n‡e bv
K) Z_¨ msMÖn ch©vq

• FYAv‡e`bKvix msµvš— Z_¨
G‡¶‡Î FY Av‡e`bKvixi FY †diZ †Ìqvi AZxZ †iKW©, PvwiwÎK welq, e¨w³MZ cÖvwZôvwbK mybvg, e¨w³MZ
cÖvwZôvwbK mvg_©¨, Avw_©K m”QjZv, `¶Zv BZ¨vw` wel‡q Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| Av‡e`bKvix e¨vs‡Ki AZxZ MÖvnK n‡j
e¨vsK †_‡K Gme Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| GQvovI cÖ‡qvR‡b Ab¨ †h e¨vs‡K Av‡e`bKvixi †jb‡`b i‡q‡Q †mB e¨vsK †_‡K ev
cÖwZ‡ekx eëmvqx‡ì KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| weMZ eQi¸‡jvi Avw_©K weeiYx †_‡KI Av‡e`bKvix cÖwZôvb
m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ cvIqv hvq|
• cÖv_x©Z F‡Yi LvZ m¤úwK©Z Z_¨
†Kvb bZzb cÖK‡í F‡Yi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Kiv n‡j H cÖK‡íi fwel¨Z m¤¢vebv, cÖv_x©Z F‡Yi cwigvY H cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bi
Rb¨ h‡_ó wKbv †m m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| e¨vsK BwZc~‡e© G ai‡bi cÖK‡í FY w`‡q _vK‡j e¨vsK Zvi AwfÁZv
†_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ cvq|
• FY †diZ welqK Z_¨
Av‡e`bKvix wKfv‡e FY †diZ †`‡e Ges cÖwZK‚j Ae¯’vq FY †diZ †Ìqvi weKí c_ wK n‡Z cv‡i †m m¤ú‡K© Zvi
KvQ †_‡KB Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| GQvovI G ai‡bi cÖK‡í Av‡qi m¤¢vebv, me©wbæ I m‡e©v”P Avq KZ n‡Z cv‡i BZ¨vw`
wel‡q Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv|
• RvgvbZ msµvšÍ Z_¨

Av‡e`bKvix F‡Yi RvgvbZ wnmv‡e †h m¤úwË e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Q n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i Zvi g~j¨, gvwjKvbv, weµq‡hvM¨Zv, `vqgy³Zv,
g~‡jï w¯’wZkxjZv, c‡Yï `Lj BZ¨vw` wel‡q e¨vsK Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i|
• AwZwi³ Z_¨
eo As‡Ki FY †Ìqvi †¶‡Î e¨vsK †ewk mZK©Zv Aej¤^‡bi Rb¨ AwZwi³ Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †Póv K‡i| GRb¨ †`‡ki
mvgMÖxK eëmvqxK Kg©Kv‡Ûi MwZ cÖK…wZ, fwel¨Z ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v, FY cÖK‡íi Dc‡i †`kxq I
AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi cÖfve Ges Av‡e`bKvix cÖwZôv‡bi Avf¨šÍixY Ae¯’v, eë¯’vcbvi `¶Zv, AvšÍwiKZv BZ¨vw`
wel‡q Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq|
L) Z_¨ we‡kølY ch©vq

• Av‡e`bc‡Îi h_v_©Zv we‡kølY
Av‡e`bKvix FY Av‡e`bc‡Î †h me Z_¨ D‡jøL K‡i e¨vsK Zvi mZ¨Zv I h_v_©Zv we‡kølY K‡i †`‡L| G‡¶‡Î
Av‡e`bc‡Îi mv‡_ hy³ cÖwZôv‡bi †UªW jvB‡mÝ, Askx`vix cÖwZôv‡bi †¶‡Î Askx`vix Pzw³cÎ, †Kv¤úvbxi †¶‡Î
wbeÜb cÎ, msN ¯§viK I msNwewa, FY cÖKí welqK Z_¨ BZ¨vw` we‡ePbv Kiv nq| hw` Av‡e`bc‡Î Av‡e`bKvix
†Kvb fyj Z_¨ w`‡q _v‡K ev †Kvb Z_¨ †MvcY K‡i _v‡K Z‡e Av‡e`bwU cieZx© we‡køl‡Y bv wM‡qB G ch©v‡qB evwZj
Kiv nq|
• Av‡e`bKvixi mvg_©¨ we‡k lY

G‡¶‡Î Av‡e`bKvix e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi Avw_©K m”QjZv, †hvM¨Zv, `¶Zv, FY eënv‡ii mvg_©¨ BZ¨vw` welq we‡k lY
Kivi Rb¨ Av‡e`bKvixi AZxZ Avw_©K Kg©KvÛ, Avq weeiYx, DØ„ËcÎ BZ¨vw` `wjj we‡ePbv Kiv nq| GB we‡k l‡Y
hw` Av‡e`bKvixi mvg_©¨ cÖKvk cvq Z‡e cieZx© we‡k l‡Y hvIqv nq|
• FY cÖK‡íi h_v_©Zv we‡k lY

†h cÖK‡íi Rb¨ FY PvIqv n‡”Q Zvi gvb, D‡Ïk¨ I fwel¨Z m¤¢vebv ¸i“Z¡mnKv‡i we‡k lY Kiv nq| cÖKíwU
Drcv`bgyLx, m¤cÖmviYkxj I jvfRbK n‡j e¨vsK H cÖK‡í FY w`‡Z †ewk AvMÖnx nq| wKš‘ hw` H cÖK‡íi Ae¯’v
cZb ch©v‡q (Declining Stage) _v‡K I e¨vcK cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi m¤§yLxb nq Z‡e e¨vsK Zv‡Z FY w`‡Z AvMÖnx nq bv|
• FY †di‡Zi wbðqZv we‡k lY

G ch©v‡q cÖ¯—vweZ FY FYMÖnxZvi Avq evov‡e wKbv Ges GB Avq †_‡K FYMÖnxZv Pzw³ Abyhvqx F‡Yi A_© †diZ w`‡Z
cvi‡e wKbv Zv we‡k lY Kiv nq| A‡bK mgq FY cÖKí jvfRbK n‡jI I FYMÖnxZvi Avq e„w× Ki‡jI Zv Zvi
wb‡Ri Avw_©K cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡ZB †kl n‡q hvq| d‡j F‡Yi UvKv h_vmg‡q e¨vs‡K †diZ w`‡Z cv‡i bv| GQvovI
FYMÖnxZvi Ab¨vb¨ m¤úwËi cwigvY Zvi `v‡qi Zzjbvq h‡_ó bv n‡j †m Ab¨vb¨ m¤úwË ev wbR¯^ g~jab †_‡K F‡Yi
UvKv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z e¨_© nq|
M) P~ovš— wm×vš— MÖnY ch©vq

msM„nxZ Z_¨ we‡k lY K‡i †Kvb FY Av‡e`b MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j g‡b n‡j e¨vsK KZ…©c¶ H FY gÄy‡ii wel‡q BwZevPK
wm×vš— MÖnY K‡i| FY †Ìqvi wm×vš— P~ovš— Kivi Av‡MB e¨vsK FY cÖ`v‡bi wKw¯—, FY Av`v‡qi wKw¯—, RvgvbZ
BZ¨vw` wel‡q †Kvb cwieZ©b Avb‡Z PvB‡j Zv Av‡e`bKvixi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i †bq| GB Av‡jvPbv mg‡SvZvc~Y© n‡j
e¨vsK FY †Ìqvi P~ovš— wm×vš— MÖnY K‡i| mswk ó e¨vs‡Ki FYbxwZ Abyhvqx GB FY gÄyi Ki‡Z hw` D”P ch©v‡qi
Kg©KZ©v‡ì Aby‡gv`b ìKvi nq Z‡e Zv Kiv nq| me‡k‡l Dfq c‡¶i g‡a¨ FY Pzw³ m¤úv`b Kiv nq Ges

FYMÖnxZvi FY wnmv‡e (Loan Account) F‡Yi A_© ¯’vbvš—i Kiv nq| FYMÖnxZv cieZx©‡Z Zvi cÖ‡qvRbgvwdK †PK
†K‡U GB A_© D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
cvV ms‡¶c: 4.2

• cÖv_wgK AvgvbZ †_‡K FY m„wó Ges FY †_‡K cybivq AvgvbZ m„wói cÖwµqv‡K evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki eû¸YxZK
FY m„wó e‡j|
• cÖv_gwK Avgvb‡Zi hZ¸Y †gvU Pvwn`v AvgvbZ m„wó nq Zv‡K eû¸YxZK Pvwn`v AvgvbZ (Demand Deposit
Multiplayer) e‡j|
• cÖv_wgK Avgvb‡Zi hZ¸Y Drcbœ AvgvbZ m„wó nq Zv‡K eû¸YK FY (Credit Multiplayer) e‡j|
1
• eû¸YxZK PvwnZv AvgvbZ =
1
• eû¸YK FY = −1
• e¨vsK FY Aby‡gv`‡bi ïi“ †_‡K FY †diZ cvIqv ch©š— hveZxq KvR GKwU ch©vqµwgK c×wZ‡Z K‡i
_v‡K| ch©vq¸‡jv n‡jv t F‡Yi Av‡e`b MÖnY Kiv, cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv, FY we‡k lY Kiv, FY m¤ú‡K©
P~ovš— wm×vš— MÖnY Kiv, cÖ‡qvRbxq `wjjcÎ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv, FY Pzw³ m¤úv`b I FY weZiY Kiv, Pzw³i ev¯—
evqb ch©‡e¶Y I ZË¡veavb Kiv Ges ‡gqv`v‡š— FY Av`vq Kiv|
• FY †Ìqvi †¶‡Î FYMÖnxZv, FY cÖKí I RvgvbZ msµvš— wePvi we‡k l‡Yi KvR‡KB FY we‡k lY e‡j|
• FY we‡k l‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z‡_ï Drm¸‡jv n‡jv Av‡e`bc‡Î weeiY, mswk ó `wjj cÎvw`, DØ„ËcÎ I
Avq weeiYx, cÖwZ‡ekx e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb, e¨vsK Kgx©, e¨vsK msiw¶Z Z_¨, mgagx© cÖKí, Z_¨ mieivnKvix
cÖwZôvb, A_©‰bwZK cwimsL¨vb, †µwWU Bbdi‡gkb ey¨‡iv (CIB) BZ¨vw`|
• FY cwi‡kv‡ai wbðqZvi cÖgvY¯îƒc FYMÖnxZv e¨vsK‡K †h m¤úwË ev M¨vivw›U †`q ZvB F‡Yi RvgvbZ wnmv‡e
cwiwPZ|
• RvgvbZ cÖavbZ `yB ai‡bi, h_v- K) e¨w³K RvgvbZ Ges Ae¨w³K RvgvbZ|
• FY MÖn‡Yi mgq FYMÖnxZv †Kvb cÖKvi m¤úwË eÜK bv †i‡L hw` ïaygvÎ A_ev Z…Zxq †Kvb e¨w³i M¨vivw›U ev
wbðqZv †`q Zvn‡j H M¨vivw›U ev wbðqZv‡K e¨w³K RvgvbZ e‡j|
• e¨vsK hLb FYMÖnxZvi KvQ †_‡K Rwg, `vjvb-‡KvVv, cY¨-`ªe¨ BZ¨vw` ¯’vei I A¯’vei m¤úwË RvgvbZ †i‡L
FY †`q ZLb H RvgvbZ‡K Ae¨w³K RvgvbZ e‡j|
• Ae¨w³K RvgvbZ 4 ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K hv_v- c~e©¯^Z¡ (Lien), cYëÜK (Pledge), ¯’vei m¤úwË eÜK
(Mortgage) Ges `Ljnxb eÜK (Hypothecation)|
• FY †bIqvi mgq FYMÖnxZv RvgvbZ wnmv‡e e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Q †Kvb cY¨ ev A¯’vei m¤úwË eÜK ivL‡j Zv‡K
cYëÜK e‡j|
• FY MÖn‡Yi mgq FYMÖnxZv †h ¯’vei ev A¯’vei m¤úwË e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Q RvgvbZ wnmv‡e †`q, FY cwi‡kva bv
nIqv ch©š— hw` H m¤úwËi ¯^Ë¡ ev cÖ‡qvR‡b H m¤úwË `L‡j †bIqvi AwaKvi e¨vsK‡K w`‡q _v‡K Z‡e H
RvgvbZ‡K c~e©¯^Z¡ ev wj‡qb e‡j|
• FYMÖnxZv F‡Yi RvgvbZ wnmv‡e †Kvb ¯’vei m¤úwËi m¤ú~Y© ev AvswkK AwaKvi e¨vsK‡K w`‡j H RvgvbZ‡K
¯’vei m¤úwË eÜK ev gU©‡MR e‡j|
• FYMÖnxZv hw` †Kvb ¯’vei ev A¯’vei m¤úwË e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Q Ggbfv‡e eÜK †`q †h H m¤úwËi `Lj FYMÖnxZvi
wb‡Ri Kv‡QB _v‡K, ZLb Zv‡K `Ljnxb eÜK e‡j|
• †Kvb DËg Ae¨w³K Rvgvb‡Zi êwkó¨ n‡jv Gi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv, weµq‡hvM¨Zv, Zvij¨, cÖK…Z ¯^Ë, evRvi g~j¨ I
g~‡jï w¯’wZkxjZv, `vqgy³Zv, `Lj I ¸Yv¸Y BZ¨vw`|
• †Kvb DËg e¨w³K Rvgvb‡Zi êwkó¨ n‡jv Gi Rvwgb`v‡ii Avw_©K mvg_©¨, mZZv, mvgvwRK gh©v`v BZ¨vw`|

• evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv FY †Ìqvi mgq FY`vb Kvh©µg‡K wKfv‡e myô I wbqggvwdK Kiv hvq †mRb¨ Av‡M
†_‡KB ‡h cÖ‡qvRbxq †KŠkj ev wb‡`©kbv wVK K‡i iv‡L, Zv‡K e¨vs‡Ki FY bxwZ e‡j|

1. evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki eû¸YxZK FY m„wó ej‡Z eySvq?
K) cÖv_wgK AvgvbZ †_‡K wewb‡qvM Kiv Ges wewb‡qvM †_‡K cyYivq AvgvZ m„wó Kiv
L) cÖv_wgK AvgvbZ †_‡K FY m„wó Kiv Ges FY †_‡K Drcbœ AvgvZ m„wó Kiv
M) DfqB
N) †KvbwUB bq
2. cÖv_wgK Avgvb‡Zi hZ¸Y †gvU Pvwn`v AvgvbZ m„wó nq Zv‡K ejv nq?
K) eû¸YxZK Pvwn`v AvgvbZ L) eû¸YK FY
M) `y‡UvB N) ‡KvbwUB bq
3. cÖv_wgK Avgvb‡Zi hZ¸Y Drcbœ AvgvbZ m„wó nq Zv‡K e‡j-
K) eû¸YxZK Pvwn`v AvgvbZ L) eû¸YK FY
M) `y‡UvB N) ‡KvbwUB bq
4. FY †Ìqvi †¶‡Î FYMÖnxZv, FY cÖKí I RvgvbZ m¤úK©xZ wePvi we‡k l‡Yi KvR‡K ejv nq-
K) FY bxwZ L) FY eë¯’vcbv
M) FY we‡k lY N) FY Aby‡gv`b
5. FY cwi‡kv‡ai wbðqZvi cÖgvY¯îƒc FY MÖnxZv e¨vsK‡K †h m¤úwË ev M¨vivw›U †`q Zv‡K e‡j-
K) ¯’vei m¤úwË L) A¯’vei m¤úwË
M) cYëÜK N) F‡Yi RvgvbZ
6. FY †bIqvi mgq FY MÖnxZv RvgvbZ wnmv‡e e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Q †Kvb `ªe¨ ev A¯’vei m¤úwË eÜK ivL‡j Zv‡K e‡j-
K) cY¨ eÜK L) c~e© ¯^Ë¡
M) `Ljnxb eÜbK N) †KvbwUB bq
7. FYMÖnxZv F‡Yi RvgvbZ wnmv‡e †Kvb ¯’vei m¤úwËi m¤ú~Y© ev AvswkK AwaKvi e¨vsK‡K w`‡j H RvgvbZ‡K ejv
nq-
K) c~e© ¯^Ë¡ L) cY¨ eÜK
M) gU©‡MR N) `Ljnxb eÜK
8. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK FY`vb Kvh©µg‡K myô I wbqggvwdK Kivi Rb¨ Av‡M †_‡KB †h wb‡`©kbv ev †KŠkj wVK K‡i
iv‡L Zv‡K e‡j-
K) FY eë¯’vcbv L) FY we‡k lY
M) FY bxwZ N) †KvbwUB bq
DËigvjv
1. N 2. M 3. L 4. K 5. L 6. K 7. K 8. L 9. N
1.L 2. K 3. L 4. M 5. N 6. K 7. M 8. M
1. e¨vsK FY Kv‡K e‡j? F‡Yi cÖK…wZ, eënvi I †gqv` Abyhvqx e¨vsK F‡Yi †kªYxwefvM GKwU Q‡Ki gva¨‡g cÖKvk
Ki|
2. F‡Yi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx e¨vsK F‡Yi †kªYxwefvM Av‡jvPbv Ki|
3. e¨vs‡Ki FY I wewb‡qv‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`LvI|
4. Pvwn`v AvgvbZ Kv‡K e‡j? GKwU D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖv_wgK I Drcbœ AvgvbZ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
5. e¨vsK wKfv‡e Drcbœ AvgvbZ m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i?
6. Pvwn`v AvgvbZ wKfv‡e I †Kb bM` A_© wnmv‡e eëüZ nq?
7. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK wKfv‡e eû¸YxZK FY ev AvgvbZ m„wó K‡i D`vniY mn e¨vL¨v Ki|
8. evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki FY Kvh©µ‡gi avivevwnK avç‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki|
9. FY gÄyi Kivi mgq we‡eP¨ welq¸‡jv wK wK Av‡jvPbv Ki|
10. FY we‡k l‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨vejx †Kvb †Kvb Drm †_‡K cvIqv hvq Av‡jvPbv Ki|
11. F‡Yi RvgvbZ Kv‡K e‡j? Rvgvb‡Zi cÖKvi‡f` Av‡jvPbv Ki|
12. wK wK êwkó¨ _vK‡j Zv‡K DËg RvgvbZ ejv hvq|
13. evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki FYbxwZ Kv‡K e‡j? G‡Z wK wK wel‡qi w`Kwb‡`©kbv _vKv ìKvi?
14. FY we‡k lY Kv‡K e‡j? FY we‡k l‡Yi we‡eP¨ welqmg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki|
15. FY we‡k lY cÖK…qvi ch©vqµwgK avcmg~n wP‡Îi mvnvh¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
1. e¨vsK FY Kv‡K e‡j?
2. avi, bM` FY I RgvwZwi³ FY ej‡Z wK eySvq?
3. evwYwR¨K I AevwYwR¨K `wjwj FY Kv‡K e‡j?
4. wK wK c×wZ‡Z e¨vsK Drcbœ AvgvbZ m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i?
5. FY Kvh©µ‡gi avivevwnK c`‡¶ç‡jv wK wK A_ev FY Kvh©µ‡gi avivevwnK c`‡¶ç‡jv D‡j L Ki|
6. Ae¨w³K RvgvbZ Kv‡K e‡j? wewfbœ ai‡bi Ae¨w³K RvgvbZ ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki|
7. eû¸YxZK Pvwn`v AvgvbZ Ges eû¸YK FY wKfv‡e wnmve Kiv nq Zv mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ †`LvI|

BDwbU
†K›`ªxq e¨vsK
5
f~wgKv
Avcbvi c‡K‡Ui 100 UvKvi †bvUwU fv‡jv K‡i cix¶v Kiyb| †`L‡eb G‡Z i‡q‡Q evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki MfY©‡ii ¯^v¶i|
KviY evsjv‡`k e¨vsK Avgv‡ì †K›`ªxq e¨vsK| GwU miKv‡ii e¨vsK, GwU Ab¨vb¨ hZ e¨vsK ev Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡b Av‡Q
Zv‡ì gyiyeŸx wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| Gi Kvh©µg c~‡e© ewb©Z e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©µg †_‡K m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v| wbðqB G
e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi Rvb‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q| Zvn‡j Avmyb G m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ †R‡b wbB|
cvV- 1 †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki msÁv, êwkô¨ I Kvh©vejx

D‡Ïk¨
†K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb
†K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb êwkó¨¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
†K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb KvR¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
†K›`ªxq e¨vsK Kv‡K e‡j

†Kvb GKwU ¯^vaxb †`‡ki e¨vsK I gy`ªv eë¯’vq †bZ…Z¡ †`qvi Rb¨ miKvi Zvi wbqš¿‡Y †h e¨vsK cÖwZôv K‡i Zv‡K
†K›`ªxq e¨vsK e‡j| c„w_exi mKj †`‡k GB e¨vsK GKwU GKK e¨vsK wnmv‡e cÖwZwôZ nIqvq Ges mvgMÖxK e¨vsK eë¯’v
I A_©bxwZi PvwjKv kw³ wnmv‡e f~wgKv iv‡L| GB e¨vsK cÖwZôvi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Kj¨v‡Y gy`ªv gvb
msi¶Y Kiv, A_©bxwZ wbqš¿Y Kiv, †bvU I gy`ªvi cÖPjb Kiv, mvgwMÖK FY eë¯’v wbqš¿Y Kiv, ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi msi¶Y I
cwiPvjbv Kiv Ges miKv‡ii e¨vsK wnmv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv|
wewfbœ A_©bxwZex` I e¨vsK wekvi`MY wewfbœfv‡e †K›`ªxq e¨vsK‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| wb‡P wKQy ¸iyZ¡c~Y© msÁv D‡jøL
Kiv n‡jv|
• Aa¨vcK Kxm&P (Kisch) I GjwKb (Elkin) Gi g‡Z †h e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb `vwqZ¡ n‡jv †`‡ki gy`ªvgvb w¯’wZkxj ivLv
Zv‡K †K›`ªxq e¨vsK e‡j|
• Aa¨vcK Avi Gm †mqvm© (R S Sayers) Gi g‡Z †K›`ªxq e¨vsK n‡jv Ggb GKwU miKvix cÖwZôvb hv miKv‡ii
AwaKvsk A_©‰bwZK KvR m¤úv`b K‡i Ges H KvR¸‡jv m¤úv`‡bi mgq wewfbœfv‡e †`‡ki Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi
Kv‡Ri Dc‡i cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i miKv‡ii Avw_©K bxwZ ev¯—evqb K‡i _v‡K|
Dc‡ii msÁv `ywU we‡kølY Ki‡j †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki wbæwjwLZ welq¸‡jv eySv hvq:
1| †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv †`‡ki mvgwMÖK A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b mnvqZv Kiv|
2| GB e¨vsK GKKfv‡e ‡`‡ki †bvU I gy`ªv cÖPj‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i|
3| GwU †`‡ki Avw_©K I e¨vswKs KvVv‡gvi kxl©¯’vbxq cÖwZôvb|
4| †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z mgZv Avbv Ges g~j¨¯Íi w¯’wZkxj ivLv GB e¨vs‡Ki KvR|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq †h, †K›`ªxq e¨vsK miKv‡ii wbqš¿‡Y †_‡K miKv‡ii e¨vsK wnmv‡e RbM‡Yi
A_©‰bwZK Kj¨v‡Yi j‡¶¨ †bvU I gy`ªvi cÖPjb K‡i, gy`ªvgvb msi¶Y K‡i, Avw_©K I e¨vswKs Lv‡Zi †bZ…Z¡ †`q Ges
FY wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g g~j¨¯Í‡ii w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq iv‡L|
†K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb êwkó¨mg~n wK

†K›`ªxq e¨vsK n‡jv miKv‡ii wbqš¿b Ggb GKwU GKK I Abb¨ e¨vswKs cÖwZôvb hv †`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ e¨vsK ev Avw_©K
cÖwZôvbmgyn‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| †K›`ªxq e¨vsK‡K GKwU e¨vsK wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡jI Gi Ggb wKQy ¯^Zš¿ êwkó¨ Av‡Q
hv G‡K Ab¨ mKj cÖKvi e¨vsK †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i| wb‡P †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki êwkó¨¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1| GKK msMVb: †h †Kvb †`‡k †KejgvÎ GKwU †K›`ªxq e¨vsK _v‡K ZvB G‡K GKK msMVb ejv nq| Z‡e †`‡ki
wewfbœ ¯’v‡b †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki kvLv _vK‡Z cv‡i|
2| AvBbMZ ¯^Ëv: †K›`ªxq e¨vsK miKvix Aa¨v‡`k Abyhvqx MwVZ nq e‡j Gi kw³kvjx c„_K AvBbMZ ¯^Ëv _v‡K|
3| gvwjKvbvi aib: GB e¨vsK ïaygvÎ miKvix gvwjKvYvq ev miKvix - †emiKvix †hŠ_ gvwjKvYvq cÖwZwôZ n‡Z †`Lv
hvq| Z‡e eZ©gvb hy‡M cÖwZwôZ miKvix gvwjKvbvq †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki msL¨vB †ewk| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †K›`ªxq e¨vsK
Ô‡dWv‡ij wiRvf© wm‡÷gmÕ miKvix I †emiKvix †hŠ_ gvwjKvYvq cÖwZwôZ|
4| D‡Ï‡kï wfbœZv: evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki g‡Zv gybvdv AR©b †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ bq| †Kvb †`‡ki †gvU gy`ªv I
F‡Yi cwigvY wbqš¿Y Kiv Ges A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv cÖwZôv KivB GB e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb j¶¨|
5| †bvU cÖPjb: †`‡ki g‡a¨ †bvU cÖPjb Kiv †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ êwkó¨| †bvU I gy`ªv cÖPj‡bi †¶‡ÎI
GB e¨vsK GKK `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i|
6| gy`ªv gvb msi¶Y: we‡`kx evRv‡i †`kx gy`ªvi g~j¨gvb mb¥vbRbK A¯’vq msi¶Y Kiv Ges Avf¨šÍixY evRv‡i UvKvi
µq ¶gZv wVK ivLvI †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki Ab¨Zg êwkó¨|
7| miKvix wbqš¿Y: c„w_exi mKj †`‡kB †K›`ªxq e¨vsK cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e miKv‡ii wbqš¿‡Y _v‡K| mvaviYZ
mswkøó †`‡ki A_©gš¿bvjq ev A_© wefv‡Mi wbqš¿‡Y †K›`ªxq e¨vsK cwiPvwjZ nq| GB e¨vsK †hŠ_ gvwjKvYvaxb n‡jI
Gi cwiPvjbv cl©‡ì miKv‡ii wbqš¿Y eRvq _v‡K|
8| miKv‡ii cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Kiv: GB e¨vsK miKv‡ii c‡¶ miKv‡ii e¨vsK wnmv‡e A‡_©i †jb‡`b K‡i Ges miKvix
Znwe‡ji msi¶K wnmv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| GRb¨ GUv‡K miKv‡ii e¨vsKI ejv nq|
9| A_© evRv‡ii AwffveK: †`‡ki A_© evRv‡ii MVb, cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki GKwU Ab¨Zg êwkó¨|
10| Ab¨vb¨ e¨vs‡Ki e¨vsKvi I wbqš¿K: GB e¨vs‡Ki Av‡iKwU êwkó¨ n‡jv GUv †`‡ki evwYwR¨K e¨vsKmn Ab¨vb¨
e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki KZ…©K ˆZix Kiv Avw_©K bxwZgvjv I wb‡`©kvejx
†g‡b Pj‡Z nq| G‡ì‡K †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡K wnmve Lyj‡Z nq Ges Avgvb‡Zi GKwU Ask eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡K
Rgv Ki‡Z nq|
11| F‡Yi †kl Avkªq: †K›`ªxq e¨vsK †`‡ki miKvi ev Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Avw_©K msK‡U co‡j Zv‡ì‡K
FY w`‡q _v‡K| ZvB Aa¨vcK n‡Uªi g‡Z, †K›`ªxq e¨vsK n‡jv F‡Yi †kl Avkªq¯’j|
12| ê‡`wkK wewbgq wbqš¿YKvix: †K›`ªxq e¨vsK GKKfv‡e †Kvb †`‡ki ê‡`wkK wewbgq cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y K‡i|
G‡¶‡Î e¨vsK ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi wewbgq nvi wba©viY K‡i, wiRvf© msi¶Y K‡i, Avf¨šÍixY †jb‡`b wbqš¿Y K‡i Ges G
wel‡q we‡`kx †K›`ªxq e¨vsK¸‡jvi mv‡_ m¤úK© eRvq iv‡L|
†K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb Kvh©vejx
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Db§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
†K›`ªxq e¨vsK
†K›`ªxq e¨vsKI Ab¨vb¨ e¨vs‡Ki gZ GKwU Avw_©K cÖwZôvb| evsjv‡`k e¨vsK evsjv‡`‡ki †K›`ªxq e¨vsK| GwU mg¯Í
e¨vsK eë¯’vi cÖvY‡K›`ª| †K›`ªxq e¨vsK ivóªxq wbqš¿Yvax‡b Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i| GB e¨vsKwU RvZxq ¯^v‡_© KvR K‡i-
gybvdv AR©b Kiv Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ bq| GB e¨vsK K‡qKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ cvib K‡i| wb‡P †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vejx
eY©bv Kiv nj:
†K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vejx

1) †bvU Bmy¨ I wbqš¿b Kiv: †K›`ªxq e¨vsK †`‡k cÖPwiZ wewnZ gy`ªv cÖPjb K‡i| †hgb- evsiv‡`k e¨vsK 5, 10, 20,
50, 100 I 500 UvKvi †bvU Bmy¨ ev cÖPjb K‡i| ZvB Gme †bv‡Ui Mv‡q e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb A_©vr MfY©‡ii ¯^v¶i _v‡K|
GKwU K_v g‡b ivL‡eb, evsjv‡`k e¨vsK B‡”Q Ki‡jB †h †Kvb cwigvY †bvU Bmy¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY †bvU Bmy¨
Kivi Rb¨ GB e¨vsKwU‡K Aek¨B GKwU wbw`©ó cwigvY ¯^Y© ev ê‡`wkK gy`ªv (Wjvi ev cvDÛ) wiRvf© wn‡m‡e Rgv ivL‡Z
nq| Avš—R©vwZK A_© Znwej ( ev ) GB wiRv‡f©i nvi wba©viY K‡i †`q|
2) miKv‡ii e¨vsK: miKv‡iI wKš‘ Avq-e¨q `y‡UvB Av‡Q| Ki I AKi ivR¯^mn bvbv Drm †_‡K miKvi Avq K‡i Ges
miKvix ms¯’vi Kg©Pvix‡ì †eZb cÖ`vb I Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g e¨q wbe©vn K‡i| GB Avq-e¨q wbe©vn Kivi Rb¨
miKvi‡K GKwU e¨vs‡Ki mvnvh¨ wb‡Z nq| miKv‡ii GB e¨vsKwU g~jZ †K›`ªxq e¨vsK| miKvi Av‡qi DØ„Ë Ask GB
e¨vs‡K Rgv iv‡L| Avevi msK‡Ui mgq GB e¨vs‡Ki KvQ †_‡K FY MÖnY K‡i| †K›`ªxq e¨vsK wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k e¨vsK
evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Rb¨ Dc‡iv³ Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i| †K›`ªxq e¨vsK miKvi‡K Avw_©K wel‡q bvbvwea civgk© cÖ`vb K‡i
_v‡K|
3) Ab¨vb¨ e¨vs‡Ki e¨vsK: †`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ e¨vsK B”QvgZ Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K Aek¨B evsjv‡`k
e¨vs‡Ki wba©vwiZ bxwZgvjv AbymiY K‡i Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq| †Kvb e¨vsK GB bxwZgvjvi evB‡i Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡j
evsiv‡`k e¨vsK H e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©µg eÜ K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| e¨vsK¸‡jv we‡kl K‡i evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Zv‡ì Avgvb‡Zi
GKwU Ask eva¨Zvg~iKfv‡e evsiv‡`k e¨vs‡K Rgv iv‡L Ges msK‡Ui mgq evsjv‡`k e¨vsK †_‡K FY wb‡Z cv‡i|
4) F‡bi me©‡kl Avkªq¯’j: c~‡e©B e‡jwQ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Rbmvavi‡Yi KvQ †_‡K AvgvbZ wn‡m‡e A_© MÖnY K‡i|
RbM‡Yi D‡Ëvjb Pvwn`v c~iY Kivi Rb¨ GKwU Ask wb‡Ri Kv‡Q iv‡L Ges Aci Ask FY wn‡m‡e cÖ`vb K‡i|
RbM‡Yi D‡Ëvjb Pvwn`v †e‡o †M‡j mswk ó e¨vsKwU mvgvj †Ìqvi Rb¨ Avevi Rb¨ e¨vsK †_‡K FY wb‡e| aiyb,
†mvbvjx e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Q gvm †k‡l AvgvbZKvix‡ì D‡Ëvjb Pvwn`v c~iY Kivi Rb¨ ch©vß bM` UvKv †bB| GB Ae¯’vq
e¨vsKwU wK Ki‡e? wbðqB AvgvbZKvix‡ì wdwi‡q w`‡e bv| KviY G‡Z AvgvbZKvix‡ì g‡b e¨vsKwUi Avw_©K ¯^”QjZv
wb‡q cÖkœ DV‡e| msKU wbim‡bi Rb¨ †mvbvjx e¨vsK Ab¨ †h †Kvb e¨vsK, †hgb- AMÖYx e¨vsK, RbZv e¨vsK BZ¨vw`
e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Q FY PvB‡e| GB e¨vsK¸‡jv FY w`‡Z AciMZv cÖKvk Ki‡j ZLb wK Ki‡e? †Kv_vq hv‡e? Gevi hv‡e
Zvi wb‡Ri e¨vsK A_©vr evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Q| evsjv‡`k e¨vsK Zv‡K wdwi‡q w`‡e bv| Aek¨B cÖ‡qvRbxq FY cÖ`vb
Ki‡e| myZivs Avgiv †K›`ªxq e¨vsK‡K FY `v‡b †kl Avkªq¯’j wn‡m‡e MY Ki‡Z cvwi|
5) wewbgq nvi wVK Kiv: aiyb, Avcbvi nv‡Zi NwowU Rvcvwb| GB NwowU Rvcvb †_‡K Ggwb Av‡mwb| GwU‡K µq
Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| we‡`‡ki mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki GB µq-weµq‡K ê‡`wkK evwYR¨ ejv nq| Giƒc ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï d‡j
Avgv‡ì †`‡ki cY¨ we‡`‡k weµq n‡”Q Ges we‡`kx eû cY¨ Avgv‡ì †`‡k Avm‡Q| ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï Rb¨ ê‡`wkK
wewbgq nvi wVK ivLv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| ê‡`wkK wewbgq Avi wKQyB bq, GwU g~jZ: GKwU †`‡ki gy`ªvi mv‡_ Ab¨ GKwU
†`‡ki gy`ªvi wewbgq nvi| Le‡ii KvM‡R ev †iwWI-wUwf‡Z ï‡b _vK‡eb †h, UvKvi mv‡_ Wvjv‡ii GKwU wewbgq nvi
Av‡Q| †hgb, 1 Wjvi = 65 UvKv| evsjv‡`k e¨vsK ïay Wvjv‡ii mv‡_ bq, c„„w_fxi cÖvq me gy`ªvi mv‡_ UvKvi GKwU
wewbgq nvi i¶Yv‡e¶Y K‡i| GB nvi w¯’wZkxj ivLv †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki KvR|
6) wK¬qvwis nvDR ev wbKvk Ni: †P‡Ki gva¨‡g Avcwb Avcbvi avi-‡`bv †kva Ki‡Z cv‡ib| aiyb, Avcbvi eÜz‡K avi
†kva eve` 100 UvKvi GKwU †PK cÖ`vb Ki‡jb| Avcbvi wnmve †mvbvjx e¨vs‡Ki gwZwSj kvLvq Ges Avcbvi eÜzi
wnmve RbZv e¨vs‡Ki AvMÖvev` kvLvq| Avcbvi eÜz †PKwU RbZv e¨vs‡Ki Zvi wb‡Ri wnmv‡e Rgv Ki‡e| AZtci
RbZv e¨vsK GB †P‡Ki A_© †mvbvjx e¨vsK †_‡K msMÖn Ki‡e| g‡b ivL‡eb G ai‡bi msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ RbZv e¨vs‡Ki

†Kvb Kg©x‡K †mvbvjx e¨vs‡Ki gwZwSj kvLvq Avm‡Z n‡e bv| †PKwUi A_© evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g msMÖn n‡q
Avcbvi eÜzi wnmv‡e RbZv e¨vs‡Ki H kvLvq Rgv n‡e| GB cÖwµqv‡K wK¬qvwis nvDR ev wbKvk Ni e‡j| †K›`ªxq
e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g G ai‡bi Avš—te¨vsK †jb‡`b m¤úbœ Kiv nq|
7) FY wbqš¿Y: c~‡e©i Av‡jvPbvq †R‡b‡Qb †h, †K›`ªxq e¨vsK A_© mieiv‡ni cwigvY e„w× K‡i| A‡_©i cwigvY
cÖ‡qvR‡bi †P‡q †ewk n‡j wRwbmc‡Îi `vg †e‡o hvq; G‡K gy`ªvùxwZ e‡j| Avevi A‡_©i cwigvY cÖ‡qvR‡bi †P‡q Kg
n‡j wRwbmc‡Îi `vg K‡g hvq; G‡K gy`ªv ms‡KvPb e‡j| `yÕwU Ae¯’vB AmyweavRbK| G Kvi‡Y FY wbqš¿‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb
nq| GB FY wbqš¿‡Yi KvRwU †K›`ªxq e¨vsK‡KB Ki‡Z nq|
8) Dbœqbg~jK Kvh©Kjvc: miKvi Dbœqbg~iK Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Dbœqb cwiKíbv cÖYqb K‡i| cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi
Rb¨ ch©vß Z_¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| †K›`ªxq e¨vsK miKvi‡K GB cwiKíbv cÖYqb I ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqZv K‡i| cwiKíbv
ev¯—evq‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© I ê‡`wkK gy`ªv msMÖn msµvš— e¨vcv‡i mnvqZv K‡i|
c~e©eZ©x Av‡jvPbvq †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vejx m¤ú‡K© GKwU aviYv †c‡q‡Qb| Gevi Avmyb G¸‡jvi we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv
Kwi| Gev‡ii Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki KvR‡K wb‡Pi cuvPwU fv‡M fvM Ki‡Z cvwit
K) †gŠwjK Kvh©vejx
1. †bvU I gy`ªvi cÖPjb Kiv|
2. gy`ªv gvb wVK ivLv|
3. gy`ªv evRvi cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y Kiv|
4. FY wbqš¿Y Kiv|
5. ê‡`wkK wewbgq wbqš¿Y Kiv|
L) mKv‡ii e¨vsK wnmv‡e KvR

1. miKvix Znwej msi¶Y|
2. miKv‡ii ivR¯^ I cvIbv msMÖn I ¯’vbvšÍi|
3. miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefvM, gš¿Yvjq Ges cÖwZôv‡bi wnmve msi¶Y|
4. miKvi‡K FY †Ìqv I F‡Yi ZË¡veavb Kiv|
5. miKv‡ii cÖwZwbwa wnmv‡e we‡`kx e¨vs‡Ki mv‡_ m¤úK© i¶v Kiv|
6. miKv‡ii cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Kiv I Dc‡`óv wnmv‡e KvR Kiv|
7. miKv‡ii Avw_©K bxwZ cÖYqb I ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqZv Kiv|
M) Ab¨vb¨ e¨vs‡Ki e¨vsKvi wnmv‡e KvR

1. bZzb e¨vsK cÖwZôvi AbygwZ †Ìqv Ges ZvwjKvfy³ Kiv|
2. Avš—t e¨vsK †`bv cvIbvi wb®úwË‡Z wbKvkNi wnmv‡e KvR Kiv|
3. ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsK mg~n‡K FY †Ìqv|
4. ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsK¸‡jvi FY Z`viwK Kiv|
5. ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsK mg~‡ni FY Av`v‡q mn‡hvwMZv Kiv|
6. ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsK mg~‡ni wnmvecÎ wbix¶Y Kiv|
7. ZvwjKvfy³ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK n‡Z wewae× Rgv msMÖn I msi¶Y Kiv|
8. ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsK mg~‡ni Dc‡`óv I cÖwZwbwa wnmv‡e KvR Kiv|
N) Dbœqbg~jK Kvh©vejx
1. Drcv`bgyLx Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b mnvqZv `vb|
2. †`‡ki e¨vsK eë¯’vi Dbœq‡b f~wgKv ivLv|
3. ê‡`wkK evwYR¨ Dbœq‡b KvR Kiv|
4. miKv‡ii Avw_©K cwiKíbvi gv‡bvbœq‡b mn‡hvwMZv Kiv|

5. e¨vswKs Lv‡Zi Rbkw³i gv‡bvbœq‡b KvR Kiv|
6. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì Dbœqb Kiv|
O) Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©vejx
1. A_©‰bwZK M‡elYv Kiv|
2. Z_¨ msMÖn I mieivn Kiv|
3. wewfbœ ai‡bi wi‡cvU© ˆZix I cÖKvkbv Kiv|
myZivs Avgiv eyS‡Z cviwQ †h, †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki KvR wewfbœgyLx Ges Ab¨ †h †Kvb e¨vsK †_‡K Avjv`v| wb‡P GmKj
Kv‡Ri we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
†gŠwjK Kvh©vejx
1. †bvU I gy`ªvi cÖPjb Kiv: eZ©gvb we‡k¦ me †`‡kB †K›`ªxq e¨vsK GKKfv‡e †bvU I gy`ªv cÖPjb K‡i| GwUB †K›`ªxq
e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb I ¸iyZ¡c~Y© KvR|
2. gy`ªv gvb wVK ivLv: †K›`ªxq e¨vsK ïaygvÎ †bvU I gy`ªvi cÖPjbB K‡i bv eis Gi g~j¨gvY msi¶Y Kivi Rb¨ †`‡ki
A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi mv‡_ msMwZ †i‡L †gvU A‡_©i †RvMvi wbqš¿Y K‡i, we‡`kx gy`ªvi mv‡_ †`kx gy`ªvi wewbgq nvi wba©viY
K‡i Ges †`‡ki gy`ªvgvY‡K w¯’wZkxj ivL‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi c`‡¶c †bq|
3. gy`ªv evRvi cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y Kiv: †K›`ªxq e¨vsK †`‡ki ¯^v‡_© GKwU kw³kvjx gy`ªv evRvi MVb, cwiPvjbv I
wbqš¿Y K‡i| GRb¨ †K›`ªxq e¨vsK Ab¨vb¨ e¨vswKs I Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡KI mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|
4. FY wbqš¿Y Kiv: ch©vß cwigvY FY bv †c‡j †`‡ki eëmv evwYR¨ †hgb M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i bv I Drcv`b e¨vnZ nq,
†Zgwb cÖ‡qvR‡bi †P‡q †ewk FY evRv‡i mieivn Kiv n‡j gy`ªvùxwZ †`Lv †`q Ges evRviì †e‡o hvq| ZvB evRv‡i
F‡Yi cwigvY Kvg¨ ch©v‡q ivL‡Z †K›`ªxq e¨vsK wewfbœ Avw_©K I FY wbqš¿Y bxwZ I †KŠkj cÖYqb K‡i|
5. ê‡`wkK wewbgq wbqš¿Y Kiv: ‡K›`ªxq e¨vsK ïaygvÎ †`‡ki gy`ªvi mv‡_ we‡`‡ki gy`ªvi wewbgq nviB wba©viY K‡i bv,
†`‡ki g‡a¨ we‡`kx gy`ªvi †Kbv-†ePv I Avmv-hvIqv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| GRb¨ †hme cÖwZôvb we‡`kx gy`ªvi †jb‡`b K‡i
†K›`ªxq e¨vsK Zv‡ì ZË¡veavb I wbqš¿Y K‡i| we‡`kx gy`ªvi wiRvf© msi¶Y QvovI Gi cwigvY Kvg¨¯—‡i ivLvi Rb¨
†K›`ªxq e¨vsK wewfbœ bxwZ cÖYqb K‡i|
miKv‡ii e¨vsK wnmv‡e KvR

1. miKvix Znwej msi¶Y: †K›`ªxq e¨vsK miKv‡ii c‡¶ miKv‡ii Znwej I DØ„Ë msi¶Y I ZË¡eavb K‡i| GRb¨
†K›`ªxq e¨vsK‡K miKvix Znwe‡ji msi¶K e‡j|
2. miKv‡ii ivR¯^ I cvIbv msMÖn I ¯’vbvšÍi: GB e¨vsK wewfbœ LvZ †_‡K miKv‡ii ivR¯^ I cvIbv msMÖn K‡i
miKv‡ii wnmv‡e Rgv K‡i| GQvovI miKvix wb‡`©k Abyhvqx GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b Ges GK LvZ †_‡K Ab¨ Lv‡Z A_©
¯’vbvš—i K‡i|
3. miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefvM, gš¿Yvjq Ges cÖwZôv‡bi wnmve msi¶Y: GB e¨vsK miKv‡ii c‡¶ ïaygvÎ Avw_©K †jb‡`bB
K‡i bv, wewfbœ miKvix wefvM, gš¿Yvjq Ges cÖwZôv‡bi h_vh_ wnmveI msi¶Y K‡i|
4. miKvi‡K FY †Ìqv I F‡Yi ZË¡veavb Kiv: Avw_©K msK‡Ui mgq GB e¨vsK †`‡ki miKvi‡K ¯^í †gqv`x I
`xN©‡gqv`x FY w`‡q _v‡K| ïay ZvB bq miKv‡ii eÛ I wmwKDwiwUR wewµ Ki‡Z Ges wewfbœ LvZ †_‡K FY msMÖ‡n GB
e¨vsK miKvi‡K mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|

5. miKv‡ii cÖwZwbwa wnmv‡e we‡`kx e¨vs‡Ki mv‡_ m¤úK© i¶v Kiv: †K›`ªxq e¨vsK miKv‡ii cÖwZwbwa wnmv‡e wewfbœ
we‡`kx e¨vs‡Ki mv‡_ †hgb; Ab¨ †`‡ki †K›`ªxq e¨vsK, wek¦ e¨vsK, AvšÍR©vwZK A_© Znwej (IMF), AvÂwjK Dbœqb
e¨vsK, †Mvôx Dbœqb e¨vsK BZ¨vwì mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM I m¤úK© eRvq iv‡L|
6. miKv‡ii cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Kiv I Dc‡`óv wnmv‡e KvR Kiv: GB e¨vsK miKv‡ii cÖwZwbwa wnmv‡e wewfbœ Avš—R©vwZK
c‡¶i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM i¶v K‡i, cÖ‡qvRbxq Pzw³ K‡i I †jb‡`b m¤úv`b K‡i| GQvovI miKv‡ii A_©‰bwZK bxwZ
wba©vi‡Y miKv‡ii Dc‡`óv wnmv‡e civgk© w`‡q _v‡K|
7. miKv‡ii A_©‰bwZK bxwZ ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqZv Kiv: GB e¨vsK ïaygvÎ miKv‡ii A_©‰bwZK bxwZ cÖYq‡b mn‡hvwMZvB
K‡i bv, eis GB bxwZ ev¯Íevq‡b we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
Ab¨vb¨ e¨vs‡Ki e¨vsKvi wnmv‡e KvR

1. bZzb e¨vsK cÖwZôvi AbygwZ †Ìqv Ges ZvwjKvfy³ Kiv: ‡K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki Av‡ivwcZ kZ© c~iY Ki‡j GB e¨vsK
†`‡k bZzb e¨vsK cÖwZôvi AbygwZ †`q Ges Zv‡K ZvwjKvfy³ K‡i| e¨vs‡Ki bZzb kvLv cÖwZôvi †¶‡ÎI †K›`ªxq e¨vsK
wewfbœ wel‡q wePvi we‡ePbv K‡i AbygwZ w`‡q _v‡K| ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsK¸‡jvi Rb¨ †K›`ªxq e¨vsK AvBb cÖYqb K‡i Ges
e¨vsK¸‡jv Zv †g‡b Pj‡Q wKbv Zv Z`viKx K‡i|
2. Avš—t e¨vsK †`bv cvIbvi wb®úwË‡Z wbKvkNi wnmv‡e KvR Kiv: ‰`bw›`b e¨vswKs KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q †`‡ki
e¨vsK¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AvšÍt e¨vswKs †`bv-cvIbvi m„wó nq| evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvi c‡¶ GiKg †`bv-cvIbv wb®úwË Kiv
Kómva¨ nq| †h‡nZz me ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vs‡KiB GKwU wnmve †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡K †Lvjv _v‡K ZvB †K›`ªxq e¨vsK H mKj
e¨vs‡Ki ga¨Kvi †`bv cvIbvi wb®úwË K‡i| †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki GB KvR‡K wbKvkNi wnmv‡e KvR Kiv e‡j|
3. ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsK mg~n‡K FY †Ìqv: ‡K›`ªxq e¨vsK Zvi Awab¯’ ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsKmg~‡ni cÖ‡qvR‡b FY w`‡q _v‡K|
evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv †hB my‡ì nv‡i †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki KvQ †_‡K FY cvq Zvi †P‡q †ewk my‡ì nv‡i g‡°j‡ì FY w`‡q
_v‡K| †hB my‡ì nv‡i †K›`ªxq e¨vsK evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K FY w`‡q _v‡K Zv‡K Bank Rate e‡j|
4. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvi FY Z`viwK Kiv: †K›`ªxq e¨vsK ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K ïay FY cÖ`vbB K‡i bv, eis
e¨vsK¸‡jv wKfv‡e †Kvb Lv‡Z FY w`‡”Q ZvI Z`viwK K‡i| A‡bK mgq evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv †ewk jv‡fi Avkvq Kg
¸i“Z¡c~Y© Lv‡Z †ewk FY w`‡q _v‡K| †`‡ki ¯^v‡_© †K›`ªxq e¨vsK GmKj FY Z`viwK K‡i _v‡K|
5. e¨vsK mg~‡ni FY Av`v‡q mn‡hvwMZv Kiv: ‡K›`ªxq e¨vsK FY m¤úKx©Z wewfbœ AvBb cÖYq‡b miKvi‡K civgk© w`‡q
_v‡K Ges wb‡RI FY `vb I FY msMÖ‡ni wel‡q wewfbœ bxwZgvjv cÖYqb K‡i| GQvovI GB e¨vsK FY †Ljvcx‡ì
ZvwjKv msMÖn K‡i Ges cÖKvk K‡i Aat¯Íb e¨vsKmg~‡ni FY Av`v‡q mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|
6. e¨vsK mg~‡ni wnmvecÎ wbix¶Y Kiv: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e wnmv‡ei LvZvcÎ msi¶Y Ki‡Q wKbv †K›`ªxq
e¨vsK Zv Z`viwK I wbix¶Y K‡i _v‡K| d‡j e¨vsK¸‡jv mwVK wnmve ivL‡Z eva¨ nq|
7. wewae× Rgv msMÖn I msi¶Y Kiv: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K †h AvgvbZ msMÖn K‡i Zvi GKwU
wbw`©ó Ask †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡K wewae× Rgv wnmv‡e ivL‡Z nq| †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡K evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki †h wnmve †Lvjv _v‡K GB
Rgvi A_© †mB wnmv‡e ivLv nq| evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K `vwqZ¡kxj cÖwZôvb wnmv‡e M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ c„w_exi me
†`‡kB Ggb weavb i‡q‡Q|
8. ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsK mg~‡ni Dc‡`óv I cÖwZwbwa wnmv‡e KvR Kiv: †K›`ªxq e¨vsK ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsK mg~‡ni Dc‡`óv
wnmv‡e e¨vsK cwiPvjbvq wewfbœ ai‡bi civgk© I w`K wb‡`©kYv w`‡q _v‡K| GQvovI GB e¨vsK wewfbœ ¯^v_© mswk ó
wel‡q ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsK¸‡jvi cÖwZwbwa wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|
Dbœqbg~jK Kvh©vejx
1. Drcv`bg~Lx Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b mnvqZv `vb: ‡`‡ki wewfbœ Drcv`bg~Lx Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †K›`ªxq e¨vsK wewfbœ ai‡bi
we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK †hgb, K…wl e¨vsK, wkí e¨vsK, wewb‡qvM e¨vsK, KzwUi wkí e¨vsK BZ¨vw` cÖwZôvq mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|
2. †`‡ki e¨vsK eë¯’vi Dbœq‡b f~wgKv ivLv: GKwU †`‡ki e¨vsK eë¯’vi Dbœq‡b †K›`ªxq e¨vsK me mgqB mn‡hvwMZv
K‡i _v‡K| GB e¨vsK e¨vswKs Lv‡Zi Rb¨ myweavRbK bxwZ wba©viY K‡i Ges bZzb e¨vs‡Ki cÖwZôv I cwiPvjbvi mKj
¯—‡i civgk© I mn‡hvwMZv †`q| GQvovI bZzb kvLv cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g e¨vswKs Kvh©µg m¤cÖmvi‡YI †K›`ªxq e¨vsK f~wgKv
iv‡L|
3. ê‡`wkK evwYR¨ Dbœq‡b KvR Kiv: †K›`ªxq e¨vsK †`‡ki Avg`vbx I ißvbx e„w×i j‡¶¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY
K‡i| †hgb †`‡ki gy`ªvi wewbgq nvi‡K w¯’wZkxj ivLv, †`‡ki e¨vsK eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© we‡`kx ißvbxKviK‡ì Av¯’v m„wó
Kiv, ê‡`wkK evwYwR¨K bxwZ wba©viY I ev¯—evqb Kiv BZ¨vw`|
4. miKv‡ii Avw_©K cwiKíbvi gv‡bvbœq‡b mn‡hvwMZv Kiv: ‡K›`ªxq e¨vsK †`‡ki mvgMÖxK A_©bxwZ m¤ú‡K© miKvi‡K
wewfbœ Z_¨ I wi‡cvU© mieivn K‡i I civgk© w`‡q †`‡ki Avw_©K cwiKíbvi gvb DbœZ Kivi †Póv K‡i| miKv‡ii
cwiKígv gš¿Yvj‡qi mv‡_ m¤úK© †i‡L †K›`ªxq e¨vsK GB `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i|
5. e¨vswKs Lv‡Zi Rbkw³i gv‡bvbœq‡b KvR Kiv: ‡K›`ªxq e¨vsK wbR cÖwZôv‡b wb‡qvwRZ Rbkw³i cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwk¶‡Yi
eë¯’v K‡i Ges G ai‡bi c`‡¶c wb‡Z ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsK¸‡jv‡KI DrmvwnZ K‡i| G g‡g© ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K
eë¯’vMÖnb wb‡`©wkKv †`q I ZË¡eavb K‡i|
6. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì Dbœqb Kiv: †`‡ki Avwe¯‹…Z I Abvwe¯‹…Z cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`‡K RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨
†K›`ªxq e¨vsK wewfbœ ai‡bi Dbœqbg~jK Kg©m~Px MÖnY I ev¯Íevqb K‡i| cÖ‡qvR‡b m¤ú` Av‡nviY I AbymÜvb Kv‡R wjß
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K †K›`ªxq e¨vsK Avw_©K mnvqZv w`‡q _v‡K|
Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©vejx
1. A_©‰bwZK M‡elYv Kiv: ‡`‡ki e¨vsK eë¯’vi Dbœqb, gy`ªv evRvi cwiPvjbv I miKv‡ii Avw_©K bxwZ cÖYqb Ki‡Z
wM‡q †K›`ªxq e¨vsK wewfbœ ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK M‡elYv K‡i _v‡K| GRb¨ †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki GKwU c„_K †mj Av‡Q|
2. Z_¨ msMÖn I mieivn Kiv: ‡K›`ªxq e¨vsK miKv‡ii I Ab¨vb¨ e¨vs‡Ki e¨vsKvi wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q wewfbœ
ai‡bi Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq Ges Zv miKvi I Ab¨vb¨ ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vs‡K mieivn Ki‡Z nq|
3. wewfbœ ai‡bi wi‡cvU© ˆZix I cÖKvk Kiv: ‡K›`ªxq e¨vsK Zvi wbR¯^ cÖ‡qvR‡b ev miKv‡ii cÖ‡qvR‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi
wi‡cvU© ˆZix K‡i hv, †`‡ki mvgMÖxK A_©bxwZ I e¨vsK eë¯’vi wPÎ Zz‡j a‡i| GQvovI GB e¨vsK Zvi evwl©K Kvh©µ‡gi
Dc‡i wi‡cvU© ˆZix, cÖKvk I wewµi eë¯’v K‡i| Gme Kv‡Ri Rb¨ e¨vs‡Ki wbR¯^ cÖKvkbv I weµq †mj _v‡K|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K eySv hvq †h, †K›`ªxq e¨vsK GKwU †`‡ki miKvi I Ab¨vb¨ e¨vs‡Ki e¨vsKvi wnmv‡e wewfbœ
ai‡bi KvR K‡i _v‡K|
cvV ms‡¶c: 5.1
• †Kvb GKwU ¯^vaxb †`‡ki e¨vsK I gy`ªv eë¯’vq †bZ…Z¡ †`qvi Rb¨ miKvi Zvi wbqš¿‡Y †h e¨vsK cÖwZôv K‡i
Zv‡K †K›`ªxq e¨vsK e‡j|
• GB e¨vsK cÖwZôvi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Kj¨v‡Y gy`ªv gvb msi¶Y Kiv, A_©bxwZ wbqš¿Y Kiv,
†bvU I gy`ªvi cÖPjb Kiv, mvgMÖxK FY eë¯’v wbqš¿Y Kiv, ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi msi¶Y I cwiPvjbv Kiv Ges
miKv‡ii e¨vsK wnmv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv|
• †h †Kvb †`‡k †KejgvÎ GKwU †K›`ªxq e¨vsK _v‡K ZvB G‡K GKK msMVb ejv nq|
• †K›`ªxq e¨vsK miKvix Aa¨v‡`k Abyhvqx MwVZ nq e‡j Gi kw³kvjx c„_K AvBbMZ ¯^Ëv _v‡K|
• GB e¨vsK ïaygvÎ miKvix gvwjKvYvq ev miKvix - †emiKvix †hŠ_ gvwjKvYvq cÖwZwôZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq|
• †K›`ªxq e¨vsK †`‡ki miKvi ev Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Avw_©K msK‡U co‡j Zv‡ì‡K FY w`‡q _v‡K|

• GB e¨vsK †`‡k bZzb e¨vsK cÖwZôvi AbygwZ †`q Ges Zv‡K ZvwjKvfy³ K‡i|
• GB e¨vsK AvšÍt e¨vsK †`bv cvIbvi wb®úwË‡Z wbKvkNi wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|
• evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv †K›`ªxq e¨vsK †_‡K †h my‡ì nv‡i FY ev AMÖxg MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K e¨vsK nvi e‡j|
• GB e¨vsK FY †Ljvcx‡ì ZvwjKv msMÖn K‡i Ges cÖKvk K‡i Aat¯Íb e¨vsK mg~‡ni FY Av`v‡q mn‡hvwMZv
K‡i|
• evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K †h AvgvbZ msMÖn K‡i Zvi GKwU wbw`©ó Ask †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡K wewae×
Rgv wnmv‡e ivL‡Z nq|
• †K›`ªxq e¨vsK ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsK mg~‡ni Dc‡`óv wnmv‡e e¨vsK cwiPvjbvq wewfbœ ai‡bi civgk© I w`K wb‡`©kYv
w`‡q _v‡K|
• GKwU †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i F‡Yi cwigvY KZUzKz nIqv DwPZ Zv wVK Kivi `vwqZ¡ miKv‡ii c‡¶ †K›`ªxq e¨vsK
cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

1. †Kvb †`‡ki e¨vsK I gy`ªv evRvi wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ †h cÖwZôvb KvR K‡i Zv‡K e‡j-
K) evsjv‡`k e¨vsK L) †K›`ªxq e¨vsK
M) evwYwR¨K e¨vsK N) †KvbwUB bq
2. GKwU †`‡k me©vwaK KqwU †K›`ªxq e¨vsK _vK‡Z cv‡i?
K) 1wU L) 2wU
M) †h †Kvb msL¨K N) AbwaK 5wU
3. †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki gvwjKvYvi aiY †Kgb nq?
K) miKvix gvwjKvbv L) miKvix †emiKvix †hŠ_ gvwjKvbv
4. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki KvR bq
K) gy`ªv I †bvU cÖPjb Kiv L) mÂq m„wó Kiv
M) gy`ªvi gvb msi¶Y Kiv N) FY wbqš¿Y Kiv
5. †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Q evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvi †h Znwej msiw¶Z _v‡K Zv †_‡K AvšÍte¨vsK †`bvcvIbv cwi‡kv‡ai
KvR‡K e‡j-
K) wbKvk N‡ii KvR L) cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK KvR
M) RbKj¨vYg~jK KvR N) mg‡SvZvg~jK KvR
cvV- 2 †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki FY wbqš¿Y

D‡Ïk¨
FY wbqš¿Y m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb
†K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki FY wbqš¿Y †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© cvi‡eb
†K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki FY wbqš¿Y ej‡Z wK eySvq

mvaibfv‡e FY MÖn‡Yi cwigvY GKwU Kvw•LZ gvÎvq evRvq ivLv‡K FY wbqš¿Y e‡j| GKRb e¨w³i †¶‡Î KZUzKz FY
†bIqv DwPZ Zv H e¨w³ wVK K‡i _v‡K, †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi †¶‡Î KZUzKz FY †bIqv DwPZ Zv H cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjK ev
eë¯’vcKMY wVK K‡i _v‡K| wVK †Zgwb GKwU †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i F‡Yi cwigvY KZUzKz nIqv DwPZ Zv wVK Kivi `vwqZ¡
miKv‡ii c‡¶ †K›`ªxq e¨vsK cvjb K‡i _v‡K| ZvB †K›`ªxq e¨vsK KZ…©K wewfbœ bxwZ I †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g †`‡ki †gvU
F‡Yi cwigvY wbqš¿Y Kiv‡K †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki FY wbqš¿Y e‡j|
eZ©gvb hy‡M eëmvqxK gyjab msMÖ‡ni †¶‡Î e¨vsK FY GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Drm e‡j we‡ewPZ nq| eëmv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv hw`
†`‡ki e¨vsK eë¯’v †_‡K ch©vß cwigvY FY myweav bv cvq ev e¨vsK¸‡jvi hw` ch©vß FY †Ìqvi ¶gZv bv _v‡K A_ev
e¨vsK¸‡jv hw` FY w`‡Z DrmvwnZ bv nq, Z‡e †`‡ki g~ja‡bi Afve m„wó nq Ges Drcv`b e¨vnZ nq| Gi d‡j
†`‡ki m¤ú` AeëüZ _v‡K, †eKvi mgm¨vi m„wó nq Ges A_©bxwZ `ye©j n‡q c‡o| Avevi Ab¨w`‡K, e¨vsK¸‡jv hw`
cÖ‡qvR‡bi †P‡q †ewk FY mieivn K‡i, Z‡e A_© evRv‡i A‡_©i †hvMvb †e‡o hvIqvq gy`ªvùxwZ †`qv †`q, wRwbmc‡Îi
`vg †e‡o hvq Ges gy`ªvi Aeg~j¨vqb N‡U| d‡j eëmv evwYR¨ ¶wZMÖ¯’ nq Ges A_©bxwZ `ye©j n‡q c‡o| myZivs †`Lv
hv‡”Q †h, evRv‡i F‡Yi cwigvY †ewk nIqv A_ev Kg nIqv `y‡UvB A_©bxwZi Rb¨ ¶wZKi|
GB Ae¯’v †_‡K cwiÎvY †c‡Z †K›`ªxq e¨vsK miKv‡ii c‡¶ wewfbœ ai‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i †`‡ki Af¨š—‡i †gvU
F‡Yi cwigvY GKwU Kvw•LZ gvÎvq eRvq iv‡L| G‡KB †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki FY wbqš¿Y e‡j|
†hfv‡e †K›`ªxq e¨vsK FY wbqš¿Y K‡i

GKwU †`‡ki Af¨š—‡i F‡Yi cwigvY KZUzKz nIqv DwPZ Zv wVK Kivi `vwqZ¡ miKv‡ii c‡¶ †K›`ªxq e¨vsK cvjb K‡i
_v‡K| ZvB †K›`ªxq e¨vsK KZ…©K wewfbœ bxwZ I †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g †`‡ki †gvU F‡Yi cwigvY wbqš¿Y Kiv‡K †K›`ªxq
e¨vs‡Ki FY wbqš¿Y e‡j| †K›`ªxq e¨vsK g~jZ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvi FY †Ìqvi ¶gZv‡K wewfbœfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i
†`‡k F‡Yi cwigvY wbqš¿Y K‡i| FY wbqš¿‡Yi GB me bxwZ ev †KŠkj¸‡jv‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| wb‡P G¸‡jv
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
†K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki FY wbqš¿Y c×wZ
mvaviY c×wZ wbe©vPbg~jK c×wZ
1. e¨vsK nvi bxwZ 1. F‡Yi eivÏKiY bxwZ

2. ‡Lvjv evRvi bxwZ 2. †fvM¨c‡Yï FY wbqš¿Y bxwZ
3. wewae× Rgvi nvi cwieZ©b bxwZ 3. RvgvbZx F‡Yi cÖvwš—K nvi cwieZ©b bxwZ
4. cÖZ¨¶ eë¯’v MÖnY c×wZ
5. ‰bwZK cÖ‡ivPbv c×wZ
6. cÖPvibv c×wZ

K) mvaviY c×wZ
‡Kvb wbw`©ó Lv‡Zi F‡Yi cwigvY Kgv‡bv ev evov‡bvi cÖwZ `„wó bv w`‡q mvaviYfv‡e evRv‡i F‡Yi cwigvY wbqš¿Y Kivi
†h †KŠkj †K›`ªxq e¨vsK MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K mvaviY ev msL¨vZ¥K c×wZ e‡j| GB c×wZi AvIZvq †K›`ªxq e¨vsK wb‡Pi
†KŠkj¸‡jv Aej¤^b K‡i _v‡K|
1. e¨vsK nvi bxwZ

evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv †K›`ªxq e¨vsK †_‡K †h my‡ì nv‡i FY ev AMÖxg MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K e¨vsK nvi e‡j| GB e¨vsK nvi
evov‡bv ev Kgv‡bvi gva¨‡g †K›`ªxq e¨vsK evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvi FY †Ìqvi ¶gZv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Ges †`‡k F‡Yi
cwigvY wbqš¿Y K‡i|
hLb gy`ªv evRv‡i F‡Yi cwigvY †e‡o hvq ZLb †K›`ªxq e¨vsK evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvi Rb¨ my‡ì nvi ev Bank Rate
evwo‡q †`q| d‡j evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K †ewk my‡` †K›`ªxq e¨vsK †_‡K FY wb‡Z nq| evwYwR¨K e¨vsKI G Kvi‡Y
RbMY‡K FY gÄy‡ii †¶‡Î my‡ì nvi evwo‡q †`q| GB †ewk my‡` evwYwR¨K e¨vsK †_‡K FY wb‡Z RbMY AvMÖn nvwi‡q
†d‡j Ges †`‡k F‡Yi cwigvY K‡g hvq|
Avevi Ab¨w`‡K †`‡k F‡Yi cwigvY K‡g †M‡j †K›`ªxq e¨vsK Bank Rate Kwg‡q †`q Ges evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv †K›`ªxq
e¨vs‡Ki KvQ †_‡K †ewk cwigv‡Y Fb wb‡Z Drmvnx nq| d‡j gy`ªv evRv‡i my‡ì nvi K‡g hvq Ges RbMY evwYwR¨K
e¨vsK †_‡K Kg my‡` FY wb‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e evRv‡i F‡Yi cwigvY †e‡o hvq|
2. †Lvjv evRvi bxwZ

miKvi †hgb wewfbœ ai‡bi eÛ I wmwKDwiwUR †Lvjv evRv‡i wewµ K‡i wVK †Zgwb evRvi n‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi eÛ,
wmwKDwiwUR, †kqvi BZ¨vw` wKb‡ZI cv‡i| G¸‡jv †Kbv †ePvi gva¨‡g †K›`ªxq e¨vsK evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki FY †Ìqvi
¶gZv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|
evRv‡i F‡Yi cwigvY †e‡o †M‡j †K›`ªxq e¨vsK myweavRbK k‡Z© miKvix eÛ ev wmwKDwiwUR evRv‡i Qv‡o| d‡j hv‡ì
A_© Ajmfv‡e evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡K Rgv i‡q‡Q A_ev hviv wbivc‡` wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z Pvq Zviv evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv †_‡K
A_© Zz‡j wb‡q Gme wmwKDwiwUR †K‡b| G‡Z evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Avgvb‡Zi cwigvY K‡g hvq Ges FY †Ìqvi ¶gZvI
K‡g hvq|
Avevi Ab¨w`‡K evRv‡i F‡Yi NvUwZ n‡j †K›`ªxq e¨vsK evRvi †_‡K wewfbœ †emiKvix eÛ, wmwKDwiwUR, †kqvi BZ¨vw`
wK‡b †bq| d‡j evRv‡i A‡_©i †hvMvb †e‡o hvq, hv GK ch©v‡q evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvi nv‡Z AvgvbZ wnmv‡e Rgv nq
Ges Zv‡ì FY †Ìqvi ¶gZv ev‡o|
3. wewae× Rgvi nvi cwieZ©b bxwZ

c„w_exi me †`‡kB ZvwjKvfy³ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K Zvi †gvU Avgvb‡Zi GKUv wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e
†K›`ªxq e¨vs‡K Rgv ivL‡Z nq| G‡K wewae× Rgv e‡j| evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b GB nvi 5%| †K›`ªxq e¨vsK GB Rgvi nvi
Kwg‡q ev evwo‡q evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvi FY †Ìqvi ¶gZv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|
evRv‡i F‡Yi cwigvY †e‡o †M‡j †K›`ªxq e¨vsK wewae× Rgvi nvi evwo‡q †`q| d‡j evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K Zv‡ì
Avgvb‡Zi A‡c¶vK…Z †ewk cwigvY †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡K Rgv ivL‡Z nq| G‡Z evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki FY wnmv‡e †Ìqvi g‡Zv
Znwej K‡g hvIqvq †`‡k F‡Yi cwigvY K‡g hvq|
Ab¨w`‡K evRv‡i F‡Yi cwigvY K‡g †M‡j †K›`ªxq e¨vsK wewae× Rgvi nvi Kwg‡q †`q| d‡j evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K
Zv‡ì Avgvb‡Zi A‡c¶vK…Z Kg Ask wewae× Rgv wnmv‡e ivL‡Z nq Ges Zv‡ì nv‡Z FY wnmv‡e †Ìqvi g‡Zv
Znwe‡ji cwigvY †e‡o hvq| G‡Z †`‡k F‡Yi cwigvY †e‡o hvq|
L) wbe©vPbg~jK c×wZ
†`‡ki †Kvb GKwU we‡kl Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ hLb †K›`ªxq e¨vsK H Lv‡Z FY evov‡bv ev Kgv‡bvi wewfbœ c×wZ
eënvi K‡i ZLb Zv‡K wbe©vPbg~jK c×wZ ev ¸YMZ c×wZ e‡j| myZivs GB c×wZ‡Z mvaviYfv‡e †`‡ki †gvU F‡Yi
cwigvY bq eis †Kvb GKwU we‡kl Lv‡Zi F‡Yi cwigvY wbqš¿Y Kiv nq|
1. F‡Yi eivÏKiY bxwZ

GB bxwZ‡Z †K›`ªxq e¨vsK †hB Lv‡Z †ewk FY cÖ‡qvRb †m¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡i Ges †mLv‡b D`vi g‡bvfve †cvlY K‡i,
Avevi †hB Lv‡Z FY Kgv‡bv DwPZ †mLv‡b we‡kl wewawb‡la Av‡ivc K‡i| †hgb Avgv‡ì †`‡k †K›`ªxq e¨vsK hw`
wPswo Pvl cÖK‡í F‡Yi cwigvY evov‡Z Pvq Z‡e GRb¨ ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K G Lv‡Z FY †Ìqvi Rb¨ GKwU †KvUv
wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z nq| cÖ‡qvR‡b evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K we‡kl FY myweavI †`q| Ab¨w`‡K F‡Yi cwigvY Kgv‡Z
PvB‡j H Lv‡Z F‡Yi †KvUv Kwg‡q w`‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e we‡kl Lv‡Z FY wbqš¿Y Kiv‡K †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki FY eivÏKiY
bxwZ e‡j|
2. †fvM¨c‡Yï FY wbqš¿Y bxwZ

AvaywbK we‡k¦i e¨vsK eë¯’vq †fvM¨ cY¨ †hgb wUwf, wd«R, GqviKzjvi, †gvUimvB‡Kj BZ¨vw` †Kbvi Rb¨ e¨vcK FY
Kg©m~Px †`Lv hvq| †fvM¨cY¨ †Kbvi Lv‡Z F‡Yi cwigvY Kvw•LZ ch©v‡q ivL‡Z †K›`ªxq e¨vsK FY weZiKvix e¨vsK¸‡jvi
Rb¨ wbqgbxwZ ˆZix K‡i F‡Yi cwigvY wbqš¿Y K‡i| †hgb, awi †Kvb FY cÖK‡í 25000 UvKv ch©šÍ g~‡jï †fvM¨ cY¨
†Kbvi Rb¨ FY eiv‡Ïi †¶‡Î cÖ_g cwi‡kva¨ g~j¨ (Down Payment) GKev‡i 20% Ges cieZx© 20 gv‡m mgvb 20
wKw¯Í‡Z F‡Yi evwK Ask †diZ w`‡Z nq| †K›`ªxq e¨vsK hw` GB Lv‡Z F‡Yi cwigvY Kgv‡Z Pvq Zvn‡j cÖ_g
cwi‡kva¨ g~j¨ 30% Ges cieZx© 10 gv‡m mgvb 10 wKw¯Í‡Z F‡Yi evwK Ask †diZ †Ìqvi wbqg wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z
cv‡i| G‡Z K‡i †fv³v‡ì FY MÖn‡Yi AvMÖn K‡g hvq| Ab¨w`‡K F‡Yi cwigvY evov‡Z PvB‡j †K›`ªxq e¨vsK F‡Yi
wKw¯—i msL¨v evwo‡q I cÖ_g cwi‡kva¨ g~j¨ Kwg‡q †fv³v‡ì FY MÖn‡Yi AvMÖn e„w× K‡i|
3. RvgvbZx F‡Yi cÖvwšÍK nvi cwieZ©b bxwZ

RvgvbZhy³ F‡Yi †¶‡Î wK cwigvY g~‡jï Rvgvb‡Zi wec‡¶ KZ UvKv FY †Ìqv n‡e †mB wel‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq wbqgbxwZ
wba©viY K‡i †K›`ªxq e¨vsK RvgvbZx F‡Yi cwigvY wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| aiv hvK, G ai‡bi GKwU cÖK‡í 100 UvKvi
m¤ú` Rgv †i‡L 70 UvKv FY †Ìqv nq| A_©vr 30% gvwR©b ivLv nq| GLb †K›`ªxq e¨vsK H Lv‡Z F‡Yi cwigvY
Kgv‡Z PvB‡j gvwR©‡bi cwigvY evwo‡q 40% wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr bZzb GB wbq‡g 100 UvKvi m¤úwË
RvgvbZ †i‡L 60 UvKv FY cvIqv hv‡e| G‡Z FY MÖnYKvix‡ì FY MÖn‡Yi cÖeYZv K‡g hv‡e Ges FY wb‡Z PvB‡jI

Avcbv Avcwb cÖ`Ë F‡Yi cwigvY K‡g hv‡e| Ab¨w`‡K F‡Yi cwigvY evov‡Z PvB‡j †K›`ªxq e¨vsK gvwR©b Kwg‡q w`‡Z
cv‡i|
4. cÖZ¨¶ eë¯’v MÖnY c×wZ

‡Kvb ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vsK cÖPwjZ wbqg f½ K‡i †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki FY wbqš¿Y eë¯’v‡K evavMÖ¯’ Ki‡j †K›`ªxq e¨vsK H
ZvwjKvfy³ e¨vs‡Ki weiy‡× wewfbœ cÖZ¨¶ kvw¯Íg~jK eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, AwZwi³ `ÛYxq my` PvR© Kiv,
AwZwi³ wewae× Rgv msi¶‡Yi wb‡`©k †Ìqv, e¨vsK †iU evwo‡q †Ìqv, wejevÆv Ki‡Y AwZwi³ my` avh© Kiv, Aí
mg‡qi Rb¨ wbKvkN‡ii myweav eÜ K‡i †Ìqv BZ¨vw`|
5. ‰bwZK cÖ‡ivPbv c×wZ

FY wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ AvbyôvwbK †Kvb wb‡`©k Rvix bv K‡iI †K›`ªxq e¨vsK Aat¯Íb e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K wewfbœai‡bi Dc‡`k ev
civgk© w`‡q FY wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, †`‡k eb¨vi d‡j K…wl LvZ gvivZ¥Kfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡j †K›`ªxq e¨vsK K…wl
Lv‡Z FY †Ìqvi Rb¨ Aat¯Íb e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K Dc‡`k ev civgk© w`‡q DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z wKQyUv n‡jI F‡Yi
cwigvY evo‡Z cv‡i|
6. cÖPvibv c×wZ
†K›`ªxq e¨vsK wewfbœ cÖ‡qvR‡b ey‡jwUb, g¨vMvwRb, cÎ-cwÎKv, cÖwZ‡e`b BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| Gmg¯Í cÖKvkbvq
†K›`ªxq e¨vsK †`‡ki Avw_©K Ae¯’v, e¨vswKs cwiw¯’wZ, gy`ªvbxwZ, FYbxwZ, LvZIqvix F‡Yi Ae¯’v BZ¨vw` wel‡q wewfbœ
Z_¨, `„wófw½ I KiYxq Zz‡j ai‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j Aat¯Íb e¨vsK¸‡jvi Kg©KZ©v‡ì g‡a¨ †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki gšÍe¨ I
`„wófw½i cÖfve c‡o, hv Zv‡ì FY eë¯’vcbv‡KI cÖfvweZ K‡i|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K eySv hvq †h, GKwU †`‡ki F‡Yi cwigvY Kvg¨¯Í‡i eRvq ivLv †Kvb mnR ev mvaviY KvR bq|
d‡j †Kvb GKK c×wZ mvgMÖxK FY wbqš¿‡Y m¤ú~Y© cÖfve ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| G Kvi‡Y †K›`ªxq e¨vsK¸‡jv FY wbqš¿‡Yi
wewfbœ c×wZ GKB mv‡_ cÖ‡qvRbxq ¸iyZ¡ gvwdK ev¯Íevq‡bi †Póv Pvjvq|
cvV ms‡¶c: 5.2
• †K›`ªxq e¨vsK g~jZ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvi FY †Ìqvi ¶gZv‡K wewfbœfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i †`‡k F‡Yi cwigvY
wbqš¿Y K‡i|
• e¨vsK nvi evov‡bv ev Kgv‡bvi gva¨‡g †K›`ªxq e¨vsK evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvi FY †Ìqvi ¶gZv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i
Ges †`‡k F‡Yi cwigvY wbqš¿Y K‡i|
• evRv‡i F‡Yi cwigvY †e‡o †M‡j †K›`ªxq e¨vsK myweavRbK k‡Z© miKvix eÛ ev wmwKDwiwUR evRv‡i Qv‡o|
G‡Z evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Avgvb‡Zi cwigvY K‡g hvq Ges FY †Ìqvi ¶gZvI K‡g hvq|
• †K›`ªxq e¨vsK wewae× Rgvi nvi Kwg‡q ev evwo‡q evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvi FY †Ìqvi ¶gZv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|

1. †K›`ªxq e¨vsK †Kvb †Kvb cÖwZôvb‡K FY w`‡q _v‡K?

K) ZvwjKvf~³ e¨vsKmg~n‡K L) miKvi‡K
M) Dfq‡K N) KvD‡KB bq
2. GKwU †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i F‡Yi cwigvY KZUzKz nIqv DwPZ Zv †Kvb cÖwZôvb wba©viY I wbqš¿Y K‡i?
K) wek¦ e¨vsK L) †K›`ªxq e¨vsK
M) evwYwR¨K e¨vsK N) †KvbwUB bq
3. wewfbœ bxwZ I †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g †K›`ªxq e¨vsK KZ…©K †`‡ki †gvU F‡Yi cwigvY wbqš¿Y Kiv‡K e‡j-
K) FY wbqš¿Y L) †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki FY bxwZ
M) F‡Yi eivÏKiY bxwZ N) †KvbwUB bq
4. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K †K›`ªxq e¨vsK KZ„©K FY †Ìqvi mgq Av‡ivwcZ my‡ì nvi Kwg‡q ev evwo‡q †`‡ki †gvU
F‡Yi cwigvY wbqš¿Y Kivi bxwZ‡K ejv nq -
K) e¨vsK nvi bxwZ L) F‡Yi eivÏKiY bxwZ
M) wewae× Rgvi nvi cwieZ©b bxwZ N) cÖZ¨¶ eë¯’v MÖnY bxwZ
5. wb‡Pi †Kvb c×wZwU †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki FY wbqš¿‡Yi wbe©vPbg~jK c×wZ bq-

K) F‡Yi eivÏKiY bxwZ L) cÖZ¨¶ eë¯’vMÖnY c×wZ
M) RvgvbZx F‡Yi cÖvwšÍK nvi cwieZ©b bxwZ N) wewae× Rgvi nvi cwieZ©b bxwZ
DËigvjv
1. L 2. K 3. M 4. L 5. K

1. M 2. L 3. K 4. K 5. N
1. †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb êwkó¨¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki|
2. †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vejx we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
3. †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki FY wbqš¿Y ej‡Z wK eyS? †K›`ªxq e¨vsK wKfv‡e FY wbqš¿Y K‡i?

1. †K›`ªxq e¨vsK Kv‡K e‡j?
2. †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki †gŠwjK Kvh©vejx ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki|
3. miKv‡ii e¨vsK wnmv‡e †K›`ªxq e¨vsK wK wK KvR K‡i ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki|
4. †K›`ªxq e¨vsK wK wK Dbœqbg~jK KvR K‡i ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki|
5. e¨vsK nvi Kv‡K e‡j? e¨vsK nv‡ii cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g †K›`ªxq e¨vsK wKfv‡e FY wbqš¿Y K‡i|
6. wewae× Rgv Kv‡K e‡j? wewae× Rgvi nvi cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g †K›`ªxq e¨vsK wKfv‡e FY wbqš¿ K‡i ?
7. RvgvbZx F‡Yi cÖvwšÍK nvi cwieZ©b K‡i wKfv‡e FY wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq D`vniY `vI|
BDwbU
Dbœqb e¨vsK
6
f~wgKv
wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci `wi`ª I hy×we×¯Í †`k¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b, we‡kl K‡i wkí I evwY‡Rï Dbœq‡b mnvqZv
†Ìqvi Rb¨ †h we‡klvwqZ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb m„wó n‡qwQj Zv‡K Dbœqb e¨vsK e‡j| Dbœqb e¨vsK GKw`‡K †hgb
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki g‡Zv wewfbœ Dbœqbagx© Lv‡Z FY w`‡q _v‡K, wVK †Zgwb wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki g‡Zv `xN©‡gqv`x FY †`qv,
DbœqgyLx cÖKí cwiKíbvq mn‡hvwMZv Kiv, cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡b KvwiMwi civgk© I mn‡hvwMZv †Ìqv, iyMœ wkí cybiy×v‡i
we‡kl eë¯’v †bqv BZ¨vw` KvR K‡i _v‡K| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ AbybœZ, Dbœqkxj Ges DbœZ me †`‡kB wewfbœ ai‡bi Dbœqb
e¨vsK †`Lv hvq| hy‡M hy‡M c„w_exi me †`‡kB GB e¨vsK K…wl, wkí, cwienb, cÖhyw³ BZ¨vw` Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b e¨vcK
f~wgKv †i‡L P‡j‡Q| G BDwbU †_‡K Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki msÁv, DrcwË, D‡Ïk¨, cÖKvi‡f` Ges Kvh©ejx m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z
cvi‡eb|
cvV- 1 msÁv, DrcwË, D‡Ïk¨ I cÖKvi‡f`
D‡Ïk¨
Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb
Dbœqb e¨vsK m„wói BwZnvm msw¶ßvKv‡i Zz‡j ai‡Z cvi‡eb
Dbœqb e¨vsK m„wói D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki GKwU †kªYxwefvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
Dbœqb e¨vsK Kv‡K e‡j

Dbœqb e¨vsK GKwU bZzb aviYv| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i c‡i wewfbœ †`‡ki wk‡íi Dbœqb‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Kivi Rb¨ †h Avw_©K
cÖwZôvb¸wj m„wó n‡qwQj Zv‡KB Dbœqb e¨vsK e‡j| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i c‡i Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv Ges j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvi bZzb
¯^vaxbZv jvf Kiv `wi`ª †`k¸‡jv GKwU `xN©‡gqv`x `vwi‡`ªi Ke‡j c‡o Ges wkíDbœq‡b wcwQ‡q c‡o| GB Ae¯’v †_‡K
`ª“Z D‡ËviY I wkívq‡bi Rb¨ ZLb we‡kl ai‡bi Avw_©K cÖwZôvb cÖwZôv Kiv nq hv Dbœq‡bi g~j Dcv`vb †hgb,
g~jab, D‡`¨vM I Dbœq‡bi Ávb BZ¨vw` mieivn Ki‡e| Dbœqb e¨vsK wkí cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K ïaygvÎ ga¨g I `xN©‡gqv`x
ZnwejB mieivn K‡i bv eis GKwU mylg I `xN©‡gqv`x Dbœqb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© cÖKí evQvB Kiv, cÖKí
cÖwZ‡e`b ‰Zix Kiv, KvwiMwi civgk© †Ìqv, eë¯’vcKxq †mev †Ìqv BZ¨vw` mn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡K| GB e¨vsK KL‡bv
KL‡bv wb‡RB wkí cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb I Gi eë¯’vcbv K‡i _v‡K|
myZivs ejv hvq †h, Dbœqb e¨vsK n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi we‡klvwqZ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb hvi D‡Ïk¨ gybvdv AR©b bq, eis
GKwU †`‡ki wkí I evwY‡Rï mvgMÖxK Dbœqb Kiv| GB e¨vsK †`‡ki wkí cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K Znwej mieivn Kiv Ges
wewfbœ wewb‡qvM cÖKí Lyu‡R †ei Kiv I cÖKí cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZix Kiv †_‡K ïiy K‡i ev¯Íevqb ch©šÍ wewfbœ ai‡bi
mn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡K| ZvB ejv hvq †h, Dbœqb e¨vsK GKB mv‡_ GKwU Avw_©K mnvqZv`vbKvix I Dbœqb
mnvqZv`vbKvix cÖwZôvb|
Dbœqb e¨vsK m„wói BwZnvm

Dbœqb e¨vsK m„wói BwZnvm‡K Avgiv wZb fv‡M fvM Ki‡Z cvwi, h_vt wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i Av‡M, wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i c‡i Ges
eZ©gvb mg‡q Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki BwZnvm|
K) wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i Av‡Mi BwZnvm

Dbœqb e¨vsK aviYvwUi Rb¥ wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i c‡i n‡jI cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i Av‡MI G ai‡bi Dbœqb mnvqZv `vbKvix Avw_©K
cÖwZôv‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ cvIqv hvq| wkí I evwYR¨ D‡Ï¨v‡M Avw_©K mnvqZv †Ìqvi Rb¨ 1882 mv‡j Societe- Generale
De Belgique bv‡g †ejwRqv‡g GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¥ nq| Gici 1852 mv‡j wk‡í A_©vq‡bi Rb¨ d«v‡Ý French
Credit Mobiliser cÖwZwôZ nq, hvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj eÛ I cÖwgRwi †bvU wewµ K‡i wkí cÖwZôv‡b A_© mieivn Kiv| GB
e¨vsKwU Dbœqb e¨vsK wnmv‡e wek¦e¨vcx cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i Ges we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`k †hgb, Rvg©vbx, A‡óªwjqv, †b`vij¨vÛ,
BUvjx, myBRvij¨vÛ Ges †¯ú‡bi Dbœqb e¨vsK¸‡jvi Rb¨ g‡Wj AvKv‡i KvR K‡i| GgbwK French Credit
Mobiliser -‡K AbymiY K‡i Rvcvb Zvi wkí Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ 1902 mv‡j Industrial Bank of Japan cÖwZôv K‡i|
hwÌ GB e¨vsK wkíDbœq‡b Avw_©K mnvqZv w`‡q _v‡K ZeyI G‡K Dbœqb e¨vsK ejv hv‡e bv| KviY, GB e¨vsK
wkíDbœq‡b A_©vq‡bi cvkvcvwk GKwU evwYwR¨K e¨vsK ev eÜKx cÖwZôvb wnmv‡eI KvR K‡i|
L) wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i c‡ii BwZnvm

wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i cieZx© mg‡q Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki RbwcÖqZv †Kej AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡kB mxgve× _v‡Kwb, eis 1944
mv‡ji w`K †_‡K †MÖU weª‡Ub mn we‡k¦i DbœZ †`‡kI Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki aviYvwU Qwo‡q c‡o| Z‡e GmKj e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©µg
AbybœZ †`‡ki Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©µg †_‡K wKQyUv Avjv`v wQj| 1944 mv‡j KvbvWvq cÖwZwôZ The Industrial
Development Bank of Canada, 1945 mv‡j †MÖU weª‡U‡b cÖwZwôZ Industrial and Commercial Finance
Corporation Ltd. Ges 1946 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ Industrial Finance Department of the Commonwealth Bank of
Australia BZ¨vw` G ai‡bi e¨vs‡Ki D`vniY| GmKj e¨vs‡Ki †KvbwUB Dbœqbkxj †`‡k Dbœqb e¨vsK ej‡Z hv
†evSvq Zvi gZ bq| cÖK…Z A‡_© GB e¨vsK¸‡jv wQj ¶z`ª I gvSvwi AvKv‡ii wk‡í ïaygvÎ A_© jMœx Kivi Rb¨
we‡klvwqZ wKQy cÖwZôvb|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GUv eySv hvq †h, DbœZ †`‡ki Dbœqb e¨vsK Avm‡j †gqv`x FY`vbKvix Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi
êwkó¨m¤úbœ, †hLv‡b AbybœZ †`k¸‡jvi Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡jv A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× Z¡ivwY^Z Kiv Ges †`‡ki
wk‡í-evwY‡Rï Dbœq‡b cÖ‡gvkbvj KvR Kiv|
M) eZ©gvb mg‡q Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki weKvk

weMZ Pwjøk eQ‡i we‡k¦i Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z A‡bK Dbœqb e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| †`k¸‡jvi ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK
I mvgvwRK Pvwn`vi Kvi‡YB G ai‡bi e¨vs‡Ki Rb¥ n‡q‡Q| GB e¨vsK¸‡jvi msMVb KvVv‡gv I Kv‡Ri AvIZv‡ZI
i‡q‡Q h‡_ó cv_©K¨| †Kvb †Kvb Dbœqb e¨vsK M‡o D‡V‡Q miKvix A_©vq‡b, †hgb 1959 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ Industrial
Development Bank of Nepal, 1960 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ Industrial Development Bank of Indonesia Ges 1965
mv‡j cÖwZwôZ National Bank of Brazil| GQvovI †Kvb †Kvb Dbœqb e¨vsK M‡o D‡V‡Q †emiKvix D‡`¨v‡M, †hgb-
Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India and Pakistan I The Industrial Finance
Corporation of Thailand BZ¨vw`| miKvix I †emiKvix †hŠ_ D‡`¨v‡M cÖwZwôZ Dbœqb e¨vsK¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q The
Industrial Finance Corporation of India, The Pakistan Industrial Development Bank, The Industrial
Development Finance Corporation of Malaysia BZ¨vw`| †Kvb †Kvb Dbœqb e¨vsK ïaygvÎ miKvix cÖwZôv‡bi
A_©vqY I Dbœq‡bi KvR K‡i, †hgb- The Sumer Bank of Turkey| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb e¨vsK ïaygvÎ †emiKvix
cÖwZôvb A_ev miKvix-‡emiKvix †hŠ_ gvwjKvbvq cÖwZwôZ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K A_©vqY K‡i _v‡K| †Kvb †Kvb Dbœqb e¨vsK
†`‡ki mvgMÖxK A_©bxwZi Dbœq‡b KvR K‡i| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb e¨vsK †KejgvÎ wbw`©ó GK ev GKvwaK Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b
Rb¨ KvR K‡i| †Kvb †Kvb Dbœqb e¨vsK AvÂwjK ch©v‡q KvR K‡i Avevi †Kvb †Kvb Dbœqb e¨vsK RvZxq ch©v‡q KvR
K‡i| †hme Dbœqb e¨vsK AvšÍtAvÂwjK Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i Zvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q 1960 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ Inter
American Development Bank, 1964 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ African Development Bank, 1966 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ Asian
Development Bank BZ¨vw`| AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q KvR K‡i G ai‡bi Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q World Bank,
International Finance Corporation, International Development Association BZ¨vw`|
me‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, wkíLv‡Z A_© I civgk© †Ìqvi Rb¨ Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¥ n‡qwQj A‡bK Av‡MB, Z‡e wØZxq
wek¦hy‡×i cieZx©Kv‡j G RvZxq cÖwZôvb Dbœqb e¨vsK wnmv‡e cÖvwZôvwbK iƒc jvf K‡i| cÖ_g w`‡K †KejgvÎ AbybœZ
ev Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki wkí I evwYR¨ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ G RvZxq e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ n‡q _vK‡jI mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv we‡k¦i
DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z Qwo‡q c‡o| Z‡e AbybœZ ev Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡jv †`‡ki mvgMÖxK wkí
I A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b Znwej mieivnmn hveZxq DbœqgzLx mn‡hvwMZv Kiv, †hLv‡b DbœZ †`‡ki Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb
êwkó¨ n‡jv wkí I evwY‡Rï Dbœq‡b †KejgvÎ ga¨g I `xN©‡gqv`x Znwej mieivn Kiv|
Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki D‡Ïk¨vejx

Dbœqb e¨vsK n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK hv AbybœZ ev ¯^‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨
we‡klZt wk‡íi Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ `xN©‡gqv`x g~jaY mieivn Kiv, D‡`¨vM MVb Kiv I Dbœq‡bi Ávb mieivn Kivmn
wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖ‡gvkbvj KvR K‡i _v‡K| ZvB ejv hvq, Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv †Kvb GKwU †`‡ki wk‡íi
Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g †m‡`‡ki mvgMÖxK A_©bxwZi Dbœqb Kiv| wek`fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki D‡Ïk¨vejx‡K Avgiv
†gvU wZbwU fv‡M fvM Ki‡Z cvwi| h_v t K) Dbœqg~Lx cÖKí mbv³KiY I ev¯—evq‡b mnvqZv †Ìqv, L) †`kxq
m¤ú‡ì m‡e©v”P eënvi wbwðZ Kivi gva¨‡g †gvU †`kxq Drcv`b evov‡bv Ges M) GKwU fvimvg¨c~Y© A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b
mn‡hvwMZv †Ìqv|
K) DbœqbgzLx cÖKí mbv³KiY I ev¯Í evq‡b mnvqZv Kiv

AbybœZ I Dbœqkxj †`k¸‡jv mvaviYZ g~ja‡Yi ¯^íZvRwbZ mgm¨vq †fv‡M, †mB mv‡_ i‡q‡Q mwVK D‡`¨v‡Mi Afve,
KvwiMwi Áv‡bi Afve, eë¯’vcKxq Áv‡bi Afve BZ¨vw`| ZvB Dbœqb e¨vsK GmKj †`‡ki wkí Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ
ai‡bi KvR K‡i _v‡K, †hgb - wewfbœ wk‡íi m¤¢vebv hvPvB, wewfbœ cÖK‡í wewb‡qv‡Mi m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB, KvwiMwi I
eë¯’vcKxq Ávb mieivn Kiv Ges cÖKí ev¯—evq‡b `xN©‡gqv`x g~jaY mieivn Kiv, BZ¨vw`| A_©vr GB e¨vsK cÖK‡íi
ïiy †_‡K †kl ch©š— bvbv ai‡bi Dbœqbg~jK mn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡K| GQvovI GB e¨vsK wkí D‡`¨v³v‡ì wewfbœ ai‡bi
cÖwk¶‡Yi eë¯’vI K‡i _v‡K| Dbœqb e¨vsK mvaviYZ wb¤œwjwLZ cÖKí¸‡jv‡K AMÖvwaKvi w`‡q _v‡K:
i. myweavewÂZ AÂ‡j M„nxZ cÖKí|
ii. ¶z`ª wk‡íi AšÍf~©³ cÖKí|
iii. KvwiMwi Ávb m¤úbœ bZzb D‡`¨v³v‡ì M„nxZ cÖKí|
iv. MY‡fvM¨ cY¨ Drcv`‡bi cÖKí Ges
v. ißvwbg~Lx I Avg`vbx weKí c‡Yï Drcv`b cÖKí|
L) †`kxq m¤ú‡ì m‡e©v”P eënv‡i mnvqZv Kiv

Dbœqb e¨vsK A_©jMœxKvix cÖwZôv‡bi g‡Zv †KejgvÎ Avw_©K mnvqZvB †`q bv, eis †Kvb& cÖK‡í GB A_© e¨q Kiv n‡e
ZvI we‡ePbvq Av‡b| GB e¨vsK Ggb cÖK‡í wewb‡qvM DØy× K‡i hv‡Z K‡i †`kxq m¤ú‡ì m‡e©v”P eënvi wbwðZ Kiv
hvq| †`‡ki wewb‡qvMKvixiv mvaviYZ Ggb cÖK‡í wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z Pvq †hLv‡b †gvU gybvdv †ewk nq| wKš‘ ïaygvÎ
gybvdvi wfwË‡Z cÖKí wbe©vPb Ki‡j †`‡ki †Kvb we‡kl LvZ AbMÖmi n‡q co‡Z cv‡i Ges †Kvb †`kR m¤ú`
AeëüZ _vK‡Z cv‡i| ZvB Dbœqb e¨vsK †`kR m¤ú‡ì m‡e©v”P eënvi K‡i GKwU ¯^vej¤^x wkí Dbœqb‡K DrmvwnZ
K‡i|
M) GKwU fvimvg¨c~Y© A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb wbwðZ Kiv

Dbœqb e¨vsK¸‡jv †`‡ki wewfbœ cÖv‡šÍ mvgÄm¨c~Y© A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb wbwðZ Ki‡Z Pvq| mvaviYZ wewb‡qvMKvixiv fv‡jv
†hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v, fv‡jv kªg evRvi, fv‡jv cÖhyw³MZ myweav BZ¨vwì K_v we‡ePbv K‡i †KejgvÎ †`‡ki we‡kl we‡kl
AÂ‡j wkí KviLvbv ¯’vcb Ki‡Z Pvq| d‡j †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i wewfbœ As‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb I wkívqb êlg¨g~jK n‡q

co‡Z cv‡i| ZvB Dbœqb e¨vsK †`‡ki myweavewÂZ Ask¸‡jv‡Z cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl ai‡bi myweav w`‡q
D‡`¨v³v‡ì AvMÖn m„wó K‡i|
Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki cÖKvi‡f`

wewfbœ †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi j¶¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki Rb¥ n‡q‡Q| Dbœqb e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K
Zv‡ì Kvh©µ‡gi LvZ, gvwjKvbvi aiY, Avw_©K mn‡hvwMZvi aiY, †fŠMwjK AvIZv BZ¨vw` `„wó‡KvY †_‡K fvM Kiv
hvq| wb‡P G¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
miKvix LvZ
‡emiKvix LvZ
mvaviY
Kvh©µ‡gi
LvZ
wgkª
we‡klvwqZ
K…wl LvZ
miKvix
wkí LvZ
†K›`ªxq e¨vsK
gvwjKvbvi aiY Ab¨vb¨ LvZ
†emiKvix
Dbœqb e¨vsK
wgkª
FY`vb
Avw_©K mn‡hvwMZvi Dbœqb

aiY
wgkª
RvZxq
†fŠMwjK AvIZv AvÂwjK
Avš—R©vwZK
K) Kvh©µ‡gi LvZ
Kvh©µ‡gi Lv‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i Dbœqb e¨vsK‡K `ywU eo fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: mvaviY Dbœqb e¨vsK I we‡klvwqZ
Dbœqb e¨vsK|
1. mvaviY Dbœqb e¨vsK: K…wl, wkí, cwienb, we`y¨r BZ¨vw` me ai‡bi Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b mnvqZv `v‡bi Rb¨ †h Dbœqb
e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡K mvaviY Dbœqb e¨vsK e‡j| GB e¨vsK miKvix LvZ I †emiKvix Lv‡Zi g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨
K‡i bv, mKj Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bB KvR K‡i|
2. we‡klvwqZ Dbœqb e¨vsK: †h Dbœqb e¨vsK †KejgvÎ †Kvb GKwU we‡kl Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b mnvqZv †`q Zv‡K
we‡klvwqZ Dbœqb e¨vsK e‡j| K…wl, wkí, cwienb BZ¨vw` wewfbœ Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ c„_K we‡klvwqZ Dbœqb
e¨vs‡Ki Aw¯—Z¡ †`Lv hvq| Avevi miKvix LvZ, †emiKvix LvZ A_ev miKvix-†emiKvix wgkª Lv‡Zi D‡bœq‡bi
Rb¨ c„_K c„_K we‡klvwqZ e¨vs‡Ki Aw¯&&ÍZ¡I †`Lv hvq| A‡bK Dbœqb e¨vsK cÖ_gw`‡K ïaygvÎ miKvix Lv‡Zi
Dbœq‡b cÖwZwôZ n‡jI cieZx©‡Z Zv †emiKvix Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bI KvR Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq|
L) gvwjKvbvi aiY
gvwjKvbvi aiY Abyhvqx Dbœqb e¨vsK‡K Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq, h_v:
1. miKvix gvwjKvbvaxb 2. †emiKvix gvwjKvbvaxb 3. †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki gvwjKvbvaxb I
4. miKvix-‡emiKvix-‡K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki wgkª gvwjKvbvaxb|
AwaKvsk Dbœqb e¨vsK miKvix I †emiKvix gvwjKvbvaxb n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e †emiKvix gvwjKvbvaxb Dbœqb e¨vsK
cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jaY msMÖ‡ni †¶‡Î miKvix mn‡hvwMZviI cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| †emiKvix gvwjKvbvaxb Dbœqb e¨vsK †Kvb
†Kvb w`K †_‡K miKvix Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki †P‡q fv‡jv| KviY, GB e¨vsK AvgjvZvwš—K RwUjZv gy³ Ges ivRbxwZwe` I
ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi cÖfvegy³ n‡Z cv‡i| miKvix Dbœqb e¨vsK¸‡jviI wKQy myweavRbK w`K i‡q‡Q †hgb, GB e¨vsK
eo, †QvU, gvSvwi me ai‡bi cÖK‡í wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i, bZzb I SuywKc~Y© cÖK‡í wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges bZzb
wewb‡qvM m¤¢vebv D™¢ve‡b A_© wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i, hv A_©‰bwZK mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK †¶‡ÎB †emiKvix Dbœqb
e¨vs‡Ki c‡¶ m¤¢e nq bv|
M) Avw_©K mn‡hvwMZvi aiY

Avw_©K mn‡hvwMZvi aiY Abymv‡i Dbœqb e¨vsK‡K wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
1. FY`vb wfwËK (Lending Activity Based)
2. Dbœqb Kvh©µg wfwËK (Promotional Activity Based)
3. wgkª Kvh©µg wfwËK (Mixed Activity Based)
FY`vb wfwËK Dbœqb e¨vsK A‡bKUv wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki g‡Zv Dbœqbg~Lx Lv‡Z `xN©‡gqv`x FY w`‡q _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K
Dbœqb Kvh©µg wfwËK e¨vsK ïaygvÎ `xN©‡gqv`x FYB †`q bv, eis m¤¢vebvgqx cÖKí wPwýZKiY I ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqZv
`vb, †kqvi Ae‡jLb, eë¯’vcKxq mnvqZv `vb, KvwiMix civgk© I mnvqZv `vb, BZ¨vw` bvbv ai‡bi cÖ‡gvkbvj KvR
K‡i _v‡K| eZ©gvb mg‡q A‡bK wgkª Kvh©µg wfwËK Dbœqb e¨vsK †`Lv hvq hv, FY`vb Kvh©µg I cÖ‡gvkbvj Kvh©µg
DfqB m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K|
N) †fŠMwjK AvIZv
Kvh©µ‡gi †fŠMwjK AvIZv Abymv‡i Dbœqb e¨vsK RvZxq, AvÂwjK I AvšÍR©vwZK n‡Z cv‡i| AvšÍR©vwZK Dbœqb e¨vsK
c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki wkí cÖwZôv‡bi A_©‰bwZK I Dbœqb Pvwn`v c~iY K‡i _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K RvZxq Dbœqb e¨vsK
†KejgvÎ GKwU wbw`©ó †`‡ki Dbœq‡b cÖwZkÖywZe×| †hgb- IFCI, ICICI Ges IDBI BZ¨vw`| †h‡nZz †Kvb †`‡ki
Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi c‡¶ GKKfv‡e †m‡`‡ki eo eo wkí cÖwZôv‡bi A_©‰bwZK Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv m¤¢e nq bv, ZvB
RvZxq Dbœqb e¨vsK¸‡jv †`‡ki Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K mnvqZv w`‡q _v‡K| KL‡bv KL‡bv K‡qKwU †`‡ki mgš^‡q

MwVZ GKwU we‡kl AÂ‡ji Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ AvÂwjK Dbœqb e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq| †hgb, Gwkqvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Asian
Development Bank KvR K‡i hv‡”Q|
cvV ms‡¶c: 6.1
• wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci `wi`ª I hy×we×¯Í †`k¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b, we‡kl K‡i wkí I evwY‡Rï Dbœq‡b
mnvqZv †Ìqvi Rb¨ †h we‡klvwqZ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb m„wó n‡qwQj Zv‡K Dbœqb e¨vsK e‡j|
• eZ©gvb we‡k¦ AbybœZ, Dbœqkxj Ges DbœZ me †`‡kB wewfbœ ai‡bi Dbœqb e¨vsK †`Lv hvq|
• Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki D‡Ïk¨ gybvdv AR©b bq|
• †h Dbœqb e¨vsK †KejgvÎ †Kvb GKwU we‡kl Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b mnvqZv †`q Zv‡K we‡klvwqZ Dbœqb e¨vsK e‡j|
• Avw_©K mn‡hvwMZvi aiY Abymv‡i Dbœqb e¨vsK‡K wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v t FY`vb wfwËK (Lending
Activity Based), Dbœqb Kvh©µg wfwËK (Promotional Activity Based), wgkª Kvh©µg wfwËK (Mixed
Activity Based) |
• AvšÍR©vwZK Dbœqb e¨vsK c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki wkí cÖwZôv‡bi A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Pvwn`v c~iY K‡i _v‡K|
• Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vejx‡K cÖavbZ `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: Avw_©K (Financial) KvR I Dbœqbg~jK
(Promotional) KvR|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqY: 6.1

1. Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv-
K) gybvdv AR©b Kiv L) wkí I evwY‡Rï mvgMÖxK Dbœqb
M) AvgvbZ msMÖn N) FY `vb
2. 1852 mv‡ji c‡i Rvg©vwb, A‡óªwjqv, †b`vij¨vÛ BZ¨vw` †`k¸‡jvi Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki g‡Wj AvKv‡i KvR K‡i †Kvb
e¨vsK
K) BÛvwóªqvj e¨vsK Ae Rvcvb (Industrial Bank of Japan)
L) †mvmvBwU †Rbv‡ij wW †ejwRK (Societe- Generale De Belgique)
M) †d«Ý †µwWU †gvwejvBRvi (French Credit Mobiliser)
N) †KvbwUB bq
3. DbœZ we‡k¦i Dbœqb e¨vsK¸‡jvi êwkó¨ wQj A‡bKUv

K) evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki g‡Zv L) mÂqx e¨vs‡Ki g‡Zv
M) †gqv`x FY`vbKvix Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi g‡Zv N) †KvbwUB bq|
4. wb‡Pi †Kvb e¨vsKwU Dbœqb e¨vsK bq?

K) BbUvib¨vkbvj dvBbvÝ Ki‡cv‡ikb (International Finance Corporation )
L) Iqvì© e¨vsK (World Bank)
M) B›Uvib¨vkbvj †W‡fjc‡g›U G‡mvwm‡qkb (International Development Association)
N) Av‡gwiKvbv G·‡cÖm e¨vsK (American Express Bank)

5. wb‡Pi †Kvb ai‡bi cÖKí‡K Dbœqb e¨vsK AMÖvwaKvi †`q?

K) ißvwbg~Lx I Avgb`vbx weKí c‡Yï Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ cÖKí
L) ¶z`ª wk‡íi AšÍf~©³ cÖKí
M) †KvbwUB bq
N) `y‡UvB
6. K…wl, wkí, cwienb BZ¨vw` me ai‡bi Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †h Dbœqb e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡K e‡j
K) mvaviY Dbœqb e¨vsK L) we‡klvwqZ Dbœqb e¨vsK
M) wgkª Dbœqb e¨vsK N) RvZxq Dbœqb e¨vsK

cvV- 2 Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vejx

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb−
Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb KvR¸‡jv wK
wewfbœ †`‡ki Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki bvg
Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vejx

Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vejx‡K cÖavbZ `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: Aw_©K (Financial) KvR I Dbœqbg~jK
(Promotional) KvR| DbœZ we‡k¦i Dbœqb e¨vsK¸‡jv mvaviYZ Aw_©K KvR K‡i _v‡K, A_©vr wewb‡qvM e¨vs‡Ki g‡Zv
†KejgvÎ Dbœqbg~jK Lv‡Z `xN©‡gqv`x FY w`‡q _v‡K| Z‡e AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z Dbœqb e¨vsK ïaygvÎ FY
†`q bv, eis Dbœq‡bi me ai‡bi Dcv`vb mieivn K‡i _v‡K, †hgb- A_©vqY, KvwiMix mnvqZv `vb, e¨ve¯’vcKxq
mnvqZv `vb, D‡`¨vM MVb, cÖKí ev¯Íevqb BZ¨vw`| mvavibfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j Dbœqb e¨vsK GKwU eûg~Lx mnvqZv
`vbKvix cÖwZôvb hv †`‡ki wewfbœ Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b Avw_©K I cÖ‡gvkbvj mnvqZv w`‡q _v‡K| wb‡P Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki GB
eûg~Lx KvR¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
K) Aw_©K NvUwZ c~iY

GB e¨vsK gvSvwi I `xN©‡gqv`x FY †Ìqv, wewfbœ †Kv¤úvbxi †kqvi I FYcÎ †Kbv, †kqvi Ae‡jLb, hš¿cvwZ ‡Kbv I
Avg`vbx Kiv, cÖZ¨qb cÎ Bmy¨ Kiv BZ¨vw` wewfbœ Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì Aw_©K NvUwZ c~iY K‡i _v‡K|
L) evwYwR¨K e¨vswKs Kvh©vejx

†h mKj †`‡ki evwYwR¨K e¨vsK eë¯’v mymsMwVZ bq Ges FY myweav AcÖZzj †mB mKj †`‡k Dbœqb e¨vsK evwYwR¨K
e¨vs‡Ki g‡Zv PjwZ g~jaY mieiv‡ni Rb¨ ¯^í †gqv`x FY w`‡q _v‡K| †hgb- Industrial Development
Corporation of Nepal, The Mexican National Financiers Ges South African Industrial Development
Corporation BZ¨vw` Dbœqb e¨vsK †m‡`‡ki †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv‡K ¯^í‡gqv`x FY mieivn K‡i _v‡K| GQvovI †¶Î
we‡k‡l Dbœqb e¨vsK AvgvbZ MÖnY K‡i, cÖZ¨qb cÎ Bmy¨ K‡i Ges we‡ji evÆv K‡i|
M) †hŠ_ A_©vqY
eZ©gvb mg‡q Dbœqb e¨vsK¸‡jv wkí cÖwZôvb‡K Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi m‡½ †hŠ_fv‡e A_©vqY K‡i _v‡K| †hme
†`‡k wewb‡qvM e¨vsK, evwYwR¨K e¨vsK A_ev Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi c‡¶ GKKfv‡e wkí cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K eo ai‡bi
A_©vqY Kiv m¤¢e nq bv †mme †`‡k G ai‡bi †hŠ_ A_©vq‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q| mvaviYZ mvi wkí, †c‡Uªv †KwgK¨vj
wkí, avZe wkí, wm‡g›U wkí, †ccvi wkí BZ¨vw` Lv‡Z eo ai‡bi cÖviw¤¢K g~jaY ìKvi nq e‡j Gme Lv‡Z Dbœqb
e¨vsK Ab¨vb¨ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK I `xN©‡gqv`x FY`vbKvix cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ †hŠ_fv‡e A_©vqb K‡i|
N) F‡Yi wbðqZv `vb

Dbœqb e¨vsK¸‡jv A‡bK †`‡kB FY`vbKvix cÖwZôv‡bi F‡Yi wbðqZv`vbKvix wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| mvaviYZ †QvU gv‡ci
wkí¸‡jv‡K A_©vq‡Yi †¶‡Î Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv eo ai‡bi SuywK †eva K‡i| KviY, G ai‡bi Lv‡Z mdjZv AR©b bv
Kiv †M‡j A_©vqYKvix cÖwZôvb Zv‡ì F‡Yi UvKv Av`vq Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j †`‡ki ¶z`ª wkí¸‡jv g~jaY NvUwZRwbZ
mgm¨vq †fv‡M Ges G‡ì Dbœqb evavMÖ¯’ nq| GB Amyweav `yi Ki‡Z Dbœqb e¨vsK FY`vbKvix Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi

Rb¨ FY wbðqZv cÖKí (Credit Guarantee Scheme) I FY exgv (Credit Insurance) Pvjy K‡i _v‡K| G ai‡bi
cÖK‡íi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv FY`vbKvix Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K FY `v‡bi †¶‡Î m¤¢ve¨ ¶wZi wec‡¶ wbivcËv w`‡q ¶z`ª
wkí¸‡jvi cÖvwZôvwbK FY cÖvwßi eë¯’v Kiv| Rvcv‡b G ai‡bi eë¯’v LyeB DbœZ| GQvovI Dbœqb e¨vsK Avw_©K
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K FY Av‡e`bKvixi FYcÖvwßi Dchy³Zv m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ w`‡q mn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡K|
O) c~btA_©vqY
Dbœqb e¨vsK wewfbœ ai‡bi Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K c~btA_©vqY K‡i| evwYwR¨K e¨vsK ev Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb †`‡ki
wkíLv‡Z †gqv`x FY w`‡jI F‡Yi A_© `xN© †gqv‡ì Rb¨ FY MÖnYKvixi Kv‡Q AvU‡K _v‡K| d‡j Zviv Zvij¨ NvUwZi
m¤§yLxb n‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î Dbœqb e¨vsK H me Avw_©K cÖwZôvb‡K A_© mieiv‡ni gva¨‡g Zv‡ì Kvw•LZ Zvij¨ eRvq
ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i, hv‡Z K‡i Zviv cybivq Ab¨vb¨ wkí cÖwZôvb‡K FY w`‡Z cv‡i|
P) D‡`¨vM MV‡b mnvqZv Kiv

Dbœqb e¨vsK wewfbœ cÖK‡í A_©vqY QvovI H me cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖ‡gvkbvj KvR K‡i _v‡K, †hgb-
D‡`¨v³v cÖwk¶Y, cÖKí evQvB I m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB, eë¯’vcKxq I KvwiMix mnvqZv `vb BZ¨vw`| Dbœqb e¨vsK miKvix I
†emiKvix Dfq Lv‡ZB G ai‡bi †mev w`‡q _v‡K|
Q) g~jab evRvi MVb

†Kvb †`‡ki g~jaY evRvi MVb Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki Ab¨Zg ¸iyZ¡c~Y© KvR| GB e¨vsK wewfbœfv‡e g~jaY evRv‡ii Dbœq‡b
f~wgKv iv‡L, †hgb- g~jaY evRv‡i wb‡R‡ì †kqvi wewµ Kiv, cÖv_wgK †kqv‡ii Ae‡jLb Kiv, wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì Avw_©K
Kvh©µ‡g DØy× Kiv, RbM‡Yi mÂq AvgvbZ wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i g~jaY MVb Kiv, wewfbœ Lv‡Zi wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì myweav‡_©
wewfbœ ai‡bi wmwKDwiwUR m„wó Kiv|
R) eÛ Bmy¨ Kiv
AwaKvsk Dbœqb e¨vsK Zv‡ì wbR¯^ eÛ Bmy¨ K‡i _v‡K Gi g~j KviY n‡jv A‡bK Dbœqb e¨vsKB miKv‡ii mv‡_
†hŠ_fv‡e eÛ Bmy¨ K‡i hv miKvix wbðqZv cÖvß|
S) †kqvi I FYc‡Îi Ae‡jLb

Dbœqb e¨vsK mivmwi †kqvi ev wW‡eÂvi †K‡b A_ev Ae‡jLb K‡i wmwKDwiwU †cvU©dwjI ˆZix K‡i| wKš‘ g‡b ivLv
ìKvi †h, GB me wmwKDwiwUR e¨vsK ¯’vqxfv‡e a‡i iv‡L bv, eis g~jaY evRv‡ii g~j¨ ¯—i‡K cÖfvweZ bv K‡i ax‡i
ax‡i G¸‡jv cyYivq wewµ K‡i †`q| KviY, G¸‡jv GKev‡i wewµ Ki‡j evRv‡i wmwKDwiwUR Gi `vg c‡o †h‡Z cv‡i
A_ev A‡bK wmwKDwiwU †Kvb GKK e¨w³i nv‡Z co‡j †m H mKj †Kv¤úvbxi wbqš¿‡Y cÖfve we¯—vi Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB
G¸‡jv wewµi mgq cÖK…Z wewb‡qvMKvix e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi Kv‡Q wewµ Kiv n‡jv Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z nq|
me‡k‡l ejv hvq Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki we¯Ívi GLb wek¦e¨vcx I Avw_©K evRv‡i e¨vcKfv‡e cwiwPZ| Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi
wkí I A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ GB e¨vsK eûg~Lx A_©‰bwZK I cÖ‡gvkbvj KvR K‡i _v‡K|
wewfbœ †`‡ki Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki bvg

wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci hy×we×¯Í †`k¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ we‡kl K‡i wkí Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ †hmKj Avw_©K
cÖwZôvb m„wó n‡qwQj Zv‡KB Dbœqb e¨vsK e‡j| GmKj e¨vsK evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki gZ gybvdv AR©‡bi Rb¨ cwiPvwjZ nq

bv, eis †`‡ki mvgMÖxK wkí Dbœq‡b Avw_©K mnvqZv I Dbœqb mn‡hvwMZv †Ìqvi Rb¨ cÖwZwôZ nq| cÖ_gw`‡K
†KejgvÎ AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡kB G ai‡Yi e¨vs‡Ki DrcwË n‡jI cieZx© mg‡q DbœZ we‡k¦i DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z
e¨vcKmsL¨K Dbœqb e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq| wb‡P wewfbœ †`‡ki Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki GKwU msw¶ß ZvwjKv †Ìqv n‡jv:
†`‡ki bvg Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki bvg

evsjv‡`k Bangladesh Shilpa Bank (BSB)
Bangladesh Krishi Bank (BKB)
evigv The Industrial Development Bank of Burma (1961)
Pvqbv China Development Corporation (1959)
Bivb Industrial Credit Bank of Iran (1963)
BivK The Industrial Bank of Iraq (1946)
B‡›`v‡bwkqv Development Bank of Indonesia (1960)
‡Kvwiqv The Korean Reconstruction Bank (1954)
gvj‡qwkqv Malaysian Industrial Development Corporation (1960)
‡bcvj The Nepal Industrial Development Corporation (1959)
cvwK¯Ívb Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan
wdwjcvBb The Development Bank of Philippines (1958)
wm½vcyi Economic Development Board of Singapore
_vBj¨vÛ Industrial Finance Corporation of Thailand (1959)
bvB‡Rwiqv The Nigeria Industrial Development Bank Ltd. (1959)
cvV ms‡¶c: 6.2
• †h mKj †`‡ki evwYwR¨K e¨vsK eë¯’v mymsMwVZ bq Ges FY myweav AcÖZzj †mB mKj †`‡k Dbœqb e¨vsK
evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki g‡Zv PjwZ g~jab mieiv‡ni Rb¨ ¯^í †gqv`x FY w`‡q _v‡K|
• †hme †`‡k wewb‡qvM e¨vsK, evwYwR¨K e¨vsK A_ev Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi c‡¶ GKKfv‡e wkí
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K eo ai‡bi A_©vqY Kiv m¤¢e nq bv, †mme †`‡k Dbœqb e¨vsK Ab¨vb¨ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK I
`xN©‡gqv`x FY`vbKvix cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ †hŠ_fv‡e A_©vqb K‡i|
• mvaviYZ †QvU gv‡ci wkí¸‡jv‡K A_©vq‡Yi †¶‡Î Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv eo ai‡bi SuywK †eva K‡i| GB Amyweav
`yi Ki‡Z Dbœqb e¨vsK FY`vbKvix Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Rb¨ FY wbðqZv cÖKí (Credit Guarantee
Scheme) I FY exgv (Credit Insurance) Pvjy K‡i _v‡K| G ai‡bi cÖK‡íi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv FY`vbKvix Avw_©K
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K FY `v‡bi †¶‡Î m¤¢ve¨ ¶wZi wec‡¶ wbivcËv w`‡q ¶z`ª wkí¸‡jvi cÖvwZôvwbK FY cÖvwßi
eë¯’v Kiv|
• Dbœqb e¨vsK wewfbœ cÖK‡í A_©vqY QvovI H me cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖ‡gvkbvj KvR K‡i _v‡K,
†hgb- D‡`¨v³v cÖwk¶Y, cÖKí evQvB I m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB, eë¯’vcKxq I KvwiMix mnvqZv `vb BZ¨vw`|


1. †µwWU M¨vivw›U w¯‹wg‡gi gva¨‡g Dbœqb e¨vsK Kv‡ì F‡Yi wbivcËv w`‡q _v‡K?
K) ¶z`ª wk‡í FY`vbKvix Avw_©K cÖwZôvb L) FYMÖnxZv e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb
M) Dfq‡KB N) KvD‡KB bq
2. Dbœqb e¨vsK †Kb wewfbœ ai‡bi Avw_©K cÖwZôvb‡K cybtA_©vqY K‡i?
K) my` jv‡fi Avkvq L) Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Zvij¨ NvUwZ †gUv‡Z
N) Ajm A_© Kv‡R jvMv‡Z N) ‡KvbwUB bq
3. Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki †hŠ_ A_©vqY ej‡Z †evSvq-
K) miKvix -†emiKvix Dfq ai‡bi wkíLv‡Z GKmv‡_ A_©vqb Kiv|
L) Ab¨vb¨ evwYwR¨K e¨vsK I `xN©‡gqv`x FY`vbKvix cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ mw¤§wjZ fv‡e A_©vqb Kiv|
M) Dfq‡KB
N) †KvbwUB bq
DËigvjv
1. L 2. M 3. M 4. N 5. N 6. K

1. K 2. L 3. L
1. Dbœqb e¨vsK Kv‡K e‡j? Dbœqb e¨vsK m„wói BwZnvm eY©bv Ki|
2. Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki D‡Ïk¨vejx wK wK? eY©bv Ki|
3. Dbœqb e¨vsK KZ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i I wK wK ? eY©bv Ki|
4. Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb KvR¸‡jv wK wK? eY©bv Ki|
1. Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki msÁv `vI|
2. wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i Av‡M Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki|
3. wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i c‡i Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki BwZnvm ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki|
4. eZ©gvb mg‡q Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki weKvk ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki|
5. Dbœqb e¨vsK mvaviYZ †Kvb †Kvb cÖKí¸‡jv‡K AMÖvwaKvi w`‡q _v‡K?

6. Dbœqb e¨vsK wKfv‡e †`kxq m¤ú‡ì m‡e©v”P eënvi wbwðZ K‡i?

7. Dbœqb e¨vsK wKfv‡e GKwU †`‡ki fvimvg¨c~Y© A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb wbwðZ K‡i?
8. Kvh©µ‡gi LvZ Abyhvqx Dbœqb e¨vsK KZ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i?
9. gvwjKvbvi aiY Abyhvqx Dbœqb e¨vsK KZ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i?
10. Dbœqb e¨vsK wK wK evwYwR¨K e¨vswKs Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b K‡i?
11. Avw_©K mn‡hvwMZvi aiY Abyhvqx Dbœqb e¨vsK KZ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i?
12. Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki c~btA_©vqY ej‡Z wK eyS?
13. wewfbœ †`‡ki †h‡Kvb cuvPwU Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki bvg wjL|

BDwbU
exgvi †gŠwjK I mvaviY aviYvmg~n
7 Basic and General Concepts of Insurance
f~wgKv
Avw`gKv‡j gvbyl bvbv ai‡bi cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMRwbZ SzuwK Ges Lv`¨ cÖvwßi AwbwðqZvi m¤§yLxb nZ| myZivs Avgiv
ej‡Z cvwi gvbyl Avw`Kvj †_‡KB wewfbœ SzuwK I AwbðqvZvi g‡a¨ emevm K‡i Avm‡Q| gvby‡li cÖwZwU g~ûZ©B SuzwKc~Y©|
SuzwK Qvov gvby‡li Rxe‡bi K_v fvevB hvq bv| Avi SzuwK I AwbðqZv Av‡Q e‡jB gvbyl Zv Rq Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡Póv
Ae¨vnZ †i‡L‡Q| ZviB d‡j gvby‡li g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve M‡o D‡V‡Q| G cÖm‡½ KvwW©bvj wbDg¨vb
e‡j‡Qb,ÒRxe‡bi e¨_©Zvi AwbðqZv ev wecwË hw` bv _vK‡Zv Zvn‡j †Zv †Kvb weR‡qvj- vm A_ev weR‡qvrmeB n‡Zv
bv|Ó Avi G Kvi‡YB m¤¢eZ: gvby‡li Rxe‡b GZ wec`-Avc`, wech© I AwbðqZv _vKv m‡Z¡I gvbyl AvRI AwbðqZvi
¯^v` cv‡”Q| gvbyl Pvq Zvi evav AwZµg K‡i j‡¶¨ †cuŠ‡Q †h‡Z| †m Kvi‡Y iex›`ªbv_- Ò†Zviv †h hv ewjQ fvB Avgvi
†mvbvi nwiY PvBÓ| †m‡¶‡Î †m nq evavi m¤§y¶xY| hvi d‡j, KLbI KLbI nZvkvq wbcwZZ nq| †_‡g hvq Zvi Pjvi
MwZ| Avi gvby‡li Pjvi MwZ‡K ¯^Pj †i‡L mvg‡bi c_ gm„b ivLvi Rb¨ SuzwK‡K fvMvfvwM K‡i wb‡Z GwM‡q G‡m‡Q
GKwU we‡kl `j, hviv exgv †Kv¤úvbx bv‡g AewnZ| exgv gvby‡li wewfbœ Pjvi c_ MwZkxj ivLvi wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i|
exgv we‡kl K‡i A_©‰bwZK SzuwK enb K‡i, Zvi wewbg‡q exgvMÖnxZv‡K Avw_©K Aby`vb A_©vr wcÖwgqvg w`‡Z nq| exgvi
AvIZv GLb A‡bK e¨vcK I we¯Í…Z| †hgb, Rxeb exgv, †bŠ-exgv, AwMœ-exgv, `~N©Ubv exgv, mvgvwRK exgv, gUihvb exgv
BZ¨vw`| exgvi d‡j A_©‰bwZK PvKv MwZkxj n‡q‡Q| Drcv`K, wewb‡qvMKvix, e¨w³ Rxeb A‡bKvs‡kB GLb fvebvnxb|
wk¶v_©xMY GB BDwbU †_‡K exgvi aviYv, BwZnvm, cÖK…wZ, Kvh©vejw, exgv Pzw³, bxwZgvjv m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z
cvi‡eb| Gevi Avmyb Avgiv GKwU GKwU K‡i Rvbvi †Pôv Kwi|
cvV- 1 exgvi msÁv, DrcwË I cÖK…wZ

Definition, Origin and Nature of Insurance
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb−
exgvi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
exgvi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
evsjv‡`‡ki exgv eëmvi Dbœq‡bi aviv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
exgvi cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
evsjv‡`k BÝy¨‡iÝ GKv‡Wwg m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
exgvi msÁv
Avmyb ïiy‡ZB GKwU Abykxjb Kwi| †mwU nj- Avcwb cv‡ki gyw` †`vKvb I GKwU e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©µg j¶¨ Kiyb| gyw`
†`vKv‡b †`L‡eb bvbv ai‡bi eëmvwqK cY¨, e¨vs‡K †`L‡Z cv‡eb UvKvi Av`vb cÖ`vb| e¨vs‡Ki cv‡k Avcwb nqZ
GKwU exgv †Kv¤úvwbi mvBb‡evW© †`L‡Z cv‡ib| GLb hw` Avcbv‡K ejv nq †`LybZ GwU wK‡mi eëmv K‡i| †`L‡eb
GwU gvbyl Ges eëmv cÖwZôv‡bi SzuwKi eëmv K‡i| exgvi g~j K_v n‡jv SzuwK n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv| G‡Z `ywU c¶ _v‡K, GK
c¶ UvKvi wewbg‡q SzuwK A‡bï wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i Zv‡K exgv MÖnxZv e‡j| c¶všÍ‡i, whwb UvKvi wewbg‡q SzuwK MÖnY
K‡ib Z‡K exgvKvix ejv nq| aiyb, Avcbvi GKwU evm Av‡Q, hv XvKv Kzwóqv iy‡U PjvPj K‡i| GwU `yN©Ubvi Ke‡j
c‡o aŸsm n‡Z cv‡i| d‡j Avcwb me©¯^ nviv‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘, Avcwb hw` D³ evmwU †Kvb exgv †Kv¤úvbxi wbKU wbw`©ó
wcÖwgqvg w`‡q exgv K‡ib, Z‡e Avcbvi Mvox `yN©Ubvq aŸsm n‡j exgv †Kv¤úvbx ¶wZc~iY w`‡e| G‡¶‡Î Avcwb GKRb
exgv MÖnxZv I D³ †Kv¤úvbxwU exgvKvix| Avcbvi SzuwKwU UvKvi wewbg‡q Avcwb exgv †Kv¤úvbxi wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i‡Qb|
Gg,Gb wgkª `ywU `„wó †Kvb †_‡K exgvi msÁv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb|
h_v:
1| Kvh©wfwËK msÁv I
2| Pzw³ wfwËK msÁv|
Kvh©wfwËK msÁvq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Òwbw`©ó †Kvb SzuwKRwbZ ¶q-¶wZ‡K, D³ SzuwKi AvIZvq †h me e¨w³ _v‡K Ges
hv‡K D³ SzuwKi weiy‡× wb‡R‡ì‡K i¶v ev wb®K…Z Ki‡Z Pvb, Zv‡ì g‡a¨ SuywK e›U‡bi GKwU mgevq cš’v‡KB exgv
ejv nq|Ó
c¶všÍ‡i, Pzw³wfwËK exgvi msÁvq ejv n‡q‡Q †h,Òexgv n‡jv Ggb wKQz (Pzw³) hvi gva¨‡g †Kvb ¯^xK…Z AvKw¯§K
wech©‡qi Rb¨ wecyj cwigvY A_© cwi‡kv‡ai e¨vcv‡i exgvKvix KZ…K SzuwK en‡bi wewbg‡q ev cÖwZ`v‡b exgv †mjvgx ev
wKw¯Í wn‡m‡e GKwU wbw`©ó cwigv‡Yi A_© cwi‡kva ev cÖ`vb Kiv nq|Ó Gevi Avmyb G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvwb|
Dc‡iv³ msÁv‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h,
1| exgv n‡jv GKwU Pzw³ hv `yÕwU c‡¶i g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z nq
2| GK c¶ Aci c¶‡K cÖwZkÖywZi wewbg‡q wba©vwiZ †mjvgx cÖ`vb K‡i
3| Aci c¶ †mjvgxi wewbg‡q wecyj cwigvY UvKv cÖ`v‡bi cÖwZkÖywZ w`‡q _v‡K
4| Z‡e, cÖwZkÖyZ A_© †èvi welqwU wbf©i K‡i exgvK…Z NUbv ev `yN©Ubv NUvi Dci|
AviDBb Gg, †Uji Gi g‡Z,Òexgv Pyw³ n‡jv wcÖwgqvg cwi‡kv‡ai cÖwZ`v‡b GK c¶ KZ…K Aci c‡¶i Dci m¤¢ve¨
¶wZi SzuwK MÖnY msµvš— m¤§wZ hv Giƒc A‡bK SuywKi `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Yi mvaviY cÖK‡íi Ask we‡kl|Ó
ZvB exgv n‡jv GKwU Pyw³, hvi wewbg‡q GK c¶ Zvi Rxeb ev m¤ú‡ì SzuwK Kgv‡Z Aci c¶‡K wbw`©ó cwigvY
wcÖwgqvg cÖ`vb K‡i Ges Aci c¶ D³ wcÖwgqv‡gi wewbg‡q 1g c‡¶i Rxeb ev m¤ú‡ì A_©‰bwZK SzuwK MÖnY K‡i
A_©vr †Kvb NUbv ev `yN©Ubv NU‡j Avw_©K ¶wZc~i‡Yi cÖwZkÖywZ cÖ`vb K‡i| Gevi Avmyb welqwU GKwU D`vni‡Yi
mvnv‡h¨ Av‡iv fvj K‡i †R‡b wbB| aiyb, XvKv-AvwiPv †iv‡W Avcbvi GKwU Mvwo P‡j| MvwowU g~j¨ 20 j¶ UvKv|
MvwowU `yN©bvq cwZZ n‡j Avcwb weivU ¶wZi m¤§yLxb n‡j| G ai‡bi NUbv wPšÍv K‡i Avcwb GKwU exgv †Kv¤úvbxi
mv‡_ Pzw³‡Z Ave× n‡Z cv‡ib| awi, gv‡S 5,000/= UvKv K‡i exgv †KvgAvwb‡K cÖ`vb Ki‡j †Kv¤úvwbwU `yN©UbvRwbZ
¶wZi cy‡ivUvB Avcbv‡K cÖ`vb Ki‡eb| GLv‡b cÖ_g c¶ nj Avcwb Ges wØZxq c¶ nj exgv †Kv¤úvwb| †h, 5,000/=
UvKv cÖwZgv‡m cÖ`vb Ki‡eb Zvnj Premium ev †mjvgx| 20 j¶ UvKv nj cwjwm|
exgvi DrcwËi msw¶ß BwZnvm

exgvi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© mywbw`©ó BwZnvm ejv AZ¨šÍ KwVb| Z‡e wewfbœ BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, wek¦
mf¨Zvi GK ch©v‡q f~ga¨mvM‡ii DËi AÂ‡j-we‡klZ: BZvjx‡K †K›`ª K‡i BD‡ivcxq wKQz †`‡k L„óxq PZz`©k kZvãxi
w`‡K exgv eëmv‡qi ïiy nq| cieZ©x‡Z mf¨Zvi µgweKv‡ki mv‡_ m‡_ †MÖUe„‡Ub‡K †K›`ª K‡i BD‡iv†c †h wkí
wec e msNwUZ nq, hvi d‡j eëmv evwY‡Rï cÖmv‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_ exgv eëmv cÖmvi jvf Ki‡Z _v‡K| exgv eëmv
BD‡ivc †_‡K c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k we¯Ívi N‡U, hv Avgv‡ì Dc-gnv‡`k ch©š‘ we¯Ívijvf K‡i| cªv_wgK ch©v‡q exgv
eëmv cÖavbZ: mgevq cš’vq DrcwË Ges Pvjy _v‡K| wb‡gœ exgv eëmv‡qi µgweKvk ms‡¶‡c Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
†bŠ-exgv (Marine Insurance)

†bŠ-exgvi gva¨‡g cÖ_‡g exgv eëmvi DrcwË I cÖwZôvjvf K‡i| ZvB †bŠ-exgvB me‡P‡q cÖvPxbZg exgv| GUv m¤¢veZ
DËi BUvjx‡Z 1200 Ges 1300 kZvãx‡Z ‡bŠ-exgv ïiy nq| 1300/1400 kZvãx‡Z BUvjxqvb eëmvqxMY hy³iv‡R¨
eëmv‡qi Rb¨ cY¨ wb‡q hvIqv Ges Zvi mv‡_ †bŠ-exgvi aviYvI m¤§„³ K‡i| Z‡e, †m‡¶‡Î eZ©gv‡bi gZ ZLb †bŠ-

exgvi cÖPjb wQj bv; ZLb eëmvqxiv †bŠ-exgv‡K Avjv`vfv‡e bv K‡i mvaviY eëmv‡qi cvkvcvwk exgv eëmv cwiPvjbv
KiZ|
jgevW© wóªU Ae BsjmÛ ( hv BUvjxq eëmvqx jgev‡W©i bvg Abymv‡i) †bŠ-exgvi †K›`ª¯’j wn‡m‡e Kvh©µg Ki‡Z _v‡K|
GLv‡b wewfbœ eëmvqxMY Zv‡ì eëmv I exgv wbivcËvi Rb¨ GKwÎZ n‡Zv| wKš‘, ZLb †bŠ-exgv cwiPjbvi eo mgm¨v
wQj GLv‡b mywbw`©ó †Kvb wbqg Kvbyb bv _vKvq †Kvb exgv `vex wgUv‡Z RwUjZv †`Lv †hZ| ZLb †Kvb RwUjZv †`Lv
w`‡j Admiralty Court G cvVv†bv n‡Zv| cieZ©x‡Z Chamber of Assurance ¯’vwcZ nq, †hLv‡b exgv cwjwm wbeÜb
Kiv n‡Zv| wbeÜ‡bi mgq wewfbœ kZ© I wbqg bxwZi D‡jøL _vKvq Ø‡›ì cwigvY A‡bK K‡g hvq| 1601 mv‡j Court
of Arbitration ¯’vwcZ nq, hv †bŠ-exgv cwjwm msµvšÍ Ø›Ø (Dispute) wb®úwËi Rb¨ eëüZ nZ| 1720 mv‡j The
Bubble Act. `yÕwU exgv †Kv¤úvbx‡K Aby‡gv`b †`q| h_v: 1| Royal Exchange Ges 2| London Assurance.
hviv, †bŠ-exgv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv KiZ|
hy³iv‡Rï Kwd nvDR eëmvI exgvi Dbœq‡b Lye ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivLZ| Zvi g‡a¨ 1680 mv‡j GWyqvW© j‡qW
(Adward Lloyd) D‡jøL‡hvM¨; †hLv‡b ewYKMY hvZvqZ KiZ| †mLv‡b RvnvR wbjv‡g wewµ n‡Zv I exgv Kvh©µg
cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv| GUv 1700 kZvãxi †kl fvM I 1800 kZvãxi cÖ_g fv‡M c„w_exi me©v‡c¶v kw³kvjx I wbf©ikxj
exgv †Kv¤úvbx‡Z iycvšÍi nq| 1906 mv‡j †bŠ-exgv AvBb cÖeZ©b nq hv Avgv‡ì †`‡kI cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|
AwMœ-exgv (Fire Insurance)

AwMœ-exgv 2q m¯Í‡i DrcwË jvf K‡i| hviv †bŠ-exgv ïiy K‡ib ZvivB cieZ©x‡Z AwMœ-exgvi Rb¨ n¯Í cÖmvwiZ K‡ib|
1666 mv‡j e„‡U‡b gnv AwMœKv†Û, AwMœ-exgvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_v ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q| ZLb 7wU AwMœ exgv †Kv¤úvbx hvÎv
ïiy K‡i| we‡klZ: wkí wecø‡ei ci †_‡K AwMœexgvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv AviI e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K Ges AviI bZyb bZzb exgv
†Kv¤úvbxi †MvovcËb nq| 1861 mv‡ji Tooley Street Fire AwMœ-exgv cÖmv‡i AviI cÖmvwiZ K‡i Ges AwMœexgvi
†¶‡Î SzuwKi †kªYxwefv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| c‡i 1868 mv‡j Fire Offices Committee
(FOC) ¯’vwcZ nq; hv eûgyLx `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i, Zvi g‡a¨ BDwbdg© †iwUs, cwimsL¨vb, Ges m`m¨ †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv‡K
wewfbœ †UKwbK¨vj Dc‡`k †`q| cieZ©x‡Z Abyiƒc AviI msMVb M‡o D‡V| †hgb: †hŠ_ AwMœ M‡elYv msMVb, m¨vj‡fR
K†c©v‡ikb BZ¨vw` hviv cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e exgv eëmv‡qi weÁvbwfwËK cÖmvi I Dbœqb NUv‡Z mnvqZv K‡i Avm‡Q|
Rxeb exgv (Life Insurance)

exgv cÖmv‡ii 3q av‡c Rxeb exgvi †MvovcËb nq| BwZnvm †_‡K †`Lv hvq 1583 mv‡j Rxeb exgv ïiy nq| ZLb ¯^í
†gqv`x Rxeb exgv cwjwm Bmÿ Kiv n‡Zv; hv‡Z Kv‡iv g„Zz¨ n‡j exgvK…Z UvKv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡Zv| Avi cwjwmKvj ch©š‘
†eu‡P _vK‡j †Kvb UvKv †`qv n‡Zv bv| ¶wZc~i‡Yi cwigvYI c~e© wba©vwiZ wQj bv eis ¶wZc~i‡Yi cwigvY wbf©i KiZ
gRyZ Znwe‡ji cwigv‡Yi Dci|
ZLb Rxeb exgv †Kvb êÁvwbK wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ wQjbv Ges †Kvb g„Zz¨nvi cwÄI wQj Abycw¯’Z| Rxeb exgv eëmv
cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †Zgb †Kvb gReyZ AvBbI cÖeZ©b nqwb|
1693 mv‡j cÖ_gev‡ii gZ Halley g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ †Uwej cÖeZ©b K‡i| hvi Øviv g„Zzï SzuwK g~j¨vqb m¤¢e nq| cieZ©x‡Z
Dodson cÖgvY K‡ib †h, †Kvb Rxeb exgv cwjwmi mgnv‡i wcÖwgqvg wba©viY Kiv m¤¢e| 1774 mv‡j e„‡U‡bi AvBb
cwil‡` Rxebexgvi AvBb cvk nq; †hLv‡b we‡kl K‡i exgv†hvM¨ ¯^v_© Rxebexgvi cwjwm MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î Acwinvh© kZ©
Av‡ivwcZ nq| Gfv‡eB Rxebexgv GKwU k³ wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ nq|
`yN©Ubv exgv (Accident Insurance)

exgv Dbœq‡bi me©‡kl avc n‡jv `yN©Ubv exgv eëmv, hv †bŠ-exgv, AMœx-exgv, I Rxeb exgv Øviv Kvfvi K‡i bv| `yN©Ubv
exgvi g‡a¨ ew³MZ `yN©Ubv, wm‡aj Pzwi, kªwgK‡ì ¶wZc~iY, `vq exgv cwjwm, gUi, km¨, Mevw` cï, bM` UvKvi
wbivcËv, eÛ, †µwWU M¨vivw›U w¯‹g, G¨wf‡qmb BZ¨vw` AšÍf©y³| `yN©Ubv exgv g~jZ e¨w³MZ `yN©Ubv exgv w`‡q hvÎv ïiy
K‡i| 19 kZ‡K wkí wecøe, we‡kl K‡i ev®úxq BwÄb I †ijI‡qi D™¢ve‡bi d‡j g„Zz¨ I kvixwiK RL‡gi cwigvY

†e‡o hvevi d‡j `yN©Ubv exgvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv evo‡Z _v‡K| hvi d‡j wKQz exgv †Kv¤úvbx ‡bŠ, Rxeb I AMœxexgvi
cvkvcvwk `yN©Ubvexgv eëmv Pvwj‡q †h‡Z _v‡K| e¨w³MZ `yN©Ubvi cvkvcvwk Ab¨vb¨ `yN©Ubv‡ZI exgvi cÖmvi jvf Ki‡Z
_v‡K|
evsjv‡`‡k exgv eëmvi Dbœqb (Development of Insurance Business in Bangladesh)

evsjv‡`‡k exgv eëmv bZyb bq| G‡`‡k exgv eëmv‡qi `xN© BwZnvm i‡q‡Q| g~jZ: e„wUk Avgj †_‡KB exgv eëmvi
cÖPjb nq| G Dcgnv‡`‡k Clauson Committee Gi mycvwik Abyhvqx 1928 mv‡j ÒThe Indian Insurance
Companies Act” bv‡g GKwU exgv AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq; hv 1938 mv‡j cwieZ©b, cwigvR©b I ms‡hvRb n‡q
c~b:†NvwlZ nq|
1947 mv‡j †`k fvM nevi ci Z`vwbšÍb cvwK¯’v‡b D³ exgv AvBb Kh©Ki Kiv nq| Z‡e 1954 I 1958 mv‡j wKQz
ms‡kvab Kiv nq| fvi‡Z 1957 mv‡j exgv eëmvq ivóªxqKiY Kiv n‡jI ZrKvjxb cwK¯Ív‡b Zv e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxbB
†_‡K hvq|
1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nevi ci exgv †¶‡Î cwieZ©b Avbv nq| 1972 mv‡ji ivóªcwZi 95bs Av‡`k e‡j †`‡ki
mKj exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv‡K RvZxqKiY Kiv nq| ZLb †`‡k 75 wU exgv †Kv¤úvbx Pvjy wQj| me¸‡jv exgv †Kv¤úvbx‡K
5 wU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi AšÍf©y³ Kiv nq| h_v: 1| evsjv‡`k RvZxq exgv K‡c©v‡ikb, 2| Kb©dzjx exgv K‡c©v‡ikb, 3| wZ¯Ív
exgv K‡cv©‡ikb 4| myigv Rxeb exgv K‡cv©‡ikb I 5| iycmv Rxeb exgv K‡cv©‡ikb| RvZxq exgv K‡c©v‡ikb
Underwriting Corporation wn‡m‡e KvR KiZ bv| GUv wQj †K›`ªxq K‡c©v‡ikb, hvi g~j `vwqZ¡ wQj Ab¨vb¨ exgv
K‡c©v‡ikb ¸‡jvi Z`viKx I wbq¯¿‡bi KvR; wZ¯Ív I Kb©dzjxi `wqZ¡ wQj mvaviY exgv Kvh©µg cwiPjbv Kiv Ges myigv
I iƒcmv exgv K‡c©v‡ikb g~jZ Rxeb exgv eëmv cwiPvjbv KiZ|
c‡i 1973 mv‡ji 14B †g Ôexgv K‡c©v‡ikb Aa¨v‡`kÕ †NvlYv Kiv nq Ges D³ cuvPwU exgv K‡c©v‡ikb‡K 2 wU
K‡c©v‡ik‡b iycvšÍi Kiv nq| h_v: 1| Rxeb exgv K‡c©v‡ikb I 2| mvaviY exgv K‡c©v‡ikb|
wKš‘, ivóªvqË Rxeb exgv K‡c©v‡ikb I mvaviY exgv K‡c©v‡ikb Zv‡ì cÖkvmwbK, eë¯’vcbv I mvsMVwbKfv‡e †Zgb
`¶Zvi ¯^v¶i ivL‡Z e¨_© nq| K_vq Av‡Q miKviKv gvj `wiqv‡g Xvj| d‡j cieZ©x‡Z e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb exgv
†Kv¤úvbx †hgb 1| evsjv‡`k †Rbv‡ij BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx wj: 2| wccj&m BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx wj: 3| MÖxb †Wëv BÝy¨‡iÝ
†Kv¤úvbx wj: 4| evsjv‡`k †Kv-Acv‡iwUf †Kv¤úvbx wj: 5| BDbv‡UW BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx wj: 6| ccyjvi BÝy¨‡iÝ
†Kv¤úvbx 7| cÖMwZ †Rbv‡ij jvBd BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx wj: 8| Kb©dzjx BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx wj; 9| c~evjx BÝy¨‡iÝ
†Kv¤úvbx wj: 10| †m›Uªvj BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx wj: 11| wdwbK&m BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx wj: 12| wijv‡qÝ BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx
wj: BZ¨vw`|
Rxeb exgvi †¶‡Î e¨w³ gvwjKvbv exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv n‡jv:
1| b¨vkbvj jvBd BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx wj:
2| †Wëv jvBd BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx wj:
3| mÜvbx jvBd BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx wj:
evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b wKQz Bmjvgx exgv †Kv¤úvbxI eëmv cwiPjbv K‡i Avm‡Q| †hgb, dviBó Bmjvgx exgv †Kv¤úvbx,
cÖvBg BmjAgx jvBd BÝy¨‡iÝ BZ¨vw`| Bmjvgx kixqvn AvBb Abyhvqx GB exgv eëmv cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡k
we‡`kx exgv †Kv¤úvbx †hgb Av‡gwiKvb jvBd BÝ‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbxI eëmv cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q|
ZvB ejv hvq, evsjv‡`‡k exgv eëmv miKvix ‡emiKvix, we‡`kx GgbwK Bmjvgx exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv cvkvcvwk KvR K‡i
hv‡”Q| ZvB G‡`‡k exgv eëmv GK kw³kvjx Ae¯’vb M‡o Zzj‡Z m¶g n‡”Q hv A_©bxwZi PvKv†K AviI MwZkxj K‡i
Zzj‡Z ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| exgvi eëmv‡qi we-ivóªxKiY G‡b w`‡q‡Q GK Af‚Zc~e© mvdj¨| evsjv‡`‡k exgv
eë¯’v‡K cÖmvi I MwZkxj Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k BÝy¨‡iÝ GKv‡Wgx cÖewZ©Z nq| Gevi Avmyb G cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µg wb‡q
we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kwi|

evsjv‡`k BÝy¨‡iÝ GKv‡Wwg (Bangladesh Insurance Academy)

1972 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki me exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv ivóªxqKiY Kiv nq| RvZxqZvKiY Kivi †cQ‡b g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj
mvgvwRK †mev I RbM‡Yi ¯^v_© msi¶Y Kiv| Z`vwbšÍb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi †ekxi fvM exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jvi gvwjK wQj
cwðgviv, hviv G‡`‡k exgv eë¯’v‡K `¶ I kw³kvjx Kivi Rb¨ Lye KgB bRi †`q| hvi d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki exgv
‡Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GKvwaK mgm¨vi m¤§Lxb nq| hvi g‡a¨ `¶ I †hvM¨ †jv‡Ki Afve `viyYfv‡e cwijw¶Z
nq| ZvB µgea©gvb Pvwn`v I AwaKZi †mev wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k miKvi 1973 mv‡j evsjv‡`k BwÝ‡iÝ
GKv‡Wgxi cÖeZ©b K‡ib, hv wbgœ wjwLZ D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ MwVZ n‡qwQj|
1. exgv †¶‡Î Dbœqb, msMVb I †ckvMZ we`¨v`v‡bi Rb¨ exgvi Dci wWMÖ, wW‡cøvgv, I mvwU©wd‡KU cÖ`vb|
2. †`‡k exgv eëmvi cÖmvi NUv‡bvi Rb¨ M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Kiv|
3. exgv †ckvi mv‡_ RwoZ e¨w³‡ì Rb¨ Bb-mvwf©m wk¶‡Yi eë¯’v Kiv|
4. exgv wel‡qi Dci cÖKvkbvi Rb¨ Drmvn `vb I myweav cÖ`vb Kiv|
5. exgvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ †`kxq I we‡`kxq msMV‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb I Nwbó †hvMv‡hvM i¶v Kiv|
6. exgv †ckvi Dci wewfbœ wWMÖx, wW‡cøvgv, I mvwU©wd‡KU cvevi Rb¨ †KvwPs myweav cÖ`vb|
7. hviv exgv eëmvq I wk¶v †¶‡Î AmvaviY Ae`vb ivL‡e Zv‡ì DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ cyiy¯‹vi I c`K cÖ`vb
Kiv|
exgvi cÖK…wZ (Nature of Insurance)

cÖwZwU Kvh©µ‡giB Kg †ekx wbR¯^ I ¯^Z¯¿ êwkó¨ Av‡Q hv GKwU Ab¨wU †_‡K Avjv`v ev c„_Kfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq|
†Zgwb exgviI wKQz ¯^Z¯¿ cÖK…wZ ev êwkó¨ i‡q‡Q hv wb†gœ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. SuywKi fvMvfvwMKib (Sharing of risk): exgv n‡jv GKwU SzuwK e›U‡bi cÖwµqv, hv GKRb e¨w³ ev GKwU
cwiev‡ii Dci eZ©vq| aiyb, Rbve Av: Kwig GKRb cªavb DcvR©bKvix e¨w³| wZwb nVvr K‡i g‡i †M‡jb| †m‡¶‡Î
Rbve Kwi‡gi cwievi Aw_©K AwbðqZvi g‡a¨ co‡jb| wKš‘, hw` Rbve Av: Kwi‡gi GKwU Rxeb exgv Kiv _v‡K,
Zvn‡j exgv †Kv¤úvbx G Avw_©K SzuwK MÖnY KiZ| Zvi wewbg‡q Rbve Av: Kwig‡K KZ¸‡jv wbw`©ó exgv †mjvgx cÖ`v‡bi
gva¨‡g SuywK n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| ZLb exgv †Kv¤úvbx Zvi Ab¨vb¨ MÖvnK †_‡K †h †gvU wcÖwgqvg ev †mjvgx MÖnY Ki‡Q
Zv ‡_‡K Rbve Kwi‡gi cwievi‡K Avw_©K mvnvh¨ †`qv n‡e| Gfv‡e Rxebexgvmn †bŠ-exgvi gva¨‡g mvgw`ªK SuywK, AwMœ-
exgvi gva¨‡g m¤ú‡ì SzuwK I `yN©Ubv exgvi gva¨‡g Ab¨vb¨ AvKw®‹K SzuwK mK‡ji g‡a¨ fvMvfvwM K‡i †bIqv nq|
2. exgv GKwU mgevq cš’v (Insurance is a cooperative device): g~jZ exgvi Rb¥B n‡jv m‡geZ I cvi¯úwiK
mn‡hvwMZv I Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨| exgvi gv‡a¨ GK eo Rb‡Mvwó Zv‡ì Rxeb, m¤ú`, †bŠ I `yN©Ubvi SuywK Gov‡Z GKwÎZ
nq, Pzw³ e× nq| hv‡Z K‡i †Kvb wel‡q Avw_©K ¶wZ n‡j Zviv Zv ci¯úi fvMvfvwM K‡i ‡bq| GKRb exgvKvixi
c‡¶ ¶wZi cy‡iv UvKv Zvi wbR Znwej †_‡K cwi‡kva Kiv Am¤¢e| ZvB GKRb exgvKvix A‡bK e¨w³‡K exgvi
AvIZvq G‡b Zv‡ì †_‡K msM„nxZ wcÖwgqvg †_‡K ¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| Ab¨vb¨ mgev‡qi gZ exgvi †¶‡ÎI
†Kvb e¨w³i Rb¨ exgvcÎ MÖnY Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK bq| GUv m¤ú~Y© mswkøó e¨w³i B”Qvi Dci wbf©ikxj|
3. SzuwK g~j¨vqb (Valuation of risk): †Kvb wbw`©ó exgv c‡Îi Rb¨ exgv wcÖwgqv‡gi UvKvi cwigvY wba©vi‡Yi c~‡e© D³
welqe¯‘i SuywKi cwigvY g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| SuywK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ c×wZ i‡q‡Q| ZvB SuywKi m¤¢vebvi Dci
wcÖwgqv‡gi cwigvY wbf©i K‡i| aiyb Rxeb exgvcÎ MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î eqm GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| hvi hZ eqm †ekx, Zvi
g„Zzï SuywKI ZZ †ekx | ZvB wcÖwgqv‡gi cwigvYI †ekx n‡e|
4. Pzw³gZ `vex cwi‡kva (Payment at Contingency): exgv GKwU Pzw³| exgv Pzw³ Abymv‡i NUbv NU‡j ïay exgvi
`vex cwi‡kva Kiv nq| Rxeb exgvi †¶‡Î g„Zz¨ A_ev †gqv` DËxY© n‡j, Ges Ab¨vb¨ exgvi †¶‡Î Pzw³ †gvZv‡eK NUbv
NU‡jB ‡Kej gvÎ exgvi `vex cwi‡kva Kiv n‡e, bZzev bq| Rxeb exgv e¨vwZZ Ab¨vb¨ exgv¸‡jv AwbwðqZvi Pzw³|
5. cwi‡kv‡ai cwigvb (Amount of Payment): exgvi `vex cwi‡kv‡ai cwigvY ¶wZi cwigv‡Yi Dci wbf©ikxj|
¶wZ †ekx n‡j, ¶wZc~i‡Yi cwigvYI †ekx n‡e, Avevi ¶wZi cwigvY Kg n‡j `vex cwi‡kv‡ai cwigvYI Kg n‡e|
exgv GKwU ¶wZc~i‡Yi Pzw³| exgvi gva¨‡g KvD‡K jvf Ki‡Z †`qv n‡e bv | wKš‘, Rxeb exgvi †¶‡Î Gi e¨wZµg|

KviY, gvby‡li Rxe‡bi g~j¨ UvKvi As‡K cwigvc Kiv hvq bv| ZvB Rxeb exgv cwjwm‡Z †h cwigvY UvKvi K_v D‡jøL
_v‡K, g„Zz¨ n‡j ev †gqv` cvi n‡j †m cwigvY UvKvB cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘, Ab¨vb¨ exgvi †¶‡Î ¶wZi cwigv‡Yi
Dci `vex cwi‡kv‡ai cwigvY wbf©i K‡i| †m‡¶‡ÎI †h cwigvY UvKvi exgvcÎ MÖnY Kiv n‡e Zvi †_‡K ¶wZ †ekx
n‡jI exgvK…Z UvKvi †ekx †`qv n‡e bv|
6. wbðqZv `vb (Giving Assurance): gvby‡li Rxeb cÖwZwU †¶‡ÎB AwbðqZvq ficyi hv, gvby‡li Pjvi c_‡K K‡i
gš’i| wKš‘, exgv gvby‡li Rxe‡bi wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Û wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i; d‡j, gvbyl wbf©vebvq Zvi mKj Kg©KvÛ Pvjv‡Z
cv‡i| ZvB, exgv AwbðqZvi weiy‡× †hLv‡b †hgb cÖ‡qvRb †mLv‡b †Zgb wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i gvbyl‡K K‡i MwZkxj,
Avi A_©bxwZi PvKv‡K iv‡L mPj|
7. SuywKi weiy‡× cÖwZi¶v (Protection Against Risk): gvby‡li Rxeb I m¤ú‡ì SuywKi weiy‡× exgv wbivcËv wbwðZ
K‡i‡Q| ZvB exgvi d‡j m¤ú‡ì ¶wZ n‡j Zv exgv †Kv¤úvbx cywm‡q w`‡”Q| Avi †Kvb Dcv©Rb¶g gvby‡li AKv‡j g„Zz¨
n‡j, Zvi cwievi †h Avw_©K AwbðqZvi g‡a¨ c‡o, Zvi cv‡k exgv †Kv¤úvbx Av‡m mvnv‡hï nvZ evwo‡q w`‡Z| d‡j,
Rxeb I m¤ú‡ì AwbðqZvi A‡bKvs‡k wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i exgv eë¯’v|
8. wecyj msL¨K bxwZ AbymiY (To Follow the Principles of Large Number): GKRb exgvKvix bxwZMZfv‡e
wewPÎ ai‡bi wel‡qi Dci exgvi SuywK MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| Zv‡ì msL¨v †hgb A‡bK, †Zgwb êwPÎgq| ZvB G wewPÎ
ai‡bi eûmsL¨K wel‡q †h exgv MÖnY Kiv n‡”Q Zvi SuywK e›Ub Kivi Rb¨ eûmsL¨K bxwZ AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| †h‡nZz,
welqe¯‘ I SuywK wewfbœ ai‡bi, ZvB Zv myôy eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨ wecyj msL¨K bxwZ AbymiY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb nq|
9. eûmsL¨K exgv MÖnxZv (Large Number of Insured Person): exgvi SuywK e›Ub Ki‡Z eûmsL¨K †jv‡Ki
cÖ‡qvRb nq| exgv MÖnxZvi msL¨v hZ †ekx n‡e SuywKi cwigvYI ZZ Kg n‡e, Avevi exgv MÖnxZvi msL¨v Kg n‡j SuywKi
cwigvYI †ekx n‡e| ZvB GKRb exgvKvix eûmsL¨K †jvK‡K exgvi AvIZvq Avbvi cÖqvm Pvjvq|
10. exgv †Kvb Ryqv†Ljv bq (Insurance is not Gambling): exgv A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb I Drcv`bkxjZv e„w×‡Z
mnvqZv K‡i| GUv AvBb Øviv êa| wKš‘ Ryqv†Ljv AwbðqZvi †Ljv, hv †Kvb A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û mnvqZv K‡i bv, eis
A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ wegyL| GUv A‰ea I A‰bwZK| Ryqv‡Ljvq SuywK MÖnY K‡i Dfq c¶, wKš‘ exgv GKRb MÖvn‡Ki SuywK
Kgvq| Ges GKR‡bi SuywK‡K Ab¨vb¨ mevi g‡a¨ e›UY Kivi eë¯’v K‡i| ZvB exgv Ryqvi wecixZ|
11. exgv †Kvb `vZe¨ welq bq (Insurance is not a Matter of Charity): `vZe¨ welq †Kvb cÖwZ`vb e¨wZZ Kiv
nq| wKš‘, exgvi †¶‡Î cÖwZ`vb cÖ‡qvRb nq| KviY, exgv GKwU Pzw³| Avi Pzw³i GKwU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb n‡jv
cÖwZ`vb| exgv gvbyl I Zuvi m¤ú‡ì wbivcËv`vb K‡i e‡U, wKš‘ Zvi wewbg‡q †m cÖwZ`vb¯îƒc wcÖwgqvg MÖnY K‡i| ZvB
exgv GKwU Kj¨vYKi KvR| Z‡e GUv GKwU g~jZ gybvdv AR©bKvix Kj¨vYKi eëmv|
cvV ms‡¶c: 7.1
exgvi g~j K_v n‡jv SzuwK n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv| G‡Z `ywU c¶ _v‡K, GK c¶ UvKvi wewbg‡q SzuwK A‡bï wbKU n¯—vš—i
K‡i Zv‡K exgv MÖnxZv e‡j| c¶vš—‡i, whwb UvKvi wewbg‡q SzuwK MÖnY K‡ib Z‡K exgvKvix ejv nq| Òexgv Pyw³
n‡jv wcÖwgqvg cwi‡kv‡ai cÖwZ`v‡b GK c¶ KZ…K Aci c‡¶i Dci m¤¢ve¨ ¶wZi SzuwK MÖnY msµvšÍ m¤§wZ hv Giƒc
A‡bK SuywKi `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Yi mvaviY cÖK‡íi Ask we‡kl|Ó exgv n‡jv GKwU SzuwK e›U‡bi cÖwµqv, hv GKRb e¨w³ ev
GKwU cwiev‡ii Dci eZ©vq| g~jZ exgvi Rb¥B n‡jv m‡geZ I cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv I Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨| †Kvb
wbw`©ó exgv c‡Îi Rb¨ exgv wcÖwgqv‡gi UvKvi cwigvY wba©vi‡Yi c~‡e© D³ welqe¯‘i SuywKi cwigvY g~j¨vqb Kiv nq|
exgv AwbðqZvi weiy‡× †hLv‡b †hgb cÖ‡qvRb †mLv‡b †Zgb wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i gvbyl‡K K‡i MwZkxj, Avi
A_©bxwZi PvKv‡K iv‡L mPj| Rxeb I m¤ú‡ì AwbðqZvi A‡bKvs‡k wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i exgv eë¯’v| exgv
A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb I Drcv`bkxjZv e„w×‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| GUv AvBb Øviv êa| wKš‘ Ryqv†Ljv AwbðqZvi †Ljv, hv
†Kvb A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û mnvqZv K‡i bv, eis A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ wegyL| GUv A‰ea I A‰bwZK| Ryqv‡Ljvq SuywK
MÖnY K‡i Dfq c¶, wKš‘ exgv GKRb MÖvn‡Ki SuywK Kgvq| Ges GKR‡bi SuywK‡K Ab¨vb¨ mevi g‡a¨ e›UY Kivi
eë¯’v K‡i| ZvB exgv Ryqvi wecixZ|


1. exgvi g~j K_v Kx?
K) SzuwK n¯—vš—i Kiv L) SzuwK e›Ub Kiv
M) SzuwK cywÄf‚Z Kiv N) †KvbwU bq
2. exgvq KqwU c¶ _v‡K?
K) 1 wU L) 2 wU
M) wZbwU N) 4 wU
3. exgv Pzw³‡Z GKc¶ Acic¶‡K cÖwZkÖywZi wewbg‡q †h A_© cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
K) exgvi ¶wZc~iY L) exgv Pzw³
M) exgv †mjvgx N) †KvbwU bq
4. exgv Kx ai‡Yi cš’v?
K) mgevq L) mvwjkx
M) wePvwiK N) cÖkvmwbK
5. exgv AvBb Øviv |
K) êa L) A‰ea
M) cÖwµqvaxb N) †KvbwU bq

cvV- 2 exgvi Kvh©vejx, exgvi ¸iyZ¡ I exgvi †kªYxwefvM

(Functions of Insurance, Importance and Classification of Insurance)
D‡Ïk¨
exgvi wewfbœ Kvh©vejx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
exgvi ¸iyZ¡ I f~wgKv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
exgvi †kªYxwefvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
exgvi Kvh©vejx
exgv wewfbœ avi‡Yi Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| exgvi Kvh©vejx‡K cÖavbZ:`yÕwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq: 1| cÖv_wgK
Kvh©vejx I 2| mnvqK Kvh©vejx|
cÖv_wgK Kvh©vejx (Primary Function): exgv wbgœwjwLZ cÖv_wgK Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K:
1) exgv wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i (Insurance Provides Certainty): exgv AwbwðZ ¶wZ KvwU‡q DVvi †¶‡Î wbðqZv
cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| myôy cwiKíbv I cÖkvm‡bi gva¨‡g AwbwðqZvi SuywK Kgv‡bv m¤¢e| Z‡e GUv †ek KóKi e¨vcvi| ZvB
exgv GB KwVb `vwqZ¡ †_‡K gvbyl‡K `vqfvi jvNe K‡i wb‡R SuywK MÖnY K‡i‡Q| †Kvb Avw_©K ¶wZmvavb n‡j, Pyw³
†gvZv‡eK ¶wZc~i‡Yi wbðqZv cÖ`vb Kivi wewbg‡q exgvKvix wbw`©ó nv‡i wcÖwgqvg wb‡q _v‡K|
2) exgv myi¶v cÖ`vb K‡i (Insurance Provides Protection): exgvi cÖavb I cÖ_g KvR n‡jv m¤¢ve¨ AwbwðZ ¶wZ
†_‡K i¶v Kiv| †h‡nZz ¶wZi cwigvY I mgq AwbwðZ| ZvB, †Kvb Aw_©K ¶wZ n‡j ev †Kvb DcvR©b¶g e¨w³i AKvj
g„Zz¨‡Z Zvi cwievi Avw_©K K‡ói g‡a¨ wbcwZZ nq| exgv cwjwm MÖnY Kiv bv _vK‡j e¨w³MZ ev cvwievwiKfv‡e G
¶wZi `vqfvi enb Ki‡Z nq| ‡m‡¶‡Î exgv G ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| exgv SuywK Kgv‡Z ev
Gov‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ †Kvb `yN©Ubvi d‡j ¶wZ n‡j, exgv ¶wZc~iY Kivi eë¯’v K‡i _v‡K| Gfv‡e exgv SuywK †_‡K
gvbyl‡K i¶v K‡i _v‡K|
3) SuywK e›Ub K‡i (Risk- Sharing): SuywK †h‡nZz AwbwðZ ZvB SuywK †_‡K D™¢~Z ¶wZicwigvYI AwbwðZ| ZvB hLb
SuywK msNwVZ nq, ZLb †h ¶wZi D™¢e nq Zv, exgvK…Z mKj e¨w³ fvMvfvwM K‡i †bq| †mRb¨ exgv MÖnYKvix cÖ‡Z¨K
e¨w³ exgvcÎ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU wbw`©ó nv‡i wcÖwgqvg cÖ`vb K‡i| exgvK…Z e¯‘i ¶wZ n‡j, cywÄf‚Z wcÖwgqvg Znwej
†_‡K Zv c~iY Kiv nq| G fv‡e SuywKRwbZ ¶wZ exgv MÖnxZvMY fvMvfvwM K‡i †bq| d‡j ¶wZ †Kvb GK e¨w³ KZ…K
enb Ki‡Z nq bv|
exgvi mnvqK Kvh©vejx (Secondary Functions of Insurance): exgv †Kv¤úvbx Zv‡ì cÖv_wgK Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi
cvkvcvwk wKQz mnvqK Kvh©ejxI cvjb K‡i _v‡K, hv wb‡gœ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1) SzwK cÖwZ‡iva KiY (Prevention of Risk): ¶wZi cwigvY Kgv‡Z cvi‡j Kg ¶wZc~iY w`‡Z nq| Kg ¶wZc~iY
w`‡Z n‡j Kg wcÖwgqv‡g exgv MÖnY Kivi my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z nq| d‡j †ekx †jvK exgvi AvIZvq Avbv m¤¢e nq e‡j exgv
eëmvi cÖmvi N‡U| ZvB exgv †Kv¤úvbx SuywK Kgv‡Z gvbyl‡K cÖwk¶Y †`q| hviv SzuwK Kgv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i, Zv‡ì‡K
†hgb: ¯^v¯’¨ msMVb, AwMœwbe©vcbKvix msMVb mswk- ó cÖwZôvb‡K mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZv`vb K‡i _v‡K| d‡j ¶wZi
cwigvY K‡g| Gfv‡e exgv †Kv¤úvbx ¶wZ Kgv‡Z mvwe©Kfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K|
2) exgv g~jab †hvMvb †`q (Insurance Provides Capital): exgv †Kv¤úvbx wcÖwgqvg msMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g cÖPzi cwigvY
Znwej msMÖn K‡i _v‡K, hv GKev‡i ¶wZc~iY wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq bv| ZvB, DØ„Ë UvKvi GKwU weivU Ask Drcv`bKvix
I Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡b wewb‡qvM wewb‡qvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv `xN© †gqv`x g~ja‡bi me‡P‡q cÖavb Drm|
Gfv‡e eëmv I wkí cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq g~ja‡bi GKwU eo Ask exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv ‡_‡K msMÖn K‡i|
exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv g~jab mievi‡n f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

3) `¶Zv Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i (It Improves Efficiency): exgvKvixi g„Zz¨ ev ¶wZ n‡j Avw_©K ¶wZc~i‡Yi wbðqZv
cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| d‡j GKRb wewb‡qvMKvix,Kg©KZ©v I Kg©PvixMY wbwð‡šÍ Zv‡ì Kg©KvÛ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i weavq
Zv‡ì `¶Zv e„w× cvq| KviY, Zv‡ì †Kvb AwbðqZv ev `ykwPšÍvq fyM‡Z nq bv| hvi d‡j, mK‡ji `¶Zv e„w×‡Z
c‡iv¶ fv‡e exgv †Kv¤úvbx mnvqZv `vb K‡i _v‡K|
4) A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i (It Helps Economic Development): exgv gvby‡li Rxe‡bi AwbðqZv,
m¤ú‡ì ¶wZ, †bŠ-wec`, gvwj‡Ki ¶wZ, gUiRv‡bi ¶wZ BZ¨vw` †_‡K i¶v K‡i _v‡K| A_ev cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jabI
mieivn K‡i _v‡K| d‡j †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK PvKv ¯^Pj I MwZkxj Ki‡Z cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K|
exgvi d‡j AvR gvbyl A‡bK A_©‰bwZK SuywK MÖnY Ki‡Q| Gfv‡eB exgv GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b BwZevPK
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
exgvi f~wgKv I ¸iyZ¡

Role and Importance of Insurance
exgv eëmvi g~j j¶¨B n‡jv †Kvb ¶wZ mvab n‡j Zvi cv‡k G‡m ùvovb; mn‡hvwMZv Kiv wbivcËv weavb Kiv| ZvB,
exgv GKRb wec`-MÖ¯’ gvby‡li cv‡k G‡m cÖK…Z eÜzi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| exgv eëmv wbgœwjwLZ wZbwU †¶‡Î
¸iyZ¡c~b© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i:
GKRb e¨w³i wbKU exgvi MyiyZ¡ (Importance of Insurance to an Individual): GKRb e¨w³ wbgœwjwLZfv‡e
exgvi gva¨‡g DcK…Z nq:
1. exgv wbivcË weavb K‡i (Insurance Provides Security): exgv gvby‡li wewfbœ ai‡bi wbivcËv cÖ`vb K‡i
_v‡K| †hgb- Rxeb exgv AKvj g„Zz¨‡Z cwiev‡ii A_©‰bwZK wbivcËv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| AwMœ-exgv m¤ú‡ì wbivcËv
cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| †bŠ-exgv mvgyw`ªK SzuwKi wbivcËv cÖ`vb K‡i| ZvB exgv eë¯’v gvbyl I Zvi m¤ú‡ì wbivcËv `vb K‡i
_vK|
2. exgv gvby‡li g‡bi kvwš— †`q (Insurance Provides Peace of Mind): exgvcÎ MÖn‡Yi d‡j GKRb gvbyl
wbivc`†eva K‡i| eëmv‡qi SuywK K‡g, d‡j †m fvebvnxb Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j A‡nZzK fwel¨‡Zi
AwbðqZvi `ykwPšÍv †_‡K gy³ _v‡K| Gi d‡j g‡b GK Abvwej kvwšÍ Abyfe K‡i|
3. exgv eÜKx m¤úwË i¶v K‡i (Insurance Protects, Mortgage Proparty): GKRb eÜK`vZv nVvr K‡i
AKv‡j g„ZzëiY Ki‡j cwievieM© Aw_©K AbU‡b c‡o| hvi d‡j, msmvi Pvjv‡ZB wngwkg †L‡Z nq| ZvB eÜKx m¤ú`
eÜK gy³ Kiv G‡Kev‡i Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o| †m‡¶‡Î Rxeb exgv cwjwm _vK‡j exgv †Kv¤úvbx †_‡K GKKvjxb †gvUv
As‡Ki UvKv cvIqv hvq, hv †_‡K eÜKx m¤ú` gy³ Kiv m¤¢e nq| Gfv‡e exgv eÜKx m¤úwË i¶vq mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K|
4. exgv wbf©ikxjZv `~i K‡i (Insurance Eliminates Dependency): Kv‡iv evev ev ¯^vgxi g„Zz¨‡Z H cwievi
Amnvq m¤^jnxb n‡q co‡Z cv‡i| †m‡¶‡Î, Zv‡ì Avw_©Kfv‡e A‡bï Dci wbf©ikxj nIqv Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o|
†m‡¶‡Î D³ g„Z e¨w³i Rxeb exgvcÎ _vK‡j GKKvjxb eo As‡Ki UvKv cvq, hvi d‡j Zv‡ì cwievi Avw_©Kfv‡e
¯^”Qj _v‡K| Zv‡ì Avw_©Kfv‡e ciwbf©ikxj n‡Z nq bv| Gfv‡e exgv wbf©ikxjZv `~i K‡i _v‡K|
5. Rxeb exgv mÂ‡q DrmvwnZ K‡i (Life Insurance Encourages Savings): Rxeb exgv g~jZ wbðqZvi exgv|
exgv MÖnxZvi g„Zy¨ nDK ev Pzw³i mgqmxgv ch©š‘ †eu‡P _vKzK, †m Avw_©K Aby`vb cv‡eB| Avi exgv MÖnxZvi Rb¨ GKwU
wbw`©ó mgq ch©š— wewfbœ wKw¯—‡Z wcÖwgqvg ev exgv †mjvgx w`‡Z nq| ZvB gvbyl fwel¨‡Z cvevi Avkvq Rxeb exgvi
gva¨‡g wKw¯—‡Z UvKv w`‡q _v‡K| Gi d‡j, Zvi GKwU weivU mÂq M‡o D‡V, hv fwel¨‡Z Aw_©K Pvwn`v wgUv‡Z m¶g
nq| Gfv‡e Rxeb exgv mÂ†q gvbyl‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i _v‡K|
6. Rxeb exgv jvfRbK wewb‡qv†M mvnvh¨ K‡i (Life Insurance Provides Porfitable Investment): Rxeb
exgvq †h wcÖwgqvg Rgv ‡`q, †mUv‡K exgv †Kv¤úvbx wewb‡qvM K‡i Zvi jv‡fi Askmn exgvi `vex c~iY K‡i| ZvB exgv
MÖnxZv hLb UvKv †diZ cvq, ZLb jvfmn Zv‡K †Ìqv nq| ZvB Rxeb exgv GKwU jvfRbK wewb‡qvM wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i|

7. Rxebexgv GKRb e¨w³i bvbvwea Afve c~iY K‡i (Life Insurance Fulfills Different Needs of a Person):
Rxebexgv GKRb e¨w³i bvbvwea Afve c~i‡Y mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| wb‡gœ Rxeb exgv GKRb e¨w³i †h mKj Afve c~iY
K‡i Zv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
K. cvwievwiK Afve (Family need) : AKvj g„Zz¨‡Z GKwU cwievi `viyY A_©K‡ó co‡Z cv‡i| †m‡¶‡Î cÖPzi UvKvi
cÖ‡qvRb c‡o A_P A_© Dcvh©‡bi †jvK _v‡K bv | †m‡¶‡Î cwievieM© A‡bï KiyYvi cvÎ n‡q Pj‡Z nq; hv Kv‡iviB
Kvg¨ bq| exgv eë¯’v Pvjyi d‡j hw` Rxebexgv Kiv _v‡K, †m‡¶‡Î G A_©‰bwZK msK‡Ui mgq ¶wZMÖ¯’ cwiev‡ii
cv‡k exgv G‡m ùvovq| d‡j cwiev‡ii Avw_©K Afve A‡bKvs‡k `~i nq| Gfv‡eB we‡kl K‡i Rxeb exgv cwiev‡ii
Avw_©K Afve c~i‡Y f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
L. e„× eq‡mi cÖ‡qvRb (Old-age Need): e„× eq‡m gvby‡li A‡bK UvKvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| †m‡¶‡Î Avevi gvby‡li
AvqI A‡bK K‡g hvq| d‡j cwievieM© wb‡q A‡bK mgq Afv‡e co‡Z nq| we‡kl K‡i, hw` chv©ß m¤ú` ev
DcvR©b¶g †Kvb e¨w³ bv _vK‡j Afv‡ei mxgv _v‡K bv | G‡¶‡Î Rxebexgvi wewfbœ cwjwm Avw_©K Afve `~i Ki‡Z
mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
M. mgš^q RwbZ cÖ‡qvRb (Readjustment Need): AKvj g„Zy¨, PvKzixPz¨wZ, A¶gZv cÖf„wZ Kvi‡Y gvby‡li Avq K‡g
hvq| d‡j Rxeb hvÎvi gvbI Kgv‡Z eva¨ nq| †m †¶‡Î RxebhvÎvi gvb wVK ivLvi Rb¨ Av‡qi mgš^q cÖ‡qvRb nq|
G‡¶‡Î Rxeb exgv mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
N. we‡kl Afve (Special Need): A‡bK cwiev‡iB we‡kl KZ¸‡jv Afve i‡q‡Q, hv c~iY Ki‡Z cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì
wngwmg †L‡Z nq| hw` DcvR©b¶g e¨w³i ch©vß Avq bv _v‡K, †m‡¶‡Î G Afve¸‡jv c~iY Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡o| d‡j,
cwievi‡K Kó †fvM Ki‡Z nq| cwiev†ii we‡kl ai‡Yi Afve¸‡jv wb‡gœ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1) wk¶vi Rb¨ Afve (Need for Education): exgv Ges evwl©K e„wËi KZ¸‡jv exgv cÎ (Insurance Policy)
Av‡Q| Kv‡ivi evev ev Awffve‡Ki AKvj g„Zz¨‡Z ev”Pv‡ì wk¶v Kvh©µg e¨nZ nq| G‡¶‡Î ev”Pv‡ì wk¶vexgv wk¶vi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A‡_©i Afve c~iY Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
2) weevn Abyôv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb (Need for marige): A‡bK mgq AweevwnZv †g‡qi we‡qi Rb¨ cÖPzi UvKvi cÖ‡qvRb nq;
hv GKRb mvaviY gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK Avq Øviv c~iY Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| †m‡¶‡Î we‡kl ai‡bi exgv eë¯’vi gva¨‡g G
ai‡bi mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv hvq|
3) ev”Pv‡ì cÖwZôv `v‡bi Rb¨ exgvi cÖ‡qvRb (Insurance Need for Settlement of Children): ev”Pv‡ì
‡jLvcov †kl K‡i ev”Pv‡ì wb‡Ri cv‡q ùvov‡Z mgq cÖ‡qvRb nq| ‡m‡¶‡Î exgvKvix Avw_©K mn‡hvwMZv K‡i
ev”Pv‡ì‡K ‡jLvcov †kl Kivi ci fv‡jv Ae¯’v‡b †cuŠQvi AvM ch©š‘ Avw_©K Afve `~i Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
4) wK¬b Avc wbW (Clean up Need): g„Zzï ci Kei¯Í Kiv, m¤ú` I Av‡qi Ki eve` cÖPzi UvKvi cÖ‡qvRb nq, hv
c~iY Ki‡Z A‡bK UvKvi cÖ‡qvRb nq Ges Zv‡Z cwiev‡ii Znwej K‡g hvq| exgv G ai‡bi LiP †gUv‡Z GwM‡q
Av‡m|
GKRb eëmvqxi wbKU exgvi ¸iyZ¡

Importance of Insurance to a Businessman
eëmvqxK mgvRI exgvi Øviv A‡bKfv‡e jvfevb n‡Z cv‡i hv wbgœiƒc:
1) eëmvwqK ¶wZi AwbðqZv Kgvq (Uncertainty of Business Loss is Reduced): eëmv‡q SuywK AZ¨šÍ ‡ekx|
eëmv‡qi SuywKi d‡j mdjZv AwbwðZ n‡q hvq| †h †Kvb `yN©Ubv eëmv‡qi m¤ú` aŸsk n‡q eëmv‡qi PvKv eÜ n‡q
†h‡Z cv‡i| GKRb eëmvqxi Rxeb I ¯^v¯’ï †Kvb wbðqZv †bB, hvi d‡jI eëmv‡qi mdjZv AwbðZ n‡q hvq|
GmKj SuywKi d‡j eëmv‡qi †h e¨vcK ¶wZ mvab n‡Z cv‡i, Zv exgvi gva¨‡g A‡bKvs‡k cywk‡q wb‡Z cv‡i|
2) exgv eëmv‡qi `¶Zv e„w×‡Z mnvqZv K‡i (Insurance Help in Improvement of Efficiency): exgvi d‡j
eëmvqxMY wbf©vebvq eëmv‡qi Kvh©µg Pvjv‡Z cv‡i| d‡j eëmv‡qi Kv‡R †ekx g‡bvwb‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i, hvi ìyb

eëmv‡qi `¶Zv e„w× cvq| †h‡nZz SuywK exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv enb Ki‡Q; ZvB, eëmvqxMY bZzb bZzb eëmv‡q AviI
D`¨gZvi mv‡_ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡Q|
3) F‡Yi myweav e„w× (Enhancement of Credit): exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv wcÖwgqv‡gi gva¨‡g A‡bK UvKvi Znwej MVb
K‡i, hv GK mv‡_ cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| ZvB, Zviv `xN© †gqv‡` eëmvqx‡ì FY wn‡m‡e wewb‡qvM K‡i _v‡K| G fv‡e exgv
†Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv `xN©‡gqv`x F‡Yi GKwU eo Drm wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GQvov ewgv cwjwm FbMÖnxZvi ivq MÖnY †hvM¨Zv I
¶gZv e„w× K‡i|
4) eëmv‡qi avivevwnKZv i¶v (Business Continuation): we‡klZ: Askx`vix eëmv‡q †Kvb Askx`vi g„ZzëiY
Ki‡j eëmv eÜ n‡q hvq| wKš‘, exgv eë¯’v Pvjyi d‡j †Kvb Askx`v‡ii g„Zz¨ n‡j exgv †Kv¤úvbxi wbKU †_‡K cÖPzi
UvKv cvq| d‡j g~ja‡bi Afve nq bv, hvi d‡j eëmv‡qi avivewnKZv eRvq ivLv m¤¢e nq| Avevi m¤ú‡ì exgvi
gva¨‡g wewfbœ ai‡Yi wech©q †_‡K eëmv‡K i¶v Kiv hvq|
5) kªwgK‡ì Kj¨vY (Welfare of Employees): GKRb gvwj‡Ki kªwgK‡ì Kj¨vY mvab Kiv Acwinvh© `vwqZ¡|
†m‡¶‡Î †Mvóx exgvi gva¨‡g kªwgK‡ì Avw_©K mnvqZv Kiv hvq| Ab¨vb¨ exgv †hgb; Rxeb exgv, `yN©Ubv exgv I
wPwKrmv exgvi gva¨‡gI kªwgK‡ì Avw_©K Kj¨vYmvab m¤¢e| Gfv‡e exgvi gva¨‡g kªwgK-Kg©Pvix Avw_©Kfv‡e jvfevb
n‡Z cv‡i|
exgvi mvgvwRK ¸iyZ¡ (Importance of Insurance to the Sociaty)

exgvi wewfbœ mvgvwRK ¸iyZ¡ i‡q‡Q hv wb‡P eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
(1) mgv‡Ri m¤ú‡ì i¶v nq (Wealth of the Society is Protected): exgvi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri m¤ú‡ì ¶wZ †_‡K
i¶v Kiv nq| †hgb Rxeb exgv gvbe m¤ú‡ì ¶wZ Avw_©Kfv‡e c~iY K‡i _v‡K| gvbyl hw` fvebvnxb wkw¶Z I
kw³kvjx nq, Z‡e †ekx Avq Ki‡Z m¶g nq| †Zgwb fv‡e AwMœKvÛ, `yN©Ubv BZ¨vw` ¶wZc~iY exgvi gva¨‡g cÖ`vb Kiv
nq| Mev`x cï, kl¨, gybvdv I †gwkb cÎ exgvi gva¨‡g wbivcËv weavb K‡i A_©‰bwZK ¶wZ Kgvb m¤¢e nq| mf¨Zvi
AMÖMwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ †ekx SuywKc~Y© Kg©Kv‡ÛiI cÖmvi jvf K‡i‡Q| d‡j bZzb bZzb exgvi D™¢e n‡q‡Q, mKj Kg©KvÛ
wbf©vebvq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ exgvi AvIZv w`b w`b cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q| mgv‡Ri cÖvq cÖwZwU RvqMv‡ZB exgvi wePiY| eZ©gvb,
fwelr I Kg©¶g gvbe m¤ú‡ì wbivcËv weavb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkïiv we‡klvwqZ Ávb jv‡fi my‡hvM cv‡”Q, kªgRxweiv
fvebv nxb Rxeb I eq¯‹ †jv‡Kiv exgvi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK wbivcËv cv‡”Q| ZvB exgvi myweavq mgv‡Ri me©Î kvwš— I
AMÖMwZi †Qvqv †j‡M P‡j‡Q|
(2) †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× (Economic Growth of the Country): †h †Kvb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b exgv GK
¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡L P‡j‡Q| exgv m¤ú‡ì ¶wZ †_‡K wbivcËv weavb Ki‡Q Ges eëmv‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© †hvMvb
w`‡”Q| K…wl †_‡K ïiy K‡i eëmv evwY‡R¨ exgv wbivcËvi eë¯’v K‡i wbiwew”Qbœ Drcv`b Ae¨vnZ †i‡L‡Q| wkí
KviLvbvi †gwkb, AvmevecÎ, KuvPvgvj, Kg©Pvixi wbivcËv weavb K‡i A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b Ae`vb ivL‡Q|
(3) gy`ªvwùwZ †iva (Reduction of Inflation): exgv `yÕfv‡e gy`ªvwùwZ †iv‡a ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Q| h_v: 1|
wcªwgqv‡gi gva¨‡g evRvi †_‡K UvKv msMÖn K‡i UvKvi †hvMvb Kwg‡q w`‡”Q| 2| Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ ch©vß Znwej mievin
K‡i| hv gy`ªvwùwZi M¨vc Kwg‡q Avb‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡Q| KviY, wcÖwgqv‡gi gva¨‡g cÖPzi UvKv msM„nxZ nq Ges Zvi eo
GKUv Ask Avevi AwaK jv‡f wewb‡qvM Kiv nq| gy`ªvwùwZi g~j `ywU KviY g~jZ UvKvi †hvMvb e„w× cvIqv Ges
Drcv`b K‡g hvIqv, hv exgvi gva¨‡g h_vh_ wbqš¿Y Kiv m¤¢e| ZvB, exgv †h †Kvb †`‡ki gy`ªvwùwZ †iv‡a e¨vcK
Ae`vb ivL‡Q|
exgvi †kªYxwefvM (Classification of Insurance)

exgv‡K `ywU `„wó†KvY †_‡K †kªYxwefvM Kiv hvq| h_v; 1| eëmvwqK `„wó†KvY †_‡K 2| SuywKi w`‡K †_‡K
1| eëmvwqK `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K exgvi †kªYx wefvM: eëmvwqK `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K exgv‡K cÖavbZ: wZbwU †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv
hvq| h_v: i) Rxeb exgv ii) mvaviY exgv Ges iii) mvgvwRK exgv

i) Rxeb exgv (Life Insurance): Rxeb exgv g~jZ gvby‡li Rxe‡bi Dci †h exgv Kiv nq, Zv‡K Rxeb exgv ejv nq|
exgvMÖnxZv wbw`©ó wcÖwgqv‡gi wewbg‡q wb‡Ri ev A‡bï Rxe‡bi Dci exgvcÎ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e A‡bï Rxe‡bi
Dci exgv MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v‡_©i cÖgvY cÖ‡qvRb nq| mgv‡R Rxeb exgvi cÖPjb me‡P‡q †ekx| Rxeb exgvi
d‡j †Kvb exgvMÖnxZvi AKvj g„Zz¨ n‡j, Zuvi cwievieM©‡K Avw_©K myweav cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Avevi †gqv` Kvj ch©š‘ †eu‡P
_vK‡j exgvi A_© wb‡RB †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| Rxeb exgv Ab¨vb¨ exgv †_‡K ¯^Z¨¯¿| KviY Ab¨vb¨ exgv ¶wZc~i‡Yi
Pzw³| †Kvb NUbv NU‡jB ïaygvÎ exgvi `vex Rb¥v‡e, bZzev bq| wKš‘ Rxeb exgvi †¶‡Î wbðqZv cÖ`vb Kiv nq| exgv
MÖnxZvi exgv mg‡qi g‡a¨ g„Zz¨ A_ev exgvi mgqKvj ch©š— †e‡P _vKv Dfq Ae¯’v‡ZB exgvi UvKv cvevi AwaKvix|
evsjv‡`‡k miKvix, †emiKvix, ê‡`wkK I Bmjvgx exgv †Kv¤úvbx KZ…K Rxeb exgv cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q|
ii) mvaviY exgv (General Insurance): mvaviY exgvi AvIZvq m¤ú` exgv, `vq exgv I Ab¨vb¨ exgv AšÍf©y³| AwMœ
exgv I †bŠ-exgv m¤úwË exgvi AšÍ©MZ| †gvUi, Pzwi, †gwkb cÎ BZ¨w` `vq exgvi Aš—f©y³|
K. m¤úwË exgv (Proparty Insurance): †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¨w³†Mvwôi m¤ú‡ì hLb †Kvb exgv MÖnY Kiv nq Zv‡K
m¤úwË exgv ejv nq| †bŠ, AwMœ, †Pvh©, `yN©Ubv BZ¨vw` m¤úwË exgvi AvIZvf~³|
A. †bŠ-exgv (Marine Insurance): †bŠ-exgv mvgw`ªK wec` †_‡K ¶wZi wbivcËv weavb K‡i _v‡K| mvgw`ªK
wec`¸‡jv †hgb †Kvb wKQzi mv‡_ av°v jvMv, Rj`ky¨ KZ…©K AvµvšÍ nIqv, Av¸b, kÎy KZ…K RvnvR AvµvšÍ nIqv
BZ¨vw`| mvgw`ªK wec‡ì d‡j RvnvR, Rvnv‡Ri gvjvgvj, gvbyl, fvov BZ¨vw` ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB †bŠ-exgv nq
RvnvR, gvjvgvj I fvovi Dci| †bŠ-exgv MÖn‡Yi mgq exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© _vKv eva¨Zvg~jK bq| Z‡e, exgvi `vex
DÌvc‡bi mgq Aek¨B exgv†hvM¨ ¯^v_© _vK‡Z n‡e|
Av. AwMœexgv (Fire Insurance): AwMœ exgv Av¸‡bi SzuwK †_‡K wbivcËv weavb K‡i| AwMœ exgvi Abycw¯’wZ ïay
e¨w³‡KB bq mvgvR‡KI ¶wZMÖ¯’ K‡i| AwMœ exgvi †¶‡Î ïay AwMœKv‡Ûi d‡j †Kvb m¤ú` ¶wZ n‡jB gvÎ ¶wZc~iY
cvIqv hv‡e, Ab¨_vq bq|
B. wewea exgv (Miscellaneous Insurance): cY¨mvgMÖx, AvmevecÎ, KjKâv, hvbevnb, †gvUihvb BZ¨w` m¤ú`-
m¤úwË `yN©Ubvi Ke‡j c‡o ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡j ev Pzwi n‡j Zvi Rb¨ exgvKvix ¶wZc~iY w`‡e| Gai‡bi m¤ú‡ì Rb¨ Avjv`v
Avjv`vfv‡e exgv cwjwm Av‡Q| †hgb: †gvUihvb exgv, AvmevecÎ exgv, ‡Pvh© exgv, kl¨ exgv, e¨w³MZ `yN©Ubv exgv
BZ¨vw` wewea exgvi Aš—©MZ|
L. `vq exgv (Liability Insurance): GKwU exgv †Kv¤úvbx hLb Pzw³ Abymv‡i m¤úwËi aŸsk, e¨w³MZ `yN©Ubvi ¶wZ
ev g„Zy¨RwbZ ¶wZc~iY Ki‡Z `vqe×, Zv‡K `vq exgv ejv nq| G `vq exgvI mvaviY exgvi AvIZvfy³| wek¦¯’Zv exgv
(Fidelity Insurance) †gvUihvb exgv (Automobile Insurance) †gwkbvixR exgv (Machinary Insurance) BZ¨vw`
`vq exgvi D`vniY|
M. Ab¨vb¨ ai‡bi exgv (Others Forms of Insurance): Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ exgv e¨wZZ AviI A‡bK exgv mvaviY
exgvi Aš—©fy³ †hgb: ißvbx exgv, ivóªxq Kg©Pvix exgv, Kg©Pvix exgv, G ai‡bi exgvi D`vniY| G ai‡bi exgvi †¶‡Î
wbw`©ó wKQz NUbv NU‡j wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© cwi‡kva Kiv nq| Gai‡bi exgv GLb †ek RbwcÖqZv I e¨vcKZv jvf
K‡i‡Q|
(iii) mvgvwRK exgv (Social Insurance): mgv‡Ri A‡c¶vK…Z Avw_©Kfv‡e `ye©j Rb‡Mvwô, hv‡ì wcÖwgqvg cÖ`v‡bi
ch©vß A_© †bB; †m mKj †jv‡K‡ì ¯^v_© i¶v‡_© mvgvwRK exgvi Rb¥| A¶gZv fvZv, †eKvi fvZv, †cbkb eë¯’v,
Amy¯’Zv exgv, wkí exgv, cÖf„wZ mvgvwRK exgvi D`vniY| Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í mvgvwRK exgvi cÖmvi I RbwcÖqZv evo‡Q|
GgbwK A‡bK DbœZ †`‡k G ai‡bi mvgvwRK exgv Acwinvh© e‡j MY¨ Kiv n‡”Q|

2. SuzwKi w`K †_‡K exgvi †kªYxwefvM

(Classification of Insurance From the View Point of Risk)
SzuwKi w`K †_‡K exgv‡K wbgœwjwLZfv‡e †kªYxwefvM Kiv n‡q‡Q:
(1) e¨w³MZ exgv (Personal Assurance): gvbe Rxe‡bi Dci †h exgv MÖnY Kiv nq hv g„Zz¨, `yN©Ubv ev †iv‡Mi
Kvi‡Y ¶wZi weiy‡× wbivcËvi weavb K‡i _v‡K| e¨w³MZ exgvi Aax‡b Rxeb exgv, e¨w³MZ `yN©Ubv exgv I ¯^v¯’¨ exgv
i‡q‡Q| Rxeb exgv m¤ú‡K© c~‡e© wKQzUv Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvB e¨w³MZ `yN©Ubv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv|
e¨w³MZ `yN©Ubv n‡jv †Kvb `yN©Ubvi d‡j hw` †Kvb A½cÖZ¨½ ¶wZMÖ¯’ ev RLg nq, Zvi Rb¨ †h exgv eë¯’v| Avevi
¯^v¯’¨ exgv ej‡Z †Kvb RwUj †iv‡Mi Kvi‡Y ev AmvaviY Amy¯’Zvi wPwKrmv e¨q cÖf„wZi Rb¨ †h exgv eë¯’vi cÖPjb
Av‡Q, ZvB ¯^v¯’¨ exgv bv‡g cwiwPZ|
(2) m¤úwË exgv (Property Insurance): †Kvb e¨w³i ev mgv‡Ri m¤úwËi m¤¢ve¨ ¶wZi weiy‡× †h exgv ZvB m¤úwË
exgv| m¤úwË exgvi g‡a¨ AwMœ, †bŠ, wk‡í AcÖZ¨vwkZ Drcv`b n«vm cvIqv, eëmv‡qi, †Kvb cÖavb e¨w³i
AcÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e gviv hvIqv, †gwkb A‡KR n‡q cov, m¤ú‡ì Pzwi BZ¨vw` m¤úwË exgvi AšÍ©MZ|
(3) `vq exgv (Liability Insurance): `vq exgv 3q c¶ exgv, Kg©Pvix exgv, †gvUi exgv, I c~b:exgv `vq exgvi
AvIZvf~³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| SzuwKi w`K †_‡K G exgv¸‡jv GKB cÖK…wZi e‡j GKB †kªYxf~³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
(4) M¨vivw›U exgv (Gauruntee Insurance): G exgv Av¯’v exgv, avi exgv, myweav exgv cÖf„wZ G exgvq ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q|
SuywKi w`‡K †_‡K G¸‡jv mgRvZxq| †hgb, ißvbx exgvq Avg`vbxKviK KZ…K g~j¨ cwi‡kvwaZ bv n‡j exgvKvix
cwi‡kva Kivi cÖwZkÖywZ `vb K‡i|
exgvi †kªYx wefv‡Mi AviI e¨vcKZv cÖ‡qvRb| c~‡e© D‡jøwLZ exgvi †kªYx wefvMv‡i evB‡i AviI bvbv cÖKvi exgv eë¯’vi
cÖPjb Av‡Q| †hgb hyMœ exgv, c~b;exgv, †Mvôx exgv, BZ¨vw`| GLv‡b msw¶ß AvKv‡i exgvi †kªYxwefvM Kiv n‡jv|
cieZ©x‡Z AviI e¨vcK Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
cvV ms‡¶c: 7.2
exgvi cÖavb I cÖ_g KvR n‡jv m¤¢ve¨ AwbwðZ ¶wZ †_‡K i¶v Kiv| exgv MÖnYKvix cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ exgvcÎ MÖn‡Yi
Rb¨ GKwU wbw`©ó nv‡i wcÖwgqvg cÖ`vb K‡i| exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv `xN© †gqv`x g~ja‡bi me‡P‡q cÖavb Drm| exgv
gvby‡li wewfbœ ai‡bi wbivcËv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| Rxeb exgv mÂ†q gvbyl‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i _v‡K| Rxebexgv GKRb
e¨w³i bvbvwea Afve c~iY K‡i| we‡kl K‡i Rxeb exgv cwiev‡ii Avw_©K Afve c~i‡Y f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †Kvb
e¨w³i ev mgv‡Ri m¤úwËi m¤¢ve¨ ¶wZi weiy‡× †h exgv ZvB m¤úwË exgv| `vq exgv 3q c¶ exgv, Kg©Pvix exgv,
†gvUi exgv, I c~b:exgv `vq exgvi AvIZvf~³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ißvbx exgvq Avg`vbxKviK KZ…K g~j¨ cwi‡kvwaZ bv
n‡j exgvKvix cwi‡kva Kivi cÖwZkÖywZ `vb K‡i|

1. exgvi cÖavb I cÖavb KvR nj |
K) AwbwðZ ¶wZ †_‡K i¶v Kiv L) wbwðZ ¶wZ †_‡K i¶v Kiv
M) eëmvwqK ¶wZ †_‡K i¶v Kiv N) †KvbwU bq
2. exgv †Kv¤úvbx †Kvb †gqvw` g~ja‡bi Drm?
K) ¯^í L) ga¨g
M) `xN© N) †KvbwU bq

3. †Kvb e¨w³i ev mgv‡Ri m¤úwËi ¯^¤¢ve¨ ¶wZi wecix‡Z †h exgv Kiv nq Zv‡K Kx exgv e‡j?
K) †Mvwôexgv L) m¤úwËexgv
M) Rxeb exgv N) `yN©Ubv exgv
4. ißvbx exgvq Avg`vbxKviK KZ©„K g~j¨ cwi‡kvwaZ bv n‡j exgvKvix cwi‡kva Kivi cÖwZkÖywZ `vb K‡i| G exgv‡K
Kx exgv e‡j?
K) `vq exgv L) e¨w³MZ exgv
M) m¤úwË exgv N) M¨vivw›U exgv
5. †KvbwU `vq exgvi AšÍfz©³ bq?
K) †gvUi exgv L) Kg©Pvix exgv
M) cybtexgv N) Rxeb exgv

cvV- 3 c~b:exgv, hyMœexgv I evRx Pzw³

Reinsurance, Double Insurance and Wagery Contract
D‡Ïk
c~b:exgv I hyM¥ exgvi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
c~b:exgv I hyM¥ exgvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
evRxaiv Pzw³ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
exgv I evRx Pyw³i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†hŠ_ exgv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
†Mvôxexgv m¤ú‡K© avibv jvf Ki‡eb|
welqe¯‘
c~bexgv (Reinsurance): hLb GKRb exgvKvix Zvi exgvK…Z welqe¯‘ Ab¨ exgvKvixi wbKU exgv K‡i ZLb Zv‡K
c~bexgv ejv nq| G‡¶‡Î cÖ_g exgvKvix exgv MÖnxZv Ges 2q exgvKvix c~bexgvKvix e‡j MY¨ n‡e| †hgb aiyb
mvaviYZ; hLb GKRb exgvKvix †Kvb welqe¯‘i exgv MÖnY Kivi ci hw` g‡b K‡i Zuvi c‡¶ me SzuwK GKKfv‡e enb
Kiv m¤¢e bq; †m‡¶‡Î, wb‡R exgv MÖnxZv n‡q Zuvi exgvK…Z welqe¯‘ SuywK n«v‡mi Rb¨ Ab¨ GKwU exgv †Kv¤úvbxi wbKU
exgv K‡i| D`vniY¯îƒc g‡b Kiyb K GKwU exgvKvix Zvi exgvK…Z welqe¯‘ Zvi GKvi c‡¶ SuywK enb Kiv m¤¢e bq
e‡j g‡b K‡i L bvgK Ab¨ GKwU exgv cÖwZôv‡bi wbKU exgv Kij| GUv‡K c~b:exgv ejv n‡e| ÓKÓ ‡Kv¤úvbx GLv‡b
exg MÖnxZv Ges ÓLÓ †Kv¤úvbx GLv‡b c~bexgvKvix|
GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, g~j exgv MÖnxZvi mv‡_ c~bexgvKvixi †Kvb m¤úK© †bB| g~j exgv MÖnxZv I Avw`
exgvKvixi g‡a¨ †h Pzw³ n‡e †m Pzw³i kZ©vejx Øviv c~bexgv wbqw¯¿Z n‡e| †Kvb Kvi‡Y cÖ_g Pzw³ evwZj n‡j c~bexgv
Pyw³I evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e|
hyM¥ ev ˆØZexgv (Double Insurance): hw` †Kvb exgv MÖnxZv GKB welqe¯‘yi Dci `ywU exgv †Kv¤úvbxi mv‡_ c„_K
c„_K exgv Pzw³ K‡ib, Zvn‡j Zv‡K hyMœ ev ‰ØZ exgv ejv nq| aiyb, Rbve Av: iwng Zuvi GKwU evox ÔKÕ †Kv¤úvbxi
mv‡_ 5,00,000 UvKvq exgv Kij| Zvici D³ evoxwU L †Kv¤úvbxi mv‡_ 4,00,000 UvKvq c~bivq GKwU exgv Pzw³
Kij| GwU GKwU hyMœ exgvi D`vniY| g‡b Kiyb evwowU Av¸‡b AvswkK cy‡o †Mj Ges Zv‡Z 2,00,000 UvKvi ¶wZ
n‡jv| Rbve Av: iwng Dfq †Kv¤úvbxi wbKU †_‡K †gvU (1,00,000+1,00,000)=2,00,000 ¶wZc~iY Av`vq Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb| wZwb ¶wZi †ekx UvKv `vex Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv | KviY exgv GKwU ¶wZ c~i‡Yi Pzw³| KvD‡K exgv †_‡K jvf
Ki‡Z †Ìqv nqbv| ïay ¶wZc~iY Kiv nq| wKš‘ Rxeb exgvi †¶‡Î Gi e¨wZµg| gvby‡li Rxeb †h‡nZz UvKvi Øviv
cwigvc Kiv hvq bv, ZvB hZ UvKvi exgv Kiv nq ZZ UvKvB wZwb cv‡eb| †hgb ai“b Rbve Rvwn` `ywU exgv
†Kv¤úvbxi mv‡_ Zvi Rxe‡bi Dci c„_K `ywU (K †Kv¤úvbxi mv‡_ 2,00,000 UvKv L †Kv¤úvbxi mv‡_ 3,00,000
UvKv) 5,00,000 UvKvi exgv cÎ MÖnY Ki‡jb| hw` wZwb exgv mgq PjvKv‡j gviv hvb Z‡e wZwb
(2,00,000+3,00,000)=5,00,000 UvKv `ywU †Kv¤úvbx †_‡K cv‡eb|
mvaviYZ: Rxeb exgvi †¶‡Î hyMœexgv AwaK cÖPwjZ I jvf RbK| wKš‘ ‡bŠ, AwMœ cÖf„wZ †h‡nZz ¶wZ c~i‡Yi Pzw³, ZvB
cÖK…Z ¶wZi †ekx ¶wZc~iY cv‡e bv weavq G‡¶‡Î hyMœ exgv jvfRbK bq|
c~b:exgv I hyMœexgvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ (Difference Between Double Insurance and Re-insurance)
c~b:exgv I hyMœexgvi g‡a¨ wKQz wKQz cv_©K¨ weivRgvb hv wb‡gœ †`Lv‡bv n‡jv
1. c~b:exgv n‡jv `ywU exgv †Kv¤úvbxi mv‡_ Pzw³, c¶všÍ‡i, hyMœ exgv n‡jv GKB welqe¯‘i Dci `ywU †Kv¤úvbxi mv‡_
c„_K `ywU Pzw³|

2. c~b:exgvi †¶‡Î g~j exgv MÖnxZvi †Kvb jvf ev `vq`vwqZ¡ _v‡K bv| wKš‘ hyMœexgvi †¶‡Î exgv MÖnxZvi `vq `vwqZ¡ I
myweav e„w× cvq|
3. SuywKi cwigvY Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ c~bexgv Kiv nq; Aci w`‡K exgv†hvM¨ ¯^v_© i¶vi Rb¨ hyMœexgv Kiv nq|
4. c~b:exgv c~‡e©i †Kvb exgv Pzw³‡K ev` w`‡q Kiv hvq bv; c¶všÍ‡i hyMœexgv c~‡e©i exgv Pzw³‡K m¤ú~Y© ev` w`‡qI Kiv
hvq|
5. c~b:exgvi †¶‡Î cÖ_g exgv Pzw³ evwZj n‡j c~b:exgvI evwZj n‡q hvq, wKš‘ hyMœexgvi †¶‡Î Zv cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv
A_©vr evwZj n‡e bv|
6. c~b:exgvi †¶‡Î cÖ_g exgvKvix cieZ©x exgvi Rb¨ `vqx _v‡K| wKš‘ hyMœexgvi †¶‡Î cÖ_g exgvKvix cieZ©x
exgvKvixi wbKU `vqx _v‡K bv|
7. c~b:exgv AwMœexgvi †¶‡Î ‡ekx cÖ‡qvM nq| Ab¨ w`‡K, hyMœexgv Rxeb exgvi †¶‡Î †ekx eëüZ nq|
8. c~b:exgv ¶wZc~i‡Yi bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖwZwôZ; wKš‘, hyMœexgv ¶wZc~i‡Yi bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖwZwôZ
bq|
†hŠ_ exgv (Joint Insurance): †hŠ_exgv GKB exgv cÎ GKvwaK Rxe‡bi Dci †h exgvcÎ MÖnY Kiv nq| †hgb aiyb,
Rbve AvKei I Zvi ¯¿x K †Kv¤úvbxi mv‡_ †hŠ_fv‡e GKwU exgvcÎ Ki‡jb| GUv †hŠ_ exgvc‡Îi GKwU D`vnib|
†hŠ_exgv cÎ wewfbœ cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb †hŠ_ Rxeb exgvcÎ, †kl DËiRxwe exgvcÎ, DËiRxwe exgv cÎ| †h mKj
Rxe‡bi Dci Kiv nq Zv‡ì g‡a¨ me©‡kl e¨w³i g„Zzï AvM ch©š‘ exgv c‡Îi UvKv cvIqv hvq bv| wcÖwgqvg Zzjbvg~jK
Kg| †hŠ_ Rxeb exgv cÖ_vbZ: wZb cÖKvi h_v: †hŠ_ AvRxeb exgv, †hŠ_ †gqv`x exgv I †hŠ_ mvgwqK exgv| †hŠ_ exgv
mvaviYZ ¯^vgx-¯¿x, Askx`viMY I cvwievwiK m¤úK© hy³ GKvwaK e¨w³i mv‡_ GKB mvv‡_ MÖnY Kiv hvq| G RvZxq
exgv ïaygvÎ Rxeb exgvi †¶‡ÎB cÖ‡hvR¨| †gvU K_v n‡jv, GKvwaK e¨w³ GK‡Î †hŠ_fv‡e hLb Zv‡ì Rxe‡bi Dci
†Kvb exgv cÎ MÖnY K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K †hŠ_ exgv ejv nq|
†Mvôx exgv (Group Insurance): †Mvôx exgvI GKvwaK Rxe‡bi Dci Kiv nq| †mw`K †_‡K GUvI eû Rxeb exgvi
AvIZvfy³| Z‡e, GUvi cÖK…wZ GKUz wfbœZi weavq GUv‡K Avjv`vfv‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| G exgvi Aax‡b ¯^í wcÖwgqv†g
†Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi mKj Kg©Pvixi Rb¨ GKwU exgv cÎ MÖnY Kiv n‡j Zv‡K †Mvôx exgv ejv n‡q _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k
miKvix, AvavmiKvix I ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ cÖwZôv‡b †Mvôx exgv cÖvq Acwinvh© Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡¶‡Î GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi
Kg©Pvix‡ì Rb¨ GKwU exgv cÎ †`qv nq| m`m¨ msL¨vv †ekx n‡j Wv³vix cix¶v Qvov Mo eq‡mi Dci exgv wcªwgqvg
wba©viY Kiv nq| mvaviYZ: wcÖwgqvg e¨w³ I cÖwZôvb mw¤§wjZfv‡e cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| †KD PvKzixKvjxb wbw`©ó eq‡mi
g‡a¨ gviv †M‡jB gvÎ wbwa©vwiZ cwigvY Avw_©K myweav †Ìqv nq|
exgv Pzw³ I evRx Pzw³i g‡a¨ Zyjbv (A Comparison Between Insurance Contract and Wagery
Contract)
exgv Pzw³ I evRx Pzw³ AvcvZ `„wó‡Z GK g‡b n‡jI G‡ì g‡a¨ eûwea cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb, hv wb‡gœ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_©: exgv Pzw³i †¶‡Î exgv †hvM¨¯^v_© Avek¨K; wKš‘, evRx aivi Pyw³‡Z exgv†hvM¨ ¯^v‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb nq
bv|
2. ‰eaZv: exgv Pzw³ AvBbZ êa; wKš‘, evRx aivi Pzw³ AvBbZ A‰ea|
3. ¶wZc~iY: Rxeb exgv e¨wZZ Ab¨vb¨ exgv Pzw³ ¶wZc~i‡Yi bxwZi Dci cÖwZwôZ| c¶všÍ‡i, evRx aivi Pzw³
¶wZc~i‡Yi †Kvb evjvB †bB|
4. mij wek¦vm: exgv Pzw³ mij wek¦v‡mi Pzw³| G †¶‡Î Dfq c¶‡K gb Ly‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj Z_¨ cÖKvk Kiv eva¨Zv
g~jK| wKš‘ evRx aivi Pzw³‡Z mij wek¦v‡mi †Kvb kZ© †bB|
5. wcªwgqvg: exgvi †¶‡Î exgv MÖnxZv‡K wcÖwgqvg cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq; Zv cÖwZ`vb wn‡m‡e MY¨ | wKš‘, evRx aivi Pzw³‡Z
Ggb †Kvb welq †bB|
6. SuywK n¯ÍvšÍi : exgvi †¶‡Î exgvMÖnxZv fwel¨‡Zi †Kvb SuywK‡K exgvKvixi wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i| evRx aivi Pzw³‡Z
SuywK n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii welq Abycw¯’Z|

7. êÁvwbK wnmve: exgvi †¶‡Î SuywK wbY©q I wcÖwgqvg wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ ‰eÁvwbK c×wZ AbymiY Kiv nq| wKš‘, evRx
Pzw³i †¶‡Î êÁvwbK wnmv‡ei †Kvb ¯’vb †bB|
8. AvbyôvwbKZv: exgv Pzw³i †¶‡Î wKQz AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki‡Z nq, hv evRx Pyw³i †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
9. ‡gqv`: exgv Pzw³ mvaviYZ: GKwU mgqmxgvi Rb¨ n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘, evRx Pzw³ Zvr¶wYKfv‡e n‡q _v‡K|
10. Rb¯^v_©: exgv Pyw³ Rb¯^v_© i¶v K‡i| evRx Pzw³ Rb¯^v_© we‡ivax|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, exgv GKwU êa Pzw³, Avi evRxaiv GKwU g~jZ A‰ea Pyw³| hv †Kvb Pzw³B bq|
cvV ms‡¶c: 7.3
hLb GKRb exgvKvix Zvi exgvK…Z welqe¯‘ Ab¨ exgvKvixi wbKU exgv K‡i ZLb Zv‡K c~bexgv ejv nq| G‡¶‡Î
cÖ_g exgvKvix exgv MÖnxZv Ges 2q exgvKvix c~bexgvKvix e‡j MY¨ n‡e| hw` †Kvb exgv MÖnxZv GKB welqe¯‘yi
Dci `ywU exgv †Kv¤úvbxi mv‡_ c„_K c„_K exgv Pzw³ K‡ib, Zvn‡j Zv‡K hyMœ ev ‰ØZ exgv ejv nq| c~b:exgv n‡jv
`ywU exgv †Kv¤úvbxi mv‡_ Pzw³, c¶všÍ‡i, hyMœ exgv n‡jv GKB welqe¯‘i Dci `ywU †Kv¤úvbxi mv‡_ c„_K `ywU Pzw³|
c~b:exgv ¶wZc~i‡Yi bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖwZwôZ; wKš‘, hyMœexgv ¶wZc~i‡Yi bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖwZwôZ
bq| †hŠ_exgv GKB exgv cÎ GKvwaK Rxe‡bi Dci †h exgvcÎ MÖnY Kiv nq| †Mvôx exgvI GKvwaK Rxe‡bi Dci
Kiv nq| exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_©: exgv Pzw³i †¶‡Î exgv †hvM¨¯^v_© Avek¨K; wKš‘, evRx aivi Pyw³‡Z exgv†hvM¨ ¯^v‡_©i
cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|

1. exgvi Dci exgv Kiv n‡j Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
K) cybtexgv L) hyMœexgv
M) †hŠ_exgv N) †KvbwU bq
2. GKwU welqe¯‘i Dci `yÕwU c„_K c„_K †Kv¤úvwbi mv‡_ exgv Kiv n‡j Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
K) cybtexgv L) hyMœexgv
M) †hŠ_exgv N) †KvbwU bq
3. hyMœexgvq Pzw³i cwigvY KqwU?
K) 1 wU L) 2 wU
M) 3 wU N) 4 wU
4. †KvwbU ¶wZc~i‡Yi bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖwZwôZ bq?
K) Rxebexgv L) cybtexgv
M) hyMœexgv N) †hŠ_exgv
5. evRx aivi Pzw³‡Z †KvbwU †bB?
K) exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© L) mw¤§wjZ ¯^v_©
M) Avw_©K ¯^v_© N) †KvbwU bq

cvV- 4 exgv Pzw³i Acwinvh© Dcv`vbmg~n

Essential Elements of Insurance Contract
D‡Ïk¨
G cV †k‡l Avcwb−
Pzw³i mvaviY Dcv`vbmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
exgv Pzw³i we‡kl Dcv`vbmg~n ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
mvaviY Pzw³i Dcv`vbmg~n (Elements of General Contract)
wb‡gœ mvaviY Pzw³i Dcv`vbmg~n ms‡¶‡c eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. GKvwaK c¶ (More than one Party): †Kvb Pyw³ m¤úv`b Kivi Rb¨ Kgc‡¶ `ywU c¶ _vK‡Z n‡e| GK c¶
Øviv Avi hvB nDK Pzw³ Kiv hvq bv| aiyb, Rvwn` GKUv `ªe¨ wewµ Ki‡Z Pvq| G‡¶‡Î wewµi Rb¨ Pzw³ n‡Z n‡j Ab¨
Avi GKRb †µZv wn‡m‡e _vK‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡jB G `yÕc‡¶i g‡a¨ weµq Pzw³ n‡Z cv‡i|
2. cÖ¯Íve (Offer): 1872 mv‡ji Pzw³ AvB‡bi 2(K) aviv g‡Z hLb ‡Kvb e¨w³ Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³i Kv‡Q wKQz Kiv ev
Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKvi Rb¨ Zvi mvq cvevi A_ev wb‡Ri B”Qv cÖKvk K‡ib, ZLb, Z‡K cÖ¯Íve ejv nq| †hgb; eì
Zvi †NvovwU Kwe‡ii wbKU 5,000 UvKvq wewµ‡qi B”Qv cÖKvk Kij| GwU GKwU cÖ¯Íve|
3. ¯^xK…wZ (Acceptance): Pyw³ AvB‡bi 2(L) aviv g‡Z-hvi Kv‡Q cÖ¯Íve cÖ`Ë n‡q‡Q †m cÖ¯ÍvewU †Kvb cwieZ©b,
ms‡kvab, ms‡hvRb ev we‡qvRb QvovB MÖnY Ki‡j A_ev cÖ¯Ív‡ei cÖwZ ûeû mvq cÖ`vb Ki‡j Zv‡K ¯^xK…wZ e‡j| Dc‡ii
D`vni‡Y Kwei hw` †Kvbiƒc kZ© Av‡ivc bv K‡i e`‡ii cÖ¯—v‡e 5,000 UvKvq †NvovwU µq Ki‡Z ivRx nq Z‡e
GUv‡K ¯^xK…wZ ejv n‡e| wKš‘ Kwei hw` †NvovwU 4,500 UvKvq µ‡qi B”Qv cÖKvk K‡i, Z‡e GUv cvëv cÖ¯Íve n‡e|
4. m¤§wZ (Agreement): Pzw³ AvB‡bi 2(O) aviv‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ cÖwZ`vb MVbKvix cÖwZwU cÖwZkÖywZ
ev cÖwZkÖywZmg~‡ni mgwó‡K m¤§wZ e‡j| m¤§wZ †h‡Kvb êa Pzw³i Rb¨ Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| Dc‡ii D`vni‡Y e`‡ii
cÖ¯Ív‡e Kwei hw` †NvovwU 5,000 UvKvq µ‡qi Rb¨ ivRx nq Zvn‡j GUv‡K GKwU m¤§wZ ejv hv‡e|
5. `vq `vwqZ¡ (Obligation): Dfq c‡¶i g‡a¨ †Kvb wel‡q m¤§wZ cÖ`vb Ki‡j Zv‡ì g‡a¨ wKQz `vq `vwqZ¡ m„wó nq|
†hgb aiyb eì hw` Kwei‡K †NvovwU m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z w`‡q †`q, †m‡¶‡Î Kwe‡ii `vwqZ¡ n‡jv eì‡K 5,000 UvKv
cÖ`vb Kiv| Aevi Kwei hw` cÖ_g eì‡K 5,000 UvKv cÖ`vb K‡i, †m‡¶‡Î e`‡ii `vwqZ¡ n‡jv Kwei‡K †NvovwU w`‡q
†`qv| G‡¶‡Î †Kvb c¶ B”QvK…Zfv‡e Zvi `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b A¯^xK…wZ Rvbv‡j Pzw³ f‡½i Rb¨ `vqx n‡e|
6. wbðqZv (Certainty): Pzw³ MV‡bi †¶‡Î m¤§wZi welq ev welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© wbðqZv _vK‡Z n‡e| A_©vr cÖ¯Íve I
¯^xK…wZ my®úU I mywbw`©ó n‡Z n‡e, bZzev Pyw³ MwVZ n‡e bv| aiyb, K GKRb K…lK, L †K Zvi evMv‡bi 500 gb Avg
weµ‡qi B”Qv cÖKvk Kij| L Zv‡Z mvq cÖ`vb Kij| GUv Pzw³ n‡e bv| GUv GKwU gZ wewbgq gvÎ| KviY GLv‡b †Kvb
A½xKvi †bB, `v‡gi wel‡q D‡jøL †bB BZ¨vw`|
7. Pzw³ cvj‡bi m¤¢ve¨Zv I †hŠw³KZv (Posibility and Rationality of Performance): †Kvb A‡hŠw³K ev
Aev¯Íe wel‡q cÖ¯Íve I ¯^xK…wZi gva¨‡g m¤§Z n‡j Zv Pzw³ n‡e bv| †hgb, `wei cÖ¯Íve Kij ‡h, †m Qwe‡ii g„Z evev‡K
RxešÍ Ki‡Z cvi‡j Zv‡K 1,00,000 UvKv cÖ`vb Ki‡e| G wel‡q Dfq c¶ wbtkZ©fv‡e m¤§Z n‡jv| wKš‘, G‡¶‡Î
†Kvb Pzw³ n‡e bv | KviY, †Kvb g„Z e¨w³‡K †Kvb gvby‡li c‡¶ RxweZ Kiv m¤¢e bq|
8. cÖwZ`vb (Consideration): Pzw³ AvB‡bi 2(N) aviv g‡Z cÖwZkÖwZ `vZvi B”Qv Abyhvqx cÖwZkÖywZ MÖnxZv ev Ab¨
†Kvb e¨w³ hLb †Kvb Kvh© K‡i _v‡Kb ev Kiv †_‡K weiZ _v‡Kb A_ev †Kvb Kvh© Kiv ev Kiv †_‡K wbe„Ë _vKvi
cÖwZkÖywZ cÖ`vb K‡i, ZLb Giƒc Kvh© ev wbe„Ë A_ev cÖwZkÖywZ‡K ejv nq D³ cÖwZkÖywZi cÖwZ`vb| cÖwZ`vb Qvov †Kvb
Pzw³ nq bv| aiyb Avcwb evRv‡i wM‡q 50 UvKvi wewbg‡q GK †KwR Avg µq Ki‡jb| G‡¶‡Î we‡µZvi cÖ`Ë Avg
Ges Avcbvi KZ…K cÖ`Ë 50 UvKv cÖwZ`vb| Z‡e, G AvB‡bi wKQz e¨wZµg Av‡Q|

9. c¶mg~‡ni †hvM¨Zv (Eligibility of the Parties Concerned): Pzw³ AvB‡bi 11 aviv Abyhvqx AvBbZ cÖvß
eq¯‹, cÖK…Z¯’, Avw_©Kfv‡e ¯^”Qj Ggb cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³B Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨| G aviv Abymv‡i AcÖvßeq¯‹, weK…Z gw¯Í¯‹,
†`Dwjqv e¨w³ Ges †`kxq AvB‡b A‡hvM¨ e¨w³ Pzw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z A‡hvM¨| ZvB, Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Pyw³ Kivi
†hvM¨Zv GKwU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb|
10. AvBbMZ AvbyôvwbKZv (Legal Formalities): †Kvb Pyw³ MV‡bi Rb¨ AvBbMZ †Kvb AvbyôvwbKZvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j
Zv cvjb bv Ki‡j Pzw³ êa n‡e bv| †hgb; exgv Pzw³ wjwLZ bv n‡j Ges Rwg weµq Pyw³ wjwLZ I wbewÜZ bv n‡j Zv
Kvh©Ki Kiv hvq bv| ZvB, cÖ‡qvRbxq AvBbMZ AvbyôvwbKZv cvjbI Pzw³i Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb|
11. †¯^”Qv mvq (Free Consent): Pzw³ MV‡bi Rb¨ Dfq c‡¶i †¯^”Qv mvq GKvšÍ Acwinvh©| †Kvb c¶ Aci c‡¶i
wbKU †_‡K †Rvic~e©K cÖZvibv ev wg_¨v eY©bvi gva¨‡g mvq Av`vq Ki‡j Zv êa n‡e bv| †hgb aiyb, Kwei iR‡ei
wbKU †_‡K Zvi evoxwU †Rvic~e©K wK‡b wbj| G †¶‡Î iR‡ei †h‡nZz †m”Qv mvq wQjbv evwowU weµ‡qi †¶‡Î, ZvB GUv
evwZj‡hvM¨ Pzw³|
12. D‡Ïk¨ I cÖwZ`v‡bi êaZv (Legality of Object and Consideration): †Kvb Pzw³ n‡Z n‡j c¶mg~‡ni
D‡Ïk¨ I cÖwZ`vb ‰ea n‡Z n‡e, bZzev Pyw³ êa n‡e bv| †hgb aiyb, Kwei GKwU †Nvov wewµ K‡i hv Zvi †PvivB †Nvov
wQj| GwU A‰ea Pzw³| Avevi aiyb, wgjUb Rwni‡K nZ¨vi D‡Ï‡k¨ 1,00,00 UvKv cÖ`vb Kivi cÖwZkÖywZ w`j Ges knx`
Zv‡Z mvq cÖ`vb Kij| GUvI A‰ea Pzw³| myZivs c¶mg~‡ni D‡Ïk¨ I cÖwZ`vb êa bv n‡j Pzw³ êa n‡e bv|
we‡kl Dcv`fbmg~n (Special Elements)

exgv Pzw³ n‡Z n‡j mvaviY Pzw³¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk exgvi we‡kl wKQz Dcv`vbI cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| exgvi we‡kl
Dcv`vb¸‡jv wb‡gœ ewY©Z n‡jv:
1. exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© (Insurable Interest): exgv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡j exgv MÖnxZvi welqe¯‘i Dci exgv‡hvM¨¯^v_© _vK‡Z
n‡e| exgv †hvM¨¯^v_© n‡jv, hw` welqe¯‘wU wU‡K _v‡K, Z‡e exgv MÖnxZv Avw_©Kfv‡e jvfevb n‡e, Avi webó n‡j †m
A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯Í n‡e| Avi G m¤úK© n‡Z n‡e êa| Gai‡bi ¯^v_© bv _vK‡j †Kvb e¨w³ †Kvb wel‡qi Dci exgv
MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB exgv†hvM¨ ¯^v_© exgv Pzw³i GKwU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb|
2. P~ovšÍ mwØk¦vm (Utmost Good Faith): exgv Pzw³ n‡jv P~ovšÍ wek¦v‡mi Pzw³| cvi®úwiK wek¦vmB exgv Pzw³i wfwË|
ZvB exgvKvix I exgv MÖnxZv mij wek¦v‡m Df‡q mKj Z_¨ ci¯ú‡ii wbKU Dcv¯’vcb Ki‡e| cª‡qvRbxq †Kvb Z_¨
†MvcY Ki‡e bv| †hgb, †h welq SuywK e„w×K‡i Zv †MvcY Kiv †eAvBbx| ZvB cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj Z_¨ mwVK I wbf©yj n‡Z
n‡e| †R‡bï‡b †Kvb Z_¨ †MvcY Ki‡j cieZ©x‡Z Pzw³ evwZj n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB P~ovšÍ wek¦vm exgv Pzw³i Ab¨Zg GKwU
Dcv`vb|
3. ¶wZc~iY (Indemnity): ¶wZc~iY Kiv exgv Pzw³i GKwU Dcv`vb| exgvi gva¨‡g KvD‡K jvf Ki‡Z †`qv n‡e bv|
¶wZc~i‡Y AvbxZ exgv Pzw³‡K mwVK c‡_ cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| Z‡e, GwU Rxeb exgv ev‡` Ab¨vb¨ exgv Pzw³i
†¶‡Î we‡klfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨|
4. ¯’jvwfwl³Zv (Subrogation): †Kvb `yN©Ubv NU‡j exgvKvix hw` exgvMÖnxZv†K Pzw³ Abyhvqx cy‡iv ¶wZc~iY K‡i
†`q, Zvn‡j Gi ci hv wKQz _v‡K Zvi gvwjK exgvMÖnxZvi cixe‡Z© exgvKvix n‡e| GUvI Rxeb exgv ev‡` Ab¨vb¨ Pzw³i
†¶‡Î we‡klfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| g‡b Ki“b, K GKwU Mvox L bvgK exgv †Kv¤úvbxi wbKU 5,00,000 UvKvi exgv K‡i|
GwU moK `yN©Ubvq aŸsk cÖvß nq| Pzw³ †gvZv‡eK exgv ‡Kv¤úvbx D³ exgv MÖnxZv‡K 5,00,000 UvKv ¶wZc~iY
w`‡qwQj| Zvici aŸsk cÖvß Mvox wewµ K‡i 20,000 UvKv cvIqv ‡Mj, hvi gvwjK exgv †Kv¤úvbx n‡e, exgv MÖnxZv n‡e
bv|
5. kZ©vejx (Warranties): exgvi KZ¸‡jv kZ© Av‡Q, hv Dfq c¶‡KB we‡klZ; exgv MÖnxZv‡K cvjb Ki‡Z nq; Zv
bv n‡j, exgvKvix Zvi `vq †_‡K gy³ n‡q ‡h‡Z cv‡ib| G¸‡jv exgvi †¶‡Î kZ©vejx wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| G kZ©¸‡jv
Avevi wewfbœ iKg n‡Z cv‡i| h_v: cÖKvk¨ kZ©, AcÖKvk¨ kZ©, Kvh©Ki kZ©, cÖwZkÖywZg~jK kZ© BZ¨vw`| G kZ©¸‡jv
exgvi †¶‡Î Acwinvh© Dcv`vb e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq|

6. g‡bvbqb I AwaKvi Ac©Y (Nomination and Assignment): g‡bvbqb n‡jv †Kvb exgvMÖnxZvi Ae©Zgv‡b †K
exgvi AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡e Zuvi ev Zuv†ì bvg exgvcÎ MÖnY Kivi mgq D‡j- L Ki‡Z nq| G g‡bvbqb we‡klZ: Rxeb
exgvi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ nq| †Kvb Rxeb exgvMÖnxZv g„ZzëiY Kivi ci exgvKvix Kv‡K UvKv w`‡e Zv wbw`©ó bv _vK‡j
RwUjZv †`Lv w`‡e| c¶vš—‡i AwaKvi Ac©Y n‡jv, exgv MÖnxZv hw` exgv c‡Îi AwaKvi Ab¨ KvD‡K n¯—vš—i K‡ib,
Zv‡K AwaKvi Ac©Y Kiv ejv nq| Rxeb exgvi †¶‡Î cÖavbZ: AwaKvi Ac©Y eëüZ nq| Z‡e, †bŠ-exgvi †¶‡ÎI
AwaKvi Ac©‡Yi cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| ZvB g‡bvbqb I AwaKvi Ac©Y exgvi Avi GKwU Dcv`vb|
7. wKw¯Í †diZ (Return of Premium): mvaviYZ: exgv wKw¯Íi UvKv †diZ †Ìqv nq bv| Z‡e we‡kl †¶‡Î exgv
wKw¯Í kZ©mv‡c‡¶ †diZ †`qv nq|
cvV ms‡¶c: 7.4
†Kvb Pyw³ m¤úv`b Kivi Rb¨ Kgc‡¶ `ywU c¶ _vK‡Z n‡e| 1872 mv‡ji Pzw³ AvB‡bi 2(K) aviv g‡Z hLb ‡Kvb
e¨w³ Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³i Kv‡Q wKQz Kiv ev Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKvi Rb¨ Zvi mvq cvevi A_ev wb‡Ri B”Qv cÖKvk
K‡ib, ZLb, Z‡K cÖ¯Íve ejv nq| Pyw³ AvB‡bi 2(L) aviv g‡Z-hvi Kv‡Q cÖ¯Íve cÖ`Ë n‡q‡Q †m cÖ¯ÍvewU †Kvb
cwieZ©b, ms‡kvab, ms‡hvRb ev we‡qvRb QvovB MÖnY Ki‡j A_ev cÖ¯Ív‡ei cÖwZ ûeû mvq cÖ`vb Ki‡j Zv‡K ¯^xK…wZ
e‡j| Pzw³ AvB‡bi 2(O) aviv‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ cÖwZ`vb MVbKvix cÖwZwU cÖwZkÖywZ ev
cÖwZkÖywZmg~‡ni mgwó‡K m¤§wZ e‡j| Pzw³ MV‡bi †¶‡Î m¤§wZi welq ev welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© wbðqZv _vK‡Z n‡e|
†Kvb Pyw³ MV‡bi Rb¨ AvBbMZ †Kvb AvbyôvwbKZvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Zv cvjb bv Ki‡j Pzw³ êa n‡e bv| exgv MÖnY
Ki‡Z n‡j exgv MÖnxZvi welqe¯‘i Dci exgv‡hvM¨¯^v_© _vK‡Z n‡e| exgv Pzw³ n‡jv P~ovšÍ wek¦v‡mi Pzw³| ¶wZc~iY
Kiv exgv Pzw³i GKwU Dcv`vb| exgvi KZ¸‡jv kZ© Av‡Q, hv Dfq c¶‡KB we‡klZ; exgv MÖnxZv‡K cvjb Ki‡Z
nq; Zv bv n‡j, exgvKvix Zvi `vq †_‡K gy³ n‡q ‡h‡Z cv‡ib|

1. exgv Pzw³i g~jwfwË †KvbwU?
K) Pzw³ AvBb L) exgv AvBb
M) Av_© AvBb N) †KvbwU bq
2. †KvbwU exgv Pzw³i AvIZvfz³ bq?
K) cÖ¯Íve L) m¤§wZ
M) cÖwZ`vb N) jf¨vsk
3. †KvbwU exgv Pzw³i we‡kl Dcv`v‡bi Ask?
K) cÖ¯Íve L) m¤§wZ
M) cÖwZ`vb N) exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_©

cvV- 5 exgvi bxwZgvjv (Principles of Insurance)

D‡Ïk¨
1. exgv eëmv wK wK bxwZgvjvi Dci cÖwZwôZ Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
2. bxwZgvjv¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
3. ev¯Í‡e wewfbœ bxwZgvjvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
welqe¯‘
exgv eë¯’vi bxwZgvjv
exgv eë¯’v wbgœwjwLZ QqwU bxwZ Dci cÖwZwôZ
1. P~ovšÍ mwØk¦v‡mi bxwZ (Principles of Utmost Good Faith)
2. exgv†hvM¨ ¯^v‡_©i bxwZ (Principles of Insurable Interest)
3. ¶wZc~i‡Yi bxwZ (Principles of Indemnity)
4. cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi bxwZ (Principles of Subrogation)
5. Ae`v‡bi bxwZ (Principles of Contribution)
6. m¤¢ve¨ KviY bxwZ (Principles of Proximate Cause)
P~ovšÍ mwØk¦v‡mi bxwZ (Principles of Utmost Good Faith)

P~ovš— wek¦vm ej‡Z m‡e©v”P wek¦vm‡K †evSv‡bv nq| exgv Pzw³i Rb¨ †h mKj Dcv`vb cÖ‡qvRb Zb¥‡a¨ P~ovšÍ mwØk¦vm
Ab¨Zg| P~ovšÍ mwØk¦vm exgv eëmvi me©ÎB weivRgvb| ZvB exgv‡K wek¦v‡mi Pzw³I ejv nq| G bxwZ Abymv‡i exgv
MÖnxZv I exgvKvix Dfq c¶ G‡K Ac‡ii wbKU cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj Z_¨ wbf©yj I mwVKfv‡e Zz‡j ai‡eb| we‡kl K‡i, G
†¶‡Î exgv MÖnxZvi `vwqZ¡ GKUz †ekx| ZvB exgv MÖnxZvi †hmKj Z_¨ SuywK e„w× K‡i, Zvi c~Y© weeiYx †ck Ki‡Z n‡e|
Zuvi Rvbv g‡Z, G ai‡bi †Kvb Z_¨ B”QvK…Z ev` w`‡j ev †MvcY Ki‡j cieZ©x‡Z cÖKvk †c‡j †h ‡Kvb mgq Pzw³
evwZj n‡Z cv‡i|
¸iyZ¡c~b© Z_¨ (Material Facts)

¸iyZ¡c~b© Z_¨ ej‡Z Ggb Z_¨‡K eySvq hv exgvKvix‡K wm×vš— MÖn‡Y cÖfvweZ K‡i, †m exgvi `vq MÖnY Ki‡e wKbv, hw`
K‡i Z‡e, wK †i‡U Ges wK k‡Z© exgvi `vq MÖnY Ki‡e|
Avm‡j exgv MÖnxZv I exgvKvix †h mKj Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i, Zvi †ekxi fvMB †`Lv hvq bv| †Kvb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ †Mvcb
Kij wKbv; Zv cÖgvY Kiv Kó mva¨| ZvB, DfqB Df‡qi Z_¨ mij wek¦v‡m †g‡b wb‡Z nq| ZvB Df‡qi `vwqZ¡ n‡jv
mKj ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ †¯^”Qvq G‡K Ac‡ii wbKU Zz‡j aiv|
†h mKj Z_¨ cÖKvk Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Zv wbgœiƒc:
1. Ggb me SzuwK hv mvaviY SuywKi †_‡K †ekx| hvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z exgvKvix mvaviY SuywK g‡b KiZ, †hgb †Kvb emZ
evwoi mv‡_ †Kiwm‡bi †`vKvb|
2. exgv cÎ MÖnY Kivi †cQ‡b hw` †Kvb we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ _v‡K, †hgb AwZwi³ †ekx exgv Kiv, d‡j exgv †_‡K jvf
Kiv hvq|
3. Ggb Z_¨ hv exgv MÖnxZvi A¯^vfvweK AvPiY cÖKvk K‡i| †hgb, Nb Nb exgv `vex Kiv|
4. Ggb Z_¨ hv e¨vwZµg cÖK…wZi SuywK, †hgb K‡iv gvivZœK †Kvb e¨vwa _vK‡j Zv cÖKvk Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

†hmKj Z_¨ cÖKvk Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB, hw` bv we‡kl fv‡e wRÁvmv bv K‡i|
1. †h Z_¨ me©mvavi‡Yi ÁvZ: †h mKj Z_¨ me©mvavi‡Yi wbKU Rvbv Av‡Q, Ggb Z_¨ cÖKvk Kiv Riyix bq| †hgb,
mgy`ª cv‡o cÖwZ eQiB Rj”Q¡vm nq- GUv meviB Rvbv welq| ZvB †Kvb ¸`v‡gi exgv Kivi Rb¨ Gai‡bi †Kvb Z_¨
cÖKvk Kiv, G‡¶‡Î cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
2. Ggb Z_¨ hv SzuwK Kgvq: Gai‡bi Z_¨ cÖKvk bv Kivq †Kvb ¶wZ †bB| †hgb, AwMœ exgvi †¶‡Î fe‡bi KvQvKvwQ
`gKj evwnbx Av‡Q, Zv Rvbv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
3. Ggb Z_¨, hv AvB‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK© hy³| †hgb, KviLvbv AvBb Abymv‡i †h mKj wbivcËv eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q
Zvi D‡jøL wb®úÖqRb|
4. †hmKj Z_¨ AbymÜvb Øviv mn‡RB †ei Kiv m¤¢e, Ggb Z_¨ cÖKvk Kiv Riyix bq| †hgb Rb¥ ZvwiL PvIqv n‡j
eZ©gvb eqm D‡jøL bv Ki‡jI †Kvb ¶wZ †bB| KviY, Rb¥ ZvwiL †_‡K mn‡RB eZ©gvb eqm †ei Kiv hvq|
5. †m mKj Z_¨ hv exgvKvix Lye †ekx ¸iyZ¡ mnKv‡i we‡ePbv Ki‡Q bv, †hgb GKwU exgv cÖ¯Íve d‡g© exgvMÖnxZv †Kvb
- wPwý w`j Ges exgvKvix c~b: †Kvb cÖkœ DÌvcb Kijv bv| G‡Z cÖgvY nq ‡h exgvKvix D³ wel‡q †Zgb ¸iyZ¡
w`‡”Qbv Ges GUv Gwo‡q hvIqv hvq|
6. exgvi kZ© Øviv †hmKj Z_¨ wbqwš¿Z, †m mKj Z_¨ cªKvk Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
exgvi `vq MÖnY I `vex c~i‡Yi †¶‡Î gZev‡ì cÖ‡qvM (Application of the Doctorine in Underwriting and
Claim):
exgv GKwU A¯úk©bxq cÖK…wZi Pzw³| GKRb exgvKvix SzuwK MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv ev h_vh_ wm×všÍ MÖnb Ki‡Z cvi‡e
bv, hw` bv cÖ‡qvRbxq ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ h_vh_fv‡e cÖKvk bv Kiv nq| GKRb exgvKvix GKRb AvgvbZ`vi| Zvi me
MÖvnK hw` exgv mswkøó Z_¨vw` mwVK I wbfy©jfv‡e cÖKvk bv K‡i; Z‡e SuywKi cÖK…Z g~j¨vqb Kiv hv‡e bv| d‡j cÖK…Z I
mwVK wcÖwgqvg wba©viY Am¤¢e n‡e| hvi ìyb †ekx SzuwKc~Y© wel‡q A‡c¶vK…Z Kg wcÖwgqvg I fvj SuywKi Rb¨
A‡c¶vK…Z †ekx wcÖwgqvg Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i| d‡j Znwe‡ji ¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y fvj MÖvnKM‡Yi exgvi `vex cwi‡kva m¤¢e
bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
ZvB, †h †Kvb exgv cwjwmi †gqv` Kv‡ji cÖwZwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ h_vh_fv‡e cÖKvk Kiv AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| GUv †Kvb hyw³
bq †h, wRÁvmv Kiv nqwb e‡j Z_¨ mievin Kiv nqwb| eis GKRb exgv MÖnxZv †h mKj Z_¨ cÖKvk Kiv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© e‡j
g‡b K‡i Zv cÖKvk Kiv Avek¨K| ZvB, Zvi DwPr GKRb exgv `vq MÖnxZv‡K wePvi K‡i †Kv‡bv SzuwK MÖnY Ki‡e wKbv ev
Ki‡j wK k‡Z© Ki‡e †m m¤ú©‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ mievin K‡i mwVK wm×všÍ wb‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv| GUvB
¯^vfvweK †h, fvj SzuwK Kg wcªwgqvg †`‡e, Avi Lvivc SzuwK †ekx wcÖwgqvg †`‡e| ZvB hw` cÖ‡qvRbxq ¸iyZ¡c~Y© mKj Z_¨
cÖKvk Kiv bv n‡j G bxwZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hv‡e bv| G `vwqZ¡ cvjv‡b †Kvb c¶ e¨_© n‡j exgvi AvBbMZ Ae¯’v cÖ‡kœi
m¤§yLxY n‡e|
exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v‡_©i bxwZ (Principle of Insurable Interest)

exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v‡_©i bxwZ Abymv‡i GKwU exgv Pzw³ n‡Z n‡j exgvK…Z welqe¯‘‡Z exgv MÖnxZvi exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© _vKv
Avek¨K| exgv†hvM¨ ¯^v_© e¨wZZ †Kvb exgv Pzw³ n‡j, Zv evRx aivi Pzw³ n‡e; exgv Pzw³ n‡e bv| ZvB exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_©
exgv Pzw³i GKwU Aek¨Kxq kZ©| exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© ej‡Z †Kvb exgv MÖnxZvi †Kvb welqe¯‘i mv‡_ Avw_©K êa m¤úK©‡K
eySvq| G bxwZ mKj exgvi †¶‡ÎB Acwinvh© kZ©|
exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v‡_©i Acwinvh© Dcv`vb¸‡jv wbgœiƒc:
1. welqe¯‘i Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vK‡Z n‡e: exgv Pzw³ Ki‡Z n‡j exgv MÖnxZv †h wel‡q exgv Ki‡Z Pvq, †m welqe¯‘ ev¯Í‡e
weivRgvb _vK‡Z n‡e| †Kvb KvíwbK ev Aev¯Íe wel‡q exgv Kiv hvq bv| A_©vr welqe¯‘i Ae¯’vb I Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vK‡Z
n‡e| †hgb- gvbyl, feb, RvnvR, gvj cÎ, BZ¨vw` wel‡q exgv Kiv hv‡e|

2. Avw_©K m¤úK© _vK‡Z n‡e: †h wel‡q exgv Ki‡Z Pvq, †m welqe¯‘i mv‡_ Zuvi Avw_©K m¤úK© _vK‡Z n‡e| Avw_©K
m¤úK© ej‡Z eySvq D³ welqe¯‘i †Kvb ¶wZ n‡j wZwb Avw_©Kfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡eb Avi A¶Z _vK‡j Avw_©Kfv‡e
jvfevb n‡eb| †hgb aiyb, Rbve Lwe‡ii GKwU evox Av‡Q| GUv †_‡K †m Avw_©Kfv‡e jvfevb n‡”Q| evoxwU aŸsm n‡j
wZwb Avw_©Kfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡eb|
3. G Avw_©K m¤úK© AvBb Øviv êa n‡Z n‡e: †Kvb welqe¯‘i mv‡_ †h m¤úK© Zv AvBbZ êa n‡Z n‡e, bZzev Zv
exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© Av‡Q e‡j aiv n‡e bv| †hgb, gviyd GKwU RvnvR wQbZvB K‡i wb‡Ri Kv‡Q G‡b fvovq Pvjv‡”Q| GUv
GKwU welqe¯‘ hvi Aw¯^Z¡ Av‡Q| gviyd eZ©gv‡b GUv †_‡K Avw_©Kfv‡e jvfevb n‡”Q, wKš‘ G welqe¯‘wUi Avw_©K m¤úK©
êa bq| ZvB A_©‰bwZK m¤ú©KUv A‰ea bq e‡j D³ wel‡q exgv Kiv hv‡e bv|
Gevi Avmyb Avgiv Av‡iv wKQy exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© m¤ú‡K© †R‡b †bB|
exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v‡_©i D`vnib

1. gvwjK: ‡Kvb wele¯‘i gvwjK, D³ wel‡qi Dci exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© _v‡K|
2. Askx`vi ev †hŠ_ gvwjK: Zv‡ì As‡ki Dci exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© Av‡Q|
3. eÜK `vZv/eÜK MÖnxZv: whwb †Kvb m¤ú` eÜK †`b Zvi D³ wel‡q exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© Av‡Q, Avevi whwb eÜK MÖnY
K‡ib, ZuviI D³ wel‡q exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© Av‡Q|
4. Rvwgb MÖnxZv: GKRb Rvwgb MÖnxZvi Mw”QZ e¯‘i Dci exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© _v‡K|
5. evnK: GKRb evnK, †h gvjvgvj ‡m enb Ki‡Q, Zvi Dci exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© Av‡Q|
6. cÖkvmK, wbe©vnx, Ges Uªvwói AvBbMZfv‡e Zv‡ì Aaxb¯— m¤ú‡ì Dci exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© _v‡K|
7. Rxeb: wb‡Ri Rxeb, ¯¿x cÖf„wZ Dci exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© _v‡K|
8. FY `vZv I FY MÖnxZv Dfq Df‡qi Dci exgv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
9. exgvKvix exgvK…Z welqe¯‘i Dci exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© msi¶Y K‡i|
10. `vq: †hgb gvwjK kªwgK‡ì Rxe‡bi Dci exgv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
KLb exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© _vK‡Z n‡e (When Insurable Interest Must Exist)
†bŠ-exgv: †bŠ exgvi ‡¶‡Î hLb exgvi `vex Ki‡e, ZLb exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© _vKv Avek¨K| hLb exgv cÎ MÖnY K‡i, ZLb
exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© bv _vK‡jI exgv Kiv hvq|
AwMœexgv: AwMœexgvi †¶‡Î exgvcÎ MÖnY I exgvi `vex Kiv, Dfqi mgqB exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© _vK‡Z n‡e|
Rxebexgv: Rxebexgvi †¶‡Î exgv MÖnY Kivi mgq exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© _vK‡Z n‡e| exgv `vexi mgq exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© bv
_vK‡jI AvBbMZ Amyweav †bB| †hgb wg:iweb Zvi ¯¿x bvRgvi Dci GKwU Rxeb exgv cÎ MÖnY K‡i| wKQz w`b ci
bvRgvi mv‡_ Zvi m¤úK© wew”Qbœ n‡q hvq| exgv PjvKv‡j bvRgv gviv hvq| G‡¶‡Î Rbve iweb exgvi `vex Av`vq Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
`yN©Ubv exgv: `yN©Ubv exgvi †¶‡Î exgvcÎ MÖnY I exgvi `vex Kiv, Dfq mgqB exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© _vK‡Z n‡e|
¶wZc~i‡Yi bxwZ (Principle of Indemnity)

exgv Pzw³†K ¶wZc~i‡Yi Pzw³ ejv nq| exgvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Kv‡iv †Kvb Avw_©K ¶wZ n‡j Zv c~iY K‡i †`qv A_©vr
Avw_©Kfv‡e c~‡e©i Ae¯’vq wdwi‡q Avbv| GKUz Kg‡ewk Kiv hv‡e bv| exgv K†i KvD‡K jvfevb nevi my‡hvM †`qv nq
bv| ZvB exgvK„Z wel‡q †h ¶wZ n‡e, wVK ZZUzKy ¶wZc~iY Kiv n‡e| G bxwZ exgv eëmv‡K mwVK c‡_ cwiPvwjZ
Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Z‡e, G bxwZ Rxeb exgvi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| KviY Rxe‡bi g~j¨ UvKv w`‡q cwigvc Kiv hvq bv|
ZvB, Abyiƒcfv‡e A½cÖZ¨‡½i Dci exgvi †¶‡ÎI ¶wZc~i‡Yi bxwZ cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| Rxeb I A½cÖZ¨‡½i exgv e¨wZZ
Ab¨vb¨ exgvi †¶‡Î ¶wZc~i‡Yi bxwZ cÖ‡hvR¨|

¶wZc~i‡Yi bxwZ gvby‡li ˆbwZK SzuwK †iva K‡i, hvi d‡j †Kvb exgv MÖnxZv Ifvi ev AvÛvi BÝy¨‡iÝ †_‡K weiZ _v‡K|
d‡j hv ¶wZ nq ZvB ¶wZc~iY †`qv nq|
¶wZc~i‡Yi bxwZi cÖ‡qvM (Application of Imdemnity Principles)

Rxeb: Rxeb exgv I e¨w³MZ `yN©Ubv exgvi ‡¶‡Î ¶wZc~i‡Yi Pzw³ cÖ‡hvR¨ bq|
bb jvBd (Non life): Rxeb I e¨w³MZ exgv e¨wZZ Ab¨vb¨ exgvi †¶‡Î ¶wZc~i‡Yi bxwZ cÖ‡hvR¨| ZvB †bŠ, AwMœ,
gUi Mvox, ‡Pvh©, Kg©Pvix `vq, AwjK `vq, Gwf‡qmb, BwÄwbqvwis, cY¨ `vq, km¨, Mev`x cï BZ¨vw` mKj †¶‡Î
¶wZc~i‡Yi bxwZ cÖ‡hvR¨|
AwZwi³, we‡kl myweav I Mot¶wZc~iY bxwZi Dci G¸‡jvi cÖfve (Excess, Franchise and Average: their
Impact in the Principles of Indemmity)
Excess: Gi A_© n‡jv †Kvb ¶wZ n‡j c~e© wba©vwiZ GKwU cwigvY ev` w`‡q hw` wKQy †eu‡P _v‡K, Zvn‡j ¶wZi Aewkó
cwigvY ¶wZc~iY wn‡m‡e cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e| †hgb:
D`vniY 1: AwZwi³ 100UvKv D`vniY 2: AwZwi³ 100

¶wZ 200UvKv ¶wZ 100
¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb = 100UvKv ¶wZc~iY 0
G‡¶‡Î †`Lv hv‡”Q cyi ¶wZc~iY cv‡”Q bv| Gi A_© n‡jv hv‡Z GKRb exgv MÖnxZv Nb Nb †QvULvU ¶wZc~iY `vex
†_‡K weiZ _v‡K|
Franchise: G wbqg Abymv‡i ¶wZc~iY †c‡Z n‡j Aš—Z GKwU c~e© wba©vwiZ cwigvY b~b¨Zg ¶wZ n‡Z n‡e| hw` †m
cwigvY ¶wZ nq; Z‡e, cy‡iv ¶wZc~iY cv‡e| Avi hw` ¶wZi cwigvY b~b¨Zg ch©v‡q bv nq Z‡e †Kvb ¶wZc~ibB cv‡e
bv|
D`vniY 1: †d«bmvBm 100 UvKv D`vniY 2: †d«bmvBm 100 UvKv

¶wZ 99 UvKv ¶wZ 200 UvKv
cÖ‡`q 0 UvKv cÖ‡`q 200 UvKv
Mo (Average) Mo Ggb GKwU c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g AvÛvi BwÝ‡iÝ civwRZ Kiv m¤¢e| exgvi wbqg n‡jv me mgq c~Y©
g~‡j¨ exgv Kiv| Zvi †ekxI bv KgI bv| Kg g~‡j¨ exgv Ki‡j Kg wcÖwgqvg w`‡q †ekx SzuwK n¯ÍvšÍi Kivi my‡hvM _v‡K|
Mo Avevi wZb iKg h_v:
1) AvbycvwZK ev †cÖv‡iUv KwÛkb Ae Gfv‡iR (Pro-rata condition of average): exgvK…Z welqe¯‘ ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡j
hw` †`Lv hvq †h, ¶wZ g~j¨ exgvK…Z g~j¨ †_‡K †ekx Zvn‡j AvbycvwZK nv‡i ¶wZc~iY Kiv n‡e| A_v©r cÖK…Z Li‡Pi
AvbycvwZK nv‡i ¶wZc~iY cv‡e|
D`vniY:
exgvK„Z g~j¨ UvKv 10,000 cwjwm †`‡e 10 , 000
× 100
20 , 000
cÖK…Z g~j¨ UvKv 20,000 = 5,000 UvKv

2) we‡kl ev †¯úkvj KwÛkb Ae Gfv‡iR (Special Condition of Average): GUv‡K 75% KwÛkb Ae Gfv‡iRI
ejv nq| G Mo coZv wbqg wn‡m‡e welqe¯‘i ¶wZ mva‡bi mgq hw` †`Lv hvq ‡h exgvi welqe¯‘i AšÍZ: 75 fvM g~j¨
ev Z‡ZvwaK exgvK…Z, Zv n‡j cÖK…Z ¶wZ cy‡ivUvB cÖ`vb Ki‡e| hw` 75% Kg g~‡j¨ exgv Kiv nq, Z‡e AvbycvwZK
nv‡i ¶wZc~iY Kiv n‡e|
D`vniY 1: exgvK…Z g~j¨ 7,500 D`vniY 2: exgvK„Z g~j¨ 7000
cÖK…Z g~j¨ 10,000 cÖK„Z g~j¨ 10000
¶wZ 1,000 ¶wZ 1000
cwi‡kvwaZ g~j¨ 1000 cwi‡kvwaZ g~j¨ 7000 × 1000
10 , 000
= 700 UvKv
G c×wZ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e †h †¶‡Î g~j¨ DVvbvgv K‡i †hgb gRy` gvj|
3) wØ-kZ© Mo (Two-Condition of Average): G cw×wZi `yÕwU Ask _v‡K| cÖ_g Ask †cÖv‡iUv KwÛmb Ae
Gfv‡iR Ges Aci As‡k ejv n‡q‡Q †h hw` exgvK…Z wele¯‘wU ¶wZ nevi mgq †Kvb mywbw`©ó exgvcÎ _v‡K, Z‡e †mUv
cÖ_g cwi‡kva Kivi ci hw` ¶wZ evKx _v‡K Zvn‡j mvaviY Mo coZv wnmv‡e ¶wZc~iY Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvB G wbqgwU
cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡j GKwU welqe¯‘i Dci `ywU exgv cwjwm _vK‡Z n‡e| †hgb aiyb:
D`vniY 1: exgv cwjwm ÒA” exgvK…Z g~j¨ 1,000 UvKv m¤ú` i I ii ( 2 Con of Av) (Two Condition of
Average)
cwjwm ‘B’ Gi exgvK…Z g~j¨ 700UvKv
A m¤ú‡ì cÖK…Z g~j¨: m¤ú` I 1000UvKv
B m¤ú‡ì cÖK…Z g~j¨: m¤ú` II 1000UvK
m¤ú‡ì cÖK„Z ¶wZ: m¤ú` I 500 UvKv
G‡¶‡Î B cwjwmi cÖ_g 500 UvKv cwi‡kva Ki‡e|
‡h‡nZz cyiUvB cwi‡kvwaZ ZvB ÔAÕ cwjwm†K wKQzB w`‡Z n‡e bv|
D`vniY 2:
¶wZi cwigvY: m¤ú` A UvKv 1000
Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z Av‡Q|
cwjwm ÔBÕ cÖ_g 700 UvKv cwi‡kva K‡ib |
cwjwm ÔAÕ w`‡e
1000
× 300 (evKx ¶wZ) = 150 UvKv
2000
exgv MÖnxZv enb Ki‡e = 150 UvKv
†gvU = 300 UvKv
DcwiD³ wZbwU Mo c×wZ †_‡K †`Lv †Mj †h, hw` cÖK…Z g~j¨ A‡c¶v Kg g~‡j¨ exgv MÖnY Kiv nq, Z‡e AvbycvwZK
nv‡i ¶wZc~iY cv‡e, hv exgv MÖnxZvi ¶wZ enb Ki‡Z n‡e| d‡j Kg exgv Kivi cÖebZv _vK‡e bv|
¶wZc~iY Kivi c×wZ (Methods of Providing Indemnity)

¶wZc~iY Kivi wbgœewY©Z PviwU c×wZi cÖPjb i‡q‡Q:
1) bM` cwi‡kva (Cash Payment): GUvB ¶wZc~i‡Yi ¯^vfvweK I mvaviY c×wZ; hv, mnR I Kg Sv‡gjvc~Y©|

2) †givgZ (Repair): bM` UvKvi cwie‡Z© ¶wZMÖ¯’ m¤ú`‡K c~‡e©i Ae¯’vq wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wiwcqv‡ii
eë¯’v Kiv|
3) cÖwZ¯’vcb (Replacement): mvaviYZ: m¤ú‡ì mvgwMÖK ¶wZi †¶‡Î G eë¯’vMÖnY Kiv nq| aŸskK…Z e¯‘wUi
Abyiƒc ¸bv¸b, eqm I gv‡bi Avi GKwU e¯‘ cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
4) c~b:cÖwZwôZ Kiv (Re-instalment): GUvI mvgMÖxK ¶wZi †¶‡Î n‡q _v‡K| †hgb †Kvb feb Av¸‡b cy‡o †M‡j
ev f~wgK‡¤ú aŸsk n‡q †M‡j, Abyiƒc GKwU feb c~b:wbg©vY K‡i †`qv|
¯’jvwfwl³Zvi bxwZ (Principle of Subrogation)

G bxwZi A_© n‡jv GKR‡bi ¯’‡j Ab¨Rb†K ¯’vcb Kiv| exgvi †¶‡Î hLb GKRb exgvKvix †Kvb m¤ú‡ì m¤ú~Y©
¶wZc~iY †èvi ci hw` wKQz Aewkó _v‡K, Zvi gvwjK exgv MÖnxZv bv n‡q exgvKvix n‡e| †hgb, aiyb ÔKÕ GKwU Mvox
5,00,000 UvKvq ÔLÕ †Kv¤úvbxi mv‡_ exgv K‡i| moK `yN©Ubvq MvoxwU aŸsk nq| Pzw³ Abyhvqx exgv †Kv¤úvbx MvoxwU
eve` 5 j¶ UvKv ¶wZ c~iY cÖ`vb K‡i| Avi aŸskcÖß MvoxwU wewµ K‡i 50,000 UvKv cvIqv hvq| G‡¶‡Î G bxwZ
Abyhvqx D³ 50,000 UvKvi `vex`vi exgvKvix exgv MÖnxZv bq| Avevi A‡bK mgq exgvK…Z m¤ú` Z…Zxq c‡¶i Øviv
¶wZMÖ¯’ nq| †m‡¶‡Î exgvKvix ¶wZc~iY †`q| Avevi Z„Zxq c¶I Zuvi Aciv‡ai Rb¨ ¶wZc„iY †`q| G‡¶‡Î
exgvKvix hw` c~Y© ¶wZc~iY †`q Z‡e Z…Zxq c¶ ‡_‡K cÖvß ¶wZc~i‡Yi UvKv exgvKix‡K w`‡Z n‡e| Z‡e, Rxeb exgv I
e¨w³MZ `yN©Ubv exgvi †¶‡Î G bxwZ cÖ‡qvM†hvM¨ bq| KviY, G ¸‡jv ¶wZc~i‡Yi Pzw³ bq|
wK fv‡e ¯’jvwfwl‡³i AwaKvi Rb¥vq (How the Rights of Subrogation Arises)

wbgœwjwLZ wZbfv‡e cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi AwaKvi Rb¥vq:
1. ¶wZ AvBb Øviv (Under Tort): GUvi A_© n‡jv Ac‡ii Øviv Ab¨vq msNwUZ nIqv| †Kvb c¶ Ab¨ c¶‡K ¶wZ
Kivi AwaKvi iv‡L bv| hw` †Kvb e¨w³i m¤ú` Z…Zxq †Kvb c¶ Øviv Ab¨vq fv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯’ nq Z‡e ¶wZmvabKvix
e¨w³‡K ¶wZc~iY w`‡Z nq|
2. Pzw³ Øviv (Under Contract): wKQz wKQz Pzw³ Av‡Q hv f½ Ki‡j GK c¶ Ab¨ c¶‡K ¶wZc~iY w`‡Z nq| †hgb
Mw”QZ Pzw³| Mw”QZ MÖnxZv Mw”QZ `ªe¨ msi¶Y Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡j ¶wZc~iY cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ `vqx _vK‡e|
3. wewae× AvBb Øviv (Under Statute): AvBb ØvivI ¶wZc~i‡Yi `vq m„wó n‡Z cv‡i, hw` AvBb f½ K‡i| †hgb
KviLvbv AvBb, mgy‡`ª gvj cwienb AvBb BZ¨vw` AvB‡bi gva¨‡g ¶wZc~i‡Yi `vq m„wó nq|
`vexc~i‡Y ¯’jvwfwl³Zv bxwZi cÖ‡qvM (Application of Subrogation in Claim)

¯’jvwfwl³Zvi bxwZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jv Abyaveb Ki‡Z n‡e:
1. KLb ¯’jvwfwl³Zvi D™¢e nq (When Subrogation Arises): mvaviY AvBb Ges Pzw³i kZ©vejxi g‡a¨ wKQz
cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| mvaviY AvBb Abyhvqx cÖ_g exgvKvix Z…Zxq c‡¶i wbKU ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ †h‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e ïay gvÎ
exgvMÖnxZvi ¶wZc~i‡Yi ciB Z…Zxq c‡¶i wbKU ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ †h‡Z cv‡ib| Pzw³i kZ©vejxi Kvi‡Y G Ae¯’vi
cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i| bb-‡gwim cwjwm‡Z mvaviYZ:kZ© _v‡K hv Ô¯’jvwfwl³ kZ©bv‡g cwiwPZ| G kZ© Abymv‡i exgvKvix
exgvMÖnxZv‡K cÖ_g Z…Zxq c¶ †_‡K ¶wZc~iY Av`vq Kivi K_v ej‡e| Zvici hw` ¶wZc~iY evKx _v‡K, Zv exgvKvix
enb Ki‡e| hv mvaviY AvBb‡K cwieZ©b (Modify) K‡i| wKš‘ †bŠexgvi †¶‡Î exgvKvix ¶wZc~iY †èvi ciB gvÎ
¯’jvwfwl³Zvi AwaKvi Rb¥vq|
2. ¯’jvwfwl³Zvi cwigvY (Extent of Subrogation): exgv MÖnxZv †h cwigvY Av‡_©i exgv K‡i‡Q, ïaygvÎ †m cwigvY
¶wZc~iY cvevi AwaKvix| Zvi †ekx †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| exgvK…Z A‡_©i †ekx ¶wZc~iY †c‡j exgvKvix‡K Zv w`‡q
w`‡Z n‡e| Kg n‡j exgvKvixi wbKU †_‡K Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

D`vniY 1:
exgvKvix w`j 1,000UvKv
Av`vq Kij 1,200UvKv
exgvKvix ivL‡e 1,000UvKv
AwZwi³ 200 UKv exgv MÖnxZv‡K †diZ w`‡e|
D`vniY 2:
exgvKvix w`j 1,000 UvKv
Av`vq Kij 800 UvKv
exgvKvix c~Y© A_© ivL‡e| exgvKvix‡K 200 UvKv †diZ w`‡Z n‡e bv
D`vniY 3:
cÖK…Z ¶wZ 1000 UvKv
exgvMÖnxZv Z„Zxq c¶ ‡_‡K †cj 1000 UvKv
AZGe exgv MÖnxZvi exgvKvixi wbKU †Kvb `vex _vK‡e bv| Z‡e hw` exgv MÖnxZv 700 UvKv Av`vq KiZ, †m‡¶‡Î exgv
MÖnxZv exgvKvixi wbKU †_‡K evKx 300 UvKv Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
D`vniY 4:
cÖK…Z ¶wZ 1,000 UvKv
exgvKvix w`j 900 UvKv
exgvMÖnxZv Z…Zxq c¶ †_‡K 700 UvKv Av`vq Kij| G‡¶‡Î exgv MÖnxZv exgvKvix‡K 600 UvKv †diZ w`‡e|
3. G· †MÖwmqv †c‡g›U (Ex-gratia Payment): Gi A_© n‡jv, hLb †Kvb ¶wZi Rb¨ †Kvb exgvKvix AvBb Abyhvqx
†Kvb ¶wZc~iY w`‡Z eva¨ bq wKš‘ exgvKvix exgvMÖnxZvi mv‡_ m¤úK© gReyZ Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡K wKQz cwigvY UvKv cÖ`vb
Ki‡Z cv‡i| G †¶‡Î, cÖvß A_©‡K Ex-gratia Payment ejv n‡e| hv Ab¨ †Kvb MÖvnK D`vniY wn‡m‡e wb‡Z cvi‡e
bv| G ai‡bi ¶wZ eve` A_© cÖ`vb wbQK e¨w³MZ B”Qv gvÎ| Giƒc cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Ab¨ Avi GKwU exgvKvix GKB wel‡q
¶wZc~iY eve` A_© cÖ`vb Ki‡j, G †¶‡Î hw` `ywU cÖvwß wg‡j †gvU ¶wZi cwigvY †_‡K †ekx nq, Z‡e evKx Ask
¶wZc~iY eve` A_© cÖ`vbKvix exgvKvix‡K †diZ w`‡Z n‡e| D`vniY¯îƒc g‡b Kiyb, wgt Rvgvb Zvi MvoxwU ÔKÕ
†Kv¤úvbxi mv‡_ 1,00,000 UvKvq Ges ÔLÕ †Kv¤úvbxi mv‡_ 75,000 UvKvq exgv K‡i| MvoxwU `yN©Ubv KewjZ nq, hvi
d‡j wiwcqvi eve` 5,000 UvKv LiP nq| exgv Pzw³i kZ© Abymv‡i ÔKÕ †Kv¤úvbx wgt Rvgvb‡K 5,000 UvKv ¶wZc~iY
wn‡m‡e cwi‡kva K‡i| ÔLÕ †Kv¤úvbxi Pzw³ Abymv‡i †Kvb ¶wZc~iY w`‡Z AvBbMZ evaëvaKZv bv _vKv m‡Z¡I wgt
Rvgvb‡K 1,000 UvKv cwi‡kva K‡i| wgt Rvgvb †h‡nZz Zvi ¶wZc~i‡Yi cy‡iv UvKvB †c‡q‡Q, ZvB GB 1,000 UvKv G
bxwZ Abymv‡i ÔKÕ †Kv¤úvbx‡K w`‡Z n‡e|
¯’jvwfwl³ bxwZ Abyaveb Kivi Rb¨ Ôm¨vj‡fR g~j¨ (Salvage Value) I cwiZ¨³ZvÕ (Abandonmat) m¤úK© Rvbv
_vKv cÖ‡qvRb| wb‡gœ G `ywU wel‡qi Dci Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
m¨vj‡fR (Salvage): m¨vj‡fR ej‡Z †Kvb `ªe¨ ev m¤ú` m¤ú~Y© ¶wZ nevi ci hv _v‡K Zv| mvaviYZ: †Kvb e¯‘B
m¤ú~Y© aŸsk nq bv, wKQz bv wKQz evKx †_‡K hvq| Avevi AvswkK ¶wZi †¶‡Î †Kvb exgv MÖnxZv ¶wZi †P‡q ‡ekx `vex
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Z‡e hw` exgv MÖnxZv AvswkK ¶wZi †¶‡Î evKx As‡ki `vex †Q‡o w`‡q c~i ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ Ave`vi
K‡i Ges exgvKvix hw` Zv‡Z ivRx nq, †m‡¶‡Î exgv MÖnxZv cy‡iv ¶wZc~iY cv‡e Ges D³ m¤ú‡ì evKx As‡ki gvwjK
exgvKvix n‡e|
Z‡e, A‡bK mgq Salvage value- i gvwjKvbv wb‡q Ø‡›Øi m„wó nq, hLb AvÛvi BwÝ‡iÝ Kiv nq Ges mvgwMÖK ¶wZ
nq| †h‡nZz exgv MÖnxZv‡K m¤ú~Y© ¶wZc~iY †`qv nq bv| †m‡¶‡Î hw` cÖ`Ë ¶wZc~iY Ges Salvage Value exgvMÖnxZv
cv‡e| Z‡e cÖ`Ë ¶wZc~i‡Yi cwigvY I m¨vj‡fR g~j¨ wg‡j †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB cÖK…Z †gvU ¶wZi †ekx n‡e bv| hw` †ekx
nq, ZLb AwZwi³ A_© exgvKix‡K †diZ w`‡Z n‡e|

cwiZ¨³ (Abandonment) cwiZ¨v³ ev Abandonment n‡jv, hLb †Kvb exgvK…Z wele¯‘ aŸsk nevi ci Dnvi
gvwjKvbv ¯^Z¡ Z¨vM K‡i †gvU ¶wZ `vex Kiv nq| GUv †bŠ-exgvi †¶‡Î Lye ‡ekx cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| †bŠexgvi †¶‡Î
exgvMÖnxZv ¶wZMÖ¯’ e¯‘i ¯^Z¡ Z¨vM K‡i †gvU ¶wZ `vex K‡i| ZvB ejv hvq, hLb †Kvb exgvMÖnxZv Zvi exgvK…Z welqe¯‘
¶wZMÖ¯’ nq, ZLb ¶wZMÖ¯’ e¯‘i ¯^Z¡ Z¨vM K‡i †gvU ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ `vex K‡i| GLv‡b exgvMÖnxZv ¶wZMÖ¯’ e¯‘i ¯^Z¡
Z¨vM Kiv‡K cwiZ¨³ ev Abandonment ejv nq| GUvi gvwjK ZLb exgvKvix n‡q hvq|
Ae`vb bxwZ (Principle of Contribution)

Ae`v‡bi bxwZ ej‡Z hLb †Kvb GKwU welqe¯‘i Dci GKvwaK exgv cÎ MÖnY K‡i Ges ¶wZMÖ¯’ mKj exgvKvixMY
wgwjZfv‡e ¶wZc~iY Ki‡e; hv‡Z exgvMÖnxZv GKB welqe¯‘ exgv K‡i †gvU ¶wZi †ekx Av`vq Ki‡Z bv cv‡i| GwU
¶wZc~iY bxwZi Abyiƒc| G bxwZi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv †Kvb exgvMÖnxZv †hb GKB wele¯‘i Dci GKvwaK exgv K‡i ¶wZi
†P‡q †ekx `vex Av`vq Ki‡Z bv cv‡i| Z‡e G bxwZwUI Rxeb exgv I e¨w³MZ `yN©Ubv exgvi †ejvq cÖ‡hvR¨ bq|
¶wZc~i‡Yi bxwZ †h‡¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨, Ae`v‡bi bxwZI †m mKj †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨|
Ae`vb bxwZ KLb cÖ‡hvR¨ (When Contribution Operates)

Ae`vb bxwZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi c~e© kZ©¸‡jv wbgœiƒc:
1. G‡Ki AwaK exgv cwjwm _vK‡Z n‡e| Ges mKj cwjwm ejer‡hvM¨ _vK‡Z n‡e|
2. mKj cwjwm GKB welqe¯‘i Dci n‡Z n‡e| hw` ïaygvÎ GKB exgvMÖnxZv KZ©„K wfbœ wfbœ wel‡qi Dci exgv Kiv
nq, Zvn‡j n‡e bv| GKB wele¯‘i Dci GKvwaK exgv cwjwm n‡Z n‡e|
3. mKj cwjwm GKB SuywKi Dci exgv Ki‡Z n‡e| GKB welq e¯‘i Dci GKvwaK cwjwm hw` wfbœ wfbœ SuywKi Dci
Kiv nq, Z‡e Ae`v‡bi bxwZ Kvh©Ki Kiv hv‡e bv|
4. mKj cwjwm GKB exgvMÖnxZvi GKB exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© n‡Z n‡e| g‡b KiyY Kex‡ii GKwU Mvox Av‡Q; †m Zvi MvoxwU
Lwe‡ii wbKU eÜK †i‡L FY MÖnY Kij| G †¶‡Î Df‡qiB exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© AR©b n‡jv| hw` Zviv c„_K c„_Kfv‡e exgv
cwjwm MÖnY K‡i Ges MvoxwU ¶wZMÖ¯’ nq, Z‡e DfqB c„_K c„_Kfv‡e ¶wZc~iY cv‡e| G‡¶‡Î Ae`v‡bi bxwZ
cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv| KviY n‡jv ¯^v_© wfbœ I exgv MÖnxZvI wfbœ| hw` Dc‡ii †Kvb GKwU kZ© c~i‡Y e¨_© nq Z‡e Ae`v‡bi
bxwZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hv‡e bv|
wK fv‡e Ae`vb bxwZ KvR K‡i (How Contribution Works)

GLb cÖkœn‡jv Ae`vb bxwZ wKfv‡e KvR K‡i? mvaviYZ; AvbycvwZK nv‡i mK‡j ¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
Formula:
Sume Insured Under each Policy
Total Sum Under all Policy × 100
Example 1:
Policy A Sum Insured TK 1,000
Policy B Sum Insured TK 2,000
Policy C Sum Insured TK 4,000
Loss TK 700
1,000
The Policy A Pays × 700 = Tk100
7,000
2,000
The Policy B Pays × 700 = Tk200
7,000
4,000
The Policy C Pays × 700 = Tk400
7,000
Total Pays Tk 700

Example 2:
Policy A covers proparty I Sum insured Tk 2000
Policy A covers proparty I and II Sum insured Tk 4000
Policy A covers proparty II and III Sum insured Tk 8000
Loss Tk 666 to Proparty II
cwjwm A ‡Kvb Ae`vb ivL‡e bv, KviY m¤ú` II Kvfvi K‡i bvB| G †¶‡Î cwjwm B and C ¶wZc~i‡Y Ae`vb ivL‡e,
†h‡nZz G `ywU cwjwm m¤ú` II Kvfvi K‡i‡Q|
mgvavb:
4000
Policy B Pays × 666 = Tk 222
10,000
6000
Policy C Pays × 666 = Tk 444
10,000
Total Pays Tk 666
Example 3:
Policy Proparty Insured Sum Insured Policy Period Peri Covered
A I 2000 1.1.06-31.12.06 Fire
B I 2000 Do Lighting
C I 2000 Do Fire
D II 2000 Do Fire
E I 2000 1.1.06-30.6.06 Fire
Loss Tk 1000 to Proparty I by Fire on 2.8.06
DcwiD³ D`vniY 3 hw` Agviv j¶¨ Kwi Z‡e †`Lv hv‡e †h, cwjwm¸‡jv me GK iKg bq| GLv‡b m¤ú`, cwjwmi
mgqKvj I †cwij (Peril) Gi †¶‡Î wKQz cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|
ZvB wbgœewY©Z fv‡e Ae`v‡bi bxwZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
cwjwm B GLv‡b we‡ePbvq Avm‡e bv KviY GUv AwMœi Dci exgv MÖnY Kiv nqwb| cwjwm ‘D’ †Kvb ¶wZc~iY w`‡e bv,
KviY Proparty I Kvfvi K‡i bvB| cwjwm E ¶wZc~i‡Y Ae`vb ivL‡e bv KviY ¶wZ hLb nq, ZLb GB cwjwmi
†gqv` DËxY© n‡q‡Q| ZvB ïaygvÎ cwjwm A Ges C ¶wZc~i‡Y Ae`vb ivL‡e, hv wbgœiƒc:
2,000
The Policy A Pays × 1000 = Tk500
4,000
2,000
The Policy C Pays × 1000 = Tk500
4,000
Total Tk 1000
wbKUZg KviY bxwZ (Principle of Proximate Cause)

exgvK…Z welqe¯‘ ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡j ¶wZc~iY †èvi c~‡e© Aek¨B wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e ¶wZi KviY wK? hw` ¶wZi KiY exgvK…Z
nq, Z‡eB ïay ¶wZc~iY `vex Kiv hvq; bZzev bq| G‡¶‡Î wbKUZg KviYwU `~‡ii KviY bxwZ| hw` †Kvb NUbv NUvi
†cQ‡b GKwU gvÎ KviY we`¨gvb _v‡K †m‡¶‡Î RwUjZv Kg| G‡¶‡Î ïay KviYwU exgvK…Z wK bv Zvi Dci wfwË K‡iB
¶wZc~iY †`qv ev bv †èvi wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq| wKš‘ †Kvb NUbv NUvi †cQ‡b hw` GKvwaK NUbv _v‡K, †m‡¶‡Î

ÔKv‡Qi KviYwU `~‡ii KviYwU bqÕ bxwZ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e| aiv hvK, Avcwb Avcbvi eÜy Rwni‡K ˆbk †fv‡R wbg¯¿Y
Ki‡jb| wZwb h_vixwZ Avcbvi evmvq G‡m ˆbk †fv‡R Ask wb‡jb| ‰bk †fvR †k‡l Zuvi evmvq †dievi c‡_ wZwb
wQšÍvBKvix KZ…K Avµvš— n‡jb| Zv‡K QzwiKvNvZ Kiv n‡jv| nmwcUv‡j †bevi mgq Zuv‡K enbK…Z Mvox‡K GKwU UªvK
m‡Rv‡i av°v w`‡j wZwb wQU‡K c‡o †M‡jb Ges Zvr¶wbK g„ZyëiY Ki‡jb| Zuvi G‡¶‡Î g„Zzï wbKUZg KviY UªvK
`yN©Ubv, QzwiKvNvZ bq| Ab¨ GKwU D`vni‡Y aiv hvK, `wei e¨w³MZ `yN©Ubvi Rb¨ GKwU exgv cwjwm wb‡q‡Qb| D³
exgvi †gqv‡ì g‡a¨ wZwb GKw`b moK `yN©Ubvq cwZZ n‡q nvmcvZv‡j fwZ© nb| †mLv‡b wZwb wU‡Ubv†m Avµvš— n‡q
gviv hvb, hvi weiy‡× †Kvb exgv cwjwm †bqv †bB| G‡¶‡Î Zvi cwievi ¶wZc~iY cv‡e bv| GLv‡b g„Zyï wbKUZg KviY
wU‡Ubvm- moK `yN©Ubv bq| Avi wU‡Ubvm exgv Øviv Kfvi Kiv †bB weavq ¶wZc~iY cv‡e bv|
ZvB ejv hvq, wbKUZg KviY Rvb‡Z †Kvb DwKj ev M‡elK‡K cÖkœ Ki‡j mwVK DËi cvIqv hv‡e bv| KviY Zviv
Kvi‡Yi KviY †ei Ki‡Z m‡Pó _v‡K| GLv‡b Kvi‡Yi KviY †LuvRv hv‡e bv| wbKUZg KviYvwUB NUbv NUvi KviY e‡j
we‡ewPZ n‡e|
wbKUZg KviY ixwZ (Rules of Proximate Caues)

wbKUZg KviY †ei Kivi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ bxwZ¸‡jv AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e:
1. GKK KviY (Single Causes): hLb †Kvb NUbv NUvi Rb¨ GKwU gvÎ KviY KvR K‡i, †mUvB NUbvi Rb¨ cÖK…Z
KviY e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e|
2. GK‡hv‡M NUbvejxi KviYmg~n (Concurrent Causes): ¶wZ hw` GK mv‡_ GKvwaK Kvi‡Y msNwUZ nq, †m‡¶‡Î
¶wZi wel‡q wm×všÍ †bevi Rb¨ ¶wZi KviY¸‡jv Avjv`v Ki‡Z n‡e| KviY¸‡jv Avjv`v KiY †hvM¨ I A‡hvM¨ n‡Z
cv‡i| ‡m‡¶‡Î KviY¸‡jv Avjv`v ev c„_K Kiv hvq †m‡¶‡Î hw` NUbvwU exgvK…Z wec` I AexgvK…Z Dfq ai‡bi wec`
†_‡K N‡U _v‡K Z‡e exgvK…Z wec` †_‡K ¶wZi cwigvY wbb©q Ki‡Z n‡e| Ges exgvMÖnxZv ïay gvÎ exgvK…Z wec`
†_‡K †h cwigvY ¶wZ n‡q‡Q Zvi Rb¨B ¶wZc~iY cv‡e| Z‡e hw` GKmv‡_ GKvwaK Kvi‡Y ¶wZ nq Ges †m‡¶‡Î
exgvK…Z I AexgvK…Z Dfq cÖKvi KviY _v‡K Ges c„_K Kiv bv hvq, †m‡¶‡Î exgv MÖnxZv †Kvb ¶wZc~iY cv‡e bv|
3. wbiwew”Qbœ KviY cÖevn (Unbroken Sequence): hw` wbiwe”Qbœ fv‡e KZ¸‡jv Kvi‡Y ¶wZ mvwaZ nq, †m‡¶‡Î
¶wZc~iY wm×v‡šÍi Rb¨ exgvK…Z I AexgvK…Z wec` c„_Kfv‡e wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e| wPwýZ Kivi ci hw` †`Lv hvq †h,
AexgvK…Z Kvi‡Y ¶wZi m~ÎcvZ n‡q‡Q Ges exgvK…Z KviY c‡i hy³ n‡q‡Q, Zvn‡j exgvKvix †Kvb ¶wZc~iY w`‡Z
`vqe× _vK‡e bv| c¶všÍ‡i, ¶wZi m~ÎcvZ hw` exgK…Z Kvi‡Y ïiy nq I c‡i AexgvK…Z KviY †hvM nq; Zvn‡j
exgvKvix ¶wZc~iY w`‡Z eva¨ _vK‡e| KviY G ¶wZi wbKUZg KviY exgvK…Z ZvB ¶wZc~iY w`‡Z n‡e|
4. wew”Qbœ Kvib cÖevn (Broken Sequence): ‡h‡¶‡Î †Kvb ¶wZ GKB mv‡_ GKvwaK Kvi‡Y msNwUZ n‡j Zvi g‡a¨
weiwZ _vK‡j exgvK…Z I AexgvK…Z Kvi‡Y ¶wZi cwigvY Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| ïaygvÎ exgvK…Z KviY
Øviv ¶wZi Rb¨ exgvKvix `vqx _vK‡e; wKš‘ AexgvK…Z KviY Øviv †Kvb ¶wZ n‡j Zvi `vqfvi exgvKvix enb Ki‡e bv|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, wbKUZg KviY wbb©q †ek RwUj| ZvB wbKUZg KviY wbb©q weP¶YZv, mZ©KZv I
`¶Zv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| Zv bv n‡j exgvi `vex c~i‡Y `y c‡¶i g‡a¨ gZcv_©K¨ I RwUjZv †`Lv w`‡e|
cvV ms‡¶c: 7.5

P~ovšÍ wek¦vm ej‡Z m‡e©v”P wek¦vm‡K †evSv‡bv nq| exgv Pzw³i Rb¨ †h mKj Dcv`vb cÖ‡qvRb Zb¥‡a¨ P~ovšÍ mwØk¦vm
Ab¨Zg| Ggb Z_¨, hv AvB‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK© hy³| †hgb, KviLvbv AvBb Abymv‡i †h mKj wbivcËv eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv
n‡q‡Q Zvi D‡j- L wb®úÖqRb| exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v‡_©i bxwZ Abymv‡i GKwU exgv Pzw³ n‡Z n‡j exgvK…Z welqe¯‘‡Z exgv
MÖnxZvi exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© _vKv Avek¨K| exgv†hvM¨ ¯^v_© e¨wZZ †Kvb exgv Pzw³ n‡j, Zv evRx aivi Pzw³ n‡e; exgv
Pzw³ n‡e bv| ZvB exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© exgv Pzw³i GKwU Aek¨Kxq kZ©| exgv Pzw³†K ¶wZc~i‡Yi Pzw³ ejv nq| exgvi
g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Kv‡iv †Kvb Avw_©K ¶wZ n‡j Zv c~iY K‡i †`qv A_©vr Avw_©Kfv‡e c~‡e©i Ae¯’vq wdwi‡q Avbv|
GKUz Kg‡ewk Kiv hv‡e bv| exgv K†i KvD‡K jvfevb nevi my‡hvM †`qv nq bv| Ae`v‡bi bxwZ ej‡Z hLb †Kvb
GKwU welqe¯‘i Dci GKvwaK exgv cÎ MÖnY K‡i Ges ¶wZMÖ¯’ mKj exgvKvixMY wgwjZfv‡e ¶wZc~iY Ki‡e;
hv‡Z exgvMÖnxZv GKB welqe¯‘ exgv K‡i †gvU ¶wZi †ekx Av`vq Ki‡Z bv cv‡i| exgvK…Z welqe¯‘ ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡j
¶wZc~iY †èvi c~‡e© Aek¨B wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e ¶wZi KviY wK? hw` ¶wZi KiY exgvK…Z nq, Z‡eB ïay ¶wZc~iY
`vex Kiv hvq; bZzev bq|

1. †KvbwU exgv bxwZi ewnf‚©Z?
K) P‚ovšÍ mwØk¦vm L) exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_©
M) ¶wZc~iY N) Z_¨ †Mvcb
2. †Kvb we‡kl AvB‡b cÖ`Z¡ welq exgv Pzw³i mgq e¨³ Kiv |
K) cÖ‡qvRb L) wb®úÖ‡qvRb
M) Aek¨ cÖ‡qvRb N) †KvbwU bq
3. ¶wZc~i‡Yi cwigvY KZ?
K) ¶wZi †P‡q Kg L) ¶wZi †P‡q †ewk
M) ¶wZi mgcwigvY N) †KvbwU bq
DËigvjv
1. K 2. L 3. M 4. K 5. K

1. K 2. M 3. L 4. N 5. N

1. K 2. L 3. M 4. M 5. K

1. K 2. N 3. N

1. K 2.
cÖkœvejx

msw¶cZ cÖkœ
1. exgv ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
2. evsjv‡`k BÝy¨‡iÝ GKv‡Wwgi D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Kiyb|
3. exgvi cÖv_wgK Kvh©vejxi msw¶ß eY©bv w`b|
4. exgvi A_©‰bwZK ¸iyZ¡ eY©bv Kiyb|
5. e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b exgvi f~wgKv wK?
6. c~b:exgv I ˆØZ exgvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ eY©bv Kiyb|
7. †hŠ_exgvi eY©bv w`b|
8. †hŠ_exgv I ˆØZ exgvi Pzw³i g‡a¨ cÖavb cÖavb cv_©K¨ wjLyb|
9. exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© nevi kZ©¸‡jv wK wK?
10. wK wK fv‡e ¶wZc~iY †`qv hvq?
11. Ae`v‡bi bxwZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi kZ©¸‡jv wK wK?
12. wbKUZg KviY wbb©‡qi bxwZ¸‡jv eY©bv Kiyb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. exgvi msÁv w`b| exgvi msw¶ß BwZnvm eY©bv Kiyb| exgvi cÖK…wZ¸‡jvi eY©bv w`b|
2. K) exgvi ¸iyZ¡ I f~wgKv eY©bv Kiyb|
L) exgvi †kªYx wefvM eY©bv Kiyb|
3. K) c~b:exgv I ˆØZ exgvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kiyb|
L) exgv Pzw³ I evRx aivi Pzw³i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kiyb|
4. exgvi mvaviY I we‡kl Dcv`vb¸‡jv eY©bv Kiyb|
5. K) exgv†hvM¨ ¯^v‡_©i kZ©¸‡jv eY©bv Kiyb|
L) wK wK wel‡qi Dci exgv†hvM¨ ¯^v_© Av‡Q?
M) †Kvb ai‡Yi exgvi †¶‡Î KLb exgv†hvM¨ ¯^v_© _vKv Avek¨K?
6. K) P~ovšÍ wek¦v‡mi bxwZ ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
L) †Kvb& †Kvb& Z_¨ exgv MÖnxZvi cÖKvk Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK?
M) wK wK Z_¨ cÖKvk Kiv Riyix bq?
N) exgvi `vq MÖnY I `vex c~i‡Yi †¶‡Î PzovšÍ wek¦v‡mi bxwZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi eY©bv w`b|
7. K) Òexgv‡K ¶wZc~i‡Yi Pzw³ ejv nqÓ e¨vLv Kiyb| ¶wZc~i‡Yi bxwZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î Mo c×wZi D`vniYmn
e¨vLv Kiyb|
L) ¶wZc~iY Kivi c×wZ¸‡jv eY©bv Kib|
8. K) ¯’jvwfwl³Zvi bxwZ ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
L) wKfv‡e ¯’jvwfwl³Zvi AwaKvi Rb¥vq?
M) ¯’jvwfwl³Zvi bxwZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ wK wK wel‡q Ávb _vKv cÖ‡qvRb?
9. K) Ae`v‡bi bxwZ ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
L) Ae`v‡bi bxwZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi kZ©¸‡jv eY©bv Kiyb|
M) Ae`v‡bi bxwZ wKfv‡e KvR K‡i D`vniYmn eY©bv Kiyb|
10. K) wbKUZg KviY bxwZ ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb| D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
L) wbKUZg KviY wba©vi‡Yi bxwZ¸‡jv eY©bv Kiyb|

BDwbU SzuwK eë¯’vcbv
8 Risk Management
f~wgKv
SzuwK ej‡Z Avw_©K ¶wZ msµvšÍ AwbðqZv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| gvby‡li me©ÎB SuywK RwoZ| SzuwK Avgiv mwi‡q †dj‡Z
cvwi bv, wKš‘ SuywKRwbZ ¶wZ‡K Pzw³e× e¨w³‡ì g‡a¨ e›UY K‡i w`‡Z cvwi| exgv eëmv‡qi †¶‡Î SzuwK AZ¨šÍ
¸iyZ¡c~Y©| exgv eëmv‡qi g~jcywRB n‡jv SzuwK| †Kvb SuywK bv _vK‡j exgv eëmv‡qi D™¢e bvI n‡Z cviZ| Avgv‡ì
SzuwK†K myôyfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| ïay SzuwK eë¯’vi Dci exgv eë¯’v A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj| ZvB SzuwK eë¯’vcbvi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb SzuwK wPwýZ KiY; SzuwKi d‡j ¶wZi cwigvY wba©viY I SyuwK‡K †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki c`‡¶c
wba©viY Kiv| G Aa¨v‡q SzuwKi msÁv, Kvh©vejx, †kªbx wefvM, SzuwKi Drm, SzuwK wbq¯¿YKvix Dcv`vb, exgv‡hvM¨ SzuwKi
Dcv`vbmg~n cÖf„wZ wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv ne|
cvV- 1 SzuwKi msÁv, SzuwK eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©vejx,I SzuwKi cÖK…wZ

Definitions of Risk, Function of Risk Management, Nature of Risk
D‡Ïk¨
SzuwKi msÁv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
SzuwK eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©vejx m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
SzuwKi cÖK…wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wele¯‘
SzuwKi msÁv (Defination of Risk)
SyuwK ej‡Z Agviv mvaviYZ: fwelr AwbðqZv‡K eywS| SzuwK‡K Agviv mvaviYZ: †bwZevPK e‡j g‡b K‡i _vwK|
gvby‡li cÖwZwU †¶‡ÎB wec`vc`, AwbðqZv, wech©q i‡q‡Q| Avi G AwbðqZv wbim‡bi Rb¨B exgv Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¥|
ZvB ejv hvq SzuwKi Ki‡YB exgvi D™¢e| exgvi g~j Drmn‡jv SzuwK I SzuwKi AwbðqZv|
wb‡gœ K‡qKRb exgv we‡kl‡Ái msÁv †`qv n‡jv:
M.R. Green Gi g‡Z ÒSzuwK n‡jv -‡Kvb Aw_©K ¶wZ mvab m¤úwK©Z AwbðqZv|Ó
F.Knit Gi g‡Z,ÒSzuwK n‡”Q cwigvc I wba©iY †hvM¨ AwbðqZv|Ó
Gg, Gb, wgkª GKwU Zvrch©c~Y© msÁv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb, Zvi g‡Z,Ò †Kvb Aw_©K ¶wZ msµvš— AwbðqZvB n‡”Q SzuwK|Ó
ZvB ejv hvq SzuwK n‡”Q GKwU AcÖvZ¨vwkZ AwbðqZv hv gvby‡li Avw_©K ¶wZ e‡q Av‡b|
SzuwK eë¯’vcbv (Risk Management)

SzuwK I eë¯’vcbv `ywU kã wb‡q SzuwK eë¯’vcbv MwVZ| cÖ_‡g SyuwK I eë¯’vcbvi msÁv Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| G `ywU e¨vcK
welq| ZvB GLv‡b ms‡¶‡c `ywU wel‡qi msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e|
SzuwK ej‡Z Aí K_vq Avw_©K ¶wZ msµvšÍ AwbðqZv‡K eySvq| Avi eë¯’vcbv Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g †Kvb
KvR ev †Kvb msMV‡bi D‡Ïk¨ ev †Kvb D‡`¨vM‡K myôyfv‡e m¤úv`b Kiv hvq| AZGe, SzuwK eë¯’vcbv ej‡Z eySvq, †h
cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g SzuwK‡K wPwýZ KiY, SzuwKi ¶wZi cwigvY wbiycY Ges SzuwK †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki eë¯’v MÖnY
†KB SzuwK eë¯’v ejv nq|
SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq cÖavbZ: wZbwU avc ev c`‡¶c iv‡q‡Q:
1. †h mKj Drm†_‡K SzuwK m„wó nq Zv wPwýZ Kiv;

2. SzuwK msNwUZ n‡j †h ¶wZ nq Zvi cwigvY wba©viY A_ev e¨w³ ev msMV‡bi Dci cÖfve wbiycY Kiv; Ges
3. SzuwK †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Kvh©Ki I `¶ c`‡¶c wba©viY I cÖ‡qvM Kiv|
SzuwK eë¯’vcbv‡K †KD †KD exgv eë¯’vcbv e‡j g‡b K‡i| Am‡j avibvwU fyj| KviY, SyuwK eë¯’v I exgv eë¯’v GK
bq| exgv eë¯’vcbv ej‡Z exgv cÖkvmb‡K eySvq| Avi SzuvwK eë¯’v ej‡Z SzuwK †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Kg©cš’v‡K eySvq|
SzuwK eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©vejx (Functions of Risk Management)

SzuwK eë¯’vcbvi g~jZ wZbwU Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq| h_v: 1| SzuwKi Drm¸‡jv wPwýZ KiY; 2| SzuwKi d‡j msNwUZ
djvdj wbiycY Kiv; 3| SzuwK †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ m‡e©vËg cš’v wba©viY Kiv|
1. m¤¢ve¨ SzuwKi Drm¸‡jv wPwýZ KiY: wK wK Kvi‡Y SzuwKi m„wó nq, hvi d‡j ¶wZi m¤¢vebv †e‡o hvq Zv wba©viY Kiv
SzuwK eë¯’vcbvi cÖ_g KvR| ZvB, exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv exgvi `vq MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ SzuwKi Drm¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡i| Zvi
Rb¨ mv‡f© K‡i _v‡Kb| wKš‘, G c×wZwU SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq Lye †ekx DcKv‡i Av‡m bv|
eZ©gv‡b wnmve i¶Y weeiYx¸‡jv ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g SzuwK †_‡K Drm wba©viY K‡i Avm‡Q| hw` Avw_©K weeiYx¸‡jv
myôyfv‡e we‡kølY Kiv hvq Z‡e SzuwKi Drm¸‡jv †ei Kiv A‡bKvs‡kB m¤¢e| ZvB GKRb wewb‡qvMKvix †Kvb eëmv‡q
UvKv wewb‡qvM Ki‡e wK bv, Ki‡j SzuwKi cwigvY wK Zv-Rvbvi Rb¨ Avw_©K weeiYx †hgb DØ©ZcÎ, Avq weeiYx I jvf
¶wZi weeiYxmn wewfbœ Avw_©K weeiYx gyj¨vqb K‡i _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b SzuwKi Drm¸‡jv cwieZ©b n‡”Q| bZzb bZzb SzuwKi
Drm j¶¨ Kiv hv‡”Q| d‡j GKRb SzuwK eë¯’vcK SzuwK I ¶wZi Drm wba©vi‡Y bZzb bZzb mgm¨vq c‡ob| ZvB, SzuwK
eë¯’vcbvi mvdj¨ wbf©i Ki‡Q KZ `¶Zvi mv‡_ SzuwK I ¶wZi Drm¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡Q Zvi Dci|
2. SzuwKi d‡j msNwUZ ¶wZi djvdj g~j¨vqb: SzuwK eë¯’vcbvi wØZxq ¯Í‡ii KvR n‡jv SzuwKi Kvi‡Y ¶wZ msNwUZ
n‡j Zv g~j¨vqb Kiv| g~j¨vq‡bi †¶‡Î cÖwZôv‡bi jvf¶wZ I Aw_©K Ae¯’vi we‡kølY DfqB AšÍ©f~³| ¶wZ g~j¨vq‡bi
†¶‡Î we‡kl ai‡Yi ¶wZi cÖebZv I MfxiZv m¤ú©‡K m¤§K Ávb _vKv Avek¨K| KviY SzuwK cÖwZwbqZ cwieZ©b I
we¯Í…Z n‡”Q| ZvB cÖwZwU ¶wZi djvdj c„_K c„_Kfv‡e g~j¨vqb cÖ‡qvRb| Zv bvn‡j SzuwKi †¶‡Î mwVK I wbfy©j wm×všÍ
‡bqv KwVb n‡q co‡e|
3. SzuwK †gvKv‡ejvq me©‡Ëvg cš’v wbe©vPb Kiv: SzuwKi gvÎv I cÖebZvi †hgb cv_©K¨ Av‡Q, †Zgwb SzuwK †gvKv‡ejv
KiviI wfbœ wfbœ cš’v i‡q‡Q| SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡Z m‡e©vËg cš’vwU wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| SzuwK †gvKv‡ejvi
cš’v hZ mwVK I Kvh©Ki n‡e, SzuwK eë¯’vcbvI ZZ `¶ I mvdj¨ AR©b Ki‡e| ZvB SzuwK †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb
m‡e©vËg I mwVK cš’v wba©viY K‡i Zv cÖ‡qvM Kiv|
SzuwKi cÖK…wZ (Nature of Risk)

SzuwK m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ gZcv_©K¨ ev aviYv Av‡Q; Z‡e exgvq SzuwK ej‡Z mvaviYZ †Kvb Avw_©K ¶wZ msµvšÍ AwbðqZv‡K
eySvq| SzuwKi cÖK…wZ wbgœiƒc:
1. SzuwK AwbðqZv AbymiY K‡i;
2. SzuvK ¶wZi AwbðqZvi m¤¢vebv‡K eySvq A_©vr SuzwKi d‡j ¶wZ n‡ZI cv‡i, bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
3. SzuwK ïaygvÎ †hLv‡b Avw_©K ¶wZi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q, †mLv‡bB SzuwK we`¨gvb|
Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ ¶wZ wewfbœ fv‡e m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| ‡hgb:
K. ‡Kvb cwiev‡ii DcvR©vb¶g e¨w³ ev eëmv‡qi g~j e¨w³i nVvr g„Zz¨‡Z;
L. cÖvK…wZK †Kvb wec` I `~‡h©vM †hgb: AwMœKvÛ, So, Rj”Qvm, f~wgK¤ú, Ges gvbyl KZ…K m„ó SzuwK †hgb: Pzwi,
WvKvwZ, B”QvK…Z AwMœms‡hvM, nZ¨v, BZ¨vw`|
ZvB ejv hvq, wewfbœ Kvi‡Y SzuwKi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| †mRb¨ SzuwKi nvZ †_‡K euvPvi Rb¨ ev SzuwK jvNe Kivi Rb¨ ev SzuwK
cÖwZ‡iva ev Gov‡bvi Rb¨ SzuwKi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© cwic~Y© Ávb I kZ©KZv Aej¤^b Acwinvh©|

cvV ms‡¶c: 8.1

exgvi g~j Drmn‡jv SzuwK I SzuwKi AwbðqZv| ÒSzuwK n‡jv -‡Kvb Aw_©K ¶wZ mvab m¤úwK©Z AwbðqZv|Ó SzuwK
eë¯’vcbv ej‡Z eySvq, †h cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g SzuwK‡K wPwýZ KiY, SzuwKi ¶wZi cwigvY wbiycY Ges SzuwK †gvKv‡ejv
Kivi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki eë¯’v MÖnY †KB SzuwK eë¯’v ejv nq| SzuwK eë¯’vcbvi g~jZ wZbwU Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq|
h_v: 1| SzuwKi Drm¸‡jv wPwýZ KiY; 2| SzuwKi d‡j msNwUZ djvdj wbiycY Kiv; 3| SzuwK †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨
m‡e©vËg cš’v wba©viY Kiv| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y SzuwKi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| †mRb¨ SzuwKi nvZ †_‡K euvPvi Rb¨ ev SzuwK jvNe
Kivi Rb¨ ev SzuwK cÖwZ‡iva ev Gov‡bvi Rb¨ SzuwKi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© cwic~Y© Ávb I kZ©KZv Aej¤^b Acwinvh©|

1. exgvi g~j Drm wK?
K) A_© L) eëmv‡qi gybvdv
M) SzuwK N) SzuwK I AwbðqZv
2. SzuwK †gvKv‡ejv Kiv wK‡mi AšÍM©Z?
K) SzuwK we¯—vi L) SzuwK eë¯’vcbv
M) SzuwK mv‡_ wg‡k hvIqv N) †KvbwU bq
3. †KvbwU SzuwK eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©vejx bq|
K) SzuwKi Drm¸‡jv wPwýZ KiY L) SzuwKi d‡j msNwUZ djvdj wbiycY Kiv
M) SzuwK †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ m‡e©vËg cš’v wba©viY Kiv N) SzuwK aviY Kiv
msw¶ß cÖkœ
4. SzuwKi msÁv w`b|
5. Szwu K eë¯’vcbvi msÁv w`b|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
6. SzuwKi Kvh©vejx I cÖK…wZ eY©bv Kiyb|

cvV- 2 SzuwKi †kªbx wefvM, SzuwK g~j¨vqb I SuwK cwigvc

Classification of Risk, Evaluation of Risk and Measurement of Risk
D‡Ïk¨
SzuwKi †kªbx wefvM m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
SzuwK wKfv‡e g~j¨vqb Kiv nq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
SzuwK cwigvc Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
SzuwKi †kªbx wefvM (Classification of Risk)
SzuwKi cÖK…wZ, gvÎv, Ae¯’v BZ¨vwì Kvi‡Y SzuwKI wewfbœ cÖKvi n‡q _v‡K| myôy eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨ SzuwKi †kªbxwefvM Rvbv
Avek¨K| hwÌ wewfbœfv‡e SzuwKi †kªbx wefvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| Agiv GLv‡b ïaygvÎ exgvi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ SzuwKi ‡kªbx wefvM
wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie| SzuwKi gvÎv Abymv‡i SzuwK‡K `y fv‡e fvM Kiv n‡e| h_v, Aexgv‡hvM¨ SzuwK I exgv †hvM¨ SzuwK|
wb‡gœ wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii SzuwKi eY©bv †`qv n‡jv|
Aexgv‡hvM¨ SzuwK (Un-Insurable Risk): Aexgv‡hvM¨ SzuwK ej‡Z †mai‡bi SzuwK‡K eySvb nq, hv †Kvb exgv †Kv¤úvbx
MÖnY Ki‡Z bvivR| SzuwKi cwigvY hw` †ekx nq, Z‡e wcÖwgqv‡gi cwigvYI †ekx n‡e| wKQy e¨w³ exgvi A‡hvM¨,
GKvi‡Y ‡h exgv bxwZi cwicwš’, KviY AwaK wcÖwgqvg ïay gvÎ g„Zy¨ c_ hvÎxivB DrmvwnZ n‡e| d‡j ¸wUKZK †jvK
exgv †_‡K myweav †fvM Ki‡e| hvi d‡j fvj ¯^v‡¯’ï †jvKRb exgv MÖnY Ki‡Z AMÖnx n‡e bv| KviY, Zv‡ì SzuwKi
Zzjbvq wcÖwgqvg †ekx n‡q hv‡e| ZvB exgv †Kv¤úvbx Zv‡ì eZ©gvb cwjwm †nvìvi‡ì ¯^v_© i¶v‡_© Ges Zv‡ì wcÖwgqvg
hyw³m½Z mxgvi g‡a¨ ivLvi Rb¨ AwaK SzuwKi e¨w³‡ì‡K exgvi AvIZvq Ab‡e bv|
exgv‡hvM¨ SzuwK (Insurable Risk): †h mKj SzuwKi weiy‡× exgv Kiv hvq, Zv‡K exgv‡hvM¨ SzuwK e‡j| SzuwKi GKwU
Av`k© gvb Av‡Q| hw` †Kvb SzuwKi Av`k© gvb _v‡K; †Kvb SzuwK hw` Av`k© gvb †_‡K Lye †ekx bv nq Zv‡K exgv‡hvM¨
SzuwK ejv hvq| A_©vr D³ SzuwKi exgv Kiv hvq|
exgv‡hvM¨ SzuwK‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: K) Av`wk©K SzuwK L) DËg- Av`wk©K SzuwK I M) Dc Av`wk©K SzuwK|
K. Av`wk©K SzuwK (Standard Risk): Av`wk©K SzuwK ¯^vfvweK (Normal) Rxe‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK© hy³| †hLv‡b A‡bK †ekx
SzuwK †bB, Avei Kg SzuwKI †bB| ¯^vfvweK Rxeb wn‡m‡e we‡ePbvi †¶‡Î wKQz cwigvcK Øviv wePvi Kiv nq| SzuwK
g~j¨vq‡bi AvswKK c×wZ Abymv‡i Av`wk©K gvÎv 100 aiv nq Ges Zvi mv‡_ 25 c‡q›U †hvM we‡qvM mxgv ch©š‘ Av`©k
SzuwKi e¨wß| GUv‡K ¯^vfvweK gvÎvi SzuwKI ejv nq|
L. DËg Av`wk©K SzuwK (Super Standard Risk): DËg Av`wk©K SzuwK ej‡Z hLb Av`wk©K SzuwK †_‡K †Kvb
welqe¯‘‡Z Kg SzuwK we`¨gvb _v‡K, Zv‡K eySvb nq| GUv‡K AMÖvaxKvi SzuwKI ejv nq| SzuwK g~j¨vq‡bi AvswKK c×wZ
Abymv‡i 75 c‡q›Ui wb‡Pi gvÎvq SzuwK _vK‡j Zv‡K DËg Av`wk©K SzuwK ejv nq| exgvKvixMY G ai‡Yi SzuwK‡K
me‡P‡q ‡ekx cÖZ¨vkv K‡i| KviY GLv‡b SzwKi gvÎv m‡e©v‡c¶v Kg|
M. Dc-Av`wk©K SzuwK (Sub Standard Risk): Dc-Av`wk©K SzuwK n‡jv hLb Av`wk©K SzuwKi †_‡K †ekx weivRgvb
_v‡K Zv‡K eySvq| ZvB GUv n‡jv Av`wk©K SzuwK †_‡K †ekx I Aexgv‡hvM¨ SzuwK †_‡K Kg| hw` Dc-Av`wk©K SzuwKimxgv
AwZµg K‡i Z‡e Zv exgvi A‡hvM¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e| SzuwK g~j¨vq‡bi AvswKK c×wZ Abymv‡i 125 †_‡K 500 ch©š‘
c‡q›U Gi mxgvi ga¨Kvi SzuwK‡K Dc-Av`wk©K SzuwK e‡j Mb¨ Kiv nq| Zvi Rb¨ AwZwi³ wcÖwgqvg w`‡Z n‡e|
wec`RbK †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ I RxweKvq Af¨¯Í Ges g„Zz¨ cÖeY eq¯‹ gvbyl‡K G RvZxq SzuwKi †KvVvq †djv nq|

SzuwK cwigv‡ci D‡Ïk¨ (Purpose of Mesuring Risk)

wbgœ ewY©Z Kvi‡Y SuwK cwigvc Ki‡Z nq:
1. SzuwK MÖnY Kiv n‡e wKbv Zv wm×všÍ †bevi Rb¨ SzuwK cwigvc Kiv cÖ‡qvRb nq| GUvB cÖ_g I cÖavb KviY SzuwK
cwigv‡ci|
2. exgvi wcÖwgqv‡gi nvi wba©viY: wcÖwgqv‡gi cwigvY wbf©i K‡i SyuvwKi cwigv‡Yi Dci| SzuwK †ekx n‡j wcÖwgqvg †ekx
w`‡Z n‡e, Avi SzuwK Kg n‡j wcÖwgqvg Kg w`‡Z n‡e| ZvB cÖ‡Z¨K cÖ¯Íve MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ c„_K c„_K SzuwK g~j¨vqb
cÖ‡qvRb Ges g~j¨wqZ SzuwKi cwigv‡Yi Dci wbf©iK‡i wcÖwgqv‡gi nvi wba©viY Kiv nq|
3. SzuwKi ‡kªbx wefvM Kiv: †h‡nZz SzuwKi gvÎv e¨w³‡Z e¨w³‡Z Kg †ekx nq, ZvB cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i Rb¨ c„_K c„_K
wcÖwgqvg wba©viY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| wKš‘, ev¯Í‡e Zv m¤¢e bq| ZvB SyuwK‡K c„_K c„_K †kªbx‡Z wef³ K‡i †m Abymv‡i
exgvi wcÖwgqv‡gi nvi wba©viY Kiv nq|
4. hviv ‡e‡P _vK‡e Zv‡ì‡K †Kvb cv_©K¨ bv Kiv: †h‡nZz SzuwKi gvÎvi wfbœZv Av‡Q, ZvB wewfbœ †kªbxi SzuwKi Rb¨
wewfbœ nvi wba©viY Kiv nq| hw` mK‡ji wbKU †_‡K GKB nv‡i wcÖwgqvg †bIqv nq Zv AwePvi n‡e| ZvB hv‡Z Kv‡iv
cÖwZ AwePvi Kiv bv nq Zvi Rb¨ SzuwK cwigvc Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
5. Lvivc SzuwK wbe©vPb bv Kiv: hviv exgvi A‡hvM¨ SzuwK enb Ki‡Q Zv‡ì‡K exgvi AvIZvq bv Avbvi Rb¨ SzuwK cwigvc
Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| SzuwK cwigvc bv Kiv n‡j exgvi A‡hvM¨ SzuwK wPwýZ Kiv m¤¢ve n‡Zv bv| ZvB hv‡Z exgvi A‡hvM¨ SzuwK
exgvi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ bv n‡Z cv‡i Zvi Rb¨ SzuwK cwigvc Kiv GKvšÍ Acwinvh©|
SzuwK g~j¨vqb (Evaluation of Risk)

exgvi wKw¯Í ev wcÖwgqvg wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ SzuwK g~j¨vqb ev wbiycY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| SzuwK wbiycY Kivi ci SzuwK‡K †kªbxe×
Ki‡Z nq| SzuwK‡K g~j¨vqb Kivi `ywU c×wZ Av‡Q| h_v: wePvi c×wZ I AvswKK g~j¨vqb c×wZ| wb‡gœ SzuwK g~j¨vqb
c×wZ `ywUi eY©bv †`qv n‡jv:
1. SyuwK g~j¨vq†bi wePvi c×wZ (Judgment Method of Risk Evaluation): cÖ_‡gB ejv cÖ‡qvRb ‡h, GwU GKwU
A‰eÁvwbK c×wZ| G c×wZ‡Z †Kvb exgv †Kv¤úvbxi wPwKrmK, wnmve I `vqMÖnY ev exgvKiY kvLvi AwfÁ e¨w³e‡M©i
gZvgZ‡K GKwÎZ Kiv nq| GmKj e¨w³ AwfÁ, weÁ, cÖwk¶YcÖvß I Aby‡gv`b cÖvß| GLv‡b †Zgb †Kvb mywbw`©ó
c×wZ AbymiY Kiv nq bv| G c×wZ‡Z e¨w³MZ wePv‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj| G‡¶‡Î Av‡e`b¸‡jv cÖwk¶YcÖvß e¨w³eM©
KZ…K hvPvB evQvB K‡i wewfbœ †kªbx‡Z wef³ Kiv nq Ges m‡›`n RbK ev Lye †ekx SzuwKc~Y© Av‡e`b¸‡jv Av‡iv AwfÁ
e¨w³‡ì Øviv wePvi K‡i wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq|
G c×wZ †hLv‡bB cÖ‡hvR¨ †mLv‡b GKwU gvÎ welq we‡ePbv Kiv nq A_ev †hLv‡b MÖnY ev evwZ‡ji wm×všÍ †bqv nq|
Avevi †hLv‡b AvswKK g~j¨qb c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq bv, †m‡¶‡ÎI e¨w³MZfv‡e wePvi we‡kølY K‡i wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv
nq| GUvi GKwU eo myweav n‡jv wbe©vnx I AweÁ e¨w³MY `ªyZ I A_©c~Y© wm×všÍ w`‡Z cv‡ib|
G c×wZi wKQz Amyweav Av‡Q hvi d‡j AvaywbK Kv‡j wePvi c×wZi cwie‡Z© AvswKK c×wZi cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| wb‡gœ wePvi
c×wZi Amyweav¸‡jv Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
I. wePvi c×wZ‡Z wePvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³e‡M©i GK¸‡qgx I Ae‡njvi d‡j ÎywUc~Y© wm×vš— †bqv n‡Z cv‡i|
II. wePviK‡ì AwfÁZvi Afve _vK‡j ¶wZKi wm×všÍ n‡Z cv‡i|
III. G c×wZwU weÁvb wewËK bv nIqvq e¨w³‡Z e¨w³‡Z wm×všÍ cÖv_©K¨ n‡Z cv‡i| hvi d‡j mwVK g~j¨vqb AwbwðZ
n‡q c‡o|
2. SzuwK g~j¨vq‡b AvswKK c×wZ (Numerical Rating System of Risk Evaluation): AvswKK g~j¨vqb c×wZ‡Z
A‡bK msL¨K Dcv`‡bi mgwó GKwU SzuwK m„wó KiY bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖwZwôZ| †m mKj Dcv`vbmg~n we`¨gvb
Av‡Q, Ggb me Rxe‡bi Dci cwimsLvbMZ wePvi we‡kølY Øviv cÖwZwU Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve wbiƒcY Kiv nq| G bxwZi
DciB AvswKK g~j¨vqb c×wZi cÖPjb n‡q‡Q| G c×wZ‡Z cÖwZwU Dcv`v‡bi ¯^vfvweK gvÎv 100 aviv nq| †h

Dcv`v†bi gvY 100 n‡e Zvi gvÎv †`qv n‡e bv| cÖwZwU Dcv`v†bi gvb Avjv`vfv‡e GKUvi ci GKUv wbY©q Kiv nq| ‡h
Dcv`vb¸‡jv Ab~Kz‡j †m¸‡jv‡K bv evPK gvb †`qv nq Zv‡K e‡j †µwWU gvb (Credit value) Ges cÖwZK~j
Dcv`b¸‡jv‡K nuv evPK gvb †`qv nq hv‡K †WweU gvb (Debit Value) e‡j| cÖwZwU Dcv`v‡bi gvb Zvi gvÎv Abymv‡i
kZKvivq cÖKvk Kiv nq| †WweU I †µwW‡Ui exRMvwbwZK mgxKiY Gi djvdj wba©vwiZ gvb 100 Gi mv‡_ hy³K‡i
AvswKK gvb cÖKvk Kiv nq| ‡hgb Rxeb exgvi †¶‡Î ˆ`wnK MVb, ¯^v¯’¨MZ Ae¯’v, e¨w³MZ BwZnvm, cvwievwiK
BwZnvm, †ckv, Af¨vm, ˆbwZK PwiÎ, ˆbwZKZv I exgv cwiKíbvi gZ KZ¸‡jv Dcv`vb Gi Dci c‡q›U e›Ub Kiv nq|
exgv MÖnxZv‡ì g„Zÿnv‡ii Dci wfwË K‡i c‡q›U K‡i ¶wZKi nv‡i SyuwKi gvÎv wba©viY Kiv nq| SzuwK hw` gv‡bi †P‡q
†ekx nq Zvn‡j AwZwi³ c‡q›U †WweU (+) Ges SzuwK hw` gv‡bi †P‡q Kg nq Zvn‡j †µwWU (-) Kiv nq|
AvswkK g~j¨vqb c×wZi GKwU D`vniY wb‡gœ †ck Kiv n‡jv|
aiyY, Rbve AvdRvj GKRb weewnZ e¨vw³, hvi 2 wU ev”Pv Av‡Q Ges Zv‡ì ¯^v¯’¨ fvj| †jvKwUi IRb ¯^vfvwe†Ki
†P‡q 60 fvM ‡ekx| ey‡Ki cÖm¯—Zvi cwigvc D`‡ii cwiwai gv‡ci Zzjbvq 1 1 BwÂ Kg| Zvi eq‡mi Dci †Kvb
2
cÖwZK~j Bw½Z †bB| Zvi cwiev‡i h¶v D¤§v`MÖ¯’Zv BZ¨vwì †Kvb ‡iK©W †bB| wZwb Kviy wk‡í KvR K‡ib| Zvi Af¨vm
I ˆbwZK PwiÎ fvj| wZwb GKwU fvj cwi‡e‡k DbœZ evox‡Z emevm K‡ib| wZwb 25 eQi †gqv`x exgv cwjwm MÖnY
Ki‡Z Pvb| Zvi SzuwKi cwigvY AvswKK c×wZ‡Z wbgœiƒcfv‡e wbiƒcY Kiv n‡e|
wb‡gœi cÖ`Ë Q‡K Zv‡K gvÎvwZwi³ IR‡bi Rb¨ †WweU cv‡k¦© (+) 60 b¤î †Ìqv n‡e| AmvgœRm¨c~Y© ˆ`wnK MV‡bi
Rb¨ 15 c‡q‡›U ‡WweU (+) c‡k †Ìqv n‡e| Zvi AbyKzj cvwievwiK BwZnv‡mi Rb¨ †µwWU (-) cv‡k 20 b¤î aiv
n‡q‡Q| 25 eQi Pzw³i Rb¨ Zv‡K AviI 12(-) c‡q›U †µwWU cv‡k I ¯^v¯’¨MZ Ae¯’vi Rb¨ †Kvb c‡q›U aiv nq wb|
Dcv`vbmg~n †WweU(+) †µwWU(-)

1. ˆ`wnK MVb (AwZwi³ IRb) 60 -
2. ¯^v¯’¨MZ Ae¯’v - -
3. AmvgÄm¨c~Y© ˆ`wnK MVb
(D`‡ii †P‡q ey‡Ki cÖk¯—Zv Kg) 15 -
4. cvwievwiK BwZnvm - 20
5. †ckv - -
6. Avevm - -
7. Af¨vm I ˆbwZK PwiÎ - -
8. exgv cwjwmi †gqv` 25 eQi - 12
75 32
bxU g~j¨vqb 75-32= 43
‡gvU g~j¨vqb 100+43=143
QK-2.1: AvswKK c×wZ‡Z SzuwK wbiƒ cY (gvb e›Ub I wefvM KiY)|
D³ g~j¨vqb SzuwK‡K wef³ I wbe©vPb Kiv AwaKZi mnR K‡i‡Q| wb‡gœi Q‡Ki gva¨‡g AviI cwi¯‹vi K‡i †`Lv‡bv
nv‡jv:
exgvKi‡Yi j‡¶¨ SzuwKi gvbMZ wefvM

DËg Av`wk©K SyuwK Av`wk©K SzuwK Dc-Av`wk©K SzuwK Aexgv‡hvM¨ SzuwK
75 c‡q‡›Ui wb‡P 75-125 125-500 500-Gi Dci
g~j¨vqb dj 143
Avgv‡ì D`vni‡Y cÖvß c‡q›U 143| AZGe D³ cÖ¯ÍvweZ exgv MÖnxZvi SzuwK Dc-Av`wk©K SzuwKi g‡a¨ MY¨ Kiv hvq|

SzuwK g~j¨vq‡b AvswKK c×wZ I wePvi c×wZi g‡a¨ g~j cv_©K¨ n‡jv AvswKK c×wZ‡Z cÖwZwU Dcv`vb‡K gvb e›Ub Kiv
nq| wKš‘ wePvi c×wZ Gai‡bi gvb e›U‡bi weavb †bB e‡j GUv êÁvwbK c×wZ bq|
AvswKK c×wZi myweavmg~n wbgœiƒc:
GUv gvb e›U‡bi wfwË‡Z SzuwK g~j¨vqb Kiv nq e‡j wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y AwaKZi m½wZ i¶v Kiv m¤¢e nq|
1. G c×wZ‡Z `ªyZZi I wgZe¨vqx nq|
2. G c×wZ‡Z exgvi µ‡gvbœq‡bi mv‡_ Aweivg we‡ePbv I g~j¨vqb m¤¢e|
3. G c×wZ êÁvwbK wfwËi Dci cÖwZôZ e‡j mwVK wm×v‡šÍ DcwbZ nIqv m¤¢e|
4. G c×wZi MÖnY†hvM¨Zv I eënvi A‡c¶vK…Z †ekx|
Amyweav
G c×wZi KZ¸‡jv ÎywU cwijw¶wZ nq, hv wbgœiƒc:
1. GwU A‡bK †ekx wePvi mv‡c¶ I RwUj|
2. AvswKK c×wZ‡Z gvb e›U‡bi †¶‡Î h‡_ó Ávb, AwfÁZv, `¶Zv I weP¶YZv _v‡Kbv ev‡j wm×všÍ ÎywUc~Y© nevi
m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
3. ci¯úi mg‰ewkó¨ _vKv m‡Z¡I Av‡bK Dcv`vb ci¯úi hy³ nq bv|
ÎywU wePz¨wZ _vKv m‡Z¡I AvswKK c×wZ GLbI Av‡bK c×wZ †_‡K AwaK MÖnY†hvM¨ I êÁvwbK|
cvV ms‡¶c: 8.2

Aexgv‡hvM¨ SzuwK ej‡Z †mai‡bi SzuwK‡K eySvb nq, hv †Kvb exgv †Kv¤úvbx MÖnY Ki‡Z bvivR| SzuwKi cwigvY hw`
†ekx nq, Z‡e wcÖwgqv‡gi cwigvYI †ekx n‡e| †h mKj SzuwKi weiy‡× exgv Kiv hvq, Zv‡K exgv‡hvM¨ SzuwK e‡j|
SzuwKi GKwU Av`k© gvb Av‡Q| Av`wk©K SzuwK ¯^vfvweK (Normal) Rxe‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK© hy³| †hLv‡b A‡bK †ekx
SzuwK †bB, Avei Kg SzuwKI †bB| DËg Av`wk©K SzuwK ej‡Z hLb Av`wk©K SzuwK †_‡K †Kvb welqe¯‘‡Z Kg SzuwK
we`¨gvb _v‡K, Zv‡K eySvb nq| GUv‡K AMÖvaxKvi SzuwKI ejv nq| Dc-Av`wk©K SzuwK n‡jv hLb Av`wk©K SzuwKi †_‡K
†ekx weivRgvb _v‡K Zv‡K eySvq| SzuwK wbiycY Kivi ci SzuwK‡K †kªbxe× Ki‡Z nq| SzuwK‡K g~j¨vqb Kivi `ywU
c×wZ Av‡Q| h_v: wePvi c×wZ I AvswKK g~j¨vqb c×wZ| SyuwK g~j¨vq†bi wePvi c×wZ, GwU GKwU A‰eÁvwbK
c×wZ| G c×wZ‡Z †Kvb exgv †Kv¤úvbxi wPwKrmK, wnmve I `vqMÖnY ev exgvKiY kvLvi AwfÁ e¨w³e‡M©i
gZvgZ‡K GKwÎZ Kiv nq| SzuwK g~j¨vq‡b AvswKK c×wZ: AvswKK g~j¨vqb c×wZ‡Z A‡bK msL¨K Dcv`‡bi mgwó
GKwU SzuwK m„wó KiY bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖwZwôZ| SzuwK g~j¨vq‡b AvswKK c×wZ I wePvi c×wZi g‡a¨ g~j cv_©K¨
n‡jv AvswKK c×wZ‡Z cÖwZwU Dcv`vb‡K gvb e›Ub Kiv nq| wKš‘ wePvi c×wZ Gai‡bi gvb e›U‡bi weavb †bB e‡j
GUv êÁvwbK c×wZ bq|

1. †KvbwU Aexgv‡hvM¨ SzuwK?
K) K¨vÝv‡ii †ivMx L) Av¸‡bi mg~n m¤¢vebv
M) †bŠRvb Wz‡e hvIqvi m¤¢vebv N) f‚wgK‡¤ú aŸs‡ki m¤¢vebv
2. †KvbwU ewgv‡hv‡Mï AvIZvfz³ bq?
K) Av`wk©K SzuwK L) DËg Av`wk©K SzuwK
M) Dc-Av`wk©K SzuwK N) Abv`wk©K SzuwK

msw¶ß cÖkœ
3. msÁv wjLyb t K. Aexgv‡hvM¨ SzuwK L. exgv‡hvM¨ SzuwK
4. SzuwK cwigv‡ci D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Kiyb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
5. SzuwK g~j¨vqb c×wZ eY©bv Kiyb|

cvV- 3 SzuwK m¤úwK©Z Z‡_ï Drm, SzuwKi Dcv`vbmg~n, gvbyl I ¯ú‡ì SzuwKmg~n, SzuwK †gvKv‡ejvq
exgvi f~wgKv
Sources of Risk Information, Factor Affecting Risk, Risk in Human Life and
Proparty, Role of Inurance to Face Risks
D‡Ïk¨
†h mKj Drm †_‡K SzuwK m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
wK wK Dcv`vb Øviv SzuwK cÖfvweZ nq Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gvbyl Ges m¤ú` wK wK SzuwKi m¤§y¶xY nq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
SzuwK †gvKv†ejvq exgvi f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
SzuwK m¤úK©xq Z‡_ï Drm mg~n (Sources of Risk Information)
SzuwK m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ exgvi wcÖwgqvg wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb| wbgœ wjwLZ Drm n‡Z SzuwK m¤úK©xq Z_¨ cvIqv hvq:
1. cÖ¯Ívebv dg© (Proposal Form): exgv MÖn‡Y AvMÖnx e¨w³‡K exgvKvix ev exgv†Kv¤úvbx GKwU cÖ¯Ívebv dg© cÖ`vb
K‡i| G d‡g© exgv MÖnxZvi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨vw` wjwce× Ki‡Z nq| Ggb †Kvb welq hv Rvbv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb Zv
Rvbv‡Z bv PvIqv n‡jI Zv Rvbv‡Z n‡e| KviY exgv P~ovš— wek¦v‡mi Pzw³| Avi exgv MÖnxZv‡K mwVK, wbf©yj I m¤ú~Y©
Z_¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kvb Z_¨ †Mvcb ev AwZiwÄZ Kiv hv‡ebv| ZvB ejv hvq †Kvb exgv MÖnxZvi SzuwK m¤ú‡K©
Rvbvi Rb¨ cÖ¯—vebv dg©B cÖ_g I cÖavb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Drm|
2. ¯^v¯’¨ cix¶vi cÖwZ‡e`b (Report of the Medical Examination): ¯^v¯’¨ cix¶vi cÖ¯ÍvweZ exgv MÖnxZvi
e¨w³MZ cwiwPwZ, ¯^v¯’¨, kvexwiK MVb msµvš— mvaviY I mvwe©K Ae¯’v cÖZ¨¶ I cix¶‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖ¯Ívebvi mv‡_
wgwj‡q GKwU wi‡cv©U cÖ`vb K‡i| cix¶v wbix¶v I ch©‡e¶‡Yi ci ¯^v¯’¨ m¤ú‡K© GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk K‡ib; hv‡K
†Kv¤úvbx wbf©~j I wbf©i‡hvM¨ Z_¨ e‡j MY¨ K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e wKQz wKQz ÎywU _vKv A¯^vfvweK bq| ZviciI wPwKrm‡Ki
¯^v¯’¨ m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b SzuwK msµvšÍ Z‡_ï Ab¨Zg Drm|
3. exgv cÖwZwbwai cÖwZ‡e`b (Report of Agent): exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv exgv MÖnxZv msMÖn Kivi Rb¨ exgv cÖwZwbwa
wb‡qvM K‡i _v‡K, hviv Zv‡ì mswkøó GjvKv‡Z exgvcÎ weµ‡qi Rb¨ wewfbœ m¤¢vebvgq e¨w³‡ì mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i
exgv µ‡q D™¢~× K‡i _v‡K| cvkvcvwk Zv‡ì m¤ú©‡K SzuwK msµvšÍ wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i wi‡cvU© AvKv‡i †ck K‡i|
Z‡e, Zviv weµ‡qi Dci wbw`©ó nv‡i Kwgkb cvq e‡j A‡bK mgq AwZiwÄZ Z_¨ w`‡q _v‡K| ZvB, exgv cÖwZwbwa
KZ…K cÖ`Ë Z_¨ Kg wbf©ikxj| ZviciI SzuwK m¤ú©‡K Z‡_ï Rb¨ exgv cÖwZwbwa‡ì cÖwZ‡e`b GKwU Drm wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i|
4. cwi`k©b cÖwZ‡e`b (Inspection Report): eZ©gvb hy‡M exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jvi wbR¯^ cwi`k©K Kg©KZ©v Av‡Qb,
hv‡ì‡K Dbœqb Kg©KZ©v, cwi`k©K ev gvV wbe©vnx e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| Zv‡ì KvR n‡jv exgv cÖwZwbwaKZ…K cÖ`Ë
Z_¨ gvV ch©v‡q wM‡q hvPvB evQvB Kiv| cwi`k©KMY cÖ¯—vweZ exgvMÖnxi AÁv‡Z Zvi m¤ú‡K© Zvi mnKg©x,
cvovcÖwZ‡ekx, eëmvqx Askxìmn wewfbœ †jvK †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn K‡ib| Zv‡ì †h‡nZz cÖZ¨¶ †Kvb ¯^v_© †bB, ZvB
Zv‡ì cÖ`Ë Z_¨ AwaKZi wbf©‡hvM¨|
5. eÜz-evÜe (Friends): cÖ¯—vweZ exgv MÖnxZvi Nwbó eÜz-evÜe †_‡KI Z_¨ cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| Zviv Nwbó e‡j
Av‡bK Z_¨ Rvbv _v‡K| Z‡e A‡bK mgq Nwbó eÜyiv mwVK Z_¨ w`‡Z Pvq bv|
6. cvwievwiK wPwKrmK (Family Physician): cÖ¯ÍvweZ exgv MÖvnK †h wPwKrm‡Ki wPwKrmv †bq, Zvi wbKU Zvi ¯^v¯’¨
Af¨vm m¤ú‡K© mwVK I wbf©yj Z_¨ _v‡K| KviY, D³ cvwievwiK wPwKrm‡Ki wbKU cwiev‡ii AviI m`m¨‡ì ¯^v¯’¨
m¤úwK©Z c~e©Kvi mKj Z_¨ _v‡K|

7. eëmvqxK mn‡hvMxMY (Business Associates): hv‡ì mv‡_ eëmwqK NwbóZv Av‡Q, Zv‡ì Kv‡Q cÖ¯—vweZ exgv
MÖnxZvi Av‡bK Z_¨ Rvbv _vK‡Z cv‡i, KviY Zv‡ì mv‡_ ü`¨Zvc~Y© m¤úK© _v‡K e‡j A‡bK wKQzB †Mvcb _v‡K bv|
Z‡e, Zv‡ì KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv Kômva¨ e¨vcvi|
8. cÖwZ‡ekxMY (Neighbours): cÖwZ‡ekxMYI A‡bK ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ †R‡b _v‡K| Z‡e, m¤úK© fvj bv _vK‡j fyj Z_¨
†hgb w`‡Z cv‡i, Avevi m¤úK© Lvic _vK‡j Z_¨ †MvcbI Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e, cÖ`Ë Z_¨ wePvi K‡i wKQz Z_¨ †ei Kiv
m¤¢e|
9. wPwKrmv Z_¨ ey‡iv (Medical Information Bureau): gvwK©bhy³ ivóªmn wKQz wKQz DbœZ †`‡k wPwKrmv ey‡iv
Rbmvavi‡Yi ¯^v¯’¨ i¶v I wPwKrmvq KvR K‡i _v‡K| exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv G ey‡ivi m`m¨ n‡q _v‡K| d‡j Gey‡iv †_‡K
mswkøó exgv cÖ¯Íve‡Ki ¯^v¯’¨ ¯úvwK©Z cvwievwiK BwZnvm I Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq, hv AwaKZi wbf©i‡hvM¨|
Z‡e, Avgv‡ì †`‡k GLbI Gai‡Yi cÖwZôvb †bB|
10. FY AbymÜvb ey‡iv (Credit Information Bureu): G cªwZôv‡bi KvR n‡jv eëmvqx‡ì Avw_©K I mvgvwRK
Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv| †Kvb we‡kl eëmvqxi Avw_©K Ae¯’v I m”PjZv m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv| Gai‡bi cÖwZôvb KZ…K
mievinK…Z Z_¨ †MvcbxqZv i¶v Kiv nq| ZvB Gai‡bi cÖZôvb †_‡K mievinK…Z Z_¨ AwaKZi wbf©i †hvM¨ I mwVK
n‡q _v‡K|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ‡`Lv †Mj †h, wewfbœ Drm †_‡K SzuwK m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| G‡Z AwaK Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv
m¤¢e nq e‡j wbf©i†hvM¨ Z_¨ cvIqv m¤¢e|
SzuwKi Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vb (Factors Affecting Risk)

wewfbœ exgvi †¶‡Î wfbœ wfbœ Dcv`vb cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i _v‡K| ZvB Avgiv GLv‡b Rxeb exgv, †bŠ-exgv I AwMœ exgvi
†¶‡Î wK wK Dcv`vb cÖfvweZ K‡i Zv Av‡jvPbv Kie|
Rxebexgvi †¶‡Î SzuwKi Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vb

Factors Affecting Risks In case of life Insurance
Rxeb exgvi †¶‡Î †h mKj Dcv`vb cÖfvweZ K‡i Zv wb‡gœ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. eqm (Age): exgvi †¶‡Î eqm GKRb exgv MÖnxZvi SzuwKi Ab¨Zg cÖavb Dcv`vb| Avgv‡ì †`‡k `k †_‡K cuwP‡ki
g‡a¨ eqm †K ¯^vfvweK SzuwK g‡b Kiv nq| Gi evB‡ii eq‡m g„Zzï SzuwK †ekx| ZvB eqm wbq¯¿Y Kiv GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y©
Dcv`vb| eqm wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡Î 6 gv‡mi wb‡P n‡j c~‡e©i eqm µg Ges 6 gvm †_‡K Zvi D‡×©i Rb¨ cieZ©x eqmµg
aiv nq| †hgb K‡iv eqm hw` 30 eQi 5 gvm 15 w`b nq, Z‡e Zvi eqm 30 eQi aiv n‡e| Gevi Kv‡ivi eqm hw`
30 eQi 6 gvm 15 w`b nq, Z‡e Zvi eqm 31 eQi aiv n‡e| Gfv‡eB eq:µg wba©viY Kiv nq|
2. kvixwiK MVb (Build): kvixwiK MVb ej‡Z †`‡ni D”PZv IRb, IRb e›Ub, ey‡Ki cÖmviZv BZ¨vw`‡K eySvb nq|
†`‡ni A½cÖZ½¸‡jv hw` AvbycvwZK nv‡i e›Ub bv n†q n«vm e„w× ev Amg e›Ub nq, Z‡e SzuwKi cwigvY e„w× K‡i| GUv
Avevi eq‡mi mv‡_I m¤úwK©Z| Aí eq‡m IRb Kg Avi †ekx eq‡m IRb †ekx g„Zzï SzuwK evovq|
3. ¯^v¯’¨MZ Ae¯’v (Physical Condition): cÖ¯—vweZ Av‡e`bKvixi ¯^v¯’¨MZ Ae¯’v ej‡Z `„wó kw³, kªeY-kw³,
ü`h¯¿, dzmdzm, cwicvKh¯¿, wKWbx, i³Pvc wb‡q ¯^v¯’¨MZ Ae¯’v eySvq| G¸‡jvi Ae¯’vi Dci g„Z¨z i SzuwK A‡KKvs‡k
wbf©i K‡i| ZvB ¯^v¯’¨MZ SzuwK wbq¯¿‡Yi Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
4. e¨w³MZ BwZnvm (Personal History): e¨w³MZ BwZnvm ej‡Z cÖ¯ÍvweZ exgv MÖnxZvi AZxZ Af¨vm, ¯^v‡¯’ï
weeiY, †ckv, exgv msµvšÍ BwZnvm BZ¨vwì mgwó‡K e¨w³MZ BwZnvm e‡j| e¨w³MZ BwZnvm fvj g‡›ì Dci g„Zyï
SzuwKi cwigvY Kg †ekx n‡q _v‡K|
wbgœwjwLZ Ae¯’v SzuwKi cwigvY evwo‡q †`q:

K) AwZ‡Z hw` g`¨cv‡bi Af¨vm _v‡K; ev

L) MZ 5 eQi hver hw` cÖ¯—vweZ exgv MÖnxZv †Kvb eo ai‡Yi †iv‡M fy‡M _v‡K; ev
M) BwZc~‡e© wZwb hw` †Kvb A¯^v¯’¨Ki ev wec`RbK †ckvq KvR K‡i _v‡Kb; Ges
N) BwZg‡a¨ hw` wZwb †Kvb exgvKvix KZ…K exgvK…Z n‡q _v‡Kb I †m‡¶‡Î m‡›`n _v‡K Ges SzuwKi cwigvY e„w× cvq|
ZvB †Kvb e¨w³i AZxZ BwZnvm e¨w³MZ SzuwK wbiycY I wbq¯¿‡Y f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
5. cvwievwiK BwZnvm (Family History): e¨w³MZ BwZnv‡mi gZ cwievwiK BwZnvmI SzuwK wbq¯¿‡Y cÖfvweZ K‡i|
cvwiev‡ii Ab¨vb¨ m`‡mï †ckv, ¯^v¯’¨, †ivM e¨wa BZ¨vwì BwZnvm SzuwK n«vm e„w×‡Z Ae`vb iv‡L| †hgb Kv‡ivi hw`
eûg~Î ‡ivM _v‡K ev D”P i³Pvc _v‡K, Z‡e cieZ©x eskai‡ì g‡a¨ Gai‡bi †ivMevjvB n‡Z cv‡i|
6. †ckv (Occupation): †ckv SzuwKi Ab¨Zg Drm n‡Z cv‡i| wec`RbK †ckvq KvR K‡i, Z‡e †hgb `~N©Ubvq
co‡Z cv‡i, †Zgwb †ckvRwbZ ‡ivMI n‡Z cv‡i| AwZwi³ Kg© Pvc _vK‡j wewfbœ ai‡Yi eo e¨wa‡Z AvµvššÍ n‡Z
cv‡i| Gme Kvi‡Y †ckvi mv‡_ SzuwKi m¤úK© wbexo| Avevi ¯^vfvweK †ckvi SzuwKI Kg|
7. Avevmb (Residence): Avevm ¯’j hw` ¯^v¯’¨Ki bv nq| cÖwZK~j AvenvIqv nq, Zvn‡j ¯^v‡¯’ï Dci cÖwZK~j cÖfve
c‡o; hv SzuwK e„w× K‡i| hw` fvj wPwKrmv eë¯’v Avevm¯’‡ji KvQvKvwQ fvj bv _v‡K I cwienb eë¯’v bv _v‡K
Zvn‡jI SzuwKi gvÎv †e‡o hvq| Avevi Gi excwiZ n‡j SzuwK Kgvq| ZvB ejv hvq GKRb e¨w³i Avevmb SzuwK n«vm
e„w×‡Z cÖfve †d‡j|
8. eZ©gvb Af¨vm (Present Habit): †Kvb exgv cÖ¯ÍveKvixi eZ©gvb Af¨vm, †hgb: AwZwi³ g`¨cvb, †bkv Kiv,
AwZwi³ a~gcvb SzuwKi gvÎv e„w× K‡i| Avi Af¨vm fvj n‡j SzuwK ¯^vfvweK _v‡K|
9. ˆbwZK PwiÎ (Moral Character): ˆbwZK PwiÎ fvj bv n‡j SzuwK e„w× cvq| †hgb Kv‡ivi hw` †Kvb Amv`PiY
_v‡K Zv `~iv‡ivM¨ †ivMe¨vwa e„w× cvq I AvqyK‡g hvq|
10. esk I RvZxqZv (Race and Nationality): esk I RvZxqZv †f‡` gvby‡li Avqy Kg ‡ekx cwijw¶Z nq| †hgb
D”P es‡ki †jvK‡ì †P‡q wbgœ es‡ki †jvK‡ì Avqy Kg e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| Avevi wbi¶xq AÂ‡ji †jvK‡ì Mo Avqy
Kg †`Lv hvq| ZvB esk I RvwZ †f‡` SzuwK‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|
11. bvix I cyiyl (Male–Female): cyiy‡li †P‡q gwnjv‡ì g„Zzï SzuwK †ekx| we‡kl K‡i cÖmeKvjxb wec` g„Zzï
SzuwK evwo‡q ‡`q| ZvQvov Avgv‡ì †`‡ki gwnjv‡ì wk¶veë¯’v I wPwKrmv eë¯’vi Afve i‡q‡Q| Z`ycwi Afve,
msKxY©Zv I cÖwZK~j cwi‡ek Avqy¯‹vj ¶wZMÖ¯’ K‡i SzuwK e„w× K‡i|
12. Avw_©K gh©v`v (Economic Status): cÖ¯—ve `vZvi cvwievwiK I eëmvwqK Avw_©K Ae¯’v fvj _vK‡j, fvj Lv`¨
MÖnY, fvj wPwKrmv myweav I fvj Avevmb wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i I gvbywlK Pvc Kg _v‡K| Gi wecixZ nv‡j SzuwK e„w×
cvq|
13. cÖwZi¶v mvwf©m (Defence Service): AvaywbK hy‡M Rxeb i¶vKvix I wbivcËv †KŠkj e„w× m‡Z¡I GLb ch©š‘
cÖwZi¶v mvwf©‡m g„Zzï SzuwK †ekx| GUv‡K wec`RbK †ckv g‡b Kiv nq|
14. exgv cwiKíbv (Insurance Plan): wKQz exgv cwjwm †ekx SzuwK enb K‡i| †hgb-eûg~Lx exgvcÎ G avi‡bi exgv
cÎ GKB mv‡_ eû myweav cÖ`v‡bi cÖwZkÖywZ _v‡K weavq SzuwKi gvÎv †ekx _v‡K| ZvB ejv hvq exgv cv‡Îi ai‡bi
Dc‡iI SzuwKi cwigvY wbf©i K‡i| Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ Dcv`b¸‡jvB Rxeb exgvi SzuwK wbq¯¿Y K‡i _v‡K|
†bŠexgvi †¶‡Î SzuwKi Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vb

Factors Affecting Risk in Case of Marin Insurance
†bŠexgvi †¶‡Î SzuwK m„wóKvix Dcv`bmg~n wbgœiƒc:
1. exgvMÖnxZvi e¨w³MZ weeiY: exgv MÖnY Kivi c~‡e© cÖ¯ÍvweZ exgvMÖnxZvi e¨w³MZ weeiY, h_v: wVKvbv, eëmv,
¯^fvePwiÎ, Af¨vm BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| KviY f~qv Z_¨ exgvi SzuwK Ah_v e„w× K‡i| ZvB exgvKvixi G wel‡q
mveavb n‡Z n‡e|

2. †bŠhv‡bi Ae¯’v: †bŠhvb PjvP‡ji †hvM¨Zvi Dci SzuwKi cwigvY A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i| †bŠhvb hw` Av`k© gv‡bi nq
Z‡e SzuwK Kg, Avi AeKvVvg hw` Av`k©gv‡bi Kg nq Z‡e SzuwK †ekx|
3. c‡Yï weeiY I AeMwZ: c‡Yï cÖK…wZi Dci SzuwK Kg ‡ekx nq| wKQz cY¨ †ekx SzuwKc~Y© †hgb: cPbkxj `ªe¨, `vn¨
c`v_© BZ¨vw`| ZvQvov cY¨¸‡jv h‡_vchy³ ¯’v‡b I h_vh_fv‡e mvRvb wKbv Zvi DciI SzuwK wbf©i K‡i|
4. †bŠhv‡bi PjvPj c_: mgy‡`ªi PjvPj c_ me mgvb wec` RbK bq| wKQz c‡_ Rj`kÿ, cÖvK…wZK wec` cÖf„Zx
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ekx| d‡j SzuwKi m¤¢vebvI †ekx| Avevi wKQz PjvPj c_ A‡c¶vK…Z Kg SzuwKc~Y©| ZvB, exgvKvixi
exgv MÖnY Kivi mgq †bŠhvb †h c‡_ PjvPj K‡i I †h mg‡q PjvPj Ki‡e Zv Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb|
5. †bŠhvb PjvP‡ji †hvM¨Zv: †bŠhv‡bi PjvPj †hvM¨Zvi ZviZg¨ _v‡K| †Kvb hvb PjvP‡ji †ekx Dc‡hvMx A_ev
†KvbUv Kg Dc‡hvMx, hv SzuwK‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| ZvB exgvi `vq MÖnY Kv‡j †bŠhv‡bi PjvPj †hvM¨Zv j¶¨ Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb|
6. PjvP‡ji mgq I cwimi: †bŠc_ memgq mgvb SzuwKc~Y© bq| mg‡qi mv‡_ SzuwKi ZviZg¨ Av‡Q| Avi †bŠhvb
PjvP‡ji e¨wßi mv‡_I SzuwKi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| †ekx mgq mgy‡`ª PjvPj Ki‡j SzuwKi cwigvY A‡c¶vK…Z Kg mg‡q Pjvi
†P‡q †ekx nq| ZvB, †bŠ PjvP‡ji c_ I cwimi SzuwK wbq¯¿Y K‡i weavq SzuwK MÖn‡Yi c~‡e© Zv we‡ePbvq Avbv cÖ‡qvRb|
7. wewea: Dc‡iv³ welq¸‡jv e¨vwZZ exgvKvix‡K AviI wKQz wel‡q mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb: RvnvRwU †Kvb
kÎy †`‡ki g‡a¨ w`‡q Pj‡Q wKbv, †Kvb hy× cwiw¯’wZ weivR Ki‡e wKbv BZ¨vw`; hv SzuwKi cwigvY e„w× K‡i| †h‡nZz
Dc‡iD‡jøwLZ wel‡q exgvi SzuwK cÖfvweZ nq ZvB exgv MÖn‡Yi c~‡e© G wel‡q kZ©KZv Aej¤^b Kiv Avek¨K|
AwMœexgvi †¶v‡Î SzuwK m„wóKvix Dcv`vbmg~n

Factors Affecting Risk in Case of Fire Insurance
Ab¨vb¨ exgvi gZ AwMœexgvi †¶‡Î SzuwK m„wóKvix wKQz Dcv`vb Av‡Q hv exgvKvixi we‡ePbvq Avbv GKvš— Acwinvh©|
wb‡gœ AwMœexgvi SzuwK m„wóKvix Dcv`vb¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
1. exgvMÖnxZvi e¨w³MZ Z_¨: †bŠexgvi b¨vq AwMœexgvi RbÏ exgvKvixi bvg, wVKvbv, †ckv, PwiÎ, BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Z_¨
†bqv Avek¨K| KviY, G¸‡jv mvgwMÖK cÖZviYv I ¶wZi KviY nevi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q hv SzuwK‡K e„w× K‡i|
2. exgvPzw³i welqe¯‘: cÖ¯—vweZ exgvi welqe¯‘i cÖK…wZ, evRvi g~j¨, Avqy®‹vj BZ¨vwì mv‡_ SzuwKi m¤úK© Av‡Q|
AwMœexgvi welqe¯‘i wfbœZv I cÖK…wZi Kvi‡Y SzuwKiI cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| AwMœexgv MÖnY Kivi c~‡e© c‡Yï welqe¯‘, Ae¯’vb,
cÖK…wZ, cwigvY, BZ¨vw` we‡ePbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
3. GjvKv ev Ae¯’vb: exgvi welqe¯‘ I Ae¯’vb A_©vr †Kvb GjvKvq Aew¯’Z Zv SzuwKi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ask| welqe¯‘wU
hw` wigyU GjvKvq nq, †hgb: `gKj evwnbx †h‡Z cv‡ibv, Zvn‡j AwMœKvÛ NU‡j Zv wbfvb Am¤¢ve n‡e; hv SzuwK e„w×
K‡i| Avi hw` NbewmwZc~Y© nq ev GjvKvq †jvKRb `~a©l A_ev GjvKvi Amr Pwi‡Îi nq Z‡e SzuwKi cwigvY AviI
†ekx _v‡K| AZGe, exgvi welq e¯‘i Ae¯’vb GKRb exgvKvixi Rb¨ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© we‡eP¨ welq|
4. ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v: †Mvj‡hvMc~Y© ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v Kg †Mvj‡hvMc~Y© cwi‡ek †_‡K †ekx SzuwKc~Y©| ZvB exgvKvixi
Rb¨ G Dcv`vbwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb|
5. wewea: Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ welq e¨wZZ AiI A‡bK welq Av‡Q hv SzuwK‡K e„w× K‡i _v‡K| †hvgb:
K. exgvMÖnxZv ev exgMÖnxZvi eëmv‡qi myôy †Kvb cwiKíbv Av‡Q wKbv|
L. Zv‡ì wk¶v I `vwqZ¡kxjZvi ¯Íi|
M. ê`ÿwZK †Mvj‡hvM|
N. Zvc gvÎvi cwigvY|
O. AwMœ wbe©vcK hvbevnb myweav Av‡Q wKbv I Zvi PjvP‡ji myweav Av‡Q wKbv|
P. ¸`vg ev KviLvbvi wbg©vY KvVv‡gv|
Q. `vn¨ `ªe¨ ¸`vgRvZ ev cwievwnZ n‡”Q wKbv|
R. Av¸b `ªyZ Qovbi gZ Ae¯’v weivR Ki‡Q wKbv|

S. exgv cwjwmi mgqKvj †ekx wKbv|

T. exgv Pzw³i D‡Ïk¨|
U. exgv `vexi cÖZ¨vkv BZ¨vw`|
gvby‡li Rxeb I m¤ú‡ì SzuwKmg~n

Risk of Human Being and Proparty
gvby‡li Rxe‡b SzuwK (Risk in Human life)
1. eqm e„w× I g„Zzï SzuwK: eqm I g„Zz¨ gvby‡li wbq¯¿‡Yi evB‡i| eqm cÖwZwbqZ †eoB Pj‡Q| Avi eqm evovi mv‡_
mv‡_ GK ch©vq gvbyl `~e©j nq, †ivMe¨wa‡Z AvµvšÍ nq I Kg©¶gZv Kg‡Z Kg‡Z GKmgq gviv hvq|
2. †ivMe¨wa RwbZ SzuwK: gvbyl †h †Kvb mgq †ivM-e¨wa‡Z AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| †iv‡Mi d‡j Avw_©K ¶wZ A_ev ¯’vqx
A¶gZv GgbwK g„Zz¨‡Z cwZZ n‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j, cvwievi Avw_©K AbU‡b c‡o mnvq m¤^jnxb n‡Z cv‡i|
3. Kg©nxbZvi SzuwK: Kg©B gvby‡li RxweKvi Drm| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y gvbyl Kg©nxb n‡q co‡Z cv‡i| Avi Kg©nxb n‡j gvbyl
Avw_©K AbU‡b wbcwZZ nq| cwievi Pvjvb Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o|
4. `~N©Ubv RwbZ SzuwK: AvaywbK hvw¯¿K hy‡M gvbyl †h †Kb mgq †h‡Kvb ai‡bi `~N©Ubvq cwZZ n‡Z cv‡i| `~N©Ubvi d‡j
gvbyl As½ nviv‡Z cv‡i, Kg©¶gZv mvgwqK ev ¯’vqx fv‡e nviv‡Z cv‡i, GgbwK RxebI nviv‡Z cv‡i| d‡j †m Ges Zuvi
cwievi wbf©ikxj n‡q mgv‡Ri †euvSv n‡q ‡h‡Z cv‡i|
5. Rxeb-RxweKv Z_v fiY-†cvlY, jvjb-cvjb I Rxe‡b cÖwZôvi AwbðqZi SzuwK: gvby‡li fiY-†cvlY I cÖwZôvjv‡fi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb cÖPzi A‡_©i| A_© I Avq Dc©vRb e¨wZZ Rxeb Pvjvb hvq bv| †cvl¨‡ì Afve †gUv‡bv hvh bv, jvjb
cvjb Kiv hvq bv| Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb †ivRMv‡ii| ZvB gvby‡li Rxe‡b Avw_©K AwbðqZv GKwU eo SzuwK|
m¤ú`-m¤úwËi †¶‡Î SzuwKmg~n (Risk in Case of Proparty)

gvbyl eû K‡ó Dcv©Rb K‡i _v‡K| Avi K‡óDcvwR©Z A_© Øviv Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í m¤ú` M‡o Zz‡j| wKš‘ m¤ú` i¶vKiv KwVb
KvR| me©`v m¤ú‡` wewfbœ iKg SzuwKi g‡a¨ c‡o ¶wZMÖ¯’Z nq| †h mKj Kvi‡Y m¤ú` SzuwKi g‡a¨ c‡o aŸsk nq Zv
wb‡gœ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
1. cÖvK…wZK SzuwK: cÖvK…wZK SzuwK ej‡Z †h SzuwK cÖvK…wZKfv‡e m„ó, hv‡Z gvby‡li †Kvb Ae`vb †bB Zv‡K eySvq|
cÖvK…wZK SzuwKi g‡a¨ eb¨v, Rj”Qvm, N~wY©So, AwMœ, fv½b, f~wgam, cøveb, el©Y, Lov, RxeRv‡bvqviI KxU-cZ½, So
BZ¨vw` Øviv gvby‡li m¤ú` I m¤úwË R‡j-¯’‡j I Aš—ix‡¶ †h †Kvb ¯’v‡b †h †Kvb mg‡q aŸs‡ki SzuwK i‡q‡Q| hvi
d‡j, m¤ú‡ì ¶wZ mvavb n‡q gvbyl c‡_i wfKvix n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i †h †Kvb g~û‡Z©|
2. AcÖvK…wZK SzuwK: AcÖvK…wZK SzuwK ej‡Z gvbyl KZ…©K m„ó SzuwK‡K †evSvq| Pzwi WvKvwZ, wQbZvB, AwMœ ms‡Rvb, jyÚb,
Rj`ym¨Zv, kÎyZv, hy×-weMÖn, ag©NU, niZvj, fqfxwZ cÖ`k©b, cÖZviYv, Ae‡njv, AmZ©KZv, BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y m¤ú` I
m¤úwËi aŸsk, webó, †envZ I aŸskcÖvß n‡Z cv‡i, hv gvby‡li RxebwRexKvi Dci Aw_©K AwbðqZvi KviY n‡q
`vuov‡Z cv‡i| hvi d‡j gvbyl Avw_©K AwbðqZvi g‡a¨ wbcwZZ nq|
Dc‡iv³ welq¸‡jv†K Avm‡j SzuwK ejv hvq bv| eis, G¸‡jv‡K wec`-wech©q ejv hvq| Zv‡e, G¸‡jv †_‡KB SzuwKi
DrcwË nq ev Aw_©K AwbðqZvi KviY n‡q ùvovq| Z‡e hvB BDK, gvbyl I Zvi m¤ú‡ì †h mKj SzuwKi m¤§¶xY nq
Zv Dc‡i m‡¶‡c eY©bv Kiv nv‡jv|
wewfbœ cÖKvi SzuwK †gvKv‡ejvq exgvi f~wgKv

Role of Insurance to Face Various Kinds of Risks
gvbyl Zuvi wb‡Ri Rxeb I m¤ú`-m¤úwËi Rb¨ †h mKj SzuwKi m¤§¶xY n‡q _v‡K Zv †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ GK Kvh©Ki
eë¯’vi D™¢e n‡q‡Q hvi bvg exgv| gvbyl I m¤ú` m¤úwËi †h ai‡Yi SzuwKi m¤§¶xY nq Zv †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ wewfbœ
cÖKvi exgv cwjwmi cÖPjb n‡q‡Q| exgvi gva¨‡g GKc¶ Zvi SzuwK †mjvgx cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g Av‡bï wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i

Ges Aci c¶ Zvi wewbg‡q SzuwK enb Kivi A½xKvi K‡i| A_©vr Pzw³ †gvZv‡eK ¶wZ n‡j wbw`©ó cwigvY ¶wZc~iY
K‡i _v‡K| Rxeb exgvi †¶‡Î mvaviYZ: exgvi †gqv‡ì g‡a¨ gviv †M‡j A_ev exgvi †gqv` DË©xY n‡j exgvi `vex
cwi‡kva Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î ¶wZc~iY wbwðZ| wKš‘, m¤úwË exgvi †¶‡Î exgv mg‡qi g‡a¨ wbw`©ó NUbv NU‡jB ïay
¶wZc~iY cv‡e| wKš‘, NUbv bv NU‡j †Kvb ¶wZc~iY cv‡e bv| exgvi gva¨‡g exgvMÖnxZv †hgb ¶wZc~iY cvq, †Zgwb
exgvKvix A‡b‡Ki KvQ †_‡K exgvi `vq MÖnY K‡i †mjvgx wn‡m‡e cÖPzi A_© msMÖn K‡i jvfevb nevi my‡hvM cvq|
exgvKvixMY gvbyl I m¤ú‡ì SzuwK eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨ †h mKj exgvc‡Îi D™¢veb K‡i‡Q Zv wb‡gœ D‡j- L Kiv n‡jv:
Rxeb exgvi †¶‡Î cÖPwjZ exgvcÎ mg~n (Policy Offered in Case of Life Insurance)
Rxeb exgvi †¶‡Î cÖavbZ: wbgœwjwLZ Pvi cÖKvi exgv c‡Îi cÖPjb Av‡Q:
1| AvRxeb exgv cÎ, 2| †gqv`x exgv cÎ, 3| mvgvwRK exgv cÎ, I 4| DËi Rxex exgv cÎ| cÖwZwUi Avevi DcwfMvM
Av‡Q| †hgb AvRxeb exgvcÎ‡K Aweivg wKw¯Í m¤úbœ, GK wKw¯Í m¤úbœ, mxwgZ wKw¯Í m¤úbœ Ges cwieZ©b†hvM¨ exgvcÎ
†`Lv hvq|
mvgwqK exgvcÎ Avevi mij ev ¯^íKvjxb, bevqb†hvM¨ I cwieZ©b†hvM¨ exgv c‡Î DcwefvM †`Lv hvq|
†gqv`x exgv c‡Î me©v‡c¶v †ekx DcwefvM i‡q‡Q ‡hgb: weï× †gqv`x, mvaviY †gqv`x, †hŠ_ Rxeb, wØ-wea Avw_©K
myweav m¤úbœ, wÎ-wea myweav m¤úbœ, eû wea myweav m¤úbœ, wba©wiZ †gqv`x, wkï‡ì wejw¤^Z †gqv`x exgv cÎ BZ¨vw`|
cÖK…Z c‡¶ Rxeb exgv ej‡Z †gqv`x Rxeb exgv‡KB cÖavbZ aiv nq| GQvov ewl©K e„wË, †Mvôx exgv, e¨w³MZ `~N©Ubv
exgv, Kg©Pvix `vq exgv BZ¨vw` i‡q‡Q| †Kvb exgv ¯^í †gqv`x SzuywK enb K‡i, Avei †Kvb exgv `xN© †gqv`x SzuwK enb
K‡i| ‡KvbwU wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi Rb¨, †KvbwU A‡bï Rxe‡bi Dci SzuwK enb K‡i| †Kvb exgv wbR Rxe‡b Avw_©K myweav
†fvM Kivi Rb¨ exgv Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †KvbwU Avevi e„× eq‡m Aw_©K wbðqZv †`q| †KvbwU Avevi `jMZ SzuwK enb
K‡i| †KvbwU GKK Rxe‡bi Dci, Avevi †KvbwU eû Rxeb‡i Dci exgv myweav †`qv nq| G fv‡e, exgv MÖnxZvi Pvwn`v
I cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii Rxeb exgv cÎ Bmÿ Kiv nq|
m¤úwË exgvi †¶‡Î cÖPwjZ exgvcÎmg~n

Policies Offered in Case of Property Insurance
m¤úwË exgv‡K cÖavbZ `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv nq, h_v AwMœexgv I †bŠ-exgv| †bŠexgvq mgy`ªhvÎv wfwËK exgvcÎ, mgq wfwËK
exgvcÎ, wgkª exgvcÎ, g~j¨vwqZ exgvcÎ, Ag~j¨vwqZ exgvcÎ, fvmgvb exgvcÎ, hyMœexgvcÎ BZ¨vw` exgvcÎ cwijw¶Z nq
hvi cÖwZwUi ¯^Z¡¯¿ êwkó¨ i‡q‡Q|
AwMœexgvi †¶‡Î †hmKj exgvcÎ i‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv, g~j¨vwqZ exgvcÎ, Ag~j¨vwqZ exgvcÎ, MocoZv exgvcÎ, wewbw`©ó
exgvcÎ, fvmgvb exgvcÎ, †NvlYv exgvcÎ, mgš^q †hvM¨ exgv cÎ, evowZ exgvcÎ, evÆvhy³ exgvcÎ, mev©waK g~‡jï
exgvcÎ, c~b:¯’vcb exgvcÎ, mw¤§wjZ exgvcÎ, Avbymw½K ¶wZ exgvcÎ BZ¨vw`|
Dc‡ivwjøwLZ exgvcÎ QvovI AviI A‡bK cÖKvi exgv cÎ i‡q‡Q †hgb: km¨ exgv, Mev`x cï exgv, `~N©Ubv exgv, ¯^v¯’¨
exgv, avi exgv, cÖ‡KŠkjx exgv, †Pvh©¨ exgv, WvK Ni Rxebexgv, wegvb exgv, miKvix Kg©Pvix exgv, gwjK‡ì `vq exgv,
ißvbx exgv, wek¦¯’Zv exgv, hvbevnb exgv, gybvdv exgv BZ¨vw`|
myZivs GKRb gvbyl Zvi Rxeb I m¤ú‡ì Dci †hmKj SzuwKi AvksKv K‡i †m¸‡jv †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ exgv
Dc‡iv³ wewfbœ ai‡bi exgv c‡Îi cÖPjb K‡i‡Q| exgvKvix SzuwK enb Kiv QvovI B`vwbs civgk© g~jK, RbKj¨vY g~jK
I †mevag©x Kvh©µg I cÖKí cwiPvjbv K‡i Avm‡Q|

cvV ms‡¶c: 8.3

cÖ¯Ívebv dg©, ¯^v¯’¨ cix¶vi cÖwZ‡e`b, exgv cÖwZwbwai cÖwZ‡e`b, cwi`k©b cÖwZ‡e`b, eÜz-evÜe, cvwievwiK wPwKrmK,
eëmvqxK mn‡hvMxMY, cÖwZ‡ekxMY, wPwKrmv Z_¨ ey‡iv I FY AbymÜvb ey‡iv cÖf…wZ SzuwK m¤úK©xq Z‡_ï Drm|
eqm, kvixwiK MVb, ¯^v¯’¨MZ Ae¯’v, e¨w³MZ BwZnvm, cvwievwiK BwZnvm, †ckv, Avevmb, eZ©gvb Af¨vm, ˆbwZK
PwiÎ, esk I RvZxqZv, bvix I cyiyl, Avw_©K gh©v`v, cÖwZi¶v mvwf©m I wegv cwiKíbv cÖf…wZ Rxebexgvi †¶‡Î SzuwKi
Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vb| exgvMÖnxZvi e¨w³MZ weeiY, †bŠhv‡bi Ae¯’v, c‡Yï weeiY I AeMwZ, †bŠhv‡bi
PjvPj c_, †bŠhvb PjvP‡ji †hvM¨Zv I PjvP‡ji mgq I cwimi cÖf…wZ †bŠexgvi †¶‡Î SzuwKi Dci cÖfve we¯—
viKvix Dcv`vb|

1. †KvbwU SzuwK m¤úK©xZ Z‡_ï Drm bq?
K) cÖ¯—vebv dg© L) ¯^v¯’¨ cix¶vi cÖwZ‡e`b
M) exgv cÖwZwbwai cÖwZ‡e`b N) esk I RvZxqZv
2. †KvbwU SzuwKi cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vb bq?
K) eqm L) kvwiixK MVb
M) ¯^v¯’¨MZ MVb N) cvwievwiK wPwKrmK
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
3. SzuwK m¤úK©xq Z‡Zï Drmmg~n eY©bv Kiyb|
4. Szwu Ki Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vYmg~n eY©bv Kiyb|
DËigvjv
1. N 2. L 3. N

1. K 2. N

1. N 2. N
cÖkœgvjv
msw¶ß cÖkœ
1. SzuwK eë¯’vcbv ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
2. Szwu K eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©vejx wK wK?
3. SzuwK g~j¨vqb ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
4. SzuwK wbe©vPb D‡Ïk¨My‡jv wK wK?
5. exgv‡hvM¨ SzuwKi †kªbx wefvM eY©bv Kiyb|

6. Rxeb exgvq wK wK exgvcÎ cÖPjb Av‡Q?

7. †bŠ exgvq wK wK cwjwm Av‡Q?
8. AwMœ exgvq wK wK cwjwm Av‡Q?
9. wewea exgvi g‡a¨ wK wK cwjwm Av‡Q?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. K) SzuwK ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
L) SzuwK eë¯’vcbv ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
M) SzuwK eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©ejx eY©bv Kiyb|
N) SzuwKi cÖK…wZ eY©bv Kiyb|
2. K) SzuwKi †kªbx wefvM eY©bv Kiyb|
L) SzuwK wbiyc‡b AvswKK c×wZwU GKwU D`vniYmn eY©bv Kiyb|
3. K) wK wK Drm†_‡K SzuwK m¯úwK©Z Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq?
L) Rxeb exgvi †¶‡Î SzuwKi Drm eY©bv Kiyb|
4. K) GKRb gvbyl I Zvi m¤ú‡ì Dci wK wK SzuwKi m¤§¶xY n‡Z cv‡i?
L) wewfbœ ai‡Yi SzuwK †gvKv‡ejvq exgvi f~wgKv eY©bv Kiyb|
M) SzuwK cwigv‡ci D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Kiyb|

BDwbU
Rxeb exgv
9 Life Insurance
f~wgKv
‡h †Kvb gvby‡li Kv‡QB Zvi Rxeb me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| Avi G Rb¨B cÖwZwU gvbyl Zvi Rxeb i¶vq m‡Pó| ¯^qs m„wóKZ©v
Rxeb i¶v Kiv‡K gvby‡li Rb¨ Avek¨K K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘, gvbyl cÖwZwbqZB wewfbœ mgm¨vi g‡a¨ wbcwZZ| †ivM-Riv-e¨wa
†eax, A¶gZvq DcvR©b ¶gZv nvivq, PvKzixPz¨wZ, e¨w³MZ `zN©Ubv, AKvj g„Zz¨ cÖf„wZ gvbyl‡K †a‡q †eov‡”Q| ZvB
gvbyl G mKj AcÖvZ¨vwkZ SzuwK‡K Gov‡bvi Rb¨ kZ †Póv K‡i P‡j‡Q Avw`Kvj †_‡K| gvbyl Zvi fwel¨r AwbwðZv I
m¤¢ve¨ ¶q¶wZ †_‡K wb‡R‡K wbivc` ivLvi Rb¨ AbymÜvb K‡i Awe®‹vi K‡i‡Q Rxeb exgv eë¯’v| Avi Rxeb exgv
n‡jv wbw`©ó cwigvY exgv wcÖwgqvg cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g fwel¨‡Zi m¤¢ve¨ Avw_©K SzuwKi wec‡¶ wbðqZv| hvi d‡j, †Kvb †Kvb
e¨w³ A¶g n‡q co‡j, DcvR©b nvwi‡q †dj‡j ev AKvj g„Zz¨ n‡j gvbyl Avw_©K AwbðqZv c‡o hvq| exgvKvix Zvi eÜz
wn‡m‡e cv‡k G‡m `vuovq| 1583 mv‡ji w`‡K ¯^í †gqv`x exgv cwjwm wb‡q Rxeb exgvi hvÎv ïiy| Z‡e, ZLb ïay
cwjwm mg‡qi g‡a¨ gviv †M‡jB gvÎ ¶wZc~iY †`qv nZ| wKš‘, †eu‡P _vK‡j †Kvb Aw_©K myweav †cZbv| 1774 mv‡j
cÖ_gev‡ii gZ Rxeb exgv AvBb Pvjy K‡i e„wUk cvijv‡g›U| Zvi ci †_‡K exgvi cÖmvijvf Ki‡Z _v‡K `ª“Z|
eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi me †`‡kB Kg †ekx Rxeb exgvi cÖPjb Av‡Q| wewfbœ DbœZ †`‡k cÖvq cÖwZwU gvbyl Rxeb exgvi
AvIZvq| Avgv‡ì †`‡kI mviKvix, †emiKvix I eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvbxi gva¨‡g Rxeb exgv Kh©µg Pj‡Q| GgbwK
Bmjvgx Rxeb exgvI B`vwbs Pvjy n‡q‡Q| wewfbœ cÖKvi Rxeb exgv cwjwmI cÖPwjZ Av‡Q Ges w`b w`b DËi DËi Gi
cÖmvi I cÖPvi NU‡Q| G BDwb‡U Avgiv Rxeb exgvi Dcv`vb, exgvcÎ, wcwgqv‡gi nvi wba©viY, `vexc~iY BZ¨vw` wel‡q
Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡e| hv cieZ©x cvVmg~‡n we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e eY©bv †`qv n‡jv| Gevi Avmyb cvV¸‡jv †kl Kwi Ges
welq¸‡jv †R‡b wbB|
cvV- 1 Rxeb exgvi msÁv, Dcv`vb I cÖK…wZ

Definition of Life Insurance, Elements and Nature
D‡Ïk¨
Rxeb exgvi msÁv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
Rxeb exgvi Dcv`vb¸‡jv wKwK Zv Rvb‡Z I eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
Rxeb exgvi êwkó¨¸‡jv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
Rxeb exgvi msÁv
Rxeb exgv gvby‡li Rxeb I RxweKvi †¶‡Î we`¨gvb SzuwKi d‡j fwel¨r Avw_©K AwbðqZvi GKwU cÖwZi¶v eë¯’v| G
eë¯’vq GKRb gvbyl Zuvi wb‡Ri I A‡bï Rxe‡bi Dci Avw_©K ¶wZ cywm‡q †bqvi GKwU AvMvg cÖvwßi A½xKvi| exgv
cÖwZôvb wcÖwgqvg jv‡fi wewbg‡q G SzuwK MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| exgvi †gqv` †k‡l A_ev †gqv‡ì g‡a¨ gviv †M‡j Pzw³
Abyhvqx wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© ¶wZc~iY ‡c‡q _v‡K|
wb‡gœ K‡qK Rb exgv we‡kl†Ái msÁv †`qv n‡jv:

R.S. Sharma Gi g‡Z,Ò Rxeb exgv Ggb GKwU Pzw³ †hLv‡b GKKvwjb A_© ev wbw`©ó mgvqv‡šÍ wKw¯Í cwi‡kv‡ai
cÖwZ`v‡b exgv MÖnxZvi g„Zÿ‡Z A_ev wba©vwiZ eQimg~n †k‡l exgvKvix e„wË A_ev wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© cwiv‡kv‡ai `vwqZ¡
MÖnY K‡ib|Ó
RR© †Rv‡md Gi g‡Z, Òexgv n‡jv A‡_©i ev exgv`vexi Awej†¤^ cwi‡kv‡ai A_ev mvaviYfv‡e exgv MÖnYKix c‡¶i
RxerKv‡j Zv‡K e„wË cwi‡kv‡ai cÖwZ`v‡b wbw`©ó †gqv`v‡š— GKwU cybive„wË m¤úbœ wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© µq|Ó
Gg, Gb, wgkª Gi g‡Z,Ò Rxeb exgv Pzw³ n‡jv Ggb GKwU Pzw³, †hLv‡b †mjvgx ev wKw¯Í cwi‡kv‡ai cÖwZ`v‡b exgvKvix
exgv MÖnxZvi g„Zz¨‡Z A_ev wbw`©ó †gqv`v‡šÍ wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© cwi‡kvai `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib|Ó
ZvB cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, Rxeb exgv n‡jv exgv MÖnxZv I exgvKvixi g‡a¨ Ggb GKwU Pzw³ hvi d‡j GK c¶ wbw`©ó
cwigvY exgv‡mjvgx wKw¯Í MÖn‡Yi wewbg‡q Aci c¶‡K Zvi g„Zz¨‡Z ev †gqv` †k‡l wba©vwiZ cwigvY A_© cÖ`v‡bi
A½xKvi|
Rxeb exgv Pzw³i êwkô¨mg~n

Factores of Life Insurance Contract
Rxeb exgvi msÁv, cÖK…wZ, AvIZv, cwiwa, welqe¯‘ BZ¨vw` ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j exgvi wbgœwjwLZ êwkó¸‡jv cwijw¶Z
nq:
1. AvbyôvwbK Z_v wewkó Pzw³ (Formal as well as Special Contract): exgv Pzw³ GKwU AvbyôvwbK Pzw³| Avi
wewkó Pzw³ AvbyóvwbKZv n‡q _v‡K| exgv Pzw³i wbgœ wjwLZ AvbyôvwbKZv i‡q‡Q:
K. wjwLZ, L) mswkøó c¶¸‡jv KZ…K ¯^v¶wiZ M) cÖ‡qvR‡b mxjK…Z N) cÖ‡qvR‡b óv¤úK…Z O) wbeÜbK…Z P) n¯ÍvšÍi
mv‡c¶|
ZvB exgv Pzw³ AvbyôvwbK I KLbI wewkó Pzw³|
2. welqe¯‘ (Subject-Matter): exgvi welq-e¯‘ wbR Rxeb I Ab¨‡ì Rxeb hv‡ì mv‡_ exgv†hvM¨ ¯^v_© we`¨gvb|
3. D‡Ïk¨ (Objective): Rxeb exgv g~jZ `ywU D‡Ï‡k¨ MwVZ nq| h_v:
K. Rxeb exgv Pzw³ exgvMÖnxZvi Rxe‡bi †¶‡Î we`¨vgvb Avw_©K ¶wZi wbðqZv cvevi cÖwZkÖywZi Rb¨ MwVZ nq|
L. exgvKvix Rxeb exgvi gva¨‡g exgvq wewb‡qvM K‡i _v‡K| exgv MÖnxZv‡K Pyw³ Abymv‡i wbw`©ó KZ¸‡jv exgv wKw¯—
cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| hvi d‡j mÄqI wewb‡qv‡Mi KvR n‡q _v‡K| Avi †gqv`v‡š— jvfmn wewb‡qv‡Mi UvKv †diZ
cvq| ZvB Rxeb exgvi Aci D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv mwVK I jvfRbK wbwb‡qvM Kiv|
4. P~ovšÍ mØk¦v‡mi Pzw³ (Cotract of Utmost Good Faith): exgv GKwU P~ovšÍ wek¦v‡mi Pzw³| Rxeb exgv Kivi
meq Dfq c¶‡K ¸iyZ¡c~Y© mKj Z_¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kvb cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ †Mvcb ev evovb Kgvb hv‡e bv| mwVK I
wbf©yj Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| cieZ©x‡Z hw` †Kvb cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ †Mvcb, fyj ev AmsMwZ cwijw¶Z nq, Z‡e wek¦vm
f‡½i `v‡q Pzw³ evwZj n‡q hv‡e|
5. cÖ¯Ív‡ei ¯^xK…wZ (Acceptance of Offer): exgv Pzw³i Rb¨ exgv cÖ¯Íve wb:kZ© ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| KviY,
exgvKvix KZ©…K g~w`ªZ exgv dg© cÖ`vb K‡i hvi †Kvb cwieZ©b, cwiea©b I cwigvR©b Kivi my‡hvM _v‡K bv| GwU GKwU
kZ©vbyM Pzw³ (Contract of adhesion)|
6. `vexi cwigvY (Ammount of Claim): Pzw³‡Z wba©vwiZ cwigvY UvKv †Kvb exgv MÖnxZvi g„Zz¨ ev †gqv` DË©xY n‡j
exgv `vex Kivi AwaKvi Rb¥vq| A_©vr exgvK…Z wbw`©ó cwigvY UvKv exgv `vex wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e| †hgb aiyb gvbRyi 10
ermi †gqv`x 1,00,000 UvKvi GKwU Rxeb exgv cÎ MÖnY K‡ib| Pzw³ Abyhvqx exgvMÖnxZvi †bvwgwb 1,00,000 UvKv
exgvi `vex Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
7. GKZidv Pzw³ (One Sided Contract): exgvi †¶‡Î j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, hLb †Kvb c¶ `vwqZ¡ cvjb
K‡i, ZLb ïay †m c¶B `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i, Aci c¶ ZLb AwaKvi †fvM Ki| †hgb exgvMÖnxZv hLb exgvi wcÖwgqvg
‡`q ZLb ïay exgv MÖnxZvB Zuvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z _v‡K, Avi exgvKvix wcÖwgqvg †fvM Ki‡Z _v‡K| Avevi exgvv

wcÖwgqvg †`qv †kl n‡j ev exgvMÖnxZvi g„Zz¨ n‡j exgvKvix ZLb exgvi `vex cwi‡kv‡ai `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| ZLb exgv
MÖnxZv exgvi `vex †fvM K‡i, ZvB exgv Pzw³ GKZidv Pzw³ e‡j AewnZ Kiv nq|
8. kZ©vaxb Pzw³ (Conditional Contract): exgv Pzw³ Abyhvqx exgvi wcÖwgqvg †`qv n‡q hvevi ciI mswkøó c¶†K
cieZ©x‡Z Pyw³ Abymv‡i wKQz kZ©cvjb Ki‡Z nq| †hgb exgvi `vex c~iY Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq I wba©vwiZ kZ©mg~n cvjb
Ki‡Z nq| GRb¨B Rxeb exgv Pzw³‡K kZ©vaxb Pzw³ e‡j AwewnZ Kiv nq|
9. mvgwMÖKfv‡e m¤úvw`Z Pzw³ (Contract to be Executed Wholly): exgv Pzw³i AvswkK cvjb Avi AvswkK wKw¯Í
†diZ nq bv| exgvKvix `vq MÖnY Kiv‡j exgvi `vq c~iB cwi‡kva Ki‡Z n‡e| exgvKvix hw` `vq MÖnY bv K‡ib Zvn‡j
wcÖwgqvg cyiUvB †diZ w`‡Z n‡e|
Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ ‰ewkó¨ QvovI Ab¨vb¨ êwk‡óï g‡a¨ GwU GKwU e¨w³ MZ Pzw³, GwU Drm msµvšÍ Pzw³ BZ¨vw`|
Rxeb exgv Pzw³i Acwinvh© Dcv`vbmg~n

Essential Elements of Life Insurance Contract
Rxeb exgv GKwU Pzw³| ZvB Pzw³i Rb¨ KZ¸‡jv Dcv`vb _vK‡Z nq Zv bv n‡j †Kvbv Pzw³ nq bv| ZvB exgv Pzw³i Rb¨
mvaviY Pzw³i Dcv`vb¸‡jv _vK‡Z n‡e| Avevi Rxebexgv GKwU exgv Pzw³| ZvB Rxeb exgvi Rb¨ Av‡iv wKQz Dcv`vb
_vK‡Z n‡e| ZvB ejv hvq Rxeb exgv Pzw³‡Z `y ai‡Yi Dcv`vb _vK‡Z n‡e| h_v: 1| mvaviY Pzw³i Dcv`vb I 2|
exgv Pzw³i we‡kl Dcv`vb|
Rxeb exgv Pzw³i mvaviY Dcv`vbmg~n

General Elements of Life Insurance Contract
†h‡nZz Rxeb exgv GKwU Pzw³| ZvB Rxeb exgvi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ Pzw³i b¨vq mvaviY Dcv`vbmg~n _vKv Avek¨K| GKwU
Rxeb exgvi Pyw³i Rb¨ wbgœ wjwLZ mvaviY Dcv`vbmg~n _vKv Avek¨K:
K. Kgc‡¶ `ywU c¶ _vK‡Z n‡e
L. cÖ¯Íve I ¯^xK„wZ _vK‡Z n‡e A_©vr Gc¶ cÖ¯Íve Ki‡e Ges Aci c¶ Zv wb:kZ©fv‡e ¯^xK…wZ ev cÖ¯—ve MÖnY Kiv‡e|
M. cvi¯úvwiK †¯^”Qv mvq _vK‡Z n‡e| N. cvi¯úvwiK `vwqZ¡| O. Dfq c‡¶i Pzw³ Kivi †hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e (A_©vr
Dfq c¶‡KB mvevjK n‡Z n‡e, my¯’ gw¯Í¯‹ m¤úbœ n‡Z n‡e, †`Dwjqv n‡j Pj‡e bv)| P. êa cÖwZ`vb _vK‡Z n‡e| Q.
êa D‡Ïk¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| R. Kvh© I NUbv msNU‡bi wbðqZv _vK‡Z n‡e| S. welqe¯‘i ev¯ÍeZv _vK‡Z n‡e| T.
AvBbMZ AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| G mKj Dcv`vb †h‡Kvb êa Pzw³i Rb¨B Acwinvh©| GLv‡b eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
bv; KviY BDwbU GK-G mvaviY Pzw³i Dcv`vb¸‡jv we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Rxeb exgv Pzw³i we‡kl Dcv`bmg~n

Rxeb exgv Pzw³‡Z mvaviY Pzw³i Dcv`v‡bi cvkvcvwk exgvi we‡kl Dcv`vbmg~nI _vK‡Z n‡e| Rxeb exgv Pzw³i we‡kl
Dcv`b¸‡jv wb‡gœ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© (Insurable Interest): †h‡Kvb Rxeb exgvi welqe¯‘ n‡jv Rxeb| Zv n‡Z cv‡i wb‡Ri Rxeb A_ev
A‡bï Rxeb| Z‡e A‡bï Rxe‡bi Dci exgv MÖnxZvi Avw_©K ¯^v_© bv _vK‡j exgv Kiv hvq bv| G ¯^v_©‡KB exgv †hvM¨
¯^v_© ejv nq, exgv Pzw³ Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb Pzw³i Rb¨ exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© _vKv Avek¨K bq|
Gg Gb wgkª Rxeb exgvi †¶‡Î exgv†hvM¨ ¯^v_©‡K Avevi `yÕfv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| h_v:
K) wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi Rb¨ exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© I
L) A‡bï Rxe‡bi Dci exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_©|
A‡bï Rxe‡bi Dci exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_©‡K Avevi `y fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v:
I) †hLv‡b exgv†hvM¨ ¯^v_©‡i cÖgvY Ki‡Z nq bv Ges

II) ‡hLv‡b exgv†hvM¨ ¯^v‡_©i cÖgvY cÖ‡qvRb nq|

2q wU‡K Avevi `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q:
A) eëmvwqK m¤úK©hy³ e¨w³‡ì Rxe‡b, Ges
Av) cvwievwiK m¤úK©hy³ e¨w³‡ì Rxe‡b|
K) ¯^xq Rxe‡b exgv †hvM¨ ¯^v_© (Insurable Interest in Own Life): cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³iB Zuvi Rxe‡bi Dci exgv†hvM¨
¯^v_© _v‡K| hw` †Kvb gvby‡li AKvj g„Zz¨ nq, Z‡e Zvi cwievieM© I m¤ú` ¶wZMÖn¯’ nq| cwievi DcvR©b¶g m`m¨‡K
nvwi‡q A_© K‡ó wbcwZZ nq| GgbwK Zvi m¤ú` bó ev †envZ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| gvby‡li Rxeb A_©Øviv cwigvc Kiv
hvq bv| ZvB †h‡Kvb e¨w³ †h‡Kvb cwigvY A‡_©i Rxeb exgv Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ GKRb e¨w³ Zvi evrmwiK Av‡qi
Pvi¸b exgv Kivi cÖPjb Av‡Q| Z‡e fvi‡Z G m¤ú‡K© 10 ¸b ch©š‘ exgv Kivi weavb i‡q‡Q|
L) A‡bï Rxe‡bi Dci exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^_©: A‡bï Rxe‡bi Dci exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© bv _vK‡j exg Kiv hvq bv| A‡bï Rxe‡bi
Dci `yÕai‡bi exgv †hvM¨ ¯^v_© _v‡K| cÖ_gUv n‡jv exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v‡_©i cÖgvY cÖ‡qvRb nq bv Ges wØZxq n‡jv †h‡Kvb
exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v‡_©i cÖgvY ìKvi nq|
K) †h‡¶‡Î exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v‡_©i cÖgvY ìKvi nq bv|
1) ¯¿xi Rxe‡bi Dci Zvi ¯^vgxi exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© Av‡Q| ¯^vgx Zvi ¯¿xi Rxe‡bi Dci exgv Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î
exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v‡_©i cÖgvY ìKvi nq bv| KviY ¯¿x hw` gviv hvq Zvn‡j ¯^vgxi ev”Pv I msmvi cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ gvbyl
ìKvi n‡e, hvi Rb¨ Zv‡K A_© e¨q Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvB, ¯¿x †e‡P _vK‡j ¯^vgx Avw_©Kfv‡e jfevb nq, Avi gviv †M‡j
Avw_©Kfv‡e ¶wZMÖn¯’ nq| G‡¶‡Î exgv†hvM¨ ¯^v_© Amxg|
2) ¯^vgxi Rxe‡bi Dci ¯¿xi exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© (Insurable Interest in the Life of Husband): mvaviYZ: ¯¿x ¯^vgxi
Av‡qi Dci wbf©ikxj| ZvB, ¯^vgxi AeZ©gv‡b ¯¿x Avw_©Kfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯’ nq| ¯^vgxi mv‡_ ¯¿xi Avw_©K m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|
KivY, ¯^vgx gviv †M‡j Avw_©K ¶wZ n‡e| ‡m‡¶‡ÎI Avw_©K ¶wZi cwigvY wba©viY Kiv m¤¢e bq weavq ¯^vgxi Rxe‡bi
Dci ¯¿xi Amxg exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© i‡q‡Q|
L) †h‡¶‡Î exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v‡_©i cÖgvY cÖ‡qvRb nq:
†h †¶‡Î A‡bï Rxe‡bi Dci exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v‡_©i cÖgvY cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv wb‡gœ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
(A) eëmvwqK m¤ú‡K©i Kvi‡Y exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_©:
Kvievix m¤úK© _vK‡j A‡bï Rxe‡bi Dci exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v‡_©i cÖgvY cÖ‡qvRb nq| wbgœwjwLZ eëmvqx m¤úK©hy³
e¨w³e‡M©i Dci exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© _vKvi cÖgvY cÖ‡qvRb:
• †`bv`v‡ii Rxe‡bi Dci cvIbv`vi;
• †`bv`v‡ii Rxe‡bi Dci Rvwgb`v‡ii;
• Askx`vi‡ì Rxe‡b G‡K Ac‡ii Dci;
• exgvK…Z Rxe‡bi Dci exgvKvixi;
• cÖavb e¨w³i (Key Person) Rxe‡bi Dci wewb‡qvM Kvix‡ì;
(Av) cvwievwiK m¤ú‡K©i Kvi‡Y A‡bï Rxe‡bi Dci exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_©: cwiev‡ii m`m¨ n‡jB mevi Rxe‡bi Dci
exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© _v‡K bv| Avevi ïay †mœn fvjevmvi Kvi‡YB exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© _v‡K bv| †hgb: wcZv cy‡Îi Rxe‡bi Dci
exgv ZLbB Ki‡Z cvi‡e hLb wcZv cy‡Îi DcvR©‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj _v‡K| c¶vš—‡i, cyÎ Zvi wcZvi Rxe‡bi Dci
ZLbB exgv Ki‡Z cv‡i hLb wcZvi Av‡qi Dci cyÎ wbf©ikxj| ïay gvÎ GmKj †¶‡ÎB cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì Dci
Rxeb exgv MÖnY Kiv hvq|
2. P~ovšÍ mØk¦vm (Utmost Good Faith): exgv GKwU P~ovš— wek¦v‡mi Pzw³| ZvB Rxeb exgvi wfwËI P~ovšÍ wek¦vm|
Dfq c¶ we‡kl K‡i exgv MÖnxZv mKj ¸iyZ¡cY© c‡qvRbxq Z_¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Z hw` †Kvb fyj Z_¨, AwZwi³ Z_¨ ev Z_¨
†Mvcb Kiv nq, Z‡e Pzw³ evwZj n‡q hv‡e| Z‡e, ‡h mKj Z_¨ cÖKvk Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB Ggb Z_¨ cÖKvk bv Kivq
†Kvb †`vl †bB|

†h mKj wel‡q Z_¨ cÖKvk Kiv Avek¨K bq Zv wbgœiƒc:

K. Ggb me welq hv SzuwK n«vm K‡i;
L. †h mKj welq exgvKvixi Rvbv _vKvi K_v Ggb Z_¨;
M. †h me welq exgv cÖ¯—v‡ei wee„wZ †_‡K †R‡b †bqv hvq;
N. ‡h me welq exgvKvixi AMÖn †bB;
O. kZ© RwbZ Kvi‡Y †h me welq evûj¨ e‡j MY¨ nq; Ges
P. ‡h me welq me©mvaviY ÁvZ Av‡Q|
ZvB ejv hvq, P~ovšÍ wek¦vm i¶v Kiv Rxeb exgvi Acwinvh© Dcv`vb|
3. kZ©vejx (Warranties): Rxeb exgv Pzw³‡Z exgvKvix I exgvMÖnxZvi g‡a¨ KZ¸‡jv kZ© _v‡K hv n‡Z cv‡i e¨³
A_ev Ae¨³ ev Pzw³i Acwinvh© Dcv`vb hv Pzw³i wfwËI e‡U| G kZ©vejx cÖavbZ: `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: 1| e¨³
ev cÖKvk¨ kZ© 2| Ae¨³ ev AcÖKvk¨ kZ©|
Rxeb exgi A‡bK¸‡jv kZ© Av‡Q, hv exgv cÖ¯Ív‡e wjwLZfv‡e D‡jøL _v‡K, Zv‡K e¨³ kZ© ejv nq| Avi, †h¸‡jv
wjwLZfv‡e D‡jøL _v‡K bv, wKš‘ Kvh©KvixZv Av‡Q Zv‡K Ae¨³ kZ©vejx ejv nq| wjwLZ bq e‡j Kg¸iyZ¡c~Y© bq| eis
GZ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ‡h D‡jøL Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB; wKš‘, cvjb bv Ki‡j exgv Pzw³ evwZj n‡q hv‡e|
e¨³ k‡Z©i Dcv`vb `ywU h_v:

K. Z_¨`vqK kZ©vejx (Infromative Warrenties): exgv cÖ¯Íve d‡g© wRÁvwmZ welqmg~‡n exgv MÖnxZv Zvi
Ávbbymv‡i mKj Z_¨ mZZvmnKv‡i wbf©yjfv‡e mij wek¦v‡m eY©bv Ki‡eb GUvB cÖZ¨vkv Kiv nq| Zv bv n‡j Pzw³ ewZj
n‡q hvq| cÖ¯—vweZ exgv c‡Î exgvMÖnxZv mKj cÖ‡kœi mwVK DËi w`‡eb| ZvB, Gai‡bi kZ©vejx‡K nv m~PK kZ©vejx
(Affermative Warrenties) ejv nq|
L.A½xKvig~jK kZ©vejx (Promissory Warrinties): A½xKvig~jK kZ©vejx‡Z exgv MÖnxZv exgv c‡Î fwel¨‡Z †Kvb
KvR Kiv ev bv Kivi cª‡kœ m¤§wZ Ávcb Kiv, hv Pzw³i kZ© wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e| G ai‡bi kZ©B A½xKvig~jK kZ©| †hgb
†KD Ggb k‡Z© exgv cÖÎ MÖnY Kij †h, ‡m fwel¨‡Z †Kvb SzuwKc~Y© †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ n‡e bv, hw` nq Z‡e Zv exgvKix‡K
Rvbv‡e|
4. wbKUZg KviY (Proximate Cause): Ab¨vb¨ exgvi gZ Rxeb exgvi †¶‡Î hwÌ wbKUZg KviY ZZUv ¸iyZ¡c~Y©
bq, ZeyI wKQy wKQz †¶‡Î wbKUZg KviY LyeB ¸iyZ¡c~Y© n‡q c‡o| we‡kl K‡i †h‡¶‡Î Rxeb exgvi g„Zzï mKj SzuwK
exgv bv K‡i wKQz wbw`©ó SzuwKi Dci exgv K‡i Ges GK‡Î GKvwaK KviY KvR K‡i, †m‡¶‡Î wbKUZg KviY exgvi `vex
c~i‡Y Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o| †hgb aiyY, Rvjvj bvgK GK e¨w³ moK `zN©UbvRwbZ Kvi‡Yi weiy‡× Rxeb exgvcÎ MÖnY
K‡ib Ges exgv mgqKv‡j wZwb moK `zN©Ubvq cwZZ n‡q nvmcvZv‡j fwZ© nb| wKš‘, Wv³vix wPwKrmvaxb _vKv Ae¯’vq
wU‡Ubv‡m Avµvš— nb Ges gviv Rvb| G †¶v‡Î g„Zzï wbKUZg KviY wU‡Ubvm, `zN©Ubv bq| wKš‘, wU‡Ubv‡mi weiy‡×
†Kvb exgv bv _vKvq †Kvb ¶wZc~iY cv‡eb bv| Av‡iv GKwU D`vniY †`qv hvK| aiyb wg: Rwmg AvKv‡k I hy× †¶‡Îi
SzuwK ev‡` Rxeb exgvi GKwU cwjwm MÖnY K‡ib| wKš‘ exgvi mgqmxgvi g‡a¨ wZwb hy× †¶‡Î gviv hvb| G‡¶‡ÎI wZwb
exgv `vex Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
5. g‡bvbqb I AwaKvi Ac©b (Nomination and Assignment): Rxeb exgvi UvKv †gqv` †k‡l ev g„Zzï ci
cwi‡kva Kiv nq| hLb †Kvb e¨w³ gviv hvq, Zvi g„Zzï ci Kv‡K exgvi UvKv cwi‡kva Ki‡e Zv wb‡q RwUjZv nq| G
Rb¨ exgvcÎ MÖn‡Yi mgq exgvi UvKv Zvi AeZ©gv‡b †K cv‡e Zv wjwLZ fv‡e cÖKvk Ki‡Z nq| ZvB exgvMÖnxZv Zuvi
g„Zzï ci †h UvKv cv‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i †`qv†K ‡bvwg‡bkb e‡j| Ac©Y n‡jv, exgv c‡Îi AwaKvi exgv MÖnxZv KZ…K
Zvi ¯^Z¡ Ab¨‡K wjwLZfv‡e AwaKvi n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv| ZvB Rxeb exgvi †¶‡Î gv‡bvbqb I AwaKvi Ac©Y Acwinvh©|
6. wKw¯Í ‡diZ (Return of Premium): mPiPvi exgv MÖnxZv KZ…K cÖ`Ë wKw¯Íi A_© †diZ †`qv nq bv| Z‡e, †¶Î
we‡k‡l †diZ †èvi weavb i‡q‡Q| D`vniY ¯îyc ejv hvq, cvi¯úvwiK Pzw³ Abyhvqx wØ¸Y exgv cÖf„wZ †¶‡Î exgvi
wKw¯— †diZ †Ìqv nq| ZvB exgvi wKw¯Í †diZI exgv Pzw³i cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ Dcv`vb¸‡jv Rxeb exgvi †¶‡Î Acwinvh© e‡j MY¨|

cvV ms‡¶c: 9.1
Rxeb exgv gvby‡li Rxeb I RxweKvi †¶‡Î we`¨gvb SzuwKi d‡j fwel¨r Avw_©K AwbðqZvi GKwU cÖwZi¶v eë¯’v|
Rxeb exgv n‡jv exgv MÖnxZv I exgvKvixi g‡a¨ Ggb GKwU Pzw³ hvi d‡j GK c¶ wbw`©ó cwigvY exgv‡mjvgx wKw¯—
MÖn‡Yi wewbg‡q Aci c¶‡K Zvi g„Zz¨‡Z ev †gqv` †k‡l wba©vwiZ cwigvY A_© cÖ`v‡bi A½xKvi| Rxeb exgv Pzw³
exgvMÖnxZvi Rxe‡bi †¶‡Î we`¨vgvb Avw_©K ¶wZi wbðqZv cvevi cÖwZkÖywZi Rb¨ MwVZ nq| exgvi †¶‡Î j¶¨
Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, hLb †Kvb c¶ `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i, ZLb ïay †m c¶B `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i, Aci c¶ ZLb
AwaKvi †fvM Ki| †hgb exgvMÖnxZv hLb exgvi wcÖwgqvg ‡`q ZLb ïay exgv MÖnxZvB Zuvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z _v‡K,
Avi exgvKvix wcÖwgqvg †fvM Ki‡Z _v‡K| Avevi exgvv wcÖwgqvg †`qv †kl n‡j ev exgvMÖnxZvi g„Zz¨ n‡j exgvKvix
ZLb exgvi `vex cwi‡kv‡ai `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| ZLb exgv MÖnxZv exgvi `vex †fvM K‡i, ZvB exgv Pzw³ GKZidv
Pzw³ e‡j AewnZ Kiv nq| Rxeb exgv Pzw³‡Z exgvKvix I exgvMÖnxZvi g‡a¨ KZ¸‡jv kZ© _v‡K hv n‡Z cv‡i e¨³
A_ev Ae¨³ ev Pzw³i Acwinvh© Dcv`vb hv Pzw³i wfwËI e‡U|

1. exgvMÖnxZvi Rxe‡bi †¶‡Î we`¨gvb Avw_©K ¶wZi wbðqZv cvevi cÖwZkÖywZ cvevi Rb¨ MwVZ Pzw³‡K Kx e‡j?
K) Rxeb exgv L) A_©exgv
M) M¨vivw›U exgv N) †KvbwU bq
2. †Kvb exgv Pzw³‡Z GK Zidv Pzw³ ejv nq?
K) Rxeb exgv L) AwMœexgv
M) †bŠ-exgv N) †KvbwU bq
3. †Kvb exgv Pzw³‡K kZ©vaxb Pzw³ ejv nq?
K) †bŠ-exgv L) AwMœexgv
M) Rxeb exgv N) †KvbwU bq

cvV- 2 Rxeb exgvi †kªYxweb¨vm

Clsification of Life Insurance
D‡Ïk¨
Rxeb exgvi †kªYxweb¨v‡mi wfwË¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
Rxeb exgvi †kªYxweb¨vm ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖwZwU †kªYxi Rxeb exgvi myeav-Amyweav ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
†Kvb exgv Kvi Rb¨ †ekx Dc‡hvMx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
Rxeb exgvi †kªYxweb¨v‡mi wfwË
Rxeb exgv‡K wewfbœ †jLK wewfbœ wfwË‡Z †kªYxwefvM Ki‡Qb| Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Kg ‡ekx cv_©K¨ _vK‡jI h‡_ó wgjI
i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Avgiv exgv‡K Gg.Gb.wgkª †h wfwË‡Z †kªYxwefvM ev web¨vm K‡i‡Qb Zv eY©bv Kie| wb‡gœ Gg, Gb wgkª
Rxeb exgvi ‡h †kªYxweb¨vm K‡i‡Qb Zv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv|
K. exgvc‡Îi †gqv` Abymv‡i| L. exgv wKw¯Í ev †mjvgx cwi‡kv‡ai wfwË‡Z| M. gybvdvi Ask MÖn‡Yi †cÖw¶‡Z| N. exgv
MÖnxZv‡ì msL¨v Abyhvqx I O. exgv `vex cwi‡kv‡ai c×wZ Abymv‡i|
GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, GB †kªYxweb¨vm GKB exgv cÎ GKvwaK †kªYxi AvIZvq c‡o †h‡Z cv‡i| wb‡gœ
ch©vqµ‡g exgvi †kªYxweb¨vm¸‡jv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
K. exgvc‡Îi †gqv`wfwËK exgvi †kªYxwefvM (Classification of Insurance on the Basis of Duration of
Policy): †gqv‡ì Dci wfwË K‡i Rxeb exgvcÎ‡K AviI K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v: 1| AvRxeb exgvcÎ
2| mvgwqK exgvcÎ 3| †gqv`x exgvcÎ 4| DËi Rxex exgvcÎ BZ¨vw`| Gme †kªYx‡Z Avevi AviI K‡qKwU Dc-
†kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†gqv` wfwËK Rxeb exgvcÎmg~n ms‡¶‡c eY©bv Kiv n‡jv

1| AvRxeb exgv cÎ (Whole Life Policy): G exgvc‡Î exgvK…Z e¨w³ †eu‡P _vKv ch©š‘ Pvjy _v‡K| A_©vr exgvK…Z
e¨w³ g„Zzï c~e© ch©š‘ exgvi wKw¯Í cwi‡kva Ki‡Z _v‡K| Ges Zvi g„Zzï ciB ïay exgvi `vex cwi‡kva Kiv nq| G‡Z
exgvK…Z e¨w³ wb‡R †Kvb myweav †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Zuvi †cvlïv Gi myweav cvq| wKw¯— cwi‡kv‡ai c×wZ Abymv‡i
G‡K Avevi K‡qKwU Dc-†kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq, hv wbgœiƒc:
I. GKK wKw¯Í m¤úbœ AvRxeb exgvcÎ (Single Premium Whole Life Policy): G exgv cwjwmi †¶‡Î GKwU gvÎ
wKw¯Í †`qv nq| GRb¨ GwU‡K GKK wKw¯Í m¤úbœ AvRxeb exgvcÎ e‡j| Z‡e, GLb Avi G exgvc‡Îi †Zgb cÖPjb
†bB| KviY GKKvjxb GZ UvKv †èvi ¶gZv Av‡bKiB †bB|
II. Aweivg wKw¯Í m¤úbœ AvRxeb exgv (Continuous Premium Whole Life Policy): G exgvc‡Î exgvMÖnxZv Zvi
RxebKvj ch©š‘ wKw¯Í cwi‡kva Ki‡Z _v‡K| A_©vr AvRxeb wKw¯Í w`‡Z _v‡K Ges g„Zz¨ n‡j wKw¯Í †`qv eÜ n‡q hv‡e|
G‡Z eo Amyweav n‡jv exgv MÖnxZv hw` `xN©vqy cvq Z‡e †kl eq‡m exgvi wKw¯— Zvi Rb¨ evowZ Sv‡gjv n‡q c‡o| ZvB
G exgv µgvMZ RbwcÖqZv nvwi‡q †dj‡Q|
III. mxwgZ wKw¯Í m¤úbœ AvRxeb exgv cÎ (Limited Primium Whole Life): G exgv c‡Î GKwU wb`„©ó mgq ch©š‘
exgvi wKw¯Í cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq| Zvi ci exgvK…Z e¨w³ †eu‡P _vK‡jI exgvi wKw¯Í cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq bv| †hgb aiyb
†Kvb e¨w³ Zvi 55 ermi ch©š‘ exgv wKw¯Í cwi‡kva Kivi Pzw³‡Z exgvcÎ MÖnY Ki‡jb| Zvi eqm 55 cvi nevi ci
Avi wKw¯Í w`‡Z n‡e bv| G‡Z wZwb ¯^w¯Í‡Z _vK‡Z cvi‡eb| G cÖKvi exgv wKw¯Íi RbwcÖqZv w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q|

IV. iƒcvšÍi‡hvM¨ AvRxeb exgv cÎ (Convertable Whole–Life Policy): G exgvc‡Îi exgv MÖnxZv‡K Zvi exgvi
gh©v`v‡K cwieZ©b Kivi GKwU my‡hvM cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| G exgvc‡Î exgvMÖnxZv 5 ermi ci B”Qv Ki‡j †gqv`x exgvq
iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G‡Z we‡kl myweav n‡jv, bZyb K‡i Auvi Wv³vix cix¶v Ki‡Z nq bv| Avi hw` G my‡hvM MÖnY bv
K‡i, Z‡e GUv AvRxeb exgv cÎ wn‡m‡e ‡_‡K hvq Ges 70 ermi ch©š‘ exgvi wKw¯Í cwi‡kva Kivi ci exgv wKw¯Í cÖ`vb
eÜ n‡q hvq| G exgv cÎ Kg©Rxe‡bi cÖ_g A_ev Kg©Rxeb ïiy Ki‡e G ai‡bi hyeK†ì Rb¨ †ekx cÖ‡hvR¨| ‡gqv`x
exgv gybvdv hy³ I gybvdvwenxb `ycÖKviB n‡Z cv‡i|
3. mvgwqK exgv cÎ (Term Policy): mvgwqK exgv cÎ 2 gvm †_‡K 7 ermi ch©š‘ mg‡qi Rb¨ nq| G †¶‡Î †h
mg‡qi Rb¨ exgv Kiv n‡e, †m mg‡qi g‡a¨ gviv †M‡jB gvÎ exgvi `vex cwi‡kva Kiv nq; bZzev wKQzB cwi‡kva Kiv
nq bv| †gqv`x exgv, †gqv`Kvj ch©š‘ A_ev g„Zz¨ ch©š‘ hv Av‡M nq †m ch©š‘ exgvi wKw¯Í cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq| G‡Z
wcÖwgqv‡gi nvi Lye Kg| KviY mg‡qi ga¨ gviv †M‡jB gvÎ `vex cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘, AvRxeb exgv c‡Î wcÖwgqvg
A‡bK †ekx| Z‡e, mvgwqK exgv cÎ memgq gybvdv wenxb n‡q _v‡K| Avi AvRxeb †gqv`x exgv gybvdv hy³ I gybvdv
wenxb `yÕai‡biB n‡Z cv‡i|
†gqv`x exgv wbgœwjwLZ e¨w³‡ì Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨:
1. †Kvb we‡kl Kvi‡Y hv‡ì Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ AwaK cÖwZi¶v cÖ‡qvRb|
2. hv‡ì `xN© cÖwZi¶v cÖ‡qvRb; Z‡e Zv‡ì mvgwqK ¯^v¯’¨ Lvivc ev Avq Kg nevi Kvi‡Y †ekx wcÖwgqvg w`‡Z cvi‡Q
bv Ggb e¨w³|
3. †Kvb eëmvqx Zuvi eëmv‡qi cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q we‡kl †Kvb eëmvqxi wec` ‡gvKv‡ejv Kivi j‡¶¨ G RvZxq exgv
MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
4. eëmv‡qi g~j e¨w³i Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e G exgvcÎ MÖnY Kiv nq|
5. GKRb eÜK `vZvi m¤úwË i¶v‡_© G ai‡bi exgv Kiv nq|
6. GKRb wcZv Zvi mš—v‡bi wjLvcovi Rb¨ Gai‡bi exgv MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡j|
7. Aí †gqv‡ì Rb¨ exgv Ki‡Z AvMÖnx e¨w³MYI G ai‡Yi exgv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
mvgwqK exgv Avevi K‡qKwU Dc-wefv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| wb‡gœ mvgwqK exgvi Dc-wefvM¸‡jvi eY©bv †Ìqv n‡jv:
I. ¯^í Kvjxb mvgwqK exgvcÎ (Temporary Term Policy): G exgvcÎ gvÎ 2 erm‡ii Rb¨ Bmy¨ Kiv nq| G‡Z
GKwU gvÎ wKw¯Í cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq| G mgq exgvKvix gviv †M‡jB gvÎ exgvi `vex cwi‡kva Kiv nq; Ab¨_vq bq|
G‡Z wKw¯ÍI Kg, `vex cÖvwßi m¤¢vebvI Kg| cÖ¯—veKvix‡K wbR Li‡P Wv³vix cix¶v Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e, G exgv
iƒcvšÍi†hvM¨|
II. bevqb†hvM¨ mvgwqK exgvcÎ (Renewable Term Policy): G ai‡bi exgv cÎ †gqv` †k‡l Wv³vix cix¶v QvovB
bvevqb Kiv hvq| Z‡e, G‡¶‡Î exgv wKw¯Íi cwigvY eqm Abymv‡i cwieZ©b K‡i †`qv nq| exgvK…Z e¨w³ 55 ermi c~Y©
bv nIqv ch©š‘ hZ evi cÖ‡qvRb bevqvb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| hv‡ì ¯^v¯’¨ `ªyZ AebwZi w`‡K hv‡”Q Ges hv‡ì e„× eq‡m
exgvi A‡hvM¨ n‡q covi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q, Zv‡ì Rb¨ G ai‡Yi exgv cÎ †ekx cÖ‡hvR¨|
III. cwieZ©b ev iycvšÍi†hvM¨ mvgwqK exgvcÎ (Convertible Term Policy): G exgv‡K AvRxeb exgvc‡Î e †gqv`x
exgvc‡Î iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq e‡j bevqb †hvM¨ mvgwqK exgvcÎ ejv nq| mvaviYZ: †k‡li `y ermi e¨vwZZ G exgv Pvjy
Ae¯’vq †h †Kvb mgq Wv³vix cix¶v e¨wZZ mxwgZ wKw¯Í m¤§cœ Rxebexgv cÎ A_ev †gqv`x Rxeb exgvc‡Î iƒcvšÍi Kiv
hvq, Z‡e G †¶‡Î hLb iƒcvšÍi Kiv n‡e †m mg‡qi wbqg Abyhvqx exgv wKw¯Í wba©viY Kiv nq Ges eqm Abyhvqx D”P
nv‡i wKw¯Í wba©viY Kiv nq| GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, G ai‡Yi exgv ïay gvÎ cÖ_g †kªYxi Rxe‡bi Rb¨ Ges 40
ermi eqm ch©š‘ G exgvcÎ Bmy¨ Kiv nq| 40 erm†ii †ekx eqm ev mvgwiK evwnbxZ Kg©iZ e¨w³ ev †h ‡Kvb
wec`RbK †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³ I gwnjv‡ì Rb¨ G RvZxq exgvcÎ Bmy¨ Kiv nq bv | G‡¶‡Î exgvc‡Îi b~b¨Zg g~j¨
5,000 UvKv Ges Zv 5,6,7 ermi †gqv‡` Bmy¨ Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î †Kvb mgc©b g~j¨, cwi‡kvwaZ g~j¨ ev wi‡e‡Ui †Kb
my‡hvM †bB| G ai‡Yi exgvc‡Î wKw¯Íi cwigvY A‡c¶vK…Z Kg|

3. †gqv`x exgv (Endowment Policy): G exgv A‡c¶vK…Z `xN© †gqv`x, GK ev GKvwaK myweavmn gvby‡li eûgyLx
myweav cÖ`v‡bi A½xKvi wb‡q †gqv`x exgv cÖ`vb Kiv nq| †gqv`x exgv A‡bK cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i; hv wb‡gœ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
K) weï× †gqv`x exgv cÎ (Pure Endowment Policy): weï× †gqv`x exgvc†Î exgvK…Z e¨w³ wba©vwiZ mgq ch©š‘
†eu‡P _vK‡jB gvÎ exgvi `vex c~iY Kiv nq| Avi †gqv‡ì g‡a¨ gviv †M‡j exgvi `vex c~iY Kiv nq bv| Z‡e,
exgvKvixi wm×všÍ Abyhvqx cÖ`Ë wKw¯—i UvKv †diZ w`‡ZI cv‡i Avevi bvI cv‡i|
G exgv mvgwqK exgv c‡Îi wecixZ êwkó¨ aviY K‡i, KviY-

I. weï× †gqv`x exgvc‡Îi †gqv` †kl nIqv ch©š‘ †eu‡P _vK‡jB gvÎ exgvi `vex c~iY Kiv nq| c¶všÍ‡i mvgwqK exgv
c‡Î †gqv‡ì gv‡a¨ exgv MÖnxZv gviv †M‡jB gvÎ exgvi `vex cwi‡kva Kiv nq|
II. weï× †gqv`x exgvc‡Î wewb‡qv‡Mi êwkó¨ we`¨gvb; Avi mvgwqK exgvc‡Î cÖwZi¶vi wewkó¨ we`¨gvb|
III. weï× †gqv`x exgvq exgvK…Z e¨w³ wb‡R Kj¨vY jvf K‡i; c¶všÍ‡i mgwqK exgvc‡Î cwiev‡ii m`¨m¨‡ì Kj¨vY
wbwðZ K‡i|
IV. weï× †gqv`x exgv †ekxw`b †eu‡P _vKvi SzuwKi weiy‡× cÖwZi¶v weavb K‡i; Avi, mvgwqK exgv AKvj g„‡Zzï weiy‡×
cÖwZi¶v weavb K‡i|
L. mvaviY †gqv`x exgv cÎ (Ordinary Endowment policy): mvaviY †gqv`x exgvc‡Î Pzw³ Abyhvqx exgvK…Z e¨w³
exgv mgqKv‡ji g‡a¨ gviv †M‡j Zuvi g‡bvbxZ e¨w³‡K A_ev †eu‡P _vK‡j exgvMÖnxZv‡K exgv `vexi A_© cwi‡kva Kiv
nq| ZvB, G exgv mvgwqK exgv I weï× †gqv`x exgv Dfq ai‡bi exgv c‡Îi myweav cÖ`vb Kiv nq| AZGe, G K_v ejv
hvq †h, mvaviY †gqv`x exgv cÎ cÖK…Z c‡¶ mvgvwRK exgv I weï× †gqv`x exgvi hy³iƒc|
mvaviY †gqv`x exgvi myweavmg~n wbgœiƒc:

I. G exgvqwewb‡qvM I cÖwZi¶v Dfq myweav weivRgvb|
II. G exgvi Øviv e„× eq‡m wb‡Ri I cwiev‡ii Avw_©K ¯^”QjZv wbwðZ K‡i|
III. G exgv AKvj g„Zz¨ I `xN©Rxeb Dfq SzuwK mgfv‡e †gvKv‡ejv K‡i|
IV. G exgvi gva¨‡g eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e mÂq m„wó‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡i|
V. G exgvi d‡j e„× eq‡m †Q‡j‡g‡qi †jLv cov, weevnvw` I Ab¨vb¨ myweav cÖ`vb K‡i|
G exgvcÎB m‡e©v‡c¶v †ekx RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i‡Q| AviI ejv hvq †h, mvaviY gvbyl Rxeb exgv ej‡Z cÖavbZ †gqv`x
exgvcÎ‡KB ey‡S _v‡Kb| Z‡e, mvaiY wbqg Abyhvqx mviv Rxeb wbw`©ó nv‡i I wbq‡g ev wbw`©ó mgq ch©š‘ ev g„Zz¨ ch©š‘
Pyw³ †gvZv‡eK wKw¯Í cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq|
M. †hŠ_-Rxeb †gqv`x exgvcÎ ( Joint Life Endowment Policy): G exgvcÎ GKB exgvi Aaxb GKvwaK e¨w³
exgv MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| A_©vr GKwU exgvc‡Î ‡hŠ_fv‡e GKwaK e¨w³ exgv MÖnY K‡i, Zv‡K †hŠ_ Rxeb †gqv`x exgvcÎ
e‡j| G ai‡Yi exgv‡Z exgvi †gqv` †kl ev †h‡Kvb GKRb exgvK…Z e¨w³i g„Zz¨ nv‡j exgvi `vex cwi‡kva Kiv nq;
Ges exgv wKw¯— exgvc‡Îi †gqv` ch©š‘ A_ev †hKb GKRb exgvMÖnxZvi g„Zzï c~e© ch©š‘ exgv wKw¯Í cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
mvaviYZ: AskxìMY G ai‡Yi exgv †ekx MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| Avevi `¤úwZiv G exgv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| gv‡S `¤úwZ‡ì
g‡a¨ G exgvc‡Îi cÖwZ AvMÖn Kg †`Lv w`‡jI eZ©gv‡b Avevi AMÖnx n‡q DV‡Q|
N. wØ-¸Y Avw_©K myweavm¤úbœ †gqv`x exgvcÎ (Double Ensowment Policy): G exgvc‡Î GKRb exgvMÖnxZv
†gqv‡ì g‡a¨ gviv†M‡j ¯^vfvweK exgvK…Z A_© cv‡eb| Avi hw` wZuwb exgvi †gqv` †k‡lI †eu‡P hvb, Z‡e exgK…Z A‡_©i
wØ-¸Y A_© cv‡eb| G exgvc‡Î exgvi †hqv` ch©š‘ ev exgvK„†Zi g„Zz¨ ch©š‘ wKw¯Í cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq| Gai‡Yi
exgvc‡Îi †gqv` 10 †_‡K 40 ermi ch©š‘ n‡Z cv‡i; Z‡e, 65 erm‡ii †ekx †Kvb e¨w³‡K G ai‡bi exgvcÎ Bmy¨
Kiv nq bv|
O. wba©vwiZ †gqv`x exgv cÎ (Fixed Term Endowment Policy): G ai‡bi exgvc‡Îi `vex exgvi †gqv` †kl
nevi ci †`qv nq| hw` exgvi ‡gqv` c~Y© nevi c~‡e© exgvK…Z e¨w³ gviv hvq, Zvn‡j exgvi wKw¯Í Avi cÖ`vb Kiv‡Z nq bv

Ges G Ae¯’vq exgv cÎwU Pvjy _v‡K| Z‡e, exgK…Z e¨w³i g‡bvbxZ e¨w³eM© †gqv` †kl nevi c~‡e© evÆv K‡i wb‡Z
cv‡ib| G ai‡Yi exgv mvaviYZ: gybvdv wenxb wfwË‡Z Bmy¨ Kiv nq| G exgv cÖavbZ gwnjv wbf©ikxj m`m¨‡ì Avw_©K
¯^”QjZvi wbwg‡Ë Kiv nq| †hgb †Kvb AweevwnZvi we‡q Dcj‡¶ A_© †hvMvb †`qv|
P. wk¶v e„wË exgv cÎ (Educational Endowment Policy): G exgvcÎwU mšÍvb‡ì wk¶vi Rb¨ A_© †hvMv‡bi
wbwg‡Ë wcZv ev †Kvb AwffveK Zuvi bv‡g exgv cÎ MÖnY K‡ib| hvi bv‡gB exgv Kiv n‡e, Zv‡K Wv³vix cix¶v Kivb
nq| Avi hvi Kj¨v‡Y exgv cÎ †bqv nq Zv‡K myweav MÖnxZv ev e„wË cÖvcK ejv nq| cÖavb êwkô¨ n‡jv exgvi `vex
GK‡Î cÖ`vb bv K‡i 5 ermi e¨vcx mgvb nv‡i Aa© evwl©K wKw¯Í‡Z exgvK…Z A_© cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
Q. wÎ-myweav exgvcÎ (Triple Benefit Policy): G ai‡bi exgvcÎ mxwgZ wKw¯Í m¤úbœ AvRxeb exgv cÎ I weï×
†gqv`x exgv c‡Îi hy³ iƒc ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e cª`Ë wKw¯Íi A_© †diZ†hvM¨ bq| exgvi †gqv‡ì c~‡e© exgvK…Z e¨w³i
g„Zz¨ n‡j Zvi wbwf©ikxj‡ì GKwU wbw`©ó nv‡i exgv †gqv` ch©š‘ †evbvm †`qv nq| exgvK…Z e¨w³i g„Zz¨ A_ev exgvi
mgq ch©š‘ wKw¯Í cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq|
G exgv 15,20,25 ermi †gqv‡ì Rb¨ cÖ`vb Kiv nq|

exgvMÖnxZvi †gqv‡ì g‡a¨ g„Zz¨ n‡j wbgœwjwLZ myweav †`qv nq:
1. wbf©ikxj‡ì exgvK…Z A_© cÖ`vb Kiv nq;
2. wba©vwiZ nv‡i †evbvm cÖ`vb Kiv nq;
wba©vwiZ †gqv` ch©š‘ exgvK…Z e¨w³ †eu‡P _vK‡j wbgœwjwLZ myweav †`qv nq:
1. g~j exgvK…Z A_© bM‡` †`qv nq;
2. exgvK…‡Zi g„ZzÏ ci exgvc‡Îi mgvb g~‡jï A_© cwi‡kva Kiv nq;
3. wba©vwiZ †gqv` ch©š‘ †eu‡P _vK‡j g~j exgvK„Z A_© bM‡` cwi‡kva Kiv nq| exgvK…‡Zi g„Zzï c‡i exgvc‡Îi
mgg~‡jï GwU c~Y© cwi‡kvwaZ AvRxeb exgvc‡Îi cÖ‡`q cwigvY A_© cwi‡kva Kiv nq|
Z‡e, Dc‡ii `ywU myweavi cwie‡Z© wbgœwjwLZ myweavI †`qv nq:
1. exgvK…Z A‡_©i AwaK cwigv‡Yi A_© A_ev GKwU c~Y© cwi‡kvaK„Z AvRxeb exgvc‡Îi g~‡jï ewa©Z cwigvY A_©
cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Gi weKí wn‡m‡e bZzb K‡i †Kvb Wv³vix cix¶vi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv, Z‡e G myweav exgvc‡Îi †gqv`
‡kl nevi wZb eQi Av‡MB D³ my‡hvM PvIqv nq| Dc‡iv‡jøwLZ wÎ-wewa myweav cvei Kvi‡Y GexgvcÎ wÎ-wea
myweav exgvcÎ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
R. cÖZ¨vwkZ exgv cÎ (Anticipated Endowment Policy): G exgvc‡Î exgvi †gqv‡ì g‡a¨ exgvK…Z e¨w³i g„Zzï
c~‡e©B exgvi GKwU Ask wbw`©ó †gqv` †k‡l exgvKvix exgvMÖnxZv‡K cÖ`vb K‡i; Ges Aewkóvsk ‡gqv` †k‡l cÖ`vb Kiv
nq| Z‡e, ‡gqv` c~wZ©i c~‡e©B hw` exgvK…Z e¨w³ gviv hvq, Z‡e c~‡e© cÖ`Ë Ask ev` bv w`‡q exgvK…Z †gvU UvKvB
wbf©ikxj‡ì †`qv nq| G exgvcÎ gybvdv hy³ I gybvdv wenxb `y fv‡eB Bmy¨ Kiv nq| G exgvcÎ 10,20,25 ermi
†gqv‡` n‡Z cvi‡e|
S. eûgyLx D‡Ïk¨ m¤úbœ exgv cÎ (The Multipurpose Policy): G †kªYxi exgv GKRb exgvKvixi eûwea cÖ‡qvRb
wgUvbi Rb¨ nq e‡j G‡K eû D‡Ïk¨ RwbZ exgvcÎ ejv nq| G exgvcÎ e„× eq‡mi cÖ‡qvRb, exgvK…Z e¨w³i
g„Zz¨RwbZ cÖ‡qvRb, mšÍvb‡ì wk¶v, weevn, Rxe‡b cÖwZôvjvf BZ¨vw` eûgyLx D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ G exgv Kiv nq|
mvaviYZ: G exgvcÎ GKwU wbw`©ó mgqKvj ch©š‘ exgvi wKw¯— cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq|
G exgvc‡Îi exgvi `vex wbgœwjwLZfv‡e cÖ`vb Kiv nq:
1. wba©vwiZ †gqv‡ì g‡a¨ g„Zz¨‡Z `vex cwi‡kva (Payment on Death of the Insured Within the Term
Period): exgvK…Z e¨w³ exgvi †gqv` †kl nevi c~‡e© gviv †M‡j D³ e¨w³i `vdb, g„Zz¨, c~e© Amy¯’Zvi wPwKrmv Ges
AvBbMZ LiP †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ †gvU exgvK…Z A‡_©i 10% Zvr¶wbKfv‡e exgvK…‡Zi g‡bvwbZ e¨w³‡K †`qv nq|
g„Zzï ci cwiev‡ii Li‡Pi Rb¨ exgvK…Z A‡_©I 1% gvwmK LiP wn‡m‡e gvmnviv cÖ`vb Kiv nq|

exgvK…Z e¨w³ g„Zzï ci Avw_©K m”QjZv †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ g„Zzï ci †_‡K 2 ermi ch©š‘ g~j exgvK…Z UvKvi 1%
AwZwi³ myweav cÖ`vb Kiv nq| g„Zzï ci 2 ermi ev Zvi Kg mgq _vK‡j †gqv` †kl nevi mv‡_ mv‡_ fvZv eÜ n‡q
hvq|
†gqv` †k‡l exgvK…Z UvKvi 90% Gi mv‡_ †evbvm hy³ K‡i exgvK…Z e¨w³i wbf©ikxj ev g‡bvwbZ e¨w³‡K cÖ`vb Kiv
nq|
2. exgvK…Z e¨w³ †eu‡P _vK‡j (If the Insured Survives up to the Selected Period): exgvK…Z e¨w³ †eu‡P
_vK‡j wbgœwjwLZfv‡e exgvi `vex cwi‡kva Kiv nq;
I. g~j exgvK…Z A_© Ges GwU gybvdv hy³ exgv cÎ n‡j e‡Kqv †evbvm bM` cwi‡kva Kiv nq; A_ev
II. m‡e©v”P 25 eQi ch©šÍ wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ e„wË ev AvRxeb e„wË A_ev wbw`©ó mgq ch©š‘ e„wË cÖ`vb Kiv nq; A_ev
III. exgK„‡Zi gyZz¨‡Z gybdv wenxb cwi‡kvwaZ exgv cÎ cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
G e¨wZZ exgv c‡Îi exgvK…Z e¨w³ ev exgv MÖnxZv ev Zvi cÖwZwbwa evowZ exgv wKw¯Í `vb mv‡c‡¶ wb‡Pi GK ev me¸‡jv
myweav †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i:
I. wcZvi g„Zï ci GKwU wbw`©ó eqm ch©š‘ cÖ‡Z¨K mšÍvb‡K †jLvcovi Rb¨ gvwmK wba©vwiZ nv‡i A_© cÖ`vb;
II. †Kvb Kb¨v mš—v‡bi eqm 19 ermi bv nevi c~‡e© gviv †M‡j 19 ermi nevi ci cÖ‡Z¨K †g‡q‡K g~j exgvK…Z A‡_©i
10% weevn eve` cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
III. cyÎ mšÍvb cÖvß eq‡m cwiYZ bv nevi c~‡e© gviv †M‡j cÖ‡Z¨K cyÎ mšÍvb‡K cÖvßeq¯‹ nevi mv‡_ mv‡_ exgvK„Z
Av‡_©i 10% A_© cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
T. wkï‡ì wejw¤^Z †gqv`x exgvcÎ (Cildren’s Deffered Endowment Policy): A‡bK mgq wkï‡ì wcZvgvZv
A_ev AwffveK Zv‡ì mšÍvb ev wbKU AvZœxqi Rb¨ exgv K‡i _v‡K| G me exgvq mvaviYZ cÖ_g K‡qK eQi wkïi
AwffveK wKw¯Í cwi‡kva K‡i, c‡i wkïivB Zv‡ì wKw¯Í cwi‡kva K‡i _v‡K| G ai‡bi exgv c‡Îi wKw¯Í Lye Kg e‡j
wkï‡ì Rb¨ wKw¯Í cÖ`v‡b †Kvb Amyweav nq bv| Ab¨vb¨ myweavi g‡a¨ mÂ‡qi g‡bvfve M‡o D‡V Ges exgv wKw¯ÍwU
Pvwj‡q †M‡j ev cieZ©x‡Z eÜ Kiv n‡jI Pzw³i wbqg gZ †jLv cov I weev‡ni LiP eve` A_© †c‡q _v‡K|
L) wKw¯Í cwi‡kva wfwËK †kªYx wefvM (Classification Accroding to Premium Payment)

exgv wKw¯Í ev †mjvgx cwi‡kv‡ai wfwË‡Z exgvcÎ‡K `y fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: 1| GKK wKw¯Í m¤úbœ exgvcÎ I 2|
ewl©K ev mgwfwËK m¤úbœ exgvcÎ|
I. GKK wKw¯Í m¤úbœ exgv cÎ (Single Premium Policy): †h exgvc‡Î GKwU gvÎ wKw¯— cÖ`vb Kiv nq, Zv‡K GKK
wKw¯Í exgv ejv nq| G‡Z GKKv‡j Av‡bK UvKv †`qv n‡jI ewl©K wKw¯Í i Zyjbvq KgcwigvY A_© w`‡Z nq| G exgv
mvaviYZ ¯^í †gqv`x exgv c‡Îi †¶‡Î †ekx cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| †gqv`x I mvgwqK Dfq exgvi †¶‡ÎB GKK wKw¯Í exgvcÎ
cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| GK Kv‡j A‡bK UvKv w`‡Z nq e‡j hv‡ì A‡bK A_© Av‡Q Zv‡ì c‡¶B G ai‡bi exgv MÖnY Kiv
m¤¢e nq|
II. evwl©K ev mgwKw¯Í m¤úbœ exgv cÎ (Level Premium Policy): G ai‡bi exgv c‡Î GKKvjxb wKw¯Í bv w`‡q eis
evrmwiK ev mvbvœwmK, ˆÎ-gvwmK, A_ev gvwmK mgnv‡i wKw¯Í cÖ`vb Kiv nq| GUv ewl©K wKw¯Í exgv ejvi KviY n‡jv
g~jZ evrmwiK wKw¯Í‡ZB exgvi UvKv cwi‡kva Kivi K_v; Z‡e, exgvMÖnxZv‡ì myweavi Rb¨ ˆÎ-gvwmK I gvwmK wKw¯Í‡Z
†bqv nq| G exgvÎ †gqv` ch©š‘ Avweivg wKw¯Í m¤úbœ exgv cÎ, A_ev mxwgZ mgwKw¯Í m¤úbœ exgv cÎ wn‡m‡eI †kªYx
web¨vvm Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i|
M) gybvdvq AskMÖnY †gvZv‡eK †kªYxwefvM (Classification According to Participation in Profit):
exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv wKQz wKQz exgvc‡Îi Dci gybvdv ‡`q, Avi wKQz wKQz exgvc‡Î gybvdv cÖ`vb Kiv nq bv| ZvB gybvdv
cÖ`v‡bi `„wó †Kvb †_‡K exgvcÎ¸‡jv‡K 2 wU †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq| h_v; gybvdv wenxb I gybvdv hy³ exgv cÎ| wb‡gœ
G `ywU exgvcÎ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv †`qv n‡jv:
I. gybvdv hy³ ev gybvdvq AskMÖnYKvix exgvcÎ (With Profit or Participation in Profit Life Policy): G
ai‡Yi exgvc‡Î exgv †Kv¤úvbx jvf Ki‡j Zvi Ask exgv MÖnxZv †c‡q _v‡Kb| Z‡e, cÖwZeQi †evbvm cv‡e Ggb K_v

ejv hvq bv| †h ermi jvf n‡e ïay gvÎ †m ermiB gybvdvi Ask ev †evbvm cv‡e| Z‡e, †jvKmvb n‡j ‡jvKmvb exgv
MÖnxZv enb Kivi †Kvb weavb †bB| †h‡nZz gybvdvi Ask †`qv nq, ZvB ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB Agybvdvhy³ exgvcÎ †_‡K
wKw¯Íi cwigvY †ekx n‡e|
II. gybvdvwenxb ev A-gybvdv hy³ exgvcÎ (Without Profit or Non Participating Policy): G ai‡bi exgv c‡Î
exgv MÖnxZv‡K exgvKvix gybvdvi †Kvb Ask cÖ`vb K‡i bv | ïay gvÎ exgvK…Z A_© cvevi AwaKvix| G Kvi‡YB gybvdv
hy³ exgvcÎ †_‡K Agybvdvhy³ exgvcÎ MÖnxZv‡K Kg cwigvY wKw¯Í cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq|
N) exgvMÖnxZvi msL¨v Abyhvqx †kªYx wefvM (Classification According to the Number of Persons
Insured): ev¯Í‡e †ekxi fvM exgvcÎB GKKfv‡e †bqv nq| Z‡e, wKQz wKQz †¶‡Î Gi e¨wZµg †`Lv hvq| A_©vr
GKB exgvc‡Î GKwaK exgvMÖnxZv exgv K‡i _v‡Kb| exgvK…‡Zi msL¨v Abyhvqx exgvc‡Îi †kªbxwefvM wb‡gœ cÖ`vb Kiv
n‡jv:
I. GKK Rxeb exgvcÎ (Single Life Policy): †h exgvc‡Îi GKRb gvÎ exgvK…Z e¨w³ _v‡K, Zv‡K GKK Rxeb
exgvcÎ ejv nq| wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi Dci ev A‡bï Rxe‡bi Dci exgv†hvM¨ ¯^v_© _vK‡j GKK Rxeb exgvcÎ MÖnY Kiv
hvq| aiyY, Rbve dvjy Zvi Rxe‡bi Rb¨ 1wU 10 eQi †gqv`x exgv MÖnY Kij| GwU GKwU GKK Rxeb exgvc‡Îi
D`vniY|
II. eû Rxeb exgv cÎ (Multiple Life Policy): †h exgvc‡Î G‡Ki AwaK e¨w³ exgv MÖnY K‡i, Zv‡K eû Rxeb
exgvcÎ ejv nq| wb‡gœ eû Rxeb exgv c‡Îi Dc-†kªYx wefvM eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
K. †hŠ_ Rxeb exgvcÎ (Joint Life Policy): †h exgvc‡Î `yB ev ZZwaK e¨w³ GK‡Î exgvcÎ MÖnY K‡i, Zv‡K †hŠ_
exgvcÎ e‡j| G ai‡bi exgvK…Z †h ‡Kvb GKRb e¨w³i g„Zz¨ n‡jB exgvK…Z A_© cÖ`vb Kiv nq| †hŠ_ Rxeb exgvcÎ
mvaiYZ `¤úwË I Avskxvi†ì Rb¨ †ekx cÖ‡qvR¨|
L. †kl DËi Rxex exgvcÎ (Last Suprirorship Poliy): G‡¶‡ÎI `y‡qi AwaK e¨w³ GKB exgvc‡Îi Aax‡b exgv
cwjwm MÖnY K‡i _v‡K Ges †hŠ_ exgvK…Z e¨w³†ì †kl e¨w³i g„Zï ci exgv `vex cwi‡kva Kiv nq| hZ¶b bv mKj
exgvK…Z e¨w³ g„Zz¨ eiY K†i, ZZ¶b ch©š‘ exgvi `vex cwi‡kva Kiv nq bv| G ai‡bi exgvi UvKv exgvK…Z †Kvb e¨w³
wb‡R †fvM Kivi Lye KgB myweav cvq|
O) exgvK…Z A_© cwi‡kv‡ai c×wZ Abymv‡i †kªYx wefvM
Classification According to the Method of Payment
exgvi `vex wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z cwi‡kva Kiv nq| exgvi `vex cwi‡kv‡ai wfwË‡Z exgvc‡Îi †kªYxweb¨vm wb‡gœ eY©bv Kiv
n‡jv:
I. †_vK exgvcÎ (Lum-Sum Policy): †h exgvc‡Îi exgvK…Z NUbv NUvi ci exgvK…Z A_© GKKvjxb †_vK AvKv‡i
cwi‡kva Kiv nq, Zv‡K †_vK exgvcÎ ejv nq| G ai‡bi cwi‡kvaB †ekx †`Lv hvq|
II. wKw¯Í ev e„wË exgvcÎ (Instalment or Annuity Policy): †h exgvc‡Îi `vex A‡bK w`b a‡i A‡bK¸‡jv wKw¯Íi
gva¨‡g cwi‡kva Kiv nq Zv‡K wKw¯— exgvcÎ ejv nq|
Ab¨vb¨ †kªYxwefvM (Others Classification)

1. cÖ_‡g n«vmK…Z wKw¯Íhy³ exgv cÎ (Early Reduced Premium Policy): G ai‡bi exgvc‡Î cÖ_g w`K exgv
wKw¯Íi cwigvY Kg _v‡K Ges cieZ©x‡Z exgv wKw¯Íi cwigvY †ekx n‡q _v‡K| hv‡ì Kg©Rxeb gvÎ ïi&, Avq I Kg,
Zv‡ì Rb¨ G ai‡bi exgv eë¯’v †ekx cÖ‡hvR¨| c‡i Zv‡ì Avq A‡¯Í Av‡¯Í evo‡Z _v‡K, ZvB †ekx cwigvY wKw¯Íi
UvKv cwi‡kv‡a Amyweav nq bv|
2. Da©MwZ wKw¯Íhy³ exgvcÎ (Progressive Premium Policy): G exgvc‡Î cÖwZeQi Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í exgv wKw¯Íi
cwigvY eo‡Z _v‡K|

3. †Mvôx Rxeb exgvcÎ (Group Life Insurance Policy): G exgvi †¶‡Î †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ Kg©Pvix‡ì‡K
GKwU exgv Pzw³i Aax‡b exgv Kiv nq, Z‡K †Mvôx exgv cÎ e‡j| †Kvb Kg©Pvix Zvi PvKzix Rxe†b gviv †M‡j exgvK…Z
UvKv cvq, bZzev †Kvb A_© cvq bv| G‡Z wcÖwgqv‡gi nvi Lye Kg| Kg©Pvixi msL¨v †ekx n‡j Ajv`v Ajv`v Wv³vix
cix¶vq bv K‡i Zv‡ì Mo eq‡mi Dci wcÖwgqvg avh© Kiv nq|
eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡ì †`‡k AviI wKQz exgvc‡Îi cÖPjb n‡q‡Q| †hgb Rxeb exgv K‡c©v‡ikb:
K. †cbkb exgv| L. MÖvgxY Rxeb exgv| M. cvwievwiK wbivcËv exgv| N. cvwievwiK †cbkb exgv| O. wbwðZ †evbvm
†gqv`x exgv| P. ˆØZ wbivcËv †gqv`x exgv| Q. wZb wKw¯Í exgv| R. weevn exgv BZ¨vw`| GQvov †cvó Awdm †cv÷vj
Rxeb exgv bv‡gI exgv eë¯’vi cÖPjb i‡q‡Q|
cvV ms‡¶c: 9.2
AvRxeb exgv cÎ (Whole Life Policy): G exgvc‡Î exgvK…Z e¨w³ †eu‡P _vKv ch©š‘ Pvjy _v‡K| iƒcvšÍi‡hvM¨
AvRxeb exgv cÎ (Convertable Whole–Life Policy): G exgvc‡Îi exgv MÖnxZv‡K Zvi exgvi gh©v`v‡K cwieZ©b
Kivi GKwU my‡hvM cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| G exgvc‡Î exgvMÖnxZv 5 ermi ci B”Qv Ki‡j †gqv`x exgvq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| mvgwqK exgv cÎ (Term Policy): mvgwqK exgv cÎ 2 gvm †_‡K 7 ermi ch©š‘ mg‡qi Rb¨ nq| †gqv`x
exgv (Endowment Policy): G exgv A‡c¶vK…Z `xN© †gqv`x, GK ev GKvwaK myweavmn gvby‡li eûgyLx myweav
cÖ`v‡bi A½xKvi wb‡q †gqv`x exgv cÖ`vb Kiv nq| GKwU exgvc‡Î ‡hŠ_fv‡e GKwaK e¨w³ exgv MÖnY K‡i, Zv‡K
†hŠ_ Rxeb †gqv`x exgvcÎ e‡j| cÖZ¨vwkZ exgv cÎ (Anticipated Endowment Policy): G exgvc‡Î exgvi
†gqv‡ì g‡a¨ exgvK…Z e¨w³i g„Zzï c~‡e©B exgvi GKwU Ask wbw`©ó †gqv` †k‡l exgvKvix exgvMÖnxZv‡K cÖ`vb K‡i;
Ges Aewkóvsk ‡gqv` †k‡l cÖ`vb Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡ì †`‡k AviI wKQz exgvc‡Îi cÖPjb n‡q‡Q| †hgb
Rxeb exgv K‡c©v‡ikb: K. †cbkb exgv| L. MÖvgxY Rxeb exgv| M. cvwievwiK wbivcËv exgv| N. cvwievwiK †cbkb
exgv| O. wbwðZ †evbvm †gqv`x exgv| P. ˆØZ wbivcËv †gqv`x exgv| Q. wZb wKw¯Í exgv| R. weevn exgv BZ¨vw`|
GQvov †cvó Awdm †cv÷vj Rxeb exgv bv‡gI exgv eë¯’vi cÖPjb i‡q‡Q|

1. †Kvb Rxeb exgvc‡Îi myweav cylïv †fvM K‡ib?
K) AvRxeb exgvcÎ L) mvgwqK Rxeb exgvcÎ
M) †gqvw` exgvcÎ N) †hŠ_ exgvcÎ
2. GKwU exgvc‡Î GKvwaK e¨w³ exgv MÖnY Ki‡j Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
K) †gqvw` exgv L) †hŠ_ exgv
M) mvgwqK exgvcÎ N) AvRxeb exgv
3. †Kvb exgvc‡Î g„Zzï c~‡e©B cÖZ¨vwkZ A‡_©i Ask we‡kl cwi‡kva Kiv nq?
K) cÖZ¨vwkZ exgvcÎ L) wk¶ve„wË exgvcÎ
M) wkï‡ì wejvw¤^Z exgvcÎ N) GKK Rxeb exgvcÎ

cvV- 3 `vex cwi‡kva

Payment of Claim
D‡Ïk¨
wK wK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z exgvi `vex DÌvcb Kiv hvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
exgvi `vex DÌvcb Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖgvY cÎ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wb‡LuvR exgv `vex cwi‡kva welq e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
`zN©Ubv exgvi †¶‡Î `vex cwi‡kva msµvšÍ wel‡qi wbqg eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
g„Zz¨nvi cwÄi êwkó I MVb cÖwµqv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
evsjv‡`‡k Rxeb exgvi mgm¨vmg~n m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
exgvi `vex DÌvcb
exgvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Pzw³ Abyhvqx NUbv NUvi ci exgvK„Z e¨w³ ev Zvi g‡bvwbZ e¨w³‡K exgvi `vex A_©r exgvK…Z A_©
cvIqv| nq exgvK„Z e¨w³i exgvi †gqv` †k‡l A_ev exgvK…Z e¨w³i g„Zz¨ NU‡j exgvi `vex Kivi Dchy³Zv AR©b K‡i|
mvaviYZ Rxeb exgvi †¶‡Î `ywU cwiw¯’wZ‡Z exgvi `vex Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| hv wb‡gœ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. exgvi wba©vwiZ †gqv` †kl n‡j A_ev exgvMÖnxZvi wba©vwiZ mqgvqËxY© n‡j, exgv Pzw³ cwic° nq, ZLb exgv MÖnxZv
exgv `vex Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i; Ges
2. Avi hw` Pzw³i wba©vwiZ mgq cvi nevi c~‡e©B exgvMÖnxZv ev exgvK…Z e¨w³ gviv hvq, ZLb exgvK…Z A_© `vex‡Z
cwiYZ nq Ges exgvi `vex DÌvcb Kiv hvq|
GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, †gqv`x exgvq exgvMÖnxZvi exgvi †gqv‡ì g‡a¨ g„Zz¨ NU‡j exgvi `vex Dc¯’vcbvi Rb¨
cwic° nq| wKš‘, AvRxeb exgvq exgvK…Z e¨w³ ev exgv MÖnxZvi g„Zzï ciB exgvi `vex cwic° nq|
Rxeb exgvi `vex DÌvcb A‡bKUv wbwðZ e¨vcvi; Z‡e Ab¨vb¨ exgvi †¶‡Î kZ© Abyhvqx exgvi †gqv‡ì g‡a¨ NUbv
NU‡jB gvÎ exgvi `vex cwic° nq, bZzev bq|
Rxeb exgvi `vex DÌvcb I cwi‡kv‡ai †¶‡Î exgvK…Z NUbv NUvi Dchy³ cÖgvY exgvKvixi wbKU `vwLj Ki‡Z nq|
exgvi `vex DÌvcb I cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ †hmKj `wjj cÖgvY ìKvi Zv wb‡gœ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. eqm: exgvi `vex DÌvc‡bi Rb¨ eq‡mi cÖgvY cÎ cÖ‡qvRb nq| we‡klK‡i exgvMÖnxZv ev exgvK…Z e¨w³ hw` exgvi
†gqv` Kvj ch©š‘ RxweZ _v‡K, †m‡¶‡Î eq‡mi cÖgvY ìKvi nq| mvaviYZ: Pzw³ c‡ÎB eqm D‡j- L _v‡K, Z‡e
`vex DÌvc‡bi c~‡e© A_ev `vex DÌvc‡bi mgq eqm †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖK…Z eqm D‡jøwLZ eq‡mi †_‡K Kg n‡j
cÖ`Ë wKw¯Íi AwZwi³ A_© †diZ †`qv nq| Avevi cÖK…Z eqm †ekx n‡j Kg cÖ`Ë wcÖwgqvg †K‡U ivLv nq|
Gai‡bi RwUjZv Gov‡bvi j‡¶¨ exgv cwic° nevi c~‡e©B eq‡mi Sv‡gjv wgwU‡q †djv fvj|
2. exgv MÖnxZvi g„Zï d‡j exgv `vex cwi‡kv‡ai †¶‡Î exgv MÖnxZv g„Zzï cÖgvY¯îyc `wjj cÖgvYvw` Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z
n‡e| Ges `vexi AwaKvi m¤ú‡K©I Dchy³ cÖgvY nvwRi Ki‡Z n‡e|
K) exgvMÖnxZvi g„Zzï cªgvYcÎ (Proof of Death of the Insured): exgvMÖnxZvi g„Zzï cÖgvY m‡šÍvlRbK nevi Rb¨
wbgœwjwLZ kZ© c~iY n‡Z n‡e:
I. exgv MÖnxZv †h wPwKrm‡Ki Aaxb wPwKrmviZ wQj Zvi KZ…K g„Z mb` cÎ;
II. ¯’vbxq ms¯’v ev KZ…c‡¶i wbKU †_‡K msM„nxZ exgvMÖnxZvi g„Zzï cÖgvY cÎ;
III. exgvMÖnxZvi mv‡_ Nwbófv‡e cwiwPZ Ges Zuvi g„Zzï mgq Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb Ggb †Kvb e¨w³ KZ…K cÖ`Ë cÖgvY cÎ;
Ges

IV. g„Z exgvMÖnxZvi g„Zz¨ cieZ©x AvbyôvwbKZvq Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb Ggb †Kvb `vwqZ¡kxj ev †Kvb m¤£všÍ e¨w³i KZ…K cÖ`Ë
cÖgvY cÎ|
Dc‡iv³ g„Zz¨ †Kvb AvZœnZ¨v ev †Kvb loh¯¿g~jK g„Zz¨ bq eis GwU wQj GKwU ¯^vfvweK g„Zz¨| Zvn‡j g„Zzï cÖgvY
MÖnY†hvM¨ n‡e Ges `vexK…Z exgvi A_© cwi‡kv†ai eë¯’v Kiv n‡e|
L) DËivwaKvix mb`cÎ (Succession Certificate): exgvMÖnxZv g„ZzëiY Ki‡j Zvi g‡bvwbZ e¨w³ ev
DËivwaKvixMY exgvi UvKv cvevi AwaKvix| Avevi exgv MÖnxZv Zuvi exgvi A_© KvD‡K ¯^Z¡ n¯ÍvšÍiI Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
†m‡¶‡Î ¯^Z¡ wb‡qvMx (Assignee) exgvi UvKv cevi AwaKvi iv‡L| exgvi ¯^Z¡ wb‡qvMx A_ev exgvMÖnxZvi cÖK…Z
DËivwaKvix †h ev hvivB nDK bv †Kb, Zv‡K ev Zv‡ì‡K †m `vexi ¯^c‡¶ †Rjv RR Av`vjZ †_‡K DËivwaKvi
cÖgvYcÎ msMÖn K‡i exgvKvixi wbKU Rgv w`‡Z n‡e| †h‡¶‡Î GKvwaK `vex`vi _v‡K Ges Zv‡ì g‡a¨ AwaKvi fvM
wb‡q RwUjZv _v‡K, †m‡¶‡Î exgvKvix †Rjv RR Av`vj‡Z exgvK…Z A_© cwi‡kva K‡i †`b| †mLvb †_‡K `vex`vi‡ì
b¨vh¨ Ask AvBb Abyhvqx e›Ub K‡i ‡`qv nq|exgv `vexi mv‡_ eqm I g„Zzï cÖgvY, DËivwaKvix cÖgvYcÎ Ges
cvkvcvwk g~j Rxeb exgvcÎwU `vwLj Ki‡Z n‡e| hw` exgvcÎwU cvIqv bv hvq †m‡¶‡Î fvj K‡i †LvRvi civgk© †`qv
Ges †Kv_vI †Kvb eÜK †i‡L‡Q wKbv Zv AbymÜvb Kivi eë¯’v Kiv | Z‡e, hw` Zvi c‡iI g~j exgvcÎ cvIqv bv hvq,
Z‡e cwÎKvq nviv‡bv weÁwß †èvi ci hw` G wel‡q †KD †Kvb `vex bv Ki‡j g„Z exgvc‡Îi Abywjwc Bmy¨ Kiv nq|
G‡¶‡Î `vex`vi‡ì wbKU †_‡K Dchy³ ¶wZc~i†Yi A½xKvibvgv †i‡L g~j exgv c‡Îi Abywjwc Bmÿ K‡i exgvi `vex
cwi‡kva Kiv nq|
AviI `ywU wel‡q Av‡jvPbvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q | h_v: wb‡LuvR exgvMÖnxZvi exgv `vex Ges `zN©Ubv exgvi `vex| wb‡P G`ywU
Ae¯’vq exgvi `vex msµvšÍ wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
I. wb‡LvuR exgv MÖnxZvi exgv`vex (Claim for Mising Insured): †Kvb Kvi‡Y †Kvb exgvMÖnxZv wb‡LuvR ev wbiy‡Ïk
nq Zvn‡j exgvi `vex cwi‡kv‡ai RwUjZv †`Lv †`q, I Aš—ivq m„wó nq| G e¨vcv‡i †h wbqgwU AbymiY Kiv nq
Zvn‡jv hw` †Kvb e¨w³ †Kvb AvZœxq ¯^R‡bi Rvbv †kl wVKvbv ‡_‡K mevi A‡MvP‡i mvZ eQi ev Zvi AwaK Kvj a‡i
wb‡LuvR _v‡K Ges D³ mg‡qi g‡a¨ †Kvb e¨w³ Zv‡K RxweZ Ae¯’vq †`‡L‡Q Ggb †Kvb cÖgvY bv cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j,
Zvi 7 eQi AwZewnZ nevi ci w`b †_‡K Zv‡K g„Z e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq| G wel‡q †Rjv Av`vj‡Z Dchy³ cÖgvY `vwLj
Ki‡Z cvi‡j Zvi cwiZ¨v³ m¤ú` DËivwaKvix‡ì g‡a¨ e›U‡bi Av‡`k cÖ`vb K‡ib| Avi hw` †Kvb wb‡LuvR e¨w³i
exgvK…Z UvKvi `vex`vi ev `vex`viMY Av`vj‡Zi Giƒc ‡Kvb Av‡e`b `vwLj K‡ib, Zvn‡j †m ‡gvZv‡eK exgvi `vex
cwi‡kva Kiv n‡e| Z‡e, G †¶‡ÎI exgvi UvKv MÖnYKix‡ì wbKU †_‡K wb‡LuvR exgv MÖnxZv †diZ G‡j mgy`q UvKv
†diZ †èvi A½xKvibvgv ¯^v¶i K‡i UvKv cÖ`vb Kiv DwPZ| bZzev wb‡LuvR e¨w³ wd‡i G‡m bZzb K‡i RwVjZv †`Lv
w`‡e| †hgb, wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci wb‡LuvR nIqv gvbyl 12/14 eQi ci wewfbœ eÜx wkwei †_‡K gyw³i ci evox wd‡i
Av‡m|
II. `zN©Ubvi †¶‡Î exgvi `vex (Claim in Accident Insurance): `zN©Ubvq †Kvb exgvK…Z e¨w³ gviv †M‡j Zv
Zvr¶wbKfv‡e exgvKvix‡K Rvbv‡Z n‡e| hw` `zN©Ubvq exgvMÖnxZvi g„Zz¨ nq, †m‡¶‡Î `zN©Ubv exgvi wbqg Abyhvqx
exgvK…Z g„Z e¨w³i exgv `vwe cwi‡kva Ki‡Z n‡e| †m‡¶‡Î g„‡Zzï KviY ev wbKUZg KviY AbymÜv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
Zvi Rb¨ cywjk wi‡cvU© I gqbv Z`‡šÍi wi‡cvU© cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| cvkvcvwk mvaviYZ: Rxeb exgvi `vex DÌvc‡bi mgq
†h mKj `wjj cÖgvYv`x Rgv w`‡Z nq, mv‡_ ZvI w`‡Z n‡e| mKj `wjj cÎ Rgv †èvi ci exgvKvix hw` exgvi UvKv
cwi‡kva Kiv KZ©e¨ e‡j g‡b K‡ib; Z‡e, exgvi `vex cwi‡kva K‡i w`‡eb|
exgvKvix B”Qv Ki‡j †hLv‡b exgvMÖnxZv wPwKrmv wb‡”Qb (nvmcvZvj ev wK¬wbK) Zv‡ì mv‡_ mivmwi †hvMv‡hvM K‡i
exgvMÖnxZvi cÖ‡qvRbxq LiP enb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avevi wPwKrmv e¨q bM‡Ì cwi‡kva Ki‡Z cv‡i| †m‡¶‡Î e¨‡qi
fvDPvi `vwLj Ki‡Z n‡e|
wKfv‡e exgvi UvKv cwi‡kva Kiv hvq

wbgœwjwLZ †h †Kvbfv‡e exgvi `vex cwi‡kva Kiv hvq:
1. exgvK…Z A‡_©i cy‡iv UvKv bM‡` cwi‡kva Kiv hvq;

2. exgvi my` K‡qKwU wKw¯Í‡Z Ges cy‡iv UvKv bM‡` cwi‡kva Kiv hvq;
3. exgvi †gvU UvKv K‡qKwU ewl©K mgvb wKw¯Í‡Z cwi‡kva Kiv hvq;
4. exgvvK…Z A_© my`mn mgvb wKw¯—‡Z K‡qK eQi av‡i cwi‡kva Kiv hvq; Ges
5. exgvK…Z A_© ewl©K e„wË AvKv‡i cwi‡kva Kiv hvq|
GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, Rxeb exgv`vex Dc¯’vcb I Av`vq Ki‡Z exgvi `vex`vi‡K †h mKj wee„wZ I cÖgvY cÎ exgvKixi
wbKU †ck Ki‡Z nq, Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi Rb¨B exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv gyw`ªZ dg© mievin K‡i _v‡K| G wba©vwiZ d‡g©i
ga¨‡gB mKj `vex I wee„wZ¸v‡jv exgvKvixi wbKU Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq|
g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ (Mortality Table): exgv eëmv‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ wbw`©ó eq:µg gvby‡li g‡a¨ g„Zz¨nvi
m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vKv Avek¨K| GQvov exgv eëmv cwiPvjbv Kiv `~iƒn n‡q co‡e| ejvhvq, †h ZvwjKvi ga¨‡g AZxZ
AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K fwel¨‡Z g„Zz¨nvi wK n‡e Zv m¤ú‡K© aviYv Kiv hvq Zv‡K g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ ev ZvwjKv e‡j|
Gg, Gb wgkªi g‡Z, Òg„Zzïnvi cwÄ n‡jv Ggb GKwU Z_¨ cwÄ hv AZx‡Z g„Z nvi‡K mgwš^ZK‡i Ges Zv Ggb cš’vq
Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq hv‡Z fwel¨r Z_¨vwì aviv wba©vi‡b eëüZ n‡Z cv‡iÓ|
cwi‡kl ejv hvq †h, g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ n‡jv Ggb GKwU ZvwjKv hv wbw`©ó eq:µ‡g exgvK…Z e¨w³‡ì ewl©K g„Zzïnvi wba©viY
ZvwjKv hvi gva¨‡g GKB eq:µ‡g fwel¨‡Z g„Zz¨nvi m¤ú‡K© aviYv Kivi GKwU nwZqvi| Rxeb exgvi g„Zz¨nvi kZKiv
wn‡m‡e bv K‡i cÖwZ nvRv‡i g„Zzï nvi †K eySvq|
g„Zz¨nvi cwÄi êwkó¨mg~n (Features of Mortality Table)

g„Zz¨nvi cwÄi êwkó¨mg~n wbgœiƒc:
1. †Kvb wbw`©ó eq‡mi Rb‡Mvôxi Dci ch©‡e¶Y (Observation on a Particular Age –Under Persons):
g„Zz¨nvi cwÄi gva¨‡g †Kvb wbw`©ó eq‡mi gvbe †Mvwôi Dci ch©‡e¶Y Kiv nq Ges G ch©‡e¶Y mswkøó †kªYxi
e¨w³‡ì g„Zzï c~e© ch©š‘ P‡j| Gi g‡a¨ KvD‡K ev` ev KvD‡K †hvM Kiv nq bv|
2. evwl©K wbY©q (Yearly Estimation): g„Zz¨nvi cwÄi gva¨‡g †Kvb wbw`©ó eq‡mi Rb†Mvwôi evwl©K RxweZ I
g„Zzïnvi wbY©q Kiv nq|
3. g„‡Zi I Rxwe‡Zi nvi m¤ú‡K© aviYv †c‡Z eëüZ nq (Ways to Assume the Mortality and Survival
Rate): g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ GKwU wbw`©ó eq:µ‡gi gvby‡li evwl©K g„Zzï nvi I Rxwe‡Zi nvi aviYv †_‡KB GUv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv
nq| cÖwZeQi ïiy‡Z †jv‡Ki msL¨v GK eQi †k‡l g„Zzï msL¨v Gfv‡e Kg‡Z Kg‡Z GK mgq Rxwe‡Zi msL¨v k~‡bï
†KvUvq Pv‡j Av‡m| G mgq ch©š‘ G ch©‡e¶Y Pj‡Z _v‡K|
4. nvRv‡i nvi wba©viY (Rate Per Thousend): Rxeb exgvi nvi wba©viY nq cÖwZ nvRv‡i| †hgb g„Zzï nvi 12 Gi
A_© n‡jv cÖwZ 1000G evi Rb †jvK eQ‡i gviv hvq|
5. †Kvb wbw`©ó eqµ‡g Gi ïiy (It Strats From a Specefic Age Point): g„Zÿ nvi Rxwe‡Zi nvi wbY©‡qi Rb¨
wbw`©ó †Kvb eqµg †_‡K ch©‡e¶Y ïiyK‡i H †kªYxi eq‡mi mKj gvbyl gviv hvIqv ch©š‘ ch©‡e¶Y P‡j|
g„Zz¨nvi cwÄi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Necessity of Mortality Table)

g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ ˆZixi †c‡Qv‡b Av‡bK cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q hv wb‡gœ ewY©Z n‡jv:
1. Bnv g„Zzï nvi m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`q: g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ †Kvb GKUv wbw`©ó eq‡mi GK`j Rb‡Mvôxi g„Zz¨ I Rxwe‡Zi nvi
m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ cÖ`b K‡i| GB g„Zz¨ nv‡ii Dci wfwË K‡iB Rxeb exgvi SzuwK wba©viY Kiv nq|
2. SzuwK cwigv‡c mvnvh¨ Kiv (Helps in Measuring Risk): g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ †_‡K g„Zzï nvi m¤ú‡K© cwi¯‹vi aviYv
cvIqv hvq, hv SzuwK cwigv‡c mvnvh¨ K‡i| G †_‡K †Kvb eq‡mi g„Zz¨ nvi KZ, †Kvb& GjvKvi g„Zz¨ nvi KZ Zv Rvbv
hvq d‡j SzuwK cwigvc Kiv m¤¢e nq|

3. exgv wKw¯— wba©vi‡Y mnvh¨ K‡i (Helpes in Determining Premium): exgv Pzw³i Rb¨ wcÖwgqvg wba©viY
Acwinvh©; Zv bv n‡j exgv Pzw³ m¤¢e bq| g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ †_‡K g„Zzï nvi Rvbv hvq, g„Zz¨ nvi †_‡K Avevi SzuwK wbiƒcY
Kiv hvq- SzuwK ‡_‡K wKw¯Í wba©viY Kiv nq| ZvB g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ exgvi wKw¯Í ev wcÖwgqv‡gi nvi wba©vi†Y mnvqZv K‡i|
4. mwVK cwiKíbv I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y mnvqZv K‡i (Helps in Taking Proper Planing and Decision Making):
g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ †_‡K mwVK SzuwK cwigvc Kiv hvq e‡j †Kvb SzuwK MÖnY Kiv n‡e, n‡j wK wKw¯Í‡Z Kiv n‡e, KZ cwigvb
SzuwK MÖnY Kiv n‡e BZ¨vw` wel‡q cwiKíbv I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y mnvqZv K‡i| G mKj Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z cwiKíbv I wm×všÍ
MÖnY Kiv nq e‡j Abygv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxjZv _v‡K bv|
5. mgq ms‡¶c I e¨vq n«vm K‡i: g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ _vKvi d‡j wm×všÍ wb‡Z Kg mgq e¨vq nq I e¨vq K†g hvq| KviY
nv‡Z †iwW‡gU Z_¨ _vKvi d‡j Z_¨ AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ AwZwi³ mgq I e¨q ms‡KvPb nq|
6. Kg©avivq wbiwe”QbœZv _v‡K (Maintaining Continuaty): g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ _vKvi d‡j `ªyZ wb©wØavq wbiwew”Qbœfv‡e
exgvi Kvh©µg Pvwj‡q hvIqv hvq|
7. Pzw³ m¤úv`‡b mnvqZv (Heleps in Making a Contract): g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ cª¯ÍZ _vKvi d‡j SzuwK I g„Zzï nvi
m¤ú‡K© Dcw¯’Z aviYv _vKvi Rb¨ cÖ¯ÍvweZ exgvMÖnxZvi eqm Abymv‡i Pzw³ m¤úv`b A‡bK mnR nq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, exgv Kvh©µg myôy I my›ì fv‡e cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L|
g„Zz¨nvi cwÄi MVb (Construction Of Mortality Table)

g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ MV†bi me‡P‡q fvj c×wZ n‡jv GKwU eo msL¨K †jv‡Ki GKwU wbw`©ó eq‡mi wfwË wbe©vPb Kiv| wba©vwiZ
GKwU eq‡mi †jvK‡ì ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e †h, cÖwZeQi Zv †_‡K KZRb ‡jvK g„ZzëiY K‡i Ges KZRb †eu‡P
_v‡K| G ch©‡e¶†Y hZ¶Y ch©š‘ †kl e¨w³ g„ZzëiY bv K‡i ZZ¶Y ch©š‘ Pj‡e| GUv ev¯Í‡e Am¤¢e e¨vcvi| KviY
GKwU wbw`©ó eq‡m A‡bK †jvK‡K wbe©vPb Kiv KwVb KvR, me©¶Y ch©‡e¶Y KivI m¤¢e bq, G‡Z A‡bK mgq I A‡_©i
cÖ‡qvRb nq|
G mKj Amyweav¸‡jv `~i Ki‡Z cÖwZeQi g„Zz¨ nvi cwigvc Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K eQiB bZzb bZzb bgybvqb ‡bqv
nq| G‡¶‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K eq‡mi †jvK msL¨v ch©‡e¶Y Kiv nq Ges cÖwZwU eq‡mi KZ msL¨K †jvK g„ZzëiY K‡i Zv
†iK©W Kiv nq| g„Zzï msL¨v Øviv GKB eq‡mi Rxwe‡Zi msL¨v Øviv fvM Ki‡j mswkøó eq‡mi g„Zz¨nvi †ei n‡q hvq|
wb‡gœ GKwU g„Zz¨nvi cwÄi D`vniY †Ìqv n‡jv|
eqm Rxwe‡Zi msL¨v g„Zzï msL¨v g„Zzï nvi Rxwe‡Zi nvi

20 1,00,000 2,00 0.002 0.998
21 99,800 300 0.003 0.997
22 99,500 400 0.004 0.996
g„Zz¨nvi cwÄi bgybv
g„Zz¨nvi Z‡_ï Drmmg~n

Source of Mortality Information
†Kvb g„Zy¨nvi cwÄ ˆZix Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZwU eq‡mi A‡bK RxweZ e¨w³ Ges cÖwZ eq‡mi GKB mg‡q g„Zzï msL¨v
cÖ‡qvRb nq| Gfv‡e ˆZix Kiv DwPZ hv‡Z AZxZ AwfÁZv h_vm¤¢e cÖwZdjb N‡U| ZvB g„Zz¨nvi cwÄi msL¨v¸‡jv
h_vm¤¢e mwVK n‡Z n‡e Ges hv A‡bK msL¨K †jv‡Ki Dci wfwË K‡i n‡Z n‡e| g„Zz¨ nvi cwÄi ‰Zixi Z_¨ My‡jv
†bqv nq: (1) Rb cwimsL¨vb (Population Statistics) Ges exgv Kvix‡ì †iKW© †_‡K|

1| Rb cwimsL¨vb (Population Statistics)

exgvKvixMY Rxwe‡Zi msL¨v Av`gmygvwii †iKW© †_‡K Ges g„Zzï msL¨v cvq wgDwbwmc¨vj A_ev Ab¨vb¨ g„Zzï †iKW©
†_‡K| Rb cwimsL¨vb KZ msL¨K †jvK KZ eq‡m gviv wM‡q‡Q, G‡_‡K eQ‡ii ïiy‡Z GKB eq‡mi KZ †jvK Av‡Q
Ges eQi †k‡l D³ eq‡m KZRb gviv †M‡Q| GwfwË‡Z g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ ˆZwi mnR I mwVK nq bv|
mgv‡jvPbv
g„Zz¨nvi cwÄi Z‡_ï Drm wn‡m‡e RbcwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ mPivPi eëüZ nq bv| Z‡e, hLb exgvKvixi †Kvb AwfÁZv
bv _v‡K, †m‡¶‡Î G c×wZ eënvi Kiv nq| g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ ˆZixi †¶‡Î Rb cwimsL¨vwYK Z‡_ï wbgœ wjwLZ mxgve×Zv
i‡q‡Q:
1. Rb cwimsL¨v‡bi Z‡_ï e¨vcv‡i m‡›`n †_‡K hvq; KviY G‡¶‡Î eqm cÖgv‡Yi my‡hvM _v‡K bv| A‡b‡K wewfbœ
Kvi‡Y eqm †ekx ev Kg avh© K‡i _v‡K| Avevi KL‡bv we‡kl †kªYxi †jv‡Kiv Zv‡ì eqm m¤ú‡K© m¤cY© AeMZ _v‡K
bv|
2. Avevi A‡bK g„Zzï †Kvb †iKW© _v‡K bv| †Kvb wbw`©ó eq‡m KZ Rb †jvK gviv hvq Zv mwVKfv‡e wbiƒcY Kiv Kó
nq|
3. Av`gïgvix mvaviYZ 10 eQi ci ci n‡q _v‡K weavq m¤cÖwZ Kv‡ji Z_¨ cvIqv hvq bv| Avevi †Kvb Av`gïgvix
Kv‡j A¯^vfvweK g„Zz¨ n‡Z cv‡i hv wbi‡c¶Zvi Rb¨ AšÍivq|
4. AšÍ‡¶cY I ewn‡¶cY mshy³ _v‡K e‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡e mwVK msL¨v Rvbv hvq bv|
5. Av`gïgvixi mKj eq‡mi gvby‡li cwimsL¨vb †`q| wKš‘, exgvKvixi cÖ‡qvRb ïay exgv‡hvM¨ e¨w³i cwimsL¨vb|
Avevi Av`©k SzuwK I †ekx SzuwKi †jvK‡ì Avjv`v cwimsL¨vb cÖ‡qvRb, hv Rb cwimsL¨vb w`‡Z e¨v_©|
DcwiD³ mxgve×Zvi Rb¨ Rb cwimsLvwbK Z_¨ exgvKix‡ì Rb¨ Lye †ekx Kv‡R Av‡m bv|
exgvKvix‡ì †iKW© (Records of Insurers)

exgvKixiv mwVK g„Zz¨ m¤ú‡K© mwVK cwimsL¨vb w`‡Z cv‡i; KviY Ziv g„Zzï mwVK †iKW© iv‡L| †Kvb g„Zz¨B †iKW©
e¨wZZ _v‡K bv, ZvB KZRb †Kvb eq‡mi KZ †jvK g„ZzëiY Ki‡Q Avi KZRb †eu‡P _vK‡Q Zvi †iKW© ivLv nq| G
†¶‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K exgvKvixi wbR †cÖ‡qvR‡b g„Zz¨ nvi †iKW© K‡i| G †¶‡Î 10 erm‡ii †iKW© †bqv nq Ges A¯^vfvweK
eQi‡K bgybv †_‡K ev` †`qv nq| ZvB Av`k© SzuwK I Av`k© SzuwKi †_‡K †ekx SzuwK, gwnjv I cyiy‡li Rb¨ c„_K †iKW©
ivLv nq| mKj exgvKvixi †iKW© †_‡K eQi wfwËK wRexZ I g„Zzïnvi †iKW© ivLv nq| g„Zz¨ nvi †ei Kivi Rb¨
wbgœwjwLZ dg©~jv eënvi Kiv nq|
wbw`©ó eQ‡ii g„Zzï msL¨v
g„Zzï nvi =
eQ‡ii ïiy‡Z RxweZ‡ì msL¨v
No. of death during the year

i,e Death rate is =
No. of Living at the beginning of the year

cvV ms‡¶c: 9.3
exgvMÖnxZvi g„Zzï cÖgvY m‡šÍvlRbK nevi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ kZ© c~iY n‡Z n‡e:
I. exgv MÖnxZv †h wPwKrm‡Ki Aaxb wPwKrmviZ wQj Zvi KZ…K g„Z mb` cÎ;
II. ¯’vbxq ms¯’v ev KZ…c‡¶i wbKU †_‡K msM„nxZ exgvMÖnxZvi g„Zzï cÖgvY cÎ;
III. exgvMÖnxZvi mv‡_ Nwbófv‡e cwiwPZ Ges Zuvi g„Zzï mgq Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb Ggb †Kvb e¨w³ KZ…K cÖ`Ë cÖgvY
cÎ; Ges
Òg„Zzïnvi cwÄ n‡jv Ggb GKwU Z_¨ cwÄ hv AZx‡Z g„Z nvi‡K mgwš^ZK‡i Ges Zv Ggb cš’vq Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq
hv‡Z fwel¨r Z_¨vwì aviv wba©vi‡b eëüZ n‡Z cv‡iÓ| exgvKixiv mwVK g„Zz¨ m¤ú‡K© mwVK cwimsL¨vb w`‡Z cv‡i;
KviY Ziv g„Zzï mwVK †iKW© iv‡L| †Kvb g„Zz¨B †iKW© e¨wZZ _v‡K bv, ZvB KZRb †Kvb eq‡mi KZ †jvK
g„ZzëiY Ki‡Q Avi KZRb †eu‡P _vK‡Q Zvi †iKW© ivLv nq|

1. †KvbwU g„Zzï cÖgvbc‡Îi Aš—MZ bq?
K) wPwKrm‡Ki g„Zz¨ cÖgvYcÎ L) ¯’vbxq ms¯’vi g„Zzï cÖgvYcÎ
M) exgv †Kv¤úvbxi wba©vwiZ e¨w³ †_‡K g„Zzï cÖgvYcÎ N) AvZœxq KZ©„K cÖgvYcÎ
2. g„Zz¨ e¨w³i exgv`vexi Rb¨ †Kvb `wjj †ekx cÖ‡qvRb?
K) DËivwaKvi exgvcÎ L) `yN©Ubvi cÖgvYcÎ
M) g„Zz¨nvi cÄx N) †KvbwU bq
3. AZxZ g„Zz¨nvi †iKW© iv‡L Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
K) g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ L) g„Ze¨vw³i m¤úwËi weeiY
M) g„Ze¨w³i BwZK_v N) g„Z e¨w³‡ì bv‡gi ZvwjKv

cvV- 4 wKw¯Í wba©viY

Calculation of Premium
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Acwb−
bxU GKK wKw¯Í wnmve Kivi c`‡¶ç‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
bxU GKKvjxb wKw¯Íi nvi wba©vi‡Yi c~e©vbygvbmg~n wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|
UvKvi eZ©gvb g~j¨ wKfv‡e wnmve Kiv nq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
wewfbœ ai‡bi exgv wcÖwgqvg wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
wcÖwgqvg `yÕai‡bi, h_v 1| bxU wcÖwgqvg 2| †gvU wcÖwgqvg| G¸‡jv‡K Av‡iv `ywU Dc fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq; h_v: (K)
GKK wcÖwgqvg (L) mgnvi wcÖwgqvg| bxU wcÖwgqvg g„Zz¨nvi I my‡ì nv†ii Dci wbf©i K‡i; c¶všÍ‡i †gvU wcÖwgqvg
wbf©i K‡i g„Zz¨ nvi, my‡ì nvi, exgv msµvšÍ LiP Ges cÖ`Ë †evbvm| GKK wcÖwgqvg Gi †¶‡Î GKKvjxb †_vK wn‡m‡e
UvKv cÖ`vb K‡i; Avi mgnvi wcÖwgqv†gi †¶‡Î µgvMZfv‡e A‡bK¸‡jv wKw¯Íi gva¨‡g wcÖwgqvg cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq|
mgnv†i wKw¯Í evrmwiK, lvbœvwmK, ˆZ-gvwmK I gvwmKI n‡Z cv‡i| cÖ_‡g bxU wcÖwgqvg wba©viY Kiv nq Ges Gi Dci
wfwË K‡i Ab¨vb¨ wcªwgqvg cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
bxU GKK wcÖwgqvg (Net Single Premium)

bxU wcÖwgqvg ej‡Z wcÖwgqv‡gi †m Ask‡K †evSvq hv exgvK…Z e¨w³i g„Zz¨‡Z A_ev exgv Pzw³i †gqv` cvi nevi ci exgv
`vex cwi‡kva Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRb bxU wKw¯Íimv‡_ wbw`©ó nv‡i my` †hvM Kiv nq; wKš‘ bxU wKw¯Íimv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ LiP I jf¨vsk
hy³ Kiv nq bv| Zvi Rb¨ †gvU wKw¯Í avh© Kiv _v‡K bv |
bxU GKK wKw¯— wba©vi‡Yi c`‡¶c

Steps for Calculation of Net Single Premium
bxU GKK wKw¯Í wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ c`‡¶ç‡jv MÖnY Ki‡Z nq:
1. cÖ_‡gB wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e wK wK cwiw¯’‡Z exgvi `vex DÌvcvwZ nq;
K) g„Zz¨, L) †eu‡P _vKv, M) A_ev DfqB
2. exgvi `vex KLb cwiv‡kva Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wba©viY: K) ïiy‡Z L) †gqv` †k‡l M) A_ev eQi ev †gqv‡ì g‡a¨|
3. exgvMÖnxZv ev exgvK„†Zi msL¨v wba©viY Kiv|
4. exgvc‡Îi †gqv` KZ n‡e Zv wba©viY Kiv|
5. cªwZeQi m¤¢e¨ exgv `vexi msL¨v wba©viY Kiv|
6. hZ eQ‡ii my‡ì cªkœ RwoZ Zv wbiƒcY Kiv I GK UvKvi eZ©gvb g~j¨ †ei Kiv|
7. fwel¨‡Z cÖwZ eQi exgv `vexi eZ©gvb g~j¨ wbiƒcb Kiv|
8. fwel¨‡Z †gvU exgv `vexi eZ©gvb g~j¨ †eiKiv|
9. bxU GKK wcÖwgqvg †ei Kiv| G‡ì †gvU `vexi †gvU g~j¨‡K †gvU exgvKvixi msL¨v Øviv fvMKi‡j bxU GKK
wcÖwgqvg †ei n‡e|
bxU GKK wKw¯—i nvi wba©vi‡Y c~e©vbygvbmg~n

Assumptions Underlying Rate Computation
bxU GKK wKw¯— wba©vi‡Yi mgq c~e© †_‡KB KZ¸‡jv PjK‡K mgAe¯’vb a‡i ‡bqv nq Ges exgvi wKw¯Í wba©vi‡Y GmKj
PjK¸‡jv cwieZ©b n‡j Zv cieZ©x‡Z mgš^q Ki‡Z nq| ZvB bxU GKK wKw¯Í wba©vi‡Yi mgq †h mKj Dcv`vb c~e©
†_‡KB we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq Zv wb‡gœ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:

1. hZ¸‡jv exgvcÎ Bmy¨ Kiv nq ZZ Rb exgvMÖnxZv aiv nq| A_©r exgv c‡Îi msL¨v hZ exgv MÖnxZvi msL¨v ZZ|
2. WKw¯Íi UvKv AwMÖg †bqv A_ev exgvPzw³i ïiy‡Z wKw¯Í msM„nxZ nq|
3. msM„nxZ mKj A_© AwR©Z Awej‡¤^ wewb‡qvM Kiv nq Ges exgv `vex c~iY Kivi cÖ‡qvR‡bi c~‡e© D³ UvKv
wewb‡qvMK…Z _v‡K|
4. exgvKvix GKwU wbw`©ó nv‡i wewb‡qv‡Mi Dci my` cvq| my‡ì nvi aivi †¶‡Î msi¶bkxj bxwZ AbymiY Kiv nq,
hv‡Z fwel¨‡Z my‡ì nvi K‡g †M‡jI Zv †gvKv‡ejv Kiv hvq |
5. †Kvb my`, jf¨vsk ev Ab¨‡Kvbfv‡e †Kvb AvqI c~b:Av‡qi Rb¨ wewb‡qvM Kiv nq|
6. g„Zz¨ nvi, g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ‡Z D‡jøwLZ nv‡ii gZB _vK‡e Ges Zv mviv eQi a‡i GKB nv‡i e›Ub n‡e|
7. †Kvb wbw`©ó ai‡Yi exgv cÎB mg A‡_©i n‡e| †hgb, 5,000 UvKvi me exgv c‡Îi exgvK…Z A_© 5,000 UvKv
g„‡jï|
8. mKj exgv `vexB exgv †gqv` †k‡l cwi‡kvwaZ n‡e|
9. Dc‡iv³ aviYvmg~n ev¯Í‡e Kvh©Ki bvI n‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e G¸‡jv wcÖwgqvg wnmve Kivi e¨vcv‡i wb:m‡›`‡n mnvqZv
K‡i _v‡K|
bxU GKK wcÖwgqvg wba©viY

Calculation of Net Single Premium
wb‡gœ wewfbœ exgv c‡Îi GKK wKw¯Í wba©iY eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
mvgwqK exgv
GUv GKwU ¯^í †gqv`x exgv eë¯’v; †hLv‡b, exgvi mg‡qi g‡a¨ exgvMªnxZvi g„Zz¨ n‡jB ïaygvÎ `vex cwi‡kva Ki‡Z
nq| Avi exgvi †gqv` †k‡l hviv †eu‡P _vK‡e Zviv wKQzB cv‡e bv| G‡¶‡Î exgv wKw¯Íi UvKv AwMÖg †bIqv nq Ges
†KD exgv‡gqv‡ì ci †eu‡P _vK‡j wKw¯Íi UvKv †diZ †Ìqv nq bv| ZvB, exgvi ïiy‡ZB GK‡Î GKeQ‡i †_vK wn‡m‡e
exgvi wcÖwgqvg w`‡Z nq| exgv †gqv‡ì g‡a¨ hLb †KD gviv hvq, ZLb exgvi `vex cwi‡kva Kiv nq| ZvB, cÖ‡Z¨K
eQi m¤¢ve¨ msL¨v Ges cÖ‡Z¨K eQ†i m¤¢ve¨ exgvi `vexi eZ©gvb g~j¨ wnmve Kiv nq| KviY, †h‡Kvb mgq †h †KD
g„ZzëiY Ki‡Z cvi‡e Ges g„Zz¨ n‡j Zvi exgvi `vex cwi‡kva Ki‡Z n‡e| G exgv mvaviYZ 2,5,7 eQ‡ii Rb¨ n‡q
_v‡K| aiyY 5 eQi mg‡qi Rb¨ GKwU mvgwqK exgvcÎ MÖnY Kivn‡jv| my‡ì nvi aivn‡jv 3% Ges g„Zz¨ nvi 1953-
54 g„Zz¨ nvi bxwZ Abymv‡i n‡e| Ges exgv Kvix‡ì eqm 40 ermi, cÖwZwU exgvK…Z g~j¨ 1,000 UvKv|
†Uwej -1
1953-54 mv‡ji cvP¨ AwfÁZvi g„Zz¨ nvi ZvwjKv
eqm RxweZ exgv MÖnxZvi msL¨v evwl©K g„Zzï msL¨v nvRvi cÖwZ g„Zzï nvi
40 96,463 273 2.83
41 96,190 302 3.14
42 95,888 396 3.50
43 95,552 375 3.92
44 95,177 418 4.39
45 94759 467 4.39
(Dc‡ii Z_¨ mgwqK exgvi bxU wKw¯Í ‡ei Kiiv Rb¨ 3% nv‡i 1 UvKvi eZ©gvb g~j¨ †ei Ki‡Z n‡e|)
cÖwZeQ‡i Rb¨ GKK wKw¯Í †ei Ki‡Z n‡e|
g„Zzï msL¨v x cÖwZ R‡bi exgvi `vexi cwigvb GK UKvi eZ©gvb g~j¨= exgv`vexi eZ©gvb g„j¨|

†U‡ej-2
5 ermi †gqv`x exgvi bxU GKK wcÖwgqvg
eQi eqm Rxwe‡Zi msL¨v g„Zzï cÖwZRb g„Zzï `vexi 1 UvKvi eZ©gvb `vexi eZ©gvb g~j¨
1 2 3 msL¨v cwigvb g~j¨ 4X5X6
4 5 6
1 40 96,463 273 1,000 0.971 2,65,083
2 41 96,190 302 1,000 0.943 2,84,786
3 42 95,888 336 1,000 0.965 3,07,440
4 43 95,552 375 1,000 0.884 3,33,000
5 44 95,177 418 1,000 0.863 3,60734
mKj `vexi †gvU eZ©gvb g~j¨ = 15,51,043 UvKv

mKj exgv`vexi †gvU eZ©gvb g~j¨
cÖwZ exgvc‡Î GKK exgv wKw¯Í =
†gvU exgvKvixi msL¨v
15 , 51 ,043
= = 16 . 079 = 16 . 08
96 , 463
S
1 UvKvi eZ©gvb g~j¨ †ei Kivi m~Î n‡jv P =
(1 + i) n
P = Present value of money, S = Sum amount of which present value will be calculated n = Year of
which present value is to be calculated.
Present value of Tk 1 at the rate of 3% is as follows:
1g eQi 0.971
2q eQi 0.943
3q eQi 0.916
4_© eQi 0.888
5g eQi 0.863
Example
Calculate net single premium for five years endowment insurance Policy at the age of 40 years for
tk10,000 from the folliwing information:
Mortality table
Year No Likes at a risk No of death during the period
1 10,000 30
2 9970 36
3 9935 40
4 9896 45
5 9850 50

Present value at Tk 1@ 3% is
1st Year 0.971

2nd Year 0.943
3rd Year 0.915
4th Year 0.888
5th Year 0.863
Soluation:
Table Showing the Net Single Premium

Yea No. of No. of Death Death Claim Present value Present value of
r Persons each Year of tk 1 death claim per
Living year
1 10,000 30 3,00,000 0.971 2,91,300
2 9,970 35 3,50,000 0.943 3,30,050
3 9,935 40 4,00,000 0.915 3,66,000
4 9,895 45 4,50,000 0.888 3,99,600
5 9,850 50 5,00,000 0.863 4,31,500
Present value of total death claim = tk 18,18,450

No. of living at the end of 5th year = 9850-50 = 9,800
Total claim of living persons = 9,800X10,000 = 9,80,00000
Present value of living persons = 9,80,00000 X0.863 = Tk 8,45,74,000
Total claim = Death claim + Living claim = 18,18,450+ 8,45,4700
= 8,63,92,450
Present value of total claims 8,63,9245
Net single premium = =
Total no of insured 10,000
= 8,639.245
Net single premium = Tk 8, 639.25
cvV ms‡¶c: 9.4

bxU wcÖwgqvg ej‡Z wcÖwgqv‡gi †m Ask‡K †evSvq hv exgvK…Z e¨w³i g„Zz¨‡Z A_ev exgv Pzw³i †gqv` cvi nevi ci
exgv `vex cwi‡kva Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRb bxU wKw¯Íimv‡_ wbw`©ó nv‡i my` †hvM Kiv nq; wKš‘ bxU wKw¯Íimv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ LiP
I jf¨vsk hy³ Kiv nq bv| Zvi Rb¨ †gvU wKw¯Í avh© Kiv _v‡K bv | bxU GKK wKw¯Í wba©vi‡Yi mgq c~e© †_‡KB
KZ¸‡jv PjK‡K mgAe¯’vb a‡i ‡bqv nq Ges exgvi wKw¯Í wba©vi‡Y GmKj PjK¸‡jv cwieZ©b n‡j Zv cieZ©x‡Z
mgš^q Ki‡Z nq|

1. bxU wcÖwgqv‡gi msÁv w`b|
2. †gvU wcÖwgqv‡gi msÁv w`b|
3. exgv wKw¯Íi weeiY w`b|

cvV- 5 e„wË eë¯’v

Annuity
D‡Ïk¨
e„wË eë¯’vi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
e„wË eë¯’v Kv‡ì Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx, Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
wewfbœ e„wË eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
e„wË eë¯’v I exgvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
e„wË eë¯’v †Kb Kiv nq, Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
e„wË eë¯’vi msÁv
Bs‡iRx Annuity kãwUi Awfavwb A_© evwl©K e„wË| G eë¯’vi wbqgB n‡jv exgvKvix KZ…K exgv MÖnxZv‡K evwl©K e„wË
cÖ`vb Kiv| wKš‘, cieZ©x‡Z MÖvnK‡ì myweav‡_© lvYœvwmK, ˆZ-gvwmK GgbwK gvwmK wbw`©ó nv‡i e„wË cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
we‡kl K‡i cvð¨‡Zi †Kvb †Kvb e„× I eq¯‹ †jvK‡ì †kl Rxeb wbe©vn KiZ MxR©v ev ag©xq cÖwZôv‡b; Ges Zv‡ì
m¤ú` I m¤úwË mswkøó cÖwZôv‡b `vb K‡i w`‡Zb| A‡b‡Ki aviYv, G cÖ_v †_‡KB Kvjµ‡g e„wË eë¯’vi Kvh©µg Pvjy
nq|
†Kvb e¨w³i AKvj g„Zz¨ n‡j, †hgb ciwbf©ikxj nq Zvi cwievi, †Zgwb †ekx eq‡m †eu‡P _vK‡jI A‡bK mgq A‡bï
gyLv‡c¶x n‡Z nq Avw_©Kfv‡e| we‡klZ: hLb Kg©¶gZv nvwi‡q †d‡j, Avi Zuvi †Kvb †ivRMvi bv _v‡K, Avi mvg_©I
bv _v‡K Z‡e Zvi wec‡ì mxgv _v‡K bv| ZvB, exgv‡Kv¤úvbxi mv‡_ Ggb Pzw³ K‡i hv‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó eq‡mi ci ‡eu‡P
_vK‡j Zuv‡K AvgiY Avw_©K mnvqZv Ki‡Z _v‡K| Avi, Zvi Rb¨ exgvKvix‡K GKKvjxb wcÖwgqvg wn‡m‡e A_© cÖ`vb
K‡i _v‡K| GUvB g~jZ ewl©K e„wË eë¯’v|
wb‡gœ e„wËi K‡qKwU msÁv †`qv n‡jv:

R.S. Shorma Gi g‡Z ÒA life annuity may be defined as a contract by which the insurance company
agrees in consideration of a certain payment or payments pay to the beneficary, a fixed regular income
during a given status.”
A_©vr ÒRxeb exgv e„wË ej‡Z Ggb GKwU Pzw³‡K †evSvq †hLv‡b- †Kvb wbw`©ó cwigvY cÖwZ`v‡bi wewbg‡q exgv
†Kv¤úvbx e„wË MÖnxZv‡K GKwU wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© cwi‡kv†a m¤§Z nq|Ó
Gg, Gb, wgkªi g‡Z, ÒAn annuity is periodical level payment made in exchange of the purchase money
for the reminder of the life time of a person or for a specified period.”
A_©r ewl©K e„wË n‡jv µq g~‡jï wewbg‡q †Kvb e¨w³i Rxe‡bi Aewkó¨ mg‡qi Rb¨ ev †Kvb wbw`©ó mgq ch©š— wbw`©ó
mgvšÍiv†j mgcwigvY A_© cÖ`vb KivÓ|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Avw_©K e„wË n‡jv exgv †Kv¤úvbxi mv‡_ exgv MÖnxZvi GKwU Pzw³ hv‡Z exgv MÖnxZv wbw`©ó cwigvY
A_© cÖ`v‡bi wewbg‡q exgv †Kv¤úvbx e„wË MÖnxZv‡K wbw`©ó mgvšÍivj nv‡i g„Zz¨ ch©š‘ A_ev wbw`©ó eqm ch©š‘ A_© cÖ`v‡bi
cÖwZkÖywZ cÖ`vb K‡i|

hv‡ì Rb¨ e„wË eë¯’v cÖ‡hvR¨

wbgœ wjwLZ e¨w³M‡Yi Rb¨ evwl©K e„wË eë¯’v cÖ‡hvR¨:
1. hviv e„× eq‡m wb‡Ri Rxe‡b Avw_©K AwbðqZvi SzuwK g‡b K‡ib|
2. hviv wb‡RivB wb‡R‡ì m¤ú` †fvM K‡i †h‡Z Pvb|
3. cvwievwiK mwÂwZi †Zvqv°v K‡ib bv|
4. A‡c¶vK…Z †ewn‡mex n†q _vK‡j|
5. hv‡ì A‡bK bM` UvKv Av‡Q|
e„wËi †kªYxwefvM
Classification of Annuity
e„wËi wefbœ aib i‡q‡Q| e„wË eë¯’vi cÖKvi‡f` wb‡gœ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. Zvr¶wbK e„wË (Immediate Annuity): Zvr¶wYK e„wË eë¯’vq e„wË µq g„j¨ cwi‡kv‡ai ciciB fvZv cÖ`vb
Kvh©Ki nq| G‡¶‡Î GK‡Î µq g„j¨ cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq| aiyb, Rbve Rwni GKwU Zvr¶wbK e„wË µq Ki‡jb| Pzw³
Abyhvqx gvwmK nv‡i e„wË cv‡eb| G‡¶‡Î Pzw³ nevi c‡ii gvm †_‡KB e„wË cÖ`vb ïiy n‡e Ges g„Zz¨ ch©š‘ cÖ`vb Pvjy
_vK‡e| G ai‡bi e„wË eë¯’vi me©wbgœ †Kvb eqm mxgv _v‡K bv| ZvB e„wËi fvZv eë¯’v Pvjyi Aí w`‡bi g‡a¨ †KD gviv
†M‡j e„wË cÖ`vb eÜ nq, Zv‡Z e„wËMÖnxZvi †jvKmvb nq| d‡j G ai‡bi e„wË eë¯’v †Zgb Rbwcªªq bq|
2. wejw¤^Z e„wË (Deffered Annuity): G ai‡bi e„wËi †ejvq e„wË µ‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ fvZv cÖ`vb ïiy bv n‡q GKwU
wbw`©ó ZvwiL ev mgq mxgv cvi nevi ci †_K e„wËi fvZv cÖ`vb ïi“ nq| G‡¶‡Î e„wËi wKw¯— GKev‡i A_ev wbw`©ó
mg‡qi g‡a¨ wKw¯Í‡Z cÖ`vb Kivi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q|
3. cÖwZkÖywZ e„wË (Gaurunteed Annuity): G ai‡bi e„wË eë¯’vq AvRxeb fvZv †fv‡Mi cvkvcvwk b~b¨Zg Ask ch©š‘
fvZv cvevi wbðqZv cÖ`vb Kiv nq| aiyY, wgt Rwni GKwU cÖwZkÖywZ e„wË µq Ki‡jb hvi kZ© n‡jv AšÍZ 10 ermi
ch©š‘ wbw`©ó nv‡i wZwb ev Zvi †Kvb g‡bvwbZ e¨w³‡K fvZv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e| wZwb 5 eQi fvZv cvevi ci gviv †M‡jb|
†m‡¶‡Î Avi 5 eQi ch©š‘ Zvi g‡bvwbZ e¨w³‡K fvZv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e| G‡Z Aí Kvj fvZv †fvM Ki‡j e„wËi µq
g„‡jï GKUv Ask †jvKmvb nevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv; G wel‡q cÖwZkÖywZ †`qv nq| Z‡e, G cÖKvi e„wË eë¯’vq me©wbgœ
cwigvY ch©š‘ fvZvi wbðqZv _v‡K e‡j e„wËi µq g~jÏ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ekx nq|
4. GKK Rxeb e„wË (Single Life Annuity): G ai‡Yi e„wË eë¯’vq fvZv ‡fvM Kvixi msL¨v GKRb| Zvi g„Zzï
mv‡_ mv‡_ fvZv cÖ`vb eÜ n‡q hvq| wZwb g„Zzï c~e© ch©š‘ wbqwgZ fvZv †c‡Z _v‡Kb| Z‡e, hv‡ì †Kvb wbf©ikxj †bB
Ges hviv Zv‡ì AwR©Z m¤ú` m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wb‡RivB †fvM Ki‡Z AvMÖnx, Zv‡ì †¶‡Î G e„wË eë¯’v DËg|
5. †hŠ_ Rxeb e„wË (Joint Life Annuity): G‡Ki AwaK e¨w³ hLb †hŠ_ Rxeb- Kvj ch©š‘ wbqwgZ fvZv †fvM Kivi
wbðqZv m¤úbœ e„wË‡K †hŠ_ Rxeb e„wË evjv nq| G †¶‡Î †hŠ_ Rxe‡bi g‡a¨ †h Kv‡iv g„Zzï ci †_‡K fvZv cÖ`vb eÜ
K‡i †`qv nq| G e„wË eë¯’vI †Zgb Rbwcªq bq|
6. †hŠ_Rxeb I DËi Rxex e„wË (Joint Life and Survivor Annuity): G ai‡bi e„wË eë¯’vqI GKvwaK Rxe‡bi
Dci e„wË µq Kiv nq Ges †hŠ_fv‡e fvZv †fvM K‡i| Z‡e, G‡¶‡Î GKR‡bi g„Zz¨‡Z fvZv cÖ`vb eÜ nq bv eis †kl
e¨w³i g„Zz¨ ch©š‘ fvZv cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Z‡e, fvZvi cwigvY AvbycvwZK nv‡i Kwg‡q †`qv nq|
7. mvgwqK e„wË (Temporary Annuity): G exgv eë¯’vq GKwU wbw`©ó mgq ch©š‘ A_ev †gqv‡ì gv‡a¨ e„wË
†fvMKvixi g„Z¨z n‡j fvZv cÖ`vb eÜ Kiv nq| A_©vr wbw`©ó mgq ciI hw` e„wË MÖnxZv gviv bv hvq Z‡e H mgq cvi

nevi ci e„wË cª`vb eÜ n‡q hvq| Z‡e, G‡Z e„wËi g~j `k©b m¤ú~Y© e¨nZ nq| KviY e„wË eë¯’v Zvi cvwicvš’x| ZvB,
exgvKvixMY mvaviYZ: G ai‡bi e„wË Bmy¨ K‡i bv |
8. fvex¯^Z¡ wewkó e„wË (Reversonary Annuity): G ai‡Yi e„wË eë¯’vq ‡Kvb GKe¨w³ Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³i g„Zzï ci
†eu‡P _vK‡j wZwb AvgiY fvZv †fvM Ki‡eb| Z‡e cÖ¯—weZ fvZv†fvMx hw` Av‡M gviv hvq Z‡e †Kvb UvKv †diZ †`qv
nq bv| G ai‡Yi e„wËi µqg~j¨ GKKvjxb ev wbw`©ó wKw¯—‡Z Av`vq Kiv nq| G ai‡bi e„wË mvaviYZ ¯^vgx-¯¿xi Rb¨
µq K‡i _v‡K| KviY ¯^vgx, ¯¿xi c„‡e© g„Zz¨ n‡j †h Aw_©K AwbðqZvi SzuwK _v‡K Zv ‡_‡K †invB cvei Rb¨ G ai‡bi
e„wË Dc‡hvMx|
9. wbw`©ó e„wË (Annuity Certain): G ai‡bi e„wË eë¯’vq †Kvb mywbw`©ó mgq Kvj ch©š‘ wbw`©ó nv‡i evrmwiK,
lvYœvwmK, ‰Z-gvwmK ev gvwmK fvZv cÖ`vb Kiv nq| G fvZv †Kvb e¨w³i Rxe‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj bq| µq g~‡jï mv‡_
gybvdv †hvM K‡i fvZv cª`vb Kiv nq| G e„wË eë¯’v mvaiYZ: †Q‡j †g‡q‡ì †jLv covi LiP enb Kivi Rb¨ †bqv
n‡q _v‡K|
exgv I e„wËi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

Defference Between Insuarance and Annuity
exgvPzyw³ I e„wËi g‡a¨ wbgœwjwLZ cv_©K¨¸‡jv j¶¨ Kiv hvq:
1. wKw¯Í cÖ`v‡bi aib (Mode of Premium Payment): exgv Pzw³i †¶‡Î mvaviYZ A‡bK¸‡jv wKw¯Í cÖ`vb Ki‡Z
nq| c¶všÍ‡i, e„wË Pzw³i †¶‡Î GKevi gvÎ wKw¯Í cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq|
2. exgv`vex I e„wË cÖ`v‡bi aib (Mode of Paying Claim and Annuity): exgv Pzw³i †¶‡Î exgvi `vex mvaiYZ:
Gevi‡iB cÖ`vb Kiv nq; c¶všÍ‡i, e„wË Pzw³i †¶‡Î fvZv mvaviYZ: evi evi cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
3. `ªyZ I wejw¤^Z g„Zzï SzuwKi weiy‡× cÖwZi¶v (Protection Against Early and Late Death): Ab¨vb¨ Rxeb
exgvi †¶‡Î weklZ: AvRxeb exgvi †¶‡Î `ªyZ g„Zzï SzuwKi weiy‡× cÖwZi¶vi KvR K‡i; Aci c‡¶, e„wË eë¯’v †ekx
Rxeb ev wejw¤^Z g„Zzï SyuwKi weiy‡× GKwU cÖwZi¶v eë¯’v|
4. exgv`vex ev e„wË cÖ`v‡bi mgq (Times of Paying Claim or Annuity): e„wË MªnxZvi g„Zz¨‡Z mvaviYZ: fvZv
eÜ n‡q hvq| wKš‘, †ekxi fvM Rxeb exgvi †¶‡ÎB mvaviYZ: exgv MÖnxZvi g„Zzï ciB exgv `vex cwi‡kva Kiv nq|
5. Kj¨vY (Welfare): Ab¨vb¨ Rxeb exgv mvaviYZ: A‡bï Rxe‡bi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ Kiv nq| Aci w`‡K, e„wË eë¯’v
cÖavbZ: wbR Rxe‡bi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨B Kiv nq|
6. g„Zz¨ ev Rxwe‡Zi nvi wbY©q (Determination of Death or Living Rate): exgv Pzw³‡Z wcÖwgqvg wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨
g„Zzï nvi †ei Kiv nq| Avi e„wË Pzw³i †¶‡Î Rxwe‡Zi nvi †ei Kiv nq|
7. Znwej MVb (Accumulation of Fund): Rxeb exgv Pzw³i ci †_‡K µgk Znwej e„w× K‡i; Avi, e„wË Pzw³i
†¶‡Î fvZv cÖ`v‡bi d‡j µgk:Znwej Kg‡Z _v‡K|
8. wKw¯Í ev e„wË wnmv‡ei wfwË (Basis of Calculation of Premium or Annuity): exgv Pzw³‡Z g„Zz¨ nv‡ii Dci
wKw¯Íi cwigvY wbf©i K‡i| c¶všÍ‡i, e„wË Pzw³‡Z †eu‡P _vKvi nv‡ii Dci wbf©i K‡i e„wËi nvi wba©iY nq|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, exgv Pzw³ I e„wË Pzw³i g‡a¨ †ek wKQz êwkó¨MZ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| Rxeb exgv
g~jZ AKvj g„Zzï wecix†Z cÖwZi¶v wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i, c¶všÍ‡i e„wË eë¯’v cÖavbZ: †ekx w`b euPvi SyuwKi weiy‡×
cÖwZi¶v wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

e„wË eë¯’v Kivi KviY? (Causse of Annuity Contract)

e„wË eë¯’vq eZ©gvb DbœZ we‡k¦ †ek RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i‡Q| Avgv‡ì †`‡kI w`b w`b e„wË eë¯’vi RbwcÖqZv evo‡Q|
e„wË eë¯’v mvaviYZ: abxiv K‡i _v‡K| e„wË Pzw³ Kivi †cQ‡b eûwea myweav Av‡Q e‡j gvbyl AvMÖnx n‡”Q| wb‡gœ e„wË
Pzw³ Kivi KviY eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. e„wË eë¯’vi gva¨‡g e„× eq‡m Avw_©K m”PjZv wbwðZ K‡i|
2. e„wËi mydj e„wË MÖnxZv wb†R mivmwi †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
3. e„wË eë¯’vi gva¨‡g GKRb gvby‡li m¤ú‡ì m‡e©vËg eënvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. hviv `xN© Rxeb cvb, Zv‡ì Rb¨ e„wË eë¯’v GKwU cÖwZi¶v nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
5. G eë¯’vq mvaviYZ: GKev‡iB UvKv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq e‡j Sv‡gjv Kg|
6. G eë¯’vq ¯^v¯’¨MZ cix¶v ev †ckvMZ †Kvb cÖkœ Zzjv nq bv|
7. hv‡ì A‡bK m¤ú` Av‡Q Ges Zviv wb‡RivB Zv‡ì m¤ú` †fvM K‡i †h‡Z Pvb, Ab¨‡ì Rb¨ †i‡L †h‡Z Pvb bv,
Zv‡ì Rb¨ e„wË eë¯’v LyeB Dc‡hvMx|
8. hviv A‡c¶vK…Z †ewn‡mex Zv‡ì Rb¨ e„wË eë¯’v LyeB Dc‡hvMx| Gi gva¨‡g fwel¨r mÂq M‡o D‡V Zv AvRxeb
Kv‡R jv‡M|
e„wË eë¯’v e„× eq‡m ¯^w¯Í, wbðqZv I ¯^”PjZv Avbvqb K‡i| ZvB, hviv `xN©qy †c‡q _v‡Kb, Zv‡ì Rb¨ GUv eo eÜz
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
evsjv‡`‡k Rxeb exgvi mgm¨vmg~n

Problems of Life Insurance in Bangladesh
evsjv‡`‡ki Rxeb exgv †ek c~iY n‡jI bvbvwea mgm¨vq wbcwZZ Av‡Q| ‡hgb we‡kl K‡i ‡`k 1971 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZvi
ci mKj exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv RvZxqZvKiY K‡i cÖ_g cuPwU Ki‡c©v‡ikb I cieZ©x‡Z 2 wU K‡c©v‡ik‡b cwiYZ Kiv nq
Ges eû w`b ch©š‘ e¨w³ gvwjKvbvq exgv eë¯’v Pvjy wQj bv| Avi Z`vwbšÍb c~e© cwK¯—v‡bi exgv eëmvqx †ekxi fvMB
Z`vwbšÍb cwðg cwK¯Ívbx nevi d‡j †`k wefv‡Mi ci Zviv P‡j hvIqvq GKUv k~b¨Zv m„wó nq| Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í †m ïb¨Zv
KvwU‡q Zzjvi †Póv Pvjv‡jI GLbI Ab¨vb¨ exgvi b¨q Rxeb exgviI wKQz mgm¨v i‡q‡Q hv wb‡P Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:
1. cwiKíbv I cÖkvmwbK mgm¨v: nVvr K‡i †`k wefv‡Mi ci mKj exgv‡K RvZxqKiY Kivi d‡j AwfÁZvi Afv‡e
exgv cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Rb¨ cwiKíbv I `¶ cÖkvmwbK eë¯’v M‡o Zzj‡j †ek RwUjZvi m„wó nq|
2. eë¯’vcbv I msMV‡bi mgm¨v: bZzb KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ bZzb cwiKvíbv I bxwZgvjvi g‡a¨ exgvi myôy eë¯’vcbv I
msMVb cwiPjbvq †ek mgm¨vi m¤§zLxb n‡Z nq|
3. Dchy³ wk¶v I cÖwk¶‡Yi Afve: exgv Kvh© cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖPzi Ávb I cÖwk¶Y cÖ‡qvRb nq| wKš‘, Avgv‡ì †`‡k
exgv eë¯’vcbvi Dci h‡_ó cwigvY wk¶v I cÖwk¶‡Yi Afve i‡q‡Q| RvZxq ch©v‡q exgvi Rb¨ GKwU gvÎ exgv
GKv‡Wgx Av‡Q hv cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq AcÖZzj|
4. Nb Nb ivR‰bwZK cU cwieZ©b I Aw¯’wZkxjZv: †`k ¯^vaxb nevi ci ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZvi Afve I Nb Nb cU
cwieZ©b Rxeb exgv eë¯’v‡K e¨vnZ K‡i‡Q|
5. exgcÎ MÖnvK‡ì `vex wgUv‡bvi RwUjZv: exgvi `vex wgUv‡Z exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jvi Øviv A‡b‡KB A‡nZzK Sv‡gjv I
nqivbxi ¯^xKvi nv‡q _v‡K| myôy wbqg Kvby‡bi AbymiY Kiv nq bv, d‡j Rxeb exgv MÖnvKMY AvMÖn nwi‡q †d‡jb|

6. Rbmvavi‡Yi Av¯’vkxjZvi Afve: Rxeb exgv eë¯’vq Avgv‡ì mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q GLbI mycwiwPZ n‡q bv DVvi
Kvi‡YI wewfbœ †fvMvwšÍi Kvi‡Y Rxeb exgvi Dci Av¯’vi Afve i‡q‡Q|
7. cÖvPxb cš’v: DbœZ we‡k¦ Rxeb exgvi †¶‡Î h‡_ó DbœZ cw×wZ eëüZ nq wKš‘, ev¯Íe mZ¨ n‡jv Avgv‡ì †`‡k
GLbI exgv eë¯’v AwZ cÖvPxb, hvi d‡j Rxeb exgvi Dbœq‡b AšÍivq wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q|
8. AvšÍwiKZvi Afve: Avgv‡ì †`‡k ˆbwZK Ae¶q i‡q‡Q| Avi exgv GKwU P~ovšÍ wek¦v‡mi Pzw³ hv ci¯úi we‡ivax|
Avgv‡ì †`‡k exgv eëmv‡qi h‡_ó mZZvi Afve cwijw¶Z n‡”Q; hvi d‡j, exgvKvix‡ì AcÖZ¨vwmZ SzuwK e„w×
cv‡”Q|
9. `¶ †jv‡Ki Afve: GLbI Avgv‡ì †`‡k exgv eëmv‡q `¶ I †hvM¨ †jvK ¯^v”Q‡›` exgv †ckv‡K MªnY bv Kivq exgv
eëmv‡q me ch©v‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq `¶ I †hvM¨ †jv‡Ki Afve cwijw¶Z nq hv Rxeb exgv eëmv‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨|
10. ag©xq Abyf~wZ: G‡`‡ki 90 fvM †jvKB cÖvq gymjgvb| cÖPwjZ Rxeb exgv GKwU my`wfwËK Kvievi hv gymwjg
wek¦v‡mi cwicwš’| ZvB A‡bKB cÖPwjZ Rxeb exgv eë¯’vi Aaxb exgv Ki‡Z AbvMÖn|
11. myôy AvB‡bi Afve: DbœZ mKj †`‡kB cÖvq Rxeb exgv eva¨Zvg~jK nevi Kvi‡Y Rxeb exgv eëmv cÖmvi jvf
K‡i‡Q| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki gUihvb exgv Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK| Rxeb exgvi †¶‡ÎI Gai‡bi AvB‡bi Afv†e Rxeb exgvi
Dbœq‡b evavi m„wó n‡”Q|
12. mvwe©K A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vb: †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi mv‡_ exgv eëmv‡qiI wbweo m¤úK© Av‡Q| †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK
Ae¯’v fvj bv nIqv A‡b‡Ki B”Qv _vKv m‡Z¡I Rxeb exgv cwjwm MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY, Rxeb exgv cwjwm e¨q
eûjI e‡U|
13. RbM‡Yi m‡PZbZvi Afve: Avgv‡ì †`‡ki ‡ekxi fvM †jvKB Am‡PZb; Zvi d‡j, exgv m¤ú‡K© A‡b‡KiB †Zgb
aviYv †bB, d‡j Rxeb exgv MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Rbmvavi‡Yi AvMÖn Kg|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, hwÌ evsjv‡`‡ki Rxeb exgv eë¯’vq h‡_ó mgm¨v i‡q‡Q, ZeyI G mKj mg¨mv †gvKv‡ejv K‡i
Rxeb exgv eë¯’v A‡bK mg„w×i w`‡K Avm‡Q| we‡kl K‡i, e¨w³ gvwjKvbvq Rxeb exgv eë¯’v Pvjy Kivi ci
cÖwZ‡hvMxZv †e‡o hv‡”Q; Ges MÖnvK c~‡e©i Zzjbvq †ekx †mev cv‡”Q| hv‡Z, Rxeb exgv w`b w`b RbwcÖqZv cv‡”Q|
cvkvcvwk Bmjvgx Rxeb eë¯’v Pvjyi d‡j e„nr GKUv Rb‡MvôxI Rxeb exgvi w`‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Q| GUv wek¦vm Kiv hvq
†h, fwel¨‡Z Rxeb exgv A‡bK mgm¨v KvwU‡q mg„w×i w`‡K hv‡e|
cvV ms‡¶c: 9.5
ÒRxeb exgv e„wË ej‡Z Ggb GKwU Pzw³‡K †evSvq †hLv‡b- †Kvb wbw`©ó cwigvY cÖwZ`v‡bi wewbg‡q exgv †Kv¤úvbx
e„wË MÖnxZv‡K GKwU wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© cwi‡kv†a m¤§Z nq|Ó Zvr¶wYK e„wË eë¯’vq e„wË µq g„j¨ cwi‡kv‡ai
ciciB fvZv cÖ`vb Kvh©Ki nq| G‡¶‡Î GK‡Î µq g„j¨ cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq| mvgwqK e„wË (Temporary
Annuity): G exgv eë¯’vq GKwU wbw`©ó mgq ch©š‘ A_ev †gqv‡ì gv‡a¨ e„wË †fvMKvixi g„Zz¨ n‡j fvZv cÖ`vb eÜ
Kiv nq|

DËigvjv
1. K 2. K

1. K 2. L 3. K

1. N 2. K 3. K
cÖkœvejx
msw¶ß cÖkœ
1. Rxeb exgvi msÁv w`b|
2. Rxeb exgvi êwkó¨¸‡jv wK wK?
3. †Kvb cwjwm Kv‡ì Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib|
4. KLb exgvi `vex DÌvcb Kiv nq?
5. wb‡LuvR exgvMÖnxZvi `vexc~iY wKfv‡e Kiv nq?
6. e¨w³MZ `zN©Ubvq exgvi `vex cwi‡kv‡ai wbqg wK?
7. g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ Kv‡K e‡j?
8. g„Zz¨nvi cwÄi ¸iyZ¡ wK?
9. e„wË eë¯’v wK?
10. e„wË eë¯’v Kv‡ì Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨?
11. †Kb e„wË µq Kiv nq?
12. wcÖwgqvg wba©i‡Yi c`‡¶ç‡jv wK wK|
13. Rxeb exgvi †kªYxwefv‡Mi wewfbœ wfwË¸‡jv wK wK?
14. †gqv`x exgv Kv‡ì Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨?
iPbv g~jK cÖkœ

1. K) Rxeb exgvi aviYv I we‡kl Dcvb¸‡jv eY©bv Kiyb|
L) Rxeb exgvi êwkó¨¸‡jv eY©bv Kiyb|
M) ‡gqv`x exgvi †kªYxwefvM eY©bv Kiyb|
2. K) g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ Kv‡K e‡j?
L) g„Zz¨nvi cwÄi êwkó¨ I ¸iyZ¡ eY©bv Kiyb|
M) g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ wKfv‡e MVb Kiv nq?
3. K) Rxeb exgvi wcÖwgqvg wba©vi‡Yi c`‡¶ç‡jv eY©bv Kiyb|
L) Rxeb exgv wcÖwgqvg wnmve Kivi c×wZ wba©viY Kiyb|
M) UvKvi eZ©gvb g~j¨ wK fv‡e wnmve Kiv nq, Dnv GKwU D`vniYmn eY©bv Kiyb|

4. K) Rxeb exgvi bxU wcÖwgqvg †ei K‡i wK fve?

L) wbgœ wjwLZ g„Zz¨nvi cwÄ †_‡K 5 ermi †gqv`x exgvi bxU wcÖwgqvg †ei Kiyb| 5% nv‡i my` ai‡Z n‡e|
g„„Zz¨nvi cwÄ
eQi Rxwe‡Zi msL¨v g„‡Zzï msL¨v

1 5,000 50
2 4,550 60
3 4,490 70
4 4,420 80
5 4,340 90
5. K) ewl©K e„wË ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb|

L) ewl©K e„wË Kv‡ì Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨|
M) evwl©K e„wËi †kªYx wefvM eY©bv Kiyb|
6. K) evwl©K e„wË I Rxeb exgvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kiyb|
L) evwl©K e„wË †Kb cÖ‡qvRb?
M) evsjv‡`‡k Rxeb exgvi mgm¨v¸‡jv eY©bv Kiyb|

BDwbU
AwMœexgv
10 Fire Insurance
f~wgKv
Av¸b gvby‡li Rxeb RxweKvi Rb¨ GKvšÍ Acwinvh© I wbZ¨w`‡bi eÜz| AvMyb †hgb gvby‡li eÜz †Zgwbfv‡e GwU Avevi
`ytLI e‡q Av‡b gvby‡li Rxe‡b| Avi G Kvi‡YB ïiy n‡q‡Q AwMœexgv| GKevi Bsj¨v‡Û AwMœKv‡Û cÖPzi m¤ú`-m¤úwË
aŸsm n‡qwQj| GQvov hy×, gnvhy× Avi wek¦hy×Kvjxb mg‡q Av¸‡Y †h ¶wZ n‡q‡Q gvbyl‡K fvwe‡q Zz‡j‡Q| Fire is a
good servant but a bad master| wbqš¿‡Y ivL‡Z cvi‡j Av¸b AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk K‡i wKš‘ GKevi wbqš¿Y nvwi‡q †M‡j
GwU Pig `ytL I wech©q e‡q Av‡b| AwMœexgv G mKj ¶q¶wZi nvZ †_‡K i¶v Kivi †¶‡Î BwZevPK f~wgKv iv‡L| G
BDwb‡U Avgiv AwMœexgvi bvbvwea welq m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡ev| Zvn‡j Avmyb welq¸‡jv †R‡b wbB|
cvV- 1 msÁv, Zvrch© I bxwZgvjv

D‡Ïk¨
AwMœexgvi msÁv I Zvrch© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
AwMœexgvi bxwZgvjv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
AwMœexgvi msÁv I Zvrch© (Definition & Significance)

AwMœexgv GK ai‡bi m¤úwË exgv| m¤ú`-m¤úwËi m¤¢ve¨ Av¸bRwbZ ¶wZi AwbðZqZvi Kvi‡Y gvwjK ev exgv‡hvM¨
¯^v_© mswkøó e¨w³ KZ…©K wbw`©ó †mjvgx cÖ`v‡bi cÖwZ`v‡b I exgvKvix KZ©„K ¶wZc~iY `v‡bi cvi¯úwiK ev cvëvcvwë
cÖwZkÖywZ‡Z MwVZ Pzw³‡K AwMœexgv e‡j| AwMœexgvi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q wewfbœ †jLK wewfbœ ai‡bi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb| Avmyb
Avgiv G msÁv¸‡jv †R‡b wbB|
R.S.Sharma e‡jb, A fire insurance is as an agreement whereby one party in return for a consideration,
undertakes to indemnify the other party against financial loss which the latter may sustain by reason
of certain defined subject matter being damaged or destroyed by fire other defined perils upto an
agreed amount. A_©vr AwMœ-exgv GKwU Pzw³ hvi gva¨‡g cÖwZ`v‡bi wewbg‡q GK c¶ Aci c‡¶i ewY©Z Ab¨ †Kvb
wec‡` ¶wZMÖ¯— ev asm n‡j m¤§wZ ev Pzw³‡Z ewb©Z cwigvY ¶wZc~iY `v‡bi Rb¨ A½xKvi K‡i)
mybvg ab¨ exgv †jLK †Nvl I AvMiIqvjvi g‡Z Fire insurance is a contract whereby one party undertakes,
in excehange for premium to indemnify the other against a loss or damage caused to indemnify the
other against a loss or damage caused to specified property by firm during a particular period to the
extent of definite sum. AwMœexgv GKwU Pzw³ hvi gva¨‡g †mjvgxi wewbg‡q GK c¶ wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ Av¸‡b Aci
c‡¶i †Kvb m¤úwËi ¶wZ n‡j †mwU A_ev Zvi GKwU mxgv ch©šÍ c~iY K‡i †Ìqvi cÖwZkÖywZ cÖ`vb K‡i|
AwMœexgvi Aci GKRb †jLK nj M.N. Misnra AwMœKv‡Ûi d‡j m„ó ¶wZc~iY K‡i †`qvi c×wZ‡K AwMœexgv
e‡j‡Qb|
Gevi Avmyb Avgiv AwMœexgv wb‡q Dchy©³ mÁv¸‡jv we‡kølY Kwi| Avcbvi Kv‡Q wbðqB wb‡Pi welq¸‡jv ¯úó n‡e:
AwMœexgv-
• GKwU Pzw³ hvi `ywU c¶ _v‡K;
• GKwU ¶wZc~i‡Yi Pzw³;
• Pzw³i welqe¯‘ nj m¤úwË;

• ¶wZ mvwaZ n‡Z n‡e wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨;
• Av¸‡b cy‡o ¶wZ n‡Z n‡e;
• ¶wZc~i‡Yi cwigvY ¶wZi mgvb A_ev Pzw³‡Z eb©xZ cwigvY n‡Z n‡e|
• †mjvgx n‡jv ¶wZci~‡Yi cÖwZ`vb Ges †mjvgxi cÖwZ`vb n‡jv ¶wZc~iY Ges
• exgvi welqe¯‘ c~e© †_‡K wVK Kiv _v‡K
AwMœexgvi g‡a¨ ¶wZc~i‡Yi bxwZ Aš—fz©³ _vKvq †h †Kvb cÖKvi Amr D‡Ïk¨‡K cÖwZnZ Kiv hvq| ¶wZc~i‡Yi cwigvY
c~e© †_‡KB w¯’i Kiv nq Ges AwMœexgv GB bxwZ RbKj¨vY‡K mg_©b K‡i| Rvbv n‡jv AwMœexgvi g~j K_v| Gevi Avmyb
Avgiv †R‡b wbB AwMœexgvi g~jbxwZgvjv¸‡jv|
AwMœexgvi bxwZgvjv
Principles of Fire Insurance
AwMœexgvi Pzw³ Ab¨vb¨ mvaviY Pzw³i gZ GKwU Pzw³| †m Kvi‡Y AwMœexgvi †¶‡Î Pzw³i mvaviY bxwZgvjv I Acwinvh©
Dcv`vbmg~n mgvbfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| AwMœexgvi †¶‡Î wb‡P ewY©Z bxwZgvjv we‡klfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨:
1) ¶wZc~i‡Yi bxwZ : AwMœexgv m¤úwË exgvi AvIZvfy³ †m Kvi‡b GwU ¶wZc~i‡Yi Pzw³ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| †m Kvi‡Y
¶wZc~iY exgvPzw³i GKwU Ab¨Zg Acwinvh© bxwZ I welq| AwMœexgvi ¶wZc~iY bxwZ Abyhvqx m¤úvw`Z Pzw³‡Z
`vqMÖnxZv exgvMÖnxZv‡K ¶wZ n‡j Zv Av‡Mi Ae¯’vq wdwi‡q Avbvi R‡b¨ cÖwZkÖywZe× nb| exgv MÖnxZv hZUv ¶wZ
n‡q‡Q ZZUvB ¶wZc~iY Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| ms‡¶‡c G ¶wZc~i‡Yi bxwZ‡K wb‡Pi gZ K‡i eY©bv Kiv hvqt
• ¶wZ n‡jB ¶wZc~iY †Ìqv hv‡e;
• ¶wZ hZUzKz n‡q‡Q ZZUzKyB ¶wZc~iY cÖvc¨ A_ev cÖ‡`q;
• AwZwi³ wKQz Av`vq Ki‡j Zv exgvKvixi cÖvc¨;
• ¯’jvwfwm³Zvi bxwZ cÖ‡hvR¨ nq;
• GKvwaK exgvKvixi mv‡_ GKB welqe¯‘ exgvK…Z n‡j exgvMÖnxZv mKj exgvKvixi KvQ †_‡K cÖK…Z ¶wZB Av`vq
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
2) mwØk¦v‡mi bxwZ (Principles of good faith): AwMœexgv Pzw³i †¶‡Î exgvMÖnxZv I exgvKvix Dfq‡KB cvi¯úvwiK
`vqe×Zvq Ave× K‡i| Zv‡ì G‡K Ac‡ii Dci P~ovšÍ mwØk¦vm i¶v Kivi R‡b¨ cÖwZkÖywZe× K‡i| welqe¯Í m¤ú‡K©
†Kvb Z_¨ exgvMÖnxZv B”QvK…Zfv‡e †Mvcb ivL‡Z cvi‡e bv| Z_¨ †Mvc‡bi Rb¨ exgvPzw³ evwZj n‡q hv‡e| †m Kvi‡Y
Pyw³i †gqv` ch©šÍ mwØk¦vm i¶v Kiv AZ¨vek¨K| welqe¯Í ev SuywK msµvšÍ †Kvb cwieZ©b n‡j Zv Zvr¶wYKfv‡e
exgvMÖnxZv‡K exgvKvix cÖwZôvb‡K Rvbv‡Z n‡e|
3) exgv‡hvM¨¯^v_© bxwZ (Principles of insurable interest): AwMœexgvi †¶‡Î, exgv‡hvM¨¯^v_© AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq|
AwMœexgvq Pyw³ m¤úv`b †_‡K ¶wZ msNU‡bi mgq ch©šÍ GKBfv‡e exgv‡hvM¨¯^v_© eZ©gvb _vK‡Z nq| AwMœexgv ïay
cÖvK…wZK SuywKB AšÍfy³ K‡i bv GwU ˆbwZK SzuwKI AšÍfy©³ K‡i| welqe¯‘‡Z exgvMÖnxZvi exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© Aek¨B _vK‡Z
n‡e| Ab¨_vq GwU GKwU Ryqv ev evwR aivi Pzw³‡Z cwiYZ n‡e|
†`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b AwMœexgvi f~wgKv I ¸iyZ¡

†`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b Ab¨vb¨ exgvi gZ AwMœexgviI Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| cÖwZw`b Le‡ii KvM‡Ri cvZv Dëv‡jB †`Lv
hvq †h †`vKvb-cvU, Ni-evwo, eëmv cÖwZôvb cy‡o QvB n‡q hv‡”Q| G ¶wZi nvZ †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi Rb¨ AwMœexgv
GKgvÎ Aej¤^b| Avgv‡ì A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi wfwË gReyZ Kivi Rb¨ AwMœexgv Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb
ivL‡Q| bx‡P A_©‡bwZK Dbœq‡b wewfbœ †¶‡Î AwMœexgvi f~wgKv I ¸iyZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt

1| m¤ú` msMÖn I wewb‡qvM: AwMœexgv †Kv¤úvwb wewfbœ cÖwZôvb, e¨w³ Ges †Kv¤úvbxi KvQ †_‡K wcÖwgqvg wn‡m‡e cÖPzi
A_© msMÖn K‡i| A_© wewb‡qvM Kiv nq †`‡ki wewfbœ eëmvq I Dbœqbg~jK cÖK‡í| G‡Z exgv cÖwZôvb gybvdv AR©b
K‡i Ges †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Kvh©KjvcI e„w× cvq| myZivs †`L‡Z cvw”Q, AwMœexgv m¤ú` msMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g g~jab MVb
K‡i I Zv Avevi wewb‡qvM K‡i A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi MwZ‡K †eMevb K‡i|
2| wk‡íi Dbœqb: wk‡íi Dbœqb bv K‡i GKwU †`k A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wkí cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z Av¸‡bi
Kvi‡Y cÖwZwbqZB NU‡Q `yN©Ubv| AwMœKv‡Ûi d‡j aŸsm n‡”Q wkíKviLvbv I eëmv cÖwZôvb| G †cÖw¶‡Z Avgv‡ì
†`‡ki Mv‡g©›Um cÖwZôv‡b AwMœKv‡Ûi NUbv D‡jøL Kiv hvq| Avw_©K ¶wZi mv‡_ mv‡_ A‡bK cÖwZôvb †`Dwjqv ch©šÍ
n‡q‡Q| AwMœKv‡Ûi Kvi‡Y G ai‡bi ¶wZ †`‡ki A_©bxwZi Dci weiƒc cÖfve †dj‡Q| exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv AwMœ exgv
eë¯’vi gva¨‡g wech©q n‡Z i¶v Ki‡Q Avgv‡ì wkí I eëmv cÖwZôvb‡K| myZivs †`L‡ZB cv‡”Qb AwMœexgv Avgv‡ì
wk‡íi Dbœqb wbwðZ I wbivc` Kivi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b Ae`vb ivL‡Q|
3| eëmv-evwY‡Rï cÖmvi: eëmv evwYR¨ Qvov GKwU †`k A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ eëmv evwY‡Rï
i‡q‡Q AwMœKv‡Ûi SzuwK| G SuzwKi wecix‡Z wbivcËvg~jK eë¯’v bv _vK‡j eëmv evwY¨‡Rï Kvh©µg m¤cÖmvwiZ nq bv|
AwMœexgv †Kv¤úvbx eëmvqx‡ì G `ywðšÍv `~i K‡i‡Q| AwMœexgv wbivcËv cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g A_©‡bwZK Dbœq‡bi MwZ‡K
Zovwš^Z Ki‡Q|
4| Avw_©K eywbqv` gReyZKiY: wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi febmg~n Ges AeKvVv‡gv Dbœq‡bi mv¶¨ enb K‡i| AwMœexgv
AeKvVv‡gv¸wji AwMœ-¶wZi ¶wZc~iY K‡i| Gfv‡e AwMœexgv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK AeKvVv‡gvMZ wfwË `„p K‡i|
5| mvgvwRK Kj¨vY wbwðZKiY: AwMœexgvq cÖwZôvb exgvKvix e¨w³K I mgwóK e„nËi SzuwK MÖnY K‡i _v‡K Ges c‡i
¶wZi A_© mswkøó mK‡ji g‡a¨ e›Ub K‡i †`b| Gfv‡e AwMœexgv gvbyl‡K Pig me©bvk n‡Z i¶v K‡i| myZvivs AwMœexgv
mgv‡RiB Kj¨vY mvab K‡i| mvgvwRK G Kj¨vY A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Dci BwZevPK cÖfve †d‡j|
Dchy©³ Av‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq AwMœexgv g~jab MVb I wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g †`‡ki mvwe©K Kj¨vY mva‡bi gva¨‡g †`‡ki
A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b Acwinvh© f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
cvV ms‡¶c: 10.1
Fire is a good servant but a bad master. AwMœexgv GK ai‡bi m¤úwË exgv| AwMœKv‡Ûi d‡j m„ó ¶wZc~iY K‡i
†`qvi c×wZ‡K AwMœexgv| AwMœexgvi g‡a¨ ¶wZc~i‡Yi bxwZ AšÍfz©³ _vKvq †h †Kvb cÖKvi Amr D‡Ïk¨‡K cÖwZnZ
Kiv hvq| ¶wZc~i‡Yi cwigvY c~e© †_‡KB w¯’i Kiv nq Ges AwMœexgv GB bxwZ RbKj¨vY‡K mg_©b K‡i| AwMœexgv
m¤úwË exgvi AvIZvfy³ †m Kvi‡b GwU ¶wZc~i‡Yi Pzw³ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| AwMœexgvq Pyw³ m¤úv`b †_‡K ¶wZ
msNU‡bi mgq ch©šÍ GKBfv‡e exgv‡hvM¨¯^v_© eZ©gvb _vK‡Z nq| AwMœexgv m¤ú` msMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g g~jab MVb K‡i
I Zv Avevi wewb‡qvM K‡i A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi MwZ‡K †eMevb K‡i| AwMœexgv Avgv‡ì wk‡íi Dbœqb wbwðZ I
wbivc` Kivi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b Ae`vb ivL‡Q|

mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b|
1. AwMœexgv †Kvb ai‡bi Pzw³?
K) evRx aiv L) gybvdv AR©b
M) ¶wZc~iY N) µq-weµq
2. AwMœexgv Pzw³i g~j welqe¯‘ Kx?
K) gvby‡mi Rxeb L) m¤úwË
M) exgvKvix N) exgv MÖnxZv

3. AwMœexgvi †¶‡Î †Kvb ai‡bi ¶wZ cÖ‡hvR¨?

K) AwMœRwbZ L) `yN©Ubv
M) ivR‰bwZK N) †KvbwU bq
4. †KvbwU AwMœexgvi g~jbxwZ ewnf‚©Z?
K) ¶wZc~i‡Yi bxwZ L) m`&wek¦v‡mi Pzw³ bxwZ
M) exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v‡_©i bxwZ N) evRx aivi Pzw³ bxwZ
5. †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b AwMœexgvi Ae`vb †KvbwU?
K) g~jab m„wó L) mvgvwRK k„s•Ljv m„wó
M) Av¸‡Yi wbqwš¿Z eënvi N) Av¸‡bi eûwea eënvi wbwðZKiY
msw¶ß cÖkœ
6. AwMœexgvi msÁv w`b|
7. AwMœexgvi Zvrch© eY©bv Kiyb|
8. AwMœexgvi wZbwU g~jbxwZi weeiY w`b?
9. †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi AwMœexgvi Ae`vb eY©bv Kiyb|
10. UxKv wjLyb|
K. ¶wZc~i‡Yi bxwZ L. m`&wek¦v‡mi bxwZ

cvV- 2 AwMœexgvc‡Îi cÖKvi‡f` Ges Kvh©vejx

Kinds of Fire Insurance Policies
D‡Ïk¨
wewfbœ ai‡bi exgvc‡Îi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
AwMœexgvi Kvh©vejx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
1| g~j¨vwqZ exgvcÎ (Valued Policy): c~e©eZ©x cv‡V Avgiv †R‡bwQ AwMœexgvi welqe¯‘ nj m¤úwË| myZivs G ai‡bi
exgvc‡Îi †ejvq welqe¯‘i g~j¨ Av‡M †_‡KB wba©viY Kiv nq Ges exgvK…Z m¤úwË Av¸‡b ¶wZMÖ¯Í n‡j exgvKvix G
g~‡jï mgcwigvY A_© exgvMÖnxZv‡K ¶wZc~iY eve` cÖ`vb Ki‡Z eva¨ _v‡Kb| `vex c~i‡Yi mgq m¤úwËi g~‡jï
cÖgvYcÎ `vwLj Ki‡Z nqbv| KviY GwU c~e©wba©vwiZ| exgvcÎ MÖnY Kivi mgq g‚j¨vwqZ exgvc‡Î exgvK…Z m¤ú‡ì g~j¨
wba©viY Kiv nq|
2| Ag~j¨vwqZ exgvcÎ (Unvalued Policy): A-gyj¨vwqZ exgvcÎ g~j¨vwqZ exgvc‡Îi wVK wecixZ A_©vr Ag~j¨vwqZ
exgvc‡Î exgv`vexi cwigvY ¶wZMÖ¯Í m¤úwËi evRvi g~‡j¨ wba©vwiZ nq| †h‡nZz evRvi g~‡j¨ ¶wZc~i‡Yi K_v _v‡K †m
Kvi‡Y G exgvc‡Îi †ejvq exgvMÖn‡Yi Av‡M welqe¯‘i g~j¨ wba©viY Kiv nq bv; c‡i Av¸‡b m¤úwË webó n‡j adjuster
wb‡qvM K‡i Zvi evRvi g~j¨ wba©viY Kiv nq Ges †m Abyhvqx `vex c~iY Kiv nq|
3| Mo exgvcÎ (Average policy): aiyb, GKwU kwcs †m›Uv‡ii wewfbœ †`vKvbx exgvMÖnxZv‡ì exgvi R‡b¨ cÖ¯ÍvweZ
welqe¯Íi cÖK…Z g~‡jï †P‡q Kg g~‡jï exgvcÎ MÖnY K‡ib, †KDev evRvi g~j¨ ev cÖK…Z g~‡jï †P‡q †ekx g~‡jï
exgvcÎ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GLb cÖkœ nj ¶wZ msNwUZ n‡j Kxfv‡e `vex c~iY Kiv n‡e| MocoZv bxwZ Abyhvqx Kg
g~‡jï exgvMÖnY Ki‡j †m Abycv‡Z mgwš^Z K‡i ¶wZc~iY wbav©wiZ n‡e|
wb‡P ewY©Z m~Îvbyhvqx exgv`vex wba©viY Kiv nq|

AvbycvwZK Ask = exgvc‡Îi g~j¨, `yN©Ubvi mgq welqe¯‘i cÖK…Z g~j¨ Ges exgv`vex= exgvc‡Îi g~j¨ ev exgvK…Z g~j¨
`yN©UbvKvjxb welqe¯Í cÖK…Z g~j¨ ¶wZ
aiyb 60,000 UvKv g~‡jï GKwU evwo Mo exgvc‡Îi Aax‡b 30,000 UvKvq exgv Kiv nj| c‡i evwowU Av¸‡b cy‡o
†Mj| G‡Z ¶wZi cwigvY `vuovq 15,000 UvKv| G‡¶‡Î, exgvMÖnxZv exgvKvixi KvQ †_‡K exgv`vex wn‡m‡e †h UvKv
cv‡eb Zvnj:
30000
exgv`vex = × 15000
60000
=7,500 UvKv|
welqe¯‘i exgvK…Z g~j¨ hw` evRvi g~j¨ ev cÖK…Z g~‡jï mgvb nq A_ev †ekx nq, Zvn‡j Mo bxwZ cÖ‡qvM nq bv| cÖvq
†¶‡ÎB †`Lv hvq †h, m¤úwËi Rb¨ GKvwaK exgvcÎ _v‡K| Gi †h †Kvb GKwU exgvc‡Îi Mo bxwZ hy³ _vK‡jB
cÖ‡Z¨KwU exgvc‡Î G bxwZ Kvh©Ki n‡e|
4| wewbw`©ó exgvcÎ: G ai‡bi exgvq welqe¯‘i cy‡ivg~‡jï exgv Kiv †nvK Avi bv †nvK, ¶wZ n‡j exgvKvix Pzw³‡Z
D‡j- wLZ cwigvY ¶wZc~iY w`‡q _v‡Kb| †Kvb Ae¯’vq †Kv¤úvbx H wbw`©ó A‡_©i †ekx ev Kg cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
†hgb aiyb, welqe¯‘i g~j¨ wba©viY Kiv nj 25,000 UvKv| c‡i Av¸‡Y ¶wZ nj 15 nvRvi UvKvi AwMœ exgvcÎ MÖnY
Kiv n‡jv| AwMœKv‡Ûi d‡j hw` ¶wZi cwigvY 10,000 UvKv nq, Zvn‡jI wZwb ¶wZc~iY H 15,000 UvKvB cv‡eb|
Pzw³‡Z hv D‡jøL _v‡K ZvB c~iY Kiv n‡e| ZvB cÖK…Z ¶wZc~i‡Yi mv‡_ Gi †Kvb m¤úK© _v‡K bv|

5| fvmgvb exgvcÎ (Floating Policy): G ai‡bi exgvcÎ GKRb gvwj‡Ki GKvwaK ¯’v‡b iw¶Z cY¨ ev m¤úwËi
R‡b¨ MÖnY Kiv nq| hw` wZwb Zvi m¯úwËi Rb¨ gvÎ GKwU exgcÎ µq K‡ib Zvn‡j †mwU n‡e fvmgvb exgvcÎ|
gRy`c‡Yï n«vm-e„w×i †¶‡Î G ai‡bi exgv Kiv nq Ges exgv MÖnxZv GKvwaK wew¶ßfv‡e iw¶Z c‡Yï GKwU gvÎ exgv
MÖnY K‡ib| GRb¨ Mo †mjvgx †ei Kiv GKUz RwUj|
6| evowZ exgvcÎ (Excess Policy): A‡bK eëmvqxi gRy` gv‡ji cwigvY wbw`©ó _v‡K bv, eis me mgq Gi n«vm-e„w×
N‡U, Zv‡ì †ejvq evowZ exgvcÎ Dc‡hvMx| G‡¶‡Î exgvMÖnxZv, †h cwigvY gRy` cY¨ Zvi Kv‡Q me©`v we`¨gvb _v‡K
Zvi Rb¨ GKwU mvaviY exgvcÎ Ges evowZ cwieZ©bkxj c‡Yï Rb¨ Ab¨ GKwU exgvcÎ MÖnY K‡ib| AwfÁZvi
Av‡jv‡K exgvMÖnxZv, me©wb¤œ c‡Yï gRy` c‡Yï cwigvY wba©viY K‡ib| evowZ gRy` c‡Yï cÖK…Z g~j¨ cÖwZ gv‡m †NvlYv
Ki‡Z nq| c‡i G mg¯Í †NvlYvi gvwmK Mo †ei K‡i wcÖwgqvg wbY©q Kiv nq| G fv‡e GKB gRy` c‡Yï Rb¨ `ywU
exgvcÎ MÖnY Kiv nq| cÖ_g exgvcÎwU‡K cÖ_g ¶wZi exgvcÎ Ges c‡ii exgvcÎwU‡K evowZ exgvcÎ ejv nq|
†`L‡ZB cvi‡Qb G exgvcÎwU Lye my›ì Ges MÖvn‡Ki Rb¨ GwU Lye jvfRbKI e‡U|
7| †NvlYvhy³ exgvcÎ (Declaration Policy): G exgvcÎwU evowZ exgvc‡Îi Amyweavmg~n `‚i Kivi Rb¨ cÖewZ©Z
n‡q‡Q| G exgvc‡Î, GKwU mg‡q gRy`c‡Yï m‡ev©”P exgvK…Z g~‡jï D‡jøL _v‡K| exgvK…Z g~‡jï Dci mvgwqKfv‡e
wcÖwgqv‡gi GKUv Ask mvaviYZt 75% fvM, Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi mgq cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| evi gv‡mi †NvlYvi GKUv Mo mxgv
eQ‡ii †k‡l †ei Kiv nq| Avi H Mo cwigv‡Yi Dci wfwË K‡i exgvwKw¯Í wbY©q Kiv nq| Gfv‡e cÖ`Ë wcÖwgqvg
Av‡c¶v hw` wbY©xZ wcÖwgqvg Kg nq, Zvn‡j exgvMÖnxZv Zv †dir cv‡eb; Avi hw` Zv †ekx nq Z‡e hZ UvKv †ekx nq
wVK ZZ UvKv exgvKvix‡K w`‡Z nq|
8| mgš^q‡hvM¨ exgvcÎ (Adjustable Policy): G ai‡bi exgvc‡Îi exgvK…Z g~j¨ exgvcÎ MÖnYKv‡j cÖK…Z gRy`
c‡Yï g~‡jï mgvb n‡e| G g‚j¨vbyhvqx exgvwKw¯Í wbav©iY Kiv Ges Zv †NvlYvcÎ Øviv exgvKvix‡K AewnZ Ki‡Z n‡e
Ges exgvKvix D³ †NvlYv Abyhvqx exgvwKw¯Íi cwigvY n«vm-e„w× Ki‡eb| hZevi gRy` cY¨ cwiewZ©Z n‡e wVK ZZeviB
exgvwKw¯Í mgš^‡qi ev cybwe©b¨v‡mi ìKvi nq| mvaviYZ: exgvc‡Îi †gqv`v‡šÍ exgvKvw¯Íi wn‡me P‚ovšÍ Kiv nq| D‡jøL¨
†h, exgvMÖnxZv cÖ_‡g gRy` c‡Yï g~‡jï mgvb GKwU mvaviY exgvcÎ MÖnY K‡ib Ges c‡i gRy` cY¨ n«vm-e„w× n‡j Zv
exgvi AšÍfy©³ K‡ib|
9| evUªvhy³ me©vwaK g~‡j¨ exgvcÎ (Maximum value with discount Policy): G ai‡bi exgvc‡Î mviv eQ‡ii
gRy` c‡Yï m‡e©v”P gy‡jï exgv Kiv nq Ges †m g~‡jï wfwË‡Z wcÖwgqvg w`‡Z nq| eQ‡ii †k‡l gRy` c‡Yï g~‡jï
n«vm-e„w×i Rb¨ evÆv wn‡me cÖ`Ë GK Z…Zxqvsk exgvwKw¯Í exgvMÖnxZv‡K †eir †`qv nq| G ai‡bi exgvc‡Î †NvlYvi
Sv‡gjv cwinvi Kiv hvq Ges me©vwaK g~‡jï mnR exgv MÖnY Kiv hvq|
10| cybt¯’vcb exgvcÎ (Replacement Policy): G ai‡bi exgvc‡Î A_© ¶wZc~iY †Ìqv nq bv| ¶wZcyiY bv w`‡q
D³ m¤úwË cybivq cÖwZ¯’vcb (Replacement) Kiv nq| Gi d‡j eëmvqx wb‡Ri ve¯’vq wd‡i wM‡q Zuvi eëmv Pvwj‡q
†h‡Z cv‡i| G‡K cy‡iv‡bv cÖ`x‡ci e`‡j bZzb cÖ`xc exgvcÎ (New lamp for the old policy) ejv nq|
11| AwMœ-wbeviY weKj exgvcÎ (Sprinkler Leakage Policy): eo eo `vjv‡b AwMœ wbevibx hš¿ eënvi Kiv nq
Ges Av¸‡bi a~uqv wbM©Z n‡j ¯^qswµqfv‡e Zv Pvjy nq| AvKw¯§Kfv‡e ¯^qswµq AwMœ wbevibx hš¿vw` weKj n‡q Zvi
†_‡K cvwb †_‡K exgvK…Z m¤úwË ¶wZMÖ¯‘ n‡Z cv‡i| D³ ¶wZi ¶wZc~iY Av`vq Kvivi R‡b¨ G ai‡bi exgvcÎ MÖnY
Kiv nq|
AwMœexgvi Kvh©evjx
ms‡¶‡c AwMœexgvi Kvh©ejx wb‡P eY©bv Kiv nj:
• AwMœexgv exgvMÖnxZv‡ii m¤úwËi wbivc` Aw¯Í‡Z¡i wecix‡Z †h AwbðqZv weivR K‡i Zvi weðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i;
• m¤¢ve¨ Avw_©K ¶wZi †¶‡Î cÖwZi¶vi f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i
• AwMœexgv m¤¢vf¨ ¶wZ jvN‡ei D‡Ï‡k¨ c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡i Zv GKwU cÖwZi¶vg~jK eë¯’vigZ;
• AwMœexgv exgvMÖnxZv‡ì KvQ †_‡K wcÖwgqvg wn‡m‡e A_© msMÖn I Rgv K‡i g~jab m„wó K‡i;

cvV ms‡¶c: 10.2
A-g~j¨vwqZ exgvcÎ g~j¨vwqZ exgvc‡Îi wVK wecixZ A_©vr Ag~j¨vwqZ exgvc‡Î exgv`vexi cwigvY ¶wZMÖ¯—
m¤úwËi evRvi g~‡j¨ wba©vwiZ nq| G ai‡bi exgvq welqe¯‘i c~Y©g~‡jï exgv Kiv †nvK Avi bv †nvK, ¶wZ n‡j
exgvKvix Pzw³‡Z D‡j- wLZ cwigvY ¶wZc~iY w`‡q _v‡Kb| fvmgvb exgvcÎ (Floating Policy): G ai‡bi exgvcÎ
GKRb gvwj‡Ki GKvwaK ¯’v‡b iw¶Z cY¨ ev m¤úwËi R‡b¨ MÖnY Kiv nq| †NvlYvhy³ exgvcÎ (Declaration
Policy): G exgvcÎwU evowZ exgvc‡Îi Amyweavmg~n `‚i Kivi Rb¨ cÖewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| G exgvc‡Î, GKwU mg‡q
gRy`c‡Yï m‡ev©”P exgvK…Z g~‡jï D‡jøL _v‡K| †NvlYvhy³ exgvcÎ G exgvcÎwU evowZ exgvc‡Îi Amyweavmg~n `‚i
Kivi Rb¨ cÖewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| G exgvc‡Î, GKwU mg‡q gRy`c‡Yï m‡ev©”P exgvK…Z g~‡jï D‡jøL _v‡K| evUªvhy³
me©vwaK g~‡j¨ exgvcÎ G ai‡bi exgvc‡Î mviv eQ‡ii gRy` c‡Yï m‡e©v”P gy‡jï exgv Kiv nq Ges †m g~‡jï
wfwË‡Z wcÖwgqvg w`‡Z nq| cybt¯’vcb exgvcÎ G ai‡bi exgvc‡Î A_© ¶wZc~iY †Ìqv nq bv| ¶wZcyiY bv w`‡q
D³ m¤úwË cybivq cÖwZ¯’vcb (Replacement) Kiv nq|

1. ¶wZi mgcwigvY c~iY Kiv n‡j Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
K) g~j¨vwqZ exgvcÎ L) Ag~j¨vwqZ exgvcÎ
M) Mo exgvcÎ N) wewbw`©ó exgvcÎ
2. †KvbwUi Rb¨ evRvi g~j¨ cÖ‡hvR¨?
K) g~j¨vwqZ exgvcÎ L) Ag~j¨vwqZ exgvcÎ
3. †KvbwU‡Z ¶wZ hvB †nvK exgvc‡Î Dwj- wLZ cwigv‡bi Kg †ekx `vex c~iY Kiv nq bv?
K) g~j¨vxqZ exgvcÎ L) Ag~j¨vxqZ exgvcÎ
4. wewfbœ RvqMvq iw¶Z c‡Yï Dci GKwU exgv Kiv n‡j Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
K) Ag~j¨vwqZ exgvcÎ L) Mo exgvcÎ
M) wewbw`©ó exgvcÎ N) fvmgvb exgvcÎ
5. †Kvb exgvc‡Î A_© ¶wZc~iY †Ìqv nq bv?
K) wewb©w`©ó exgvcÎ L) fvmgvb exgvcÎ
M) cÖwZ¯’vcb exgvcÎ N) fvmgvb exgvcÎ
msw¶ß cÖkœ
6. g~j¨vwqZ exgvc‡Îi weeiY w`b|
7. Mo exgvc‡Îi eY©bv Kiyb|
8. AwMœexgvi Kvh©vejx eY©bv Kiyb|
9. evowZ exgvc‡Îi msÁv w`b|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
10. wewfbœ cÖKvi exgvc‡Îi msw¶ß weeiY w`b|

cvV- 3 AwMœexgvi Dcv`vbmg~n

D‡Ïk¨
AwMœexgvi mvavib Dcv`vbmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
AwMœexgvi we‡kl Dcv`vbmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wb‡P Dcv`vbmg~‡ni msw¶ß eY©bv †Ìqv n‡jv:

1| exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© (Insurable Interrest): exgvi welqe¯‘‡Z exgvMÖnxZvi †h Avw_©K ¯^v_© we`¨gvb _v‡K Zv‡K
exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© e‡j| welqe¯‘i ¶wZ n‡j exgvMÖnxZvi ¯^v_© nvwb nq| exgvMÖnxZvi ¯^v_© iw¶Z n‡j welqe¯‘‡Z
exgvMÖnxZvi exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q ejv nq| exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© bv _vK‡j †h †Kvb exgvPzw³B Ryuqv Pzw³‡Z cwiYZ
n‡e| AwMœexgvi welqe¯‘‡Z Pzw³i mgq †_‡K ¶wZmsNUbKvjxb mgq ch©š— exgvMÖnxZvi exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© we`¨gvb _vKv
Acwinvh©| Gevi Avmyb Avgiv †R‡b wbB Pzw³‡Z Kx Kx kZ©vejx _vK‡j eyS‡ev †h Zv‡Z exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v‡_©i Aw¯ÍZ¡ we`¨gvb
i‡q‡Q|
• welqe¯‘wU‡K n‡Z n‡e `„k¨gvb hv AwMœ Øviv ¶wZMÖ¯Í n‡Z cv‡i;
• Dcv`vbwU‡K n‡Z n‡e exgvi welqe¯‘;
• welqe¯‘wUi Aw¯Í‡Z¡ exgvMÖnxZvi Avw_©K ¯^v_© i¶v n‡e Ges Awe`¨gvbZvq ¯^v_© wech©šÍ n‡e| exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© n‡”Q
welqe¯‘‡Z exgvMÖnxZvi Avw_©K ¯^v_©|
2| P~ovšÍ mwØk¦vm (Ultimate good faith): AwMœexgvi †¶‡Î P~ovšÍ mwØk¦vm GKwU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| Dfq c¶‡K
Pzw³ MVb †_‡K ïiy K‡i Pzw³ †kl bv nIqv ch©šÍ GB P~ovšÍ mwØk¦vm i¶v K‡i Pj‡Z n‡e| †Kvb mg‡q †Kvb c¶ hw`
Z_¨ cÖKv‡k ev wb‡R‡ì `vwqZ¡ I AvbyôvwbKZv cvj‡b e¨_© nq, wg_¨v eY©bvi gva¨‡g wek¦vm f½ K‡i Zvn‡j Pzw³ evwZj
n‡e| †m Kvi‡Y †h †Kvb c¶B AvBbZ Awfhy³ n‡eb|
3| ¶wZc~iY (Indemnity): ¶wZc~iY AwMœexgv Pzw³i Avi GKwU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| Av¸‡bi Kvi‡Y exgvK…Z
welqe¯‘i ¶wZ n‡j exgvKvix exgv MÖnxZv‡K ¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb K‡i| exgvKvix Pzw³ Abyhvqx ¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb Ki‡e| G
¶wZc~i‡Yi Kvi‡Y exgvMÖnxZv c~‡e© †h Ae¯’vq wQj †m Ae¯’vq ev KvQvKvwQ Ae¯’vq wd‡i †h‡Z cv‡i|
4| ¯’jvwfwl³Zv (Subrogation): G bxwZ Abyhvqx exgvKvix exgvK…Z m¤úwËi ¶wZ msNU‡bi ci exgvMÖnxZv‡K
¶wZc~iY Kivi ci D³ exgvK…Z welqe¯‘i Rb¨ Z…Zxq c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K A_© cÖvwß n‡j Zv exgvKvixB cv‡eb-exgvMÖnxZv
cv‡eb bv|
5| kZ©vejx (Warranties): Ab¨vb¨ Pzw³i gZ b¨q AwMœexgv Pzw³‡ZI KwZcq Acwinvh© kZ© _v‡K| Z‡e wKQz kZ© e¨³
(Expressed) Ges Ae¨³ (Implied)| kZ©¸‡jv h_vixwZ cvwjZ bv n‡j AwMœexgv Pzw³ evwZj n‡e| exgvMÖnxZv exgvPzw³
mswkøó †Kvb kZ© cvj‡b e¨_© exgvKvix exgv`vex c~iY Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| myZivs, AwMœexgv Pyw³‡Z †h kZ©vejx
Av‡ivc Kiv nq Zv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb|
6| cÖZ¨¶ KviY (Proximate Cause): exgvK…Z welqe¯‘‡Z Av¸b †j‡M welqe¯‘i ¶wZ n‡j AwMœexgvq ¶wZc~iY
cÖ`vb Kiv nq| wKš‘ Av¸b jvMvi A‡bK KviY _vK‡Z cv‡i| ¶wZc~i‡Yi mgq AbymÜvb K‡i †`Lv n‡e, †Kvb Kvi‡Y
cÖK…Zc‡¶ Av¸b †j‡M‡Q| †h Kvi‡Y cÖK…Zc‡¶ Av¸Y †j‡M‡Q, Zv‡K wbKUZg KviY ejv n‡e| GKvwaK Kvi‡Y Av¸b
jvM‡j g~j KviYwUB wbKUZg ev cÖZ¨¶ KviY| wbKUZg KviYwU hw` exgvK…Z nq-Zvn‡jB ¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e,
Ab¨_vq bq|

cvV ms‡¶c: 10.3
exgvi welqe¯‘‡Z exgvMÖnxZvi †h Avw_©K ¯^v_© we`¨gvb _v‡K Zv‡K exgv‡hvM¨¯^v_© e‡j| AwMœexgvi †¶‡Î P~ovš—
mwØk¦vm GKwU Ab¨Zg Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| ¶wZc~iY AwMœexgv Pzw³i Avi GKwU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| G bxwZ Abyhvqx
exgvKvix exgvK…Z m¤úwËi ¶wZ msNU‡bi ci exgvMÖnxZv‡K ¶wZc~iY Kivi ci D³ exgvK…Z welqe¯‘i Rb¨ Z…Zxq
c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K A_© cÖvc¨ n‡j Zv exgvKvixB cv‡eb-exgvMÖnxZv cv‡eb bv|

1. exgvi welqe¯‘‡Z exgv MÖnxZvi †h Avw_©L ¯^v_© we`¨gvb _v‡K Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
K) welqe¯‘MZ ¯^v_© L) e¨w³MZ ¯^v_©
M) exgv ¯^v_© N) exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_©
2. Z_¨ †Mvcb Kiv n‡j exgv Pzw³i Kx n‡e?
K) evwZj n‡e L) bZzb Pzw³ n‡e
M) ¶wZc~iY Kg †`qv n‡e N) †KvbwU bq
3. Z…Zxq c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K A_© cÖvwß n‡j exgvPzw³i †ejvq Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
K) ¶wZc~iY L) ¯’jvwfwl³Zv
M) exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© N) †KvbwU bq
4. †h Kvi‡Y ¶wZc~iY Kiv nq Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
K) wbKUZg KviY L) `~jeZ©x KviY
M) eûwea KviY N) ˆØZ KviY
msw¶ß cÖkœ
5. exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb?
6. ¯’jvwfwl³Zvi msÁv w`b?
7. UxKv wjLyb:
K. P‚ovšÍ mwek¦vm
L. ¶wZc~iY
M. cÖZ¨¶ KviY
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
8. AwMœexgvi mvaviY Dcv`vbmg~‡ni weeiY w`b|

cvV- 4 AwMœexgvc‡Îi ¯^Z¡vc©Y I we‡kl kZ©vejx

Assignment of a Fire Insurance Policy
D‡Ïk¨
AwMœexgvi ¯^Z¡vc©Y m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
AwMœexgvi we‡kl kZ©vejx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
AwMœexgvi Pzw³ cÖK…Zc‡¶ exgvKvixi I exgvMÖnxZvi g‡a¨ GKwU e¨vw³MZ Pzw³| ZvB, exgvK…Z m¤úwË n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡jI
exgvc‡Î †Kvb my‡hvM bv _vK‡j exgvcÎ n¯ÍvšÍwiZ nq bv| m¤úwËi †µZv exgvc‡Î †Kvb ¯^v_© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
¯^Z¡ wb‡qvM mvavibZ, `y&fv‡e Kiv hvq | h_v t 1) exgvc‡Îi Aci c„ôvq ¯^v¶i cÖ`vb K‡i Ges 2) ¯^Zš¿ †Kvb `wjj
m¤úv`b K‡i|
AwMœ exgvc‡Îi we‡kl kãvejx I kZ©mgyn

Special Terms & Conditions (Phraseology) of Fire Insurace Policy
Av`k© exgvcÎ (Standard Policy) ‡Z 11wU kZ© mwbœ‡ewkZ nq| G¸wj‡K e¨³ ev D³ kZ© (Expressed Condition)
wn‡m‡eI AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
wbgœ †m kZ©¸wj D‡jøL Kiv n‡jvt
Dc‡iv³ e¨³ kZ©mg~n m¤ú‡K© wb‡P msw¶ß eY©bv †Ìqv n‡jvt

1| wg_¨v eY©bv (Misdescription): exgvPzw³ n‡jv PzovšÍ mwØk¦v‡mi Pzw³| Pzw³ mswkøó †Kvb c¶ hw` wg_¨v eY©bv, fyj
Z_¨ cwi‡ekb ev Z_¨ †Mvcb K‡i Zvn‡j mwØk¦vm evwZj n‡e Ges exgvPzw³ evwZj n‡e| Gi d‡j exgvKvixi `vex c~i‡Y
`vqe× n‡e bv|
2| iè`j (Alteration): exgvMÖnxZv exgvKvixi webv AbywgwZ‡Z welqe¯‘ Ab¨Î mwi‡q †dj‡j, bZzb wec`RbK
welqhy³ Ki‡j, evwo‡q †dj‡j ev Ab¨fv‡e cwieZ©b Ki‡j exgvKvixi SzuwK A‡bK †e‡o †h‡Z cv‡i G‡Z exgvKvixi
¯^v_© ¶wZMÖ¯Í n‡Z cv‡i| myZivs exgvPzw³ evwZj n‡e|
3| eR©bmg~n (Exclusions): AwMœ exgv †hme AwMœSzuwK MÖnY K‡i †m m¤úK© exgvc‡Î eY©bv K‡ib| Avevi, †hme SzuwK
exgvKvix eR©b K‡ib †m¸‡jv †_‡K msNwUZ †Kvb ¶wZ exgvKvix c~iY K‡i w`‡Z `vqe× nb bv|
4| cÖZviYv (Fraud): cÖZviYvi Kvi‡Y exgvcÎ evwZj n‡e| Av`k© exgvc‡Î cÖZviYv m¤ú‡K© hv ejv i‡q‡Q Zv n‡jvt
“If the clain be in any resepect fraudulent or if an frandulent means or devices be use by the insured or
anyone acting on his behalf to obtain an benefit under this policy or if any destruction or damage be
occasioned by the wilful act or with the connivance of the insured of benefit under this policy shall be
forfeited” A_©vr, wb‡gœv³ Ae¯’vq exgvc‡Îi cÖvc¨ mKj myweav ev‡Rqvß n‡q hv‡e|
exgvMÖnxZv hw` †Kvb cÖKvi cÖZviYvg~jK `vex DÌvcb K‡ib, Zvn‡j wZwb exgvc‡Îi mKj myweav †_‡K ewÂZ n‡eb|
5| exgv`vex (Claim): ¶wZi mv‡_ mv‡_ exgvMÖnxZv exgvKvix‡K Awej‡¤^ weÁwß gvidr Rvwb‡q w`‡eb| m¤úwËi ¶wZi
ci 30 w`‡bi g‡a¨ exgvMÖnxZv ¶wZMÖ¯Í wewfbœ wRwbmc‡Îi GKwU weeiY cÖ¯ÍZ K‡i wbR Li‡P exgvKvixi Kv‡Q †cÖiY
Ki‡eb| exgvMÖnxZv AviI wKQz mgq PvB‡j Zv‡K exgvKvixi KvQ †_‡K wjwLZ mvq (Consent)wb‡Z n‡e|
6| cybt¯’vcb (Reinstatement): ¶wZ msNwUZ n‡j exgvKvix ¶wZMÖ¯Í m¤úwË‡K c~e©ve¯’vq wdwi‡q w`‡eb A_©vr
m¤úwË cybt¯’vcb K‡i w`‡eb; †`‡L †hb g‡b nq †Kvb ¶wZ nqwb| cybt ¯’vcb Kivi A_© GB bq †h m¤úwË GK`g
c~e©ve¯’vq G‡b w`‡Z n‡e| †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB exgvKvix exgvK…Z A‡_©i †P‡q †ekx A_© LiP Ki‡Z eva¨ _vK‡eb bv|
7| AwMœKv‡Ûi ci exgvKvixi AwaKvi (Insurer’s rights after the fire): ¶wZmsNwUZ nIqvi Lei exgvKvixi
exgvMÖnxZvi KvQ †_‡K AewnZ nIqvi mv‡_|

• exgvKvix ev cªwZwbwa ¶wZMÖ¯Í m¤úwËi `Lj wb‡Z cv‡ib|

• exgvKvix exgvK…Z m¤úwËi n¯ÍMZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges
• exgvKvix hyw³m½Z mgq ch©šÍ ¶wZMÖ¯Í m¤úwËi `Lj eRvq ivL‡Z cv‡ib Ges hyw³m½Z Dcv‡q Ges D‡Ï‡k¨ Zv
eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
8| AskMÖnY I Mo (Contribution and agerage): A‡bK mgq GB m¤úwË `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK exgv †Kv¤úvbxi mv‡_
exgvK…Z Kiv nq| †m‡¶‡Î ¶wZ n‡j, †mB exgvKvix‡K Aek¨B †m ¶wZ AvbycvwZK Ask enb Ki‡Z nq|
9| ¯’jvwfwl³Zv (Subdrogation): GwU n‡jv ¶wZ msNwUZ nIqvi ci exgvKvix hw` exgvMÖnxZv‡K ¶wZc~iY K‡i
Ges exgvMÖnxZv hw` D³ ¶wZc~ib cvIqvi c‡iI Z…Zxq c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K ev ¶wZMÖ¯Í m¤úwË †_‡K wKQz D×vi Ki‡Z
cv‡ib Zvi gvwjKvbv wZwb Avi cv‡eb bv; eis exgvKvix cv‡eb|
10| exgvK…Z m¤úwË msµvšÍ `wjjx kZ©vejx (Warranties): exgv Pzw³i g‡a¨ AwZwi³ wKQy kZ© wjwLZ _vK‡Z cv‡i|
Gme kZ© Aek¨ cvjbxq|
11| mvwjmx (Arbitration): exgv`vex c~i‡Yi mgq †Kvb gZv‰bK¨ †`Lv w`‡j Zv wbim‡bi Rb¨ c¶Øq wjwLZfv‡e
GKRb mvwjm (Arbitrator) wbhy³ Ki‡eb| GKRb Øviv mgm¨v wbimb m¤¢e bv n‡j `yRb wb‡qvM Ki‡eb Ges Zv‡ZI
m¤¢e bv n‡j Avi GKRb wb‡c¶ wePviK (Umpire) wbhy³ Ki‡eb| wZwb mvwjm‡ì mv‡_ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv K‡i
gZv‰bK¨ `~i Ki‡eb| †Kvb e¨vcv‡i mvwjmØq GKgZ bv n‡Z cvi‡j wePvi‡Ki ivqB P‚ovšÍ e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e| mvwjmxi
evq bv nIqv ch©šÍ exgvMÖnxZv Av`vj‡Z †h‡Z cvi‡e bv| mgm¨v m„wó nIqvi GK gv‡mi g‡a¨ wePviK wb‡qvM Ki‡Z
n‡e| mvwj‡mi LiP †K KZUv enb Ki‡eb mvwjmMY Ges wePviK Zv w¯’i K‡i w`‡eb|
cvV ms‡¶c: 10.4
exgvPzw³ n‡jv P‚ovšÍ mwØk¦v‡mi Pzw³| exgvMÖnxZv hw` †Kvb cÖKvi cÖZviYvg~jK `vex DÌvcb K‡ib, Zvn‡j wZwb
exgvc‡Îi mKj myweav †_‡K ewÂZ n‡eb| m¤úwËi ¶wZi ci 30 w`‡bi g‡a¨ exgvMÖnxZv ¶wZMÖ¯Í wewfbœ
wRwbmc‡Îi weeiY A_ev m¤ú‡ì ¶wZcÖ¯Í As‡ki h_v m¤¢e weeiY I cÖ‡Z¨KwU ¶wZi cwigvY Ges D³ m¤úwËi
†Kvb As‡ki Ab¨ †Kvb exgv wQj wKbv BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© GKwU wnmevmn weeiY cÖ¯ÍZ K‡i wbR Li‡P exgvKvixi Kv‡Q
†cÖiY Ki‡eb| exgvMÖnxZv hw` D³ ¶wZc‚ib cvIqvi c‡iI Z…Zxq c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K ev ¶wZi ¯’j A_ev ¶wZMÖ¯Í
m¤úwË †_‡K wKQz D×vi Ki‡Z cv‡ib Zvi gvwjKvbv wZwb Avi cv‡eb bv; eis exgvKvix cv‡eb| mvwj‡mi LiP †K
KZUv enb Ki‡eb mvwjmMY Ges gxgvsmK Zv w¯’i K‡i w`‡eb|

1. †KvbwUi Kvi‡Y exgv Pzw³ evwZ‡ji KviY nq?
K) Pzw³i kZ© cwieZ©b L) wg_¨v eY©bv
M) cÖZviYv N) mvwjkx eë¯’v
2. †KvbwU ¯’jvwfwl³Zv PwoZ?
K) 1g c¶ L) wØZxq c¶
M) Z…Zwq c¶ N) †KvbwU bq
3. K‡Zv w`‡Zi g‡a¨ mvwjmx Ki‡Z nq?
K) 1 gvm L) 2 gvm
M) 3 gvm N) 4 gvm

DËigvjv
1. M 2. L 3. K 4. N 5. K

1. K 2. L 3. N 4. N 5. M

1. N 2. K 3. L 4. K

1. N 2. L 3. K
msw¶ß cÖkœ
4. AwMœKv‡Ûi ci exgvKvix AwaKvi eY©bv Kiyb|
5. AwMœexgvi †¶‡Î mvwjmx c×wZi weeiY w`b|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
6. GKwU Av`k© exgv c‡Îi kZ©mg~n eY©bv Kiyb|

BDwbU †bŠ-exgv
11 Marine Insurance
f~wgKv
wdwi½x Rj`my¨‡ì jyUZiv‡Ri BwZnvm G †`‡ki gvby‡li ARvbv bq| Rj `my¨‡ì DrcvZ K‡g †M‡jI †bŠ-c‡_ bvbv
cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi cwigvY K‡gwb eis †e‡oB Pj‡Q| eZ©gv‡bI mgy`ªc‡_ mI`vMix †bŠ-hvb PjvKvjxb mg‡q cÖej So-
SÅv, Zi½, Rj`myï AvµgY BZ¨vw` bvbv wec`-wecwËi Kvi‡Y wecyj ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i| †h ‡Kvb mgq cY¨ †evSvB
RvnvR bvweKmn mgª`ªM‡f© wbgw¾Z n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i | GR‡b¨B AvaywbK Kv‡j †bŠ-exgvi eënvi Acwinvh© n‡q c‡i‡Q|
GB BDwbU †_‡K Avcwb †bŠ-exgvi bvbvwea welq m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| Zvn‡j Avmyb Avgiv GUv cwo Ges welq¸‡jv
†R‡b wbB|
cvV- 1 †bŠ-exgvi msÁv, cÖKvi‡f` I AvIZv

Definition, Classification and Scope of Marine Insurance
D‡Ïk¨
†bŠ-exgvi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
wewfbœ ai‡bi †bŠ-exgvi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†bŠ-exgv GK ai‡bi m¤úwË exgv (Property Insurance)

AwMœexgvi BDwb‡U Avgiv †R‡bwQ m¤úwË exgvi aib Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ©vejx| G cv‡V Avgiv †bŠ-exgvi aviYv I Gi
cÖKv‡f` m¤ú‡K© Rvbe| †bŠ-exgvcÎ mvgyw`ªK Kvi‡b ¶wZi wecix‡Z †h exgv Kiv nq Zv †bŠ-exgv| Z‡i, mgy`ª c‡_
cwien‡Yi cY¨ hw` mgy`ª ch©šÍZ Avb‡Z Af¨šÍixY †bŠc_ ev ¯’jc‡_ enY K‡i wb‡q Avm‡Z nq Zvn‡j mswkøó ¯’jc_I
†bŠ-exgvc‡Îi AvIZvfz³ n‡e| Gevi Avmyb Avgiv exgv AvB‡b †bŠ-exgvi Kx ai‡bi msÁv w`‡q‡Q Zv wb‡q Av‡jvKcvZ
Kwi|
1906 mv‡ji e„wUk exgv AvBb (The British Insurance Act.1906) Abyhvqx “A Contract of Marine Insurance
is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes to indemnify the assured, in manner and to the extent
there by agreed, against marine losses, that is to say the losses incident to marine adventure. (A_©vr †bŠ-
exgv GKwU Pzw³ †hLv‡b exgvKvix exgvMÖnxZv‡K †bŠ-c‡_ ¶wZi wecix‡Z wba©vwiZ cš’vq I wba©vwiZ mxgv ch©šÍ ¶wZc~iY
cÖ`v‡bi `vq MÖnY K‡i|
†Nvl I AvMiIqvjv exgv wel‡q Lye ¯^bvgab¨ †jLK| Zuv‡ì g‡Z †bŠ-exgv nj “A contract of marine insurance is
a contract of indemnity where by the insurer undertakes to indemnity the insured in a manner and to
the extent there by agreed against the loss caused in connection with a marine adventure.” A_©vr (†bŠ-
exgv ¶wZc~i‡Yi Pzw³ hvi Øviv †Kvb mgy`ª AwfhvbRwbZ ¶wZi wecix‡Z exgvKvix exgvMÖnxZv‡K wbw`©ó c×wZ‡Z Ges
wbw`©ó mxgvch©šÍ ¶wZcyi‡Yi `vq MÖnY K‡i)| myZivs Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h, G‡ì †`Lv †bŠ-exgv msÁvwU g~jZ: exgv
AvB‡bi Pzw³i mv‡_ mgZvc~Y©| Gevi Avmyb Avgiv Ab¨ GKRb †jL‡Ki †bŠ-exgvi aviYv m¤ú‡K© †R‡b wbB|
Halsbury -i g‡Z †h Pzw³i gva¨‡g exgvKix exgvMÖnxZv‡K wba©vwiZ c×wZ I mxgv ch©šÍ mvgyw`ªK hveZxq ¶wZc~iY
Kivi cÖwZkÖywZ cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K †bŠ-exgv Pzw³ e‡j| G Qvov Gg. Gb wgkª e‡jb “Marine Insurance Contract is a
contract between insurer and insured where by the insurer undertakes to indemnify the insured in a
manner and to the interest there by agreed against marine adventure”
Gevi Avmyb Avgiv fviZxq AvB‡b †bŠ-exgvi wb‡q Kx eY©bv w`‡q Zv †R‡b wbB| 1938 mv‡ji fviZxq exgv Abyhvqx
2(13-K) aviv †gvZv‡eK “Marine Insurance business means the business of effecting contracts of
insurance upon vessels of any description, including cargoes, freights and other interests which may
be legally insured in or in relation to such vessels cargoes and freights, goods wares merchandise and
property of whatever or not including warehouse risks or similar risks in addition or as incidental to
such transit and includes any other risks customarily included among the risks insured against in
marine insurance policies”. Gevi Rvbv nj †bŠexgvi msÁv| Z‡e G †bŠ-exgv wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| Zvn‡j
Avmyb †m¸‡jv Rvbvi †Póv Kwi|
†bŠ-exgvi †kªYxweb¨vm
Classification of Marine Insurance
1| RvnvR exgv (Hul Insurance): evwYR¨ Zix A_©vr Rvnv‡Ri DcKiYvwì m¤¢ve¨ ¶wZi wecix‡Z †h exgv Kiv nq,
Zv‡K RvnvR exgv e‡j|
2| cY¨ exgv (Cargo Insurance): evwYwR¨K Rvnv‡R cwienbK…Z cY¨mgMÖx msµvšÍ ¶wZi AwbðqZvi wecix‡Z †h
exgv Kiv nq Zv‡K cY¨ exgv e‡j|
3| gvmyj exgv (Freight Insurance): mvgyw`ªK wec‡` Rvn‡Ri cY¨mvgMÖxi ¶wZ n‡j ev mgy‡`ª cY¨ †d‡j w`‡j Zvi
gvmyj cvIqv hvq bv| GB gvmy‡ji ¶wZi wecix‡Z †h exgv Kiv nq Zv‡K gvmyj exgv ejv nq| D‡jøL¨ †h, mgy`ª c‡_
S‡oi ZvÛe †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi Rb¨ A‡bK mgq Rvnv‡Ri cY¨ mgy‡`ª †d‡j w`‡Z nq| G ai‡bi wel‡qi RbÏ exgv
Kiv nq|
4| `vq-exgv (Liability Insurance): †bŠ-exgvi †¶‡Î we‡kl ai‡bi ¶wZi wecix‡Z †h exgv Kiv nq Zv‡K `vq exgv
ejv nq| †hgb t mgy`ª hvÎvKvjxb mg‡q wbqg-Kvby‡bi cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z Avw_©K ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i| Gai‡bi
†Kvb ¶wZi wecix‡Z †h exgv Kiv nq Zv‡K †bŠ-exgvi †¶‡Î `vqexgv wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
†bŠ-exgvi AvIZv
Scope of Marine Insurance
ïay †bŠ-c‡_ m¤ú`-m¤úwË m¤¢ve¨ ¶wZi wecix‡Z †h exgv Kiv nq, Zv‡K †bx-exgv ejv nq bv; Af¨šÍixY †bŠ-c_
GgbwK, ¯’jc_I †bŠexgvi AvIZvq Avm‡Z c‡i| mgy`ª c‡_ cwien‡bi Rb¨ Rvnv‡R cY¨ †evSvB Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨
Avf¨šÍixY †bŠ-c‡_ Zv enb Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i; c‡_ †h †Kvb¯’v‡b †Kvb Kvi‡Y cY¨mvgMÖx †Kv_vI †Kvb ¸`v‡g
mvgwqKfv‡e gRyZ Ki‡Z n‡Z cv‡i| myZivs, D³ c‡_ I ¯’v‡b cY¨ ivLv I enb Kivi SzuwKI mvgyw`ªK exgvi AvIZvq
AšÍfy³ n‡e| myZivs mgy`ªc‡_ cwien‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Mv`vg †_‡K g~j MšÍ‡e¨ †cuŠQv‡bv ch©šÍ mKj exgvB †bŠ-exgvi
AvIZvfz³ n‡e|
cvV ms‡¶c: 11.1

†bŠ-exgv GKwU Pzw³ †hLv‡b exgvKvix exgvMÖnxZv‡K †bŠ-c‡_ ¶wZi wecix‡Z wba©vwiZ cš’vq I wba©vwiZ mxgv ch©šÍ
¶wZc~iY cÖ`v‡bi `vq MÖnY K‡i| evwYR¨ Zix A_©vr Rvnv‡Ri DcKiYvwì m¤¢ve¨ ¶wZi wecix‡Z †h exgv Kiv nq,
Zv‡K RvnvR exgv e‡j| evwYwR¨K Rvnv‡R cwienbK…Z cY¨mgMÖx msµvšÍ ¶wZi AwbðqZvi wecix‡Z †h exgv Kiv
nq Zv‡K cY¨ exgv e‡j| mvgyw`ªK wec‡` Rvn‡Ri cY¨mvgMÖxi ¶wZ n‡j ev mgy‡`ª cY¨ †d‡j w`‡j Zvi gvmyj cvIqv
hvq bv| GB gvmy‡ji ¶wZi wecix‡Z †h exgv Kiv nq Zv‡K gvmyj exgv ejv nq| mgy`ªc‡_ cwien‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨
†Mv`vg †_‡K g~j MšÍ‡e¨ †cuŠQv‡bv ch©šÍ mKj exgvB †bŠ-exgvi AvIZvfz³ n‡e|


1. †bŠ-exgv GK ai‡bi |
K) m¤úwË exgv L) Rxeb exgv
M) SzuwK exgv N) †KvbwU bq
2. exgv †Kvb mv‡j cÖewZ©Z n‡q‡Q?
K) 1903 L) 1904
M) 1905 N) 1906
3. RvnvR exgv wK‡mi Dci Kiv nq?
K) RvnvR L) Rvnv‡Ri cY¨
M) Rvnv‡Ri DcKiY N) RvnvR I Gi DcKiY
4. gvmyj exgv wK‡mi Dci Kiv nq?
K) c‡Yï gvmyj L) Rvnv‡Ri gvmyj
M) Rvnv‡Ri Kvßvb N) †KvbwU bq
5. Rvnv‡R cY¨ en‡bi Rb¨ ¯’j c‡_ cY¨ cwienb †Kvb exgvi AvIZvfz³ n‡e?
K) †bŠ-exgv L) AwMœexgv
M) cwienY exgv N) m¤úwË exgv
msw¶ß cÖkœ
6. †bŠ-exgvi msÁv eY©bv Kiyb?
7. e„wUk AvB‡b †bŠ-exgvi †h msÁv †Ìqv n‡q‡Q Zv eY©bv Kiyb|
8. fviZxq exgv AvB‡b †bŠ-exgvi msÁvwU wjLyb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
9. wewfbœ ai‡bi †bŠ-exgvi weeiY w`b|
10. †bŠ-exgvi AvIZv eY©bv Kiyb|

cvV- 2 exgv Pzw³i kZ©vejx Ges wewfbœ cÖKvi exgvcÎ

The requistites of a Marine Insurance Contract and Various Policies
D‡Ïk¨
†bŠ-exgvi AZ¨vek¨Kxq kZ©vejxmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
wewfbœ cÖKvi †bŠ-exgvc‡Îi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
exgvKvix I exgvMÖnxZvi g‡a¨ Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi R‡b¨ cÖwZkÖywZ Ges c¶M‡Yi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvj‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb Kvh© Kiv
ev Kiv †_‡K weieZ _vKvi cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ©vejx‡K Warranties ev cÖPwjZ kZ©vejx (Conditions) e‡j| ejv nq †h,
Warranty is not merely a condition but a statement of fact Gevi Avmyb, Avgiv G cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ©vejx †R‡b
†bB|
e¨³ cÖKvwkZ kZ©vejx

Expressed Warranties.
†bŠ-exgv Pzw³‡Z †hme welq wjwLZ _v‡K, Zv‡K e¨³ kZ© (Expressed warranties) e‡j| wb‡P kZ©¸‡jv m¤ú‡K©
msw¶ß weeiY n‡jvt
1| hvÎvi wbivc` mgq: Rvnv‡Ri mgy`ª hvÎvi Dchy³ I wbivc` mgq Pzw³‡Z Aek¨B D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| hvÎvi mywbw`©ó ZvwiL: Rvnv‡R cY¨mvgMÖx wb‡q wbw`©ó ¯’vb †_‡K †Kvb Zvwi‡L †Kvb MšÍ‡eï D‡Ï‡k¨ hvÎv Ki‡e Zv
Pzw³c‡Î ¯úófv‡e D‡jøwLZ _vK‡Z n‡e|
3| wbivcËv i¶x mv‡_ ivLv: Rvnv‡Ri Pjvi c‡_ †Kvb hy×ve¯’v _vK‡j RvnvRwU †Kvb Kvi‡Y ev fyjekZt Avµg‡Yi
¯^xKvi n‡j Zv †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wbivcËv i¶x `j ivLvi kZ© Pzw³‡Z _vK‡Z n‡e|
4| m¤ú‡ì wbi‡c¶Zv †NvlYv: Rvnv‡R cwienbK…Z cY¨ †h wbi‡c¶, †m m¤ú‡K© exgvKvix KZ…©K cÖ`Ë GKwU †NvlYv
Pzw³c‡Î _vK‡Z n‡e|
Ae¨³ kZ©vejx (implied condifions)

1| Rvnv‡Ri mgy‡`ª PjvPj‡hvM¨Zv (Seaworthiness of the ship): GKB RvnvR me mgy`ª c‡_i Rb¨ Dchy³ bvI
n‡Z cv‡i Avevi, me RvnvRB †Kvb GKwU c‡_i R‡b¨ Dchy³ bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Rvnv‡Ri GB †hvM¨Zv wbf©i K‡i
Rvnv‡Ri bvweK I Kg©Pvix‡ì Dchy³ wk¶v I cÖwk¶YcÖvß †jvKej Ges Rvnv‡Ri MVb, AvKvi, cÖ‡qvRbxq KjKR¡v,
hš¿cvwZ, DcKiY, mvR-miÄvg BZ¨vwì Dci| myZivs Rvnv‡Ri Dchy³Zv ev Fitness cix¶vi welq Pzw³‡Z e¨³
Ki‡Z n‡e||
2| hvÎvi êaZv (Legality of venture): mgy`ª c‡_ †h RvnvRwU hvÎv Ki‡e Zvi hvÎv êa n‡Z n‡e| G k‡Z©i
†ni‡di n‡j Pzw³ i` n‡q hvq| kÎ€ †`‡ki mv‡_ Aby‡gvw`Z eëmvq cwiPvjbvq D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb †bv-exgv Pzw³ êa n‡e
bv|
3| Ab¨vb¨ Dn¨ kZ©vejx: Dc‡ii `ywU QvovI wb‡Pi K‡qKwU Ae¨³ kZ© i‡q‡Q h_v t
K) hvÎvi cwieZ©b bv Kiv (No change in voyage): B”QvK…Z ev KviY Qvov RvnvR †cuŠQv‡bvi R‡b¨ wba©vwiZ e›ì
cwieZ©b Kiv hv‡e bv|
L) hvÎvq wej¤^ bv Kiv (No delay in voyage): hvÎv Ki‡Z A‡hŠw³K ev A‡nZzK †Kvb wej¤^ Kiv hv‡e bv| A‡nZzK
wej¤^ n‡j exgvKvixi †Kvb ¶wZi `vq en‡b A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †m `vq RvnvR KZ©„c¶‡K enb Ki‡Z n‡e|
GgbI n‡Z cv‡i exgv †Kv¤úvbx‡KI enb Ki‡Z n‡Z cv‡i|

M) †Kvb wePy¨wZ bq (No deviation): A‡nZzK I B”QvK…Z †Kvb wePy¨wZ Kiv ev mvavib c_ cwinvi Kiv BZ¨vw` Kiv
hv‡e|
wb‡P wewfbœ cÖKvi †bŠ-exgvc‡Îi msw¶ß weeiY †Ìqv n‡jvt
1| mgy`ª-hvÎv exgvcÎ (Voyage-Policy): exgvc‡Î GK e›ì †_‡K Ab¨ e›`‡i ev GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq
wbw`©ó hvÎvc‡_i D‡jøL _v‡K| hvi g‡a¨ mvaviYfv‡e SzuwKmg~n MÖnY Kiv nq| aiyb, PUªMÖvg e›ì †_‡K cY¨ wb‡q †Kvb
RvnvR †cbvs wM‡q †QuŠQ~‡e G g‡g© hvÎv c‡_i SzuwKi R‡b¨ †bŠ-exgv MÖnY Kiv n‡j †mwU mgy`ª hvÎv exgvi Aš—fy©³ n‡e|
hw` †Kvb hvÎvc‡_ Rvnv‡R c‡Yï ¶wZ nq, Zvn‡j exgvMÖnxZvi ¶wZMÖ¯Í c‡Yï ¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| mvaviYZ
Rvnv‡R cwienbK…Z c‡Yï R‡b¨ G ai‡bi exgv Dc‡hvMx|
2| mgq exgvcÎ (Time policy): G ai‡bi exgvcÎ GKwU mywbw`©ó mg‡qi R‡b¨ Kiv nq| †hgb, Rvbyqvix 2000
mv‡ji mKvj 8Uv †_‡K 1jv Rvbyqvix 2008 mv‡ji mKvj 8Uv ch©šÍ exgvcÎ ˆZix Kiv nj| G mgq mvaviYZt 6 gvm
†_‡K GK eQi ch©šÍ †gqv‡ì n‡q _v‡K| H mg‡qi g‡a¨ Rvnv‡R c‡Yï ¶wZ n‡j c‡Yï ¶wZc~iY w`‡q _v‡K| Pzw³
Abyhvqx mgq cvi n‡j ZLb cY¨ ¶wZ n‡j exgv †Kv¤úvbx ¶wZi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib bv| G exgvcÎ RvnvR exgvi Rb¨
Lye Dchy³|
3| wgkª exgvcÎ (Mixed Policy): wgkª exgvc‡Îi welqe¯Í‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó mgy`ª c‡_i Ges GKwU mywbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨
Kiv nq| G ai‡bi exgvcÎ hvÎv exgvcÎ (Voyage policy) I mgq exgvcÎ (Time policy) Gi Amyweavmg~n `~i K‡i
Dfq exgvc‡Îi myweavw` jv‡fi R‡b¨B MÖnY Kiv nq| Avm‡j G exgvcÎ hvÎv exgvcÎ I mgq exgvc‡Îi mswgkªY Qvov
Avi wKQzB bq| G exgv c‡Î wbw`©ó hvÎvc‡Îi Ges wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ hw` exgvMÖnxZvi RvnvR A_ev c‡Yï ¶wZ nq,
Zvn‡j wZwb exgvK…Z m¤ú‡ì ¶wZc~iYcvq| †hgb, PUªMÖvg e›ì ûMwj e›`‡i †Kvb RvnvR hw` 2008 mv‡ji GwcÖj
gv‡m hvÎv K‡i GKB mv‡ji b‡f¤î gv‡m wM‡q †cuŠ‡Q ZLb Zv wgkªexgv c‡Îi AvIZvfz³ n‡e|
4| g~j¨vwqZ exgvcÎ (Valued Policy): g~j¨vwqZ exgvc‡Îi eZ©gv‡b me‡P‡q cÖPwjZ| †bŠ-exgvc‡Î welqe¯‘i g~j¨
Av‡MB wba©viY Kiv nq| welqe¯‘i g~j¨ exgvKvix I exgvMÖnxZvi g‡a¨ exgvMÖnY mgq mve¨¯Í nq Ges exgvc‡Î Zv
wjwce× nq|
5| A-g~j¨vwqZ exgvcÎ (Unvalued Polocy): A-g~j¨vwqZ exgvc‡Î exgvi welqe¯‘i g~j¨ D‡jøL _v‡K bv| exgvK…Z
g~j¨= cY¨`ªe¨vwì g~j¨ + fvov+ RvnvR gvmyj I exgv LiP| c~e© wba©vwiZ gybvdv †hvM Kiv nq bv|
6| fvmgvb exgvcÎ (Floating Policy): aiyb, GKwU RvnvR †Kv¤úvbxi GKwaK RvnvR i‡q‡Q Ges †h¸‡jv me©`vB
wewfbœ c‡_ cY¨-`ªe¨ wb‡q PjvPj K‡i †mme RvnvR †Kv¤úvbx mvaviYZt GKev‡i GKwU †gvUv A‡¼i (Large amount)
†bŠ-exgvcÎ MÖnY K‡i| c‡i wewfbœ c‡_ PjvPjKvix RvnvR¸‡jvi wec‡ì SzuwK ey‡S D‡jøwLZ UvKvi A¼ wbw`©ó Kiv nq
Ges Zv exgv †Kv¤úvbx‡K AewnZ Kiv nq|
7| ¯^v_© exgvcÎ (Interest Policy): G exgvc‡Î Pzw³i welqe¯Í‡Z exgvMÖnxZvi exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© _vK‡j, Zv‡K ¯^v_©
exgvcÎ ejv nq| exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v‡_©i exgvPzw³i AZ¨vek¨Kxq Dcv`vb Z_vwc †bŠ-exgvi kZ©vbyhvqx welqe¯Í‡Z exgv‡hvM¨
h_vh_ Dcv‡q wjwce× Kiv nq|
8| †hŠwMK SzuwKi exgvcÎ (Composite Policy): eo A‡¼i exgvc‡Îi †¶‡Î A‡bK mgq GKvwaK exgv †Kv¤úvbx
GKwÎZ n‡q †bŠ-exgvi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i| aiyb, wZbwU exgv †Kv¤úvbx 5 †KvwU UvKvi exgv GK‡Î MÖnY Ki‡j Ges Zv‡ì
wb‡R‡ì Avw_©K Ae¯’vbymv‡i hvi hvi `vwqZ¡ I fvM K‡i wbj| G cÖKvi exgvcÎ‡K †hŠwMK SzuwKi exgvcÎ ejv nq|
9| evRx exgvcÎ (Wagering policy): G ai‡bi exgvc‡Î welqe¯‘i Dci exgvMÖnxZvi †Kvb exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© _v‡K bv|
G‡¶‡Î exgv †Kv¤úvbx exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© QvovB welqe¯‘i ¶wZc~iY K‡i| exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© G ai‡bi exgvc‡Î Zv _v‡K bv
weavq G‡K Ryqv †Ljv b¨vq MY¨ Kiv nq| AvB‡bi †Pv‡L G ai‡bi exgvcÎ ejer†hvM¨ bq|
10| hyM¥-exgv (Double Insurance): hyM¥ exgvi †¶‡Î GKB exgvMÖnxZv GKB welqe¯‘i R‡b¨ `ywU †bŠ-exgv
†Kv¤úvbxi KvQ †_‡K †bŠ-exgvcÎ MÖnY K‡i| hw` †Kvb Kvi‡Y exgvMÖnxZvi cY¨ ¶wMMÖ¯Í nq Zvn‡j exgvMÖnxZv Dfq
exgvKvix m¤ú~Y© ¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb Kij †m †Kv¤úvbx AvbycvwZK nv‡i Aci †Kv¤úvbx †_‡K ¶wZcyiY Av`vq K‡i wb‡Z
cv‡i| G †¶‡Î wbqgvbyhvqx exgvMÖnxZv `ywU †Kv¤úvbx †_‡KB ¶wZcyi‡Yi c~‡iv UvKv Avjv`vfv‡e Av`vq Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

11| gy`ªv exgvcÎ (Currency Policy): ¯^Y© Lwb GjvKvq Gi cÖPjb †ekx| ¯^Y© hLb Lwbi Mfxi Zj‡`k †_‡K
D‡Ëvjb K‡i f~-c„‡ôi wb‡q Avmv nq, ZLb ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB wewfbœ wec` †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i Ges G mg¯Í wec‡` ev SzuwKi
R‡b¨ †h exgvcÎ µq Kiv nq Zv‡Z eøK exgvcÎ e‡j| G exgvc‡Îi Lwbi Mfxi Zj‡`k †_‡K D‡ËvwjZ LwbR c`v_©
weµxi MšÍe¨¯’j ch©šÍ †cuŠQv‡bvi SzuwKmg~n AšÍfy³ |
13| QvDbx exgvcÎ (Blanket Policy): G ai‡bi exgvcÎ †Kvb mywbw`©ó mgq I GjvKvi g‡a¨ ¶q-¶wZi ¶wZc~i‡Yi
Rb¨ MÖnY Kiv nq| GKUv wbw`©ó cwigv‡Yi Rb¨ exgv Kiv nq Ges exgvcÎ MÖn‡Yi mgq c~‡iv wcÖwgqvg `vqMÖvnK‡K c~iY
Ki‡Z nq Ges c‡i cÖK…ZSzuwK Actual Risk ‡gvZv‡eK mgš^q Adjustment Kiv nq| exgvK…Z g~j¨ †cÖwiZ c‡Yï gyj¨
A‡c¶v Kg-†ekx n‡Z cv‡i, c‡i wcÖwgqvg mgš^q Adjustment Kiv nq|
cvV ms‡¶c: 11.2
†bŠ-exgv Pzw³‡Z †hme welq wjwLZ _v‡K, Zv‡K e¨³ kZ© (Expressed warranties) e‡j| Rvnv‡R cwienbK…Z
cY¨ †h wbi‡c¶, †m m¤ú‡K© exgvKvix KZ…©K cÖ`Ë GKwU †NvlYv Pzw³c‡Î _vK‡Z n‡e| PUªMÖvg e›ì ûMwj e›`‡i
†Kvb RvnvR hw` 2008 mv‡ji GwcÖj gv‡m hvÎv K‡i GKB mv‡ji b‡f¤î gv‡m wM‡q †cuŠ‡Q ZLb Zv wgkªexgv c‡Îi
AvIZvfz³ n‡e|

1. exgv Pzw³‡Z wjwLZ kZ©vejx‡K Kx ai‡bi kZ©ejx nq?
K) e¨³ L) Ae¨³
M) mvaviY N) †KvbwU bq
2. †KvbwU †bŠ-exgvi AZ¨vek¨Kxq kZ© bq?
K) hvÎvi wbivc` mgq L) hvÎvi mywbw`©ó ZvwiL
M) wbivcËv eni mv‡_ ivLv N) Rj`kyï DrcvZ
3. †KvbwU †bŠexgvi Ae¨³ kZ©|
K) c‡Yï wbi‡c¶Zv †NvlYv L) hvÎvi mywbw`©ó ZvwiL
M) hvÎvi wbivc` mgq N) Rvnv‡Ri mgy‡`ª PjvPjv‡hvM¨Zv
4. GK e›ì †_‡K Ab¨ e›`‡ii hvÎvi Dci †bŠ-exgv n‡j Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
K) mgy`ª hvÎv exgvcÎ L) mgq exgv cÎ
M) wgkª exgvcÎ N) g~j¨vwqZ exgvcÎ
5. †h exgvc‡Î exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© _v‡K bv Zv‡K Kx ai‡bi exgvcÎ e‡j?
K) evRx exgvcÎ L) ¯^v_© exgvcÎ
M) fvmgvb exgvcÎ N) g~j¨vwqZ exgvcÎ
msw¶ß cÖkœ
6. †bŠ-exgvi e¨³ kZ©vejx eY©bv Kiyb|
7. †bŠ-exgvi Ae¨³ kZ©vejx eY©bv Kiyb?
8. wgkª exgvcÎ Pj‡Z Kx †evSvq?
9. ¯^v_© exgvc‡Îi weeiY w`b|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
10. †bŠ-exgvi kZ©vejx we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY w`b|
11. wewfbœ ai‡bi exgvc‡Îi eY©bv Kiyb|

cvV- 3 wewfbœ cÖKvi wec` Ges ¶wZ

D‡Ïk¨
mgy`ª c‡_i bvbvwea wec`mg~‡ni eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
†bŠexgvi ¶wZmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
mgy`ªc‡_ †hme wec` msNwUZ n‡q _v‡K †m¸wj‡K cÖavbZ t `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v cÖvK…wZK I ˆbwZK wec`| wb‡P
Dfq cÖKvi mvgyw`ªK wec` m¤ú‡K© eY©bv †Ìqv n‡jvt
1| cÖvK…wZK wec` (Natural Perils): mgy`ª c‡_ ˆbmwM©K Kvi‡Y msNwUZ `yN©Ubvmg~n‡K cÖvK…wZK wec` e‡j| †hgb
mvgyw`ªK N~Y©xSo, mgy‡`ªi wb‡P Aew¯’Z cvnvo I fvmgvb ei‡d av°v jvMv BZ¨vw`| Gme `yN©Ubvi Dci gvby‡li wbqš¿Y
_v‡K bv Ges G¸‡jv m¤úyY© AvKw¯§K I c~e©v‡bvgvb Kiv hvq bv| UvBUvwbK Rvnv‡Ri `yN©Ubvi K_v Rv‡bb wbðqB|
2| ˆbwZK wec`mg~n (Moral hazards): mgy`ª c‡_ gvbyl m„wó K‡i| G Kvi‡Y GwU‡K ˆbwZK wec` ev SzuwKI ejv
nq| wb‡P G ai‡bi wec` m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
K) Rj`mÿ (Pirates): mgy`ª c‡_ PjvKvjxb Rvnv‡R Rj`ym¨ AvµgY K‡i gvjvgvj wb‡q wb‡Z cv‡i| Rj`mÿiv
Rjc‡_B Zv‡ì `my¨Zv Pjvq| hvÎxKZ…©K hw` RvnvR wQbZvBK…Z ev jywÚZ nq ZvI Rj`my¨Zv wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq|
AvRKvj Rj`yk¨Zv †bB ej‡jB P‡j|
L) WvKvZ, †Pvi BZ¨vw` (Rovers, thieves etc): †Pvi ev WvKvZ Rvnv‡Ri gvjvgvj wQwb‡q wb‡j I ¶wZ Ki‡j Zv
mvgyw`ªK wec` wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ|
M) kµ (Enimies): kµ c‡¶i RvnvR Øviv AvµvšÍ n‡q RvnvR I Rvnv‡Ri kÎy-m`m¨ Ges c‡Yï ¶wZ nq weavq
GwUI GKwU mvgyw`ªK wec`|
N) hy× RvnvR (Man of war): hy×RvnvR Rjc‡_ †`‡ki cÖwZi¶v wbwðZ K‡i | cYëvnx RvnvR hy×Rvnv‡Ri mv‡_
†Kvb Kvi‡Y msNl© n‡j `yN©Ubv ev wec` N‡U hvq| ZvB GwUI cYëvnx Rvnv‡Ri Rb¨ GKwU mgy`ª wec`|
O) ejcyeK I mnmv a‡i †d‡j AvUK Kiv (Capture and Seizure): GKwU †`‡ki Rj-mxgvq Pj‡Z wM‡q hw`
cÖwZc¶xq hy× miÄvgvw` enbKvix RvnvR m‡›`‡n ejc~e©K I mnmv AvUK K‡i Zvn‡j Zv GKwU Ab¨Zg mgy`ª wec` e‡j
MY¨ n‡e|
P) kµ‡`‡ki miKvi, RbMY KZ…©K cÖwZeÜKZv Av‡ivc I wejw¤^ZKiY (Restraints and detainments by the
govt. and people of enemy country): kµ †`‡ki miKvi hw` c~e© wb×©vwiZ mgy`ª e›ì eënvi †bvOi Ki‡Z ev
cY¨ Lvjvm BZ¨vw`‡Z evav †`q A_ev RbMY KZ…©K RvnvR AvUK ev wejw¤^Z K‡i Zvn‡j Zv‡K mgy`ª wec` wn‡m‡e
cwiMwYZ Kiv n‡e|
Q) gvóvi I †bŠ-Kg©Pvix‡ì cÖZviYv (Barratry): Rvnv‡Ri gvóvi I Kg©PvixMY B”QvK…ZKfv‡e †Kvb fyj KvR A_ev
RvnvR ev RvnvR gvwj‡Ki cÖwZ ¶wZKviK †Kvb KvR K‡i Zvn‡j †mwU mgy`ª wec` wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e| cÖZviYvg~jK KvR
Aek¨B exgv †Kv¤úvbx‡K AewnZ Kiv nq|
V) Ab¨vb¨ wec`mg~n (Other Perils): AwZwi³ jebv³ cvwb, †cvKvq KvUv, `~‡ii c‡_ cwievwnZ Mevw`-cïi
Lv`¨fv‡e g„ZzÏ mgy`ª wec` e‡j MY¨ nq| GQvov, †Zj, Zvc, BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y ¶wZ mvwaZ nIqvI mgy`ª wec` e‡j
cwiMwYZ n‡q _v‡K|
exgv ¶wZ (Insurance loss)

exgvK…Z welqe¯‘ hw` m¤ú~Y©UvB ¶wZMÖ¯Í nq; Zvn‡j Zv‡K mvgwMÖK ¶wZ e‡j| m¤ú~Y© cY¨mvgMÖx wb‡q RvnvRwU Wy‡e
†M‡j ev AwMœKv‡Ûi d‡j cy‡ivcywi webó n‡j Zv‡K mvgwMÖK ¶wZ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡e| G ¶wZ `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq
K) cÖK…Z mvgwMÖK ¶wZ I L) D×vi‡hvM¨ mvgwMÖK ¶wZ| wb‡P G‡ì msw¶ß eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|

K) cÖK…Z mvgwMÖK ¶wZ (Actual Total Loss)t exgvK…Z welqe¯‘ hw` cy‡ivUvB Ggbfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯Í nq †h Zv Avi D×vi
Kiv m¤¢e bq, Zvn‡j Zv‡K cÖK…Z mvgwMÖK ¶wZ e‡j|
L) D×vi‡hvM¨ mvgwMÖK ¶wZ (Constructive Total Loss): exgvi mgMÖ welqe¯‘ hw` Ggbfv‡e webó nq †h Zv
cvIqvi †hvM¨ Z‡e D×vi LiP hw` welqe¯‘i g~‡jï mgvb ev Zvi †P‡q †ekx nq| Zvn‡j Zv‡K D×vi‡hvM¨ mvgwMÖK
¶wZ ejv nq|
2| AvswkK ¶wZ (Partial Loss): †bŠ-exgvi †¶‡Î exgvK…Z welqe¯‘ m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ¶wZMÖ¯Í bv nq Zvn‡j Zv‡K AvswkK
¶wZ e‡j|
welqe¯‘‡Z hw` mvgwMÖK ¶wZ bv nq Zvn‡j Zv Aek¨B AvswkK ¶wZ wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e| AvswkK ¶wZ `y cÖKvi h_vt K)
we‡kl AvswkK ¶wZ I L) mvaviY AvswkK ¶wZ| Gevi Avmyb Avgiv G wel‡q we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kwi|
K) we‡kl AvswkK ¶wZ Paraticular Average Loss or Particular Average): hLb exgv‡Z GKvwaK welq¯‘
_v‡K Ges Zvi exgvK…Z g~j¨ mgMÖ welqe¯‘ wewfbœ Ask _v‡K hv wefvR¨ Ges Zvi exgvK…Z g~jÏ wefvR¨ ZLb welqe¯‘
†Kvb GKwUi ev mgMÖ welqe¯‘i †Kvb As‡ki Ask we‡kl `yN©UbvRwbZ Kvi‡Y ¶wZMÖ¯Í n‡j, Zv‡K we‡kl AvswkK ¶wZ
e‡j |
cvV ms‡¶c: 11.3
mgy`ª c‡_ ˆbmwM©K Kvi‡Y msNwUZ `yN©Ubvmg~n‡K cÖvK…wZK wec` e‡j| Rvnv‡Ri gvóvi I Kg©PvixMY B”QvK…ZKfv‡e
†Kvb fyj KvR A_ev RvnvR ev RvnvR gvwj‡Ki cÖwZ ¶wZKviK †Kvb KvR K‡i Zvn‡j †mwU mgy`ª wec` wn‡m‡e MY¨
n‡e| exgvK…Z welqe¯‘ hw` m¤ú~Y©UvB ¶wZMÖ¯— nq; Zvn‡j Zv‡K mvgwMÖK ¶wZ e‡j| †bŠ-exgvi †¶‡Î exgvK…Z
welqe¯‘ m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ¶wZMÖ¯Í bv nq Zvn‡j Zv‡K AvswkK ¶wZ e‡j|

1. †KvbwU †bŠ-exgvi Rb¨ cÖvK…wZK wec` bq?
K) So L) ei‡d av°v jvMv
M) cvnv‡o av°v jvMv N) U‡b©‡Wv
2. †KvbwU †bŠ-exgvi Rb¨ ˆbwZK wec`?
K) mvgyw`ªK So L) Kg©Pvix cÖZviZv
M) †cvKvq KvUv N) jeYv³Zv
msw¶ß cÖkœ
3. †bŠ-exgvi †¶‡Î cÖvK…wZK ¶wZi weeiY w`b?
4. †bŠ-exgvi †¶‡Î ˆbwZK wec‡ì eY©bv w`b?
5. UxKv wjLyb:
K) AvswkK ¶wZ L) mvgwMÖK ¶wZ M) we‡kl AvswkK ¶wZ

cvV- 4 †bŠ-exgvi `vex cwi‡kva

Payment of Claims in Marine Insurance
D‡Ïk¨
†bŠ-exgvi `vex c~i‡Yi c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
mvgwMÖK ¶wZ Av`v‡qi c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
exgv Pzw³‡Z D‡j- wLZ wec` †_‡K ¶wZ n‡jB exgv †Kv¤úvbx exgvMÖnxZv‡K ¶wZc~iY K‡i| D‡jøL¨ †h ¶wZ n‡jB Zv
me‡¶‡Î c~iY Kiv nq bv, hw` D³ ¶wZi Kvi‡Yi wecix‡Z exgvMÖnY Kiv bv nq| Gevi Avmyb Avgiv wb‡Pi welq¸‡jv
wb‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kwi|
1| cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖgvYvw` Dc¯’vcb (To submit documentary evidence): exgv`vex Dc¯’vc‡bi mgq exgvMÖnxZv‡K
exgvc‡Îi mv‡_ cÖgvY¯îƒc cÖ‡qvRbxq KvMRcÎ mshy³ Ki‡Z nq| ¶wZ I LiP mgš^‡q exgv`vex KZ n‡e Zv wbY©‡qi
R‡b¨ exgvi welqe¯‘i g~j¨ I cÖK…wZ, kZ©vejx Ges exgv‡hvM¨¯^v_© BZ¨vw` welq exgvKvix‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq|
2| `vexi weÁwß (Notice of Claim): exgvMÖnxZv exgv`vex Dc¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ exgvKvix‡K ¶wZi e¨vcv‡i GKwU
†bvwUk cÖ`vb K‡i Ges c‡i Zv MÖnY Ki‡jB exgvKvix ¶wZi `vq ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡q‡Qb e‡j g‡b Kiv hv‡e bv| cÖwZwbwa
KZ©„K Rix‡ci cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb Kiv Acwinvh©| exgv`vexi †¶‡Î weÁwß AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb|
3| exgv`vexi R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `wjjcÎ (Documents required for claim): exgv`vex Kivi mgq wb‡P ewY©Z
`wjjcÎ ‡ck Ki‡Z nq:
1| exgvcÎ (Policy of Certificate): exgvèx Ki‡Z exgvcÎ exgvKvixi `ß‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq|
2| enbcÎ (Bill of lading): enbc‡Î RvnvR‡hv‡M cwievwnZ cY¨mvgMÖxi weeiY wjwce× _‡K| ZvB, G `wjjLvbvI
exgv`vexi mgq Rgv w`‡Z nq|
3| Pvjvb (Invoice): G `wj‡j RvnvRw¯’Z cY¨mvgMÖx weµq Z_v ißvwbi kZ©ejx I wbqgvejx ewY©Z _v‡K c‡Yï cy‡iv
wn‡me I g~j¨ wbiyc‡Yi Z_¨vwÌ G `wjj †_‡K cvIqv hvq| ZvB `vexc~i‡Yi mgq Pvjvb GKvšÍ Acwinvh© I mnvqK|
4| cÖwZev`cÎ (Copy of protest): RvnvR `yN©Ubvi Kvi‡Y m„ó ¶wZc~iY `vex Kivi mgq Kvßvb KZ…©K cÖ`Ë GKwU
cÖwZev`cÎ Rgv w`‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv, RvnvR I c‡Yï wbivcËvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq me wKQz Kiv n‡qwQj Ges †Kvb
Ae‡njvi Kvi‡Y Giƒc `yN©Ubv N‡Uwb e‡j D³ cÖwZev` c‡Î GKwU declaration _v‡K|
5| weµq wn‡m‡e (Accounts Sales): G `wjjwU‡Z weµq msµvšÍ Z_¨ _v‡K| Gi gva¨‡g †gvU cY¨ g~j¨ Ges
weµqK…Z cY¨g~‡jï g‡a¨ cv_©KÜzKz wbiƒcY Kiv hvq|
6| ¯’jvwfwl³Zvi cÎ (Letter of Subrogation: exgvKvix m¤ú~Y© ¶wZ wgUv‡bvi c‡i D×viK…Z cY¨mvgMªxi gvwjKvbv
†h exgvMÖnxZv †_‡K exgvKvixi Kv‡Q P‡j Av‡m Zvi cÖgvYcÎ nj Subrogation| G `wjjwU LyeB Acwinvh© I mnvqK
nq|
¶wZi wbKUZg KviY bxwZ

Doctrine of Cause Proxima or Proximate Cause
†bŠ-exgvi †¶‡Î exgvK…Z wec` NU‡j exgvKvix ¶wZc~iY wn‡m‡e exgv`vex cwi‡kva K‡i| wKš‘ ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³
K‡qKwU KviY `yN©Uvbv NUv‡bvi Rb¨ `vqx nq| GRb¨ AbymÜv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq Ges `yN©Ubvi Rb¨ wbKZg KviY †KvbwU

Ges Zv exgvK…Z wKbv| exgvK…Z Kvi‡Y wec` msNwUZ n‡j exgvKvix `vqMÖn‡Y eva¨; Ab¨_vq bq| G Kvi‡YB ¶wZi
wbKUZg KviY gZevwUi cÖeZ©b n‡q‡Q|
wbKUZg KviY cÖm‡½ mvgyw`ªK ¶wZ msµvšÍ AvB‡bi 55 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h exgvKvix ZLbB ¶wZi Rb¨ `vqx hLb
mvgyw`ªK wec` nIqvi gZ m¤¢ve¨ Kvi‡Y exgvK…Z c‡Yï ¶wZc~iY `v‡bi R‡b¨ `vqx _vK‡eb bv|
“According to marine Insurance Act Subject to the provisions of the act and unless the policy
otherwise provides the in surer is liable for any loss proximately caused by a peril insured against, but
subject to as aforesaid he is not liable for any loss which is not proximately cussed by a peril insured
against”.
cvV ms‡¶c: 11.4

exgv`vex Dc¯’vc‡bi mgq exgvMÖnxZv‡K exgvc‡Îi mv‡_ cÖgvY¯îƒc cÖ‡qvRbxq KvMRcÎ mshy³ Ki‡Z nq| RvnvR
`yN©Ubvi Kvi‡Y m„ó ¶wZc~iY `vex Kivi mgq Kvßvb KZ…©K cÖ`Ë GKwU cÖwZev`cÎ Rgv w`‡Z n‡e| wbKUZg KviY
cÖm‡½ mvgyw`ªK ¶wZ msµvšÍ AvB‡bi 55 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h exgvKvix ZLbB ¶wZi Rb¨ `vqx hLb mvgyw`ªK wec`
nIqvi gZ m¤¢ve¨ Kvi‡Y exgvK…Z c‡Yï ¶wZc~iY `v‡bi R‡b¨ `vqx _vK‡eb bv|

1. exgv `vex Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ †KvbwU Acwinvh©?
K) Adjuster -Gi wb‡qvMcÎ L) exgvKvix I MÖnxZvi cvi®úwiK m¤úK©
M) weeiYxcÎ (Prospectus) N) `vexi †bvwUk
DËigvjv
1. K 2. N 3. N 4. L 5. K

1. L 2. L 3. N 4. K 5. K

1. N 2. L

1. N
msw¶ß cÖkœ
2. exgv`vex Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxh `wjjvwì bvg wjLyb|
3. ¶wZi wbKUZg KviY ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
4. exgv`vex cwi‡kv‡ai wbqgvejxi weeiY w`b?

BDwbU cybtexgv
12 Re-insurance
f~wgKv
Avgiv †R‡bwQ exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv SzuwKi eëmv K‡i| A_©vr wewfbœ ai‡bi SzuwK en‡bi `vwqZ¡ †bq Ges Zv †_‡K gybvdv
AR©b K‡i| wKš‘ G SzuwKi cy‡ivUv A‡bK mgq enb Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| Gw`‡K eëmvwU bv wb‡j gybvdvI AR©b nq bv|
Ggb Ae¯’vq exgv †Kv¤úvwb cybtexgvi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri SzuwK Kwg‡q †d‡j| G BDwb‡U Avgiv cybtexgvi LyuwRbvwU
welq¸‡jv †R‡b wbe| Gevi Zvn‡j Avmyb Avgiv Zv Rvbvi †Póv Kwi|
cvV- 1 cybtexgvi msÁv I ¸iyZ¡

D‡Ïk¨
cybtexgvi msÁv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
cybtexgvi ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cybtexgv (Reinsurance): hLb GKRb exgvKvix Zuvi exgvK…Z welqe¯‘ Ab¨ exgvKvixi wbKU exgv K‡i ZLb Zv‡K
cybetxgv ejv nq| G‡¶‡Î cÖ_g exgvKvix exgvMÖnxZv Ges 2q exgvKvix cybexgvKvix e‡j MY¨ n‡e| †hgb aiyb
mvaviYZ; hLb GKRb exgvKvix †Kvb welqe¯‘i exgv MÖnY Kivi ci hw` g‡b K‡i Zuvi c‡¶ me SzuwK GKKfv‡e enb
Kiv m¤¢e bq; †m‡¶‡Î, wb‡R exgv MÖnxZv n‡q Zuvi exgvK…Z welqe¯‘ SuywK n«v‡mi Rb¨ Ab¨ GKwU exgv †Kv¤úvbxi wbKU
exgv K‡i| D`vniY¯îƒc g‡b Kiyb, ÔKÕ GKwU exgvKvix Zvi exgvK…Z welqe¯‘ Zvi GKvi c‡¶ SuywK enb Kiv m¤¢e bq
e‡j g‡b K‡i ÔLÕ bvgK Ab¨ GKwU exgv cÖwZôv‡bi wbKU exgv Kij| GUv‡K cybtexgv ejv n‡e| ÓKÓ ‡Kv¤úvbx GLv‡b
exgv MÖnxZv Ges ÓLÓ †Kv¤úvbx GLv‡b cybexgvKvix| myZivs cybtexgv nj exgvi Dci exgv|
GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, g~j exgv MÖnxZvi mv‡_ cybtexgvKvixi †Kvb m¤úK© †bB| g~j exgv MÖnxZv I Avw`
exgvKvixi g‡a¨ †h Pzw³ n‡e †m Pzw³i kZ©vejx Øviv cybtexgv wbqw¯¿Z n‡e| †Kvb Kvi‡Y cÖ_g Pzw³ evwZj n‡j cybtexgv
Pyw³I evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e|
myZivs Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q †h, cybtexgvi †¶‡Î exgv cÖwZôvb wb‡Ri SzuwK Kgv‡Z m¶g nq| exgvK…Z As‡ki cy‡ivUv
A_ev AvswkK exgv cybtexgv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cybtexgv GK mv‡_ exgv †Kv¤úvbx, exgvKvix Ges mvgwMÖKfv‡e exgvKvixi
¯^v_©i¶v K‡i| cybtexgvi gva¨‡g exgv cÖwZôv‡bi cvi¯úwiK eëmvwqK m¤úK© e„w× cvq| GZ¶‡Y cybtexgv m¤ú‡K©
Avgiv aviYv †cjvg| Gevi Avmyb Kx Kx Kvi‡Y cybtexgv n‡q _v‡K Zv we¯ÍvwiZ †R‡b †bB|
(K) bgbxqZv (Flxibelity)

cybtexgv Qvov exgv †Kv¤úvwb eo ai‡bi SzuwK MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv; d‡j mvgwMÖK SzuwK eëmv ms‡KvwPZ n‡e| wKš‘
cybtexgv G ai‡bi cwiw¯’wZ `~i Ki‡Z cv‡i| exgv †Kv¤úvbx †ewk SzuwKc~Y© n‡jI eëmvwU MÖnY Ki‡e; †Kbbv wb‡Ri
SzuwKwU Avevi A‡bï Dci Pvwc‡q †Ìqv hvq| Gfv‡e bgbxqZvi Kvi‡YB cybtexgv Pvjy i‡q‡Q|
(L) Dbœqb (Development)

exgv †Kv¤úvbx hw` wb‡Ri SzuwKi Kvi‡Y AwZwi³ eëmv MÖnY bv K‡i Zvn‡j †gvU eo cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ n‡Z cvi‡e bv|
aiyb B‡Ýv‡iÝ †Kv¤úvwbi Kv‡Q Rvcv‡b cY¨ †cÖi‡Yi eo GKwU Pvjv‡bi B‡Ýv‡iÝ Kivi cÖ¯Íve Avmj| GLb hw`
†Kv¤úvwbwU G eëmvwU MÖnY bv K‡i Zvn‡j jvf Kg n‡e; Avevi SzuwK †ewk nIqvi Kvi‡Y †Ìwjqv nIqvi m¤¢vebvI
i‡q‡Q| G ai‡bi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cybtexgvi gva¨‡g SzuwKi cwigvY Kwg‡q cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i wb‡Ri eëmvi Dbœqb
NUv‡Z cv‡i|
(M) w¯’wZ (Accumulation)

aiyb, GKRb eëmvqx GKwU Rvnv‡R K‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi cY¨ we‡`‡k †cÖiY Ki‡Q| GLb hw` cÖwZwU AvB‡U‡gi Rb¨ †m
Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e exgv K‡i Zvn‡j Zvi LiP †ewk co‡e| G †¶‡Î †m me¸‡jv c‡Yï exgv GK mv‡_ Ki‡Z cv‡i| G
†¶‡Î Zvi LiP Ges cÖkvmwbK Sv‡gjv K‡g hv‡e| G ai‡bi Ae¯’vq exgv †Kv¤úvwb cybtexgv K‡i SzuwK Kgv‡Z cv‡i|
myZivs Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q †h cybtexgv SzuwKi w¯’wZ A_©vr accomulation G mnvqZv K‡i|
cvV ms‡¶c: 12.1
g~j exgv MÖnxZvi mv‡_ cybtexgvKvixi †Kvb m¤úK© †bB| g~j exgv MÖnxZv I Avw` exgvKvixi g‡a¨ †h Pzw³ n‡e †m
Pzw³i kZ©vejx Øviv cybtexgv wbqw¯¿Z n‡e| †Kvb Kvi‡Y cÖ_g Pzw³ evwZj n‡j cybtexgv Pyw³I evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e|

1. cybtexgvKvix †K?
K) exgv MÖnxZv L) exgv †Kv¤úvwb
M) exgv MÖnYKvix N) †KvbwU
2. exgvi Dci exgv Kiv n‡j Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
K) AwMœexgv L) †bŠexgv
M) Rxeb exgv N) cybtexgv
3. wb‡Pi †Kvb&wUi Kvi‡Y cybtexgv evwZj nq?
K) g~j Pzw³ evwZj n‡j L) exgvKvixi g„Zz¨ n‡j
M) exgv †Kv¤úvwb †Ìwjqv n‡j N) †KvbwU bq
4. D`vniYmn cybtexgvi eY©bv w`b|
5. cybtexgv Kx Kx Kvi‡Y n‡q _v‡K Zvi K‡qKwUi weeiY w`b|

cvV- 2 cybtexgvi c×wZ (Methods of re-insurance)

D‡Ïk¨
cybtexgvi c×wZ¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
cybtexgv msµvšÍ KwZcq welq e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
cybtexgvi cÖ‡qvM eY©Yv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wb‡Pi `yÕai‡bi c×wZ‡Z SzuwK ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ fvMvfvwM Kiv hvqt

(K) d¨vKv‡ëwUf (facultative) c×wZ
GwU‡K g~j c×wZ ejv nq| G c×wZ‡Z GKwU wúc (slip)-Gi g‡a¨ cÖ¯ÍvweZ SzuwKi cy‡iv weeiY †Ìqv nq Ges G slip
1wU ¯^¤¢ve¨ cybtexgvKvix‡ì †`Lv‡bv nq| cybtexgvKvix Zv‡ì B”Qv Abyhvqx GwU MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i ev Zv MÖnY bvI
Ki‡Z cv‡i| hw` Zviv MÖnY K‡i Zvn‡j H slip -Gi g‡a¨ †h cwigvY A‡_©i SzuwK enb Ki‡e Zv wjL‡e Ges ¯^v¶i
Ki‡e| Gi gva¨‡g cybtexgvKvix cÖK…Zc‡¶ exgvKvix‡K M¨vivw›U cÖ`vb Kij| D‡jøL¨ †h cybtexgv cwjwm mK‡ji Kv‡Q
cy‡ivcywi ÁvZ _v‡K|
G c×wZi Ab¨Zg myweav nj G‡Z cybtexgvKvix Awdm wb‡R cQ›` Abyhvqx BbÝy‡i‡Ýi cwigvY wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges
†Kvb c×wZ Zv exgvKvix‡K cÖ`vb Ki‡e †mwUi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Ae‡jLb (Uinderwriting) Kvh© cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(L) Pzw³ (treaty)

e¨vcK A‡_© GwU GKUz wfbœ; Z‡e g~j bxwZ¸‡jv GKB ai‡bi| G †¶‡Î exgvKvix cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ cybtexgv †Kv¤úvwbi
g‡a¨ wjwLZ Pzw³ nq Ges SzuwKi mxgvbv wba©vwiZ _v‡K| †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB cybtexgvKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jv wjwLZ Pzw³i
†ni‡di Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GLv‡b †`Lv hvq †h, exgv †Kv¤úvwbi Pzw³i mv‡_ party-Gi Pzw³i c~‡e©B cybtexgv †Kv¤úvwbi
mv‡_ †`b ìevi n‡Z _v‡K|
cybtexgvi cÖKvi‡f` (Forms of reinsurance)

cybtexgv g~jZ `yÕai‡bi n‡q _v‡K; wb‡P Gi we¯—vwiZ weeiY Zz‡j aiv njt
(K) Ask`vixZ¡g~jK (paricipating) ev AvbycvwZK (pro rata) cybtexgv

†gvU exgv ¶wZi cwigvY hLb cybtexgv cÖwZôvb wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ fvMvfvwM K‡i enb K‡i ZLb Zv‡K Ask`vixZ¡g~iK
(participatory) cybtexgv ejv nq| aiyb, evsiv‡`‡ki GKwU Bbmy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx hy³iv‡óª cY¨ en‡bi Rb¨ USD
100,000/= Gi GKwU cybtexgv cwiwm‡Z Pzw³e× n‡q‡Q| SzuwKi cwigvY Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ G exgv †Kv¤úvbxwU Rvcvb, Pxb
ZvBIqvb Ges Bsj¨v‡Ûi PviwU eo exgv †Kv¤úvbxi mv‡_ 25% nv‡i cybtexgv Pzw³‡Z Ave× nj| †`Lv †Mj RvnvRwU
Wz‡e †Mj Ges exgv †Kv¤úvwbi USD 100,000/= exgv¶wZ (Insurance Loss) nj| Gevi cybtexgv †Kv¤úvbx 4wU
mgvbfv‡e G ¶wZi cwigvY cÖZ¨¶ exgv †Kv¤úvbx‡K cwi‡kva Ki‡e| Kx Abycv‡Z ¶wZc~iY Kiv n‡e Zv Aek¨B c~e©
†_‡KB wba©viY Kiv nq| G Abycv‡Zi wfwË‡ZB cÖZ¨¶ exgv cÖwZôvbwU cybtexgv cÖwZôvb‡K wcÖwgqvg cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
G ai‡bi AskMÖnYKvixg~jK cybtexgv facultative ev treaty Dfq ai‡bB n‡Z cv‡i|
(L) AbybycvwZK (non-proportional)
G ai‡bi cybtexgvi †¶‡Î g~j exgvPzw³i mv‡_ exgv ¶wZ cyi‡Yi Rb¨ wfbœ kZ©vejx cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| GwUI facultative
ev treaty Dfq ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i|
Gevi Avmyb Avgiv Av‡iv wKQy c×wZ m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ †R‡b wbB|

†KvUv †kqvi (Quota share)

G c×wZ‡Z cybtexgvKvix †Kv¤úvwb g~j exgv †Kv¤úvwbi mKj ai‡bi exgvi GKwU wba©vwiZ cwigvY SzuwK †kqvi K‡i|
GKwU GKwU c~e© wba©viwZ Pzw³| G Pzw³i gva¨‡g g~j exgv †Kv¤úvwb Zvi cy‡iv SzuwK †kqvi K‡i| GKwU GKwU c~e©
wba©vwiZ Pzw³| G Pzw³i gva¨‡g g~jexgv †Kv¤úvwb Zvi cy‡iv SzuwK cybtexgvKvix‡K Ac©Y K‡i| †QvU †QvU exgv †Kv¤úvwbi
Rb¨ G c×wZ Lye Dc‡hvMx| KviY exgv †Kv¤úvbx †Kvb eQi †gvUv As‡Ki ¶wZi nvZ †_‡K wU‡K †h‡Z cv‡i Ges
gybvdv AR©‡bi GKwU mvejxj aviv eRvq ivL‡Z cv‡i| G c×wZ †nvwìs Ges mvewmwWqvix Bbmy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx‡Z
Af¨š—ixb eë¯’vq Lye Dc‡hvMx|
DØ„Ë (Surplus)
aiyb, cwjwmi cwigvY nj USD 100,000/=| cybtexgv Kiv nj USD 80,000/=| G‡¶‡Î USD 20,000/= cwigvY
g~j exgv cÖwZôvb wb‡Ri Kv‡Q †i‡L †`q| G cwigvY‡KB DØ„Ë (surplus) ejv nq SuyuwKi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Q g~j exgv
†Kv¤úvwb wK cwigvY cwjwm wb‡Ri Kv‡Q ivL‡e| G c×wZ g~jexgv †Kv¤úvbxi Rb¨ AmyweavRbK Ges cybtexgv
†Kv¤úvbxi Rb¨ myweavRbK| Z‡e †QvU †QvU exgv †Kv¤úvwbi Rb¨ G c×wZ myweavRbK| †h‡nZz cy‡iv cwjwmi Dci
cybtexgv Ki‡Z n‡”Q bv †m Kvi‡Y cybtexgv †Kv¤úvbx AwZwi³ Drmvn †c‡q _v‡K| GwU g~jZt treaty-Gi AvIZvfz³|
cyj (Pools)
mvaviYZ exgvi we‡`kx evRv‡i DØ„Ë Ges †KvUv †kqvi Kivi mgq cybtexgvKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU
pool MVb K‡i| G ai‡bi cyj exgv cÖwZôvb wb‡Riv Ki‡Z cv‡i Avevi miKviI MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| ¶wZc~iY msµvšÍ
exgv eë¯’vq G ai‡bi cyj cÖZxqgvb nq| †hLv‡b exgv eëmvi evRvi Lye `ye©j †mLv‡b G ai‡bi cyj Lye Dc‡hvMx|
cyj GKwU msMVbI n‡Z cv‡i, †h msMV‡bi KwZcq m`m¨ _v‡K| AvbycvwZK nv‡i msMV‡bi m`m¨MY SzuwK enb K‡i|
exgv ¶wZi AwZwi³ A_© (Excess of loss)

GwU AbvbycvwZK cybtexgv| g~jexgv †Kv¤úvbx †Kvb NUbv †_‡K D™¢‚Z m‡e©v”P ¶wZi cwigvY wba©viY K‡i Ges Zv enb
Kivi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K| cybtexgv cÖwZôvb H cwigv‡Yi AwZwi³ ¶wZ enb K‡i| aiyb, g~jexgv †Kv¤úvbx m‡e©v”P ¶wZi
cwigvY wba©viY Kij 50,000 UvKv| wb‡P mviYxi gva¨‡g welqwU ¯úó Kiv njt
¶wZ g~jexgv AwZwi³ Pzw³

UvKv UvKv UvKv
10,000 10,000 0
50,000 50,000 0
70,000 50,000 20,000
100,000 50,000 50,000
250,000 50,000 200,000
†hLv‡b ¶wZi cwigvY Lye †ewk Ges we”Qbœ †mLv‡b, G ai‡bi cybtexgv Lye Dc‡hvM|

cybtexgvi cÖ‡hvM (Application of re-insurance)

AMœx (fire)
AMœxexgvi †¶‡Î ¶q¶wZi cwigvY †ewk nIqvq cybtexgv c×wZ Lye Dc‡hvMx f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| GQvov nvwi‡Kb
Nywb©So, eb¨v BZ¨vwì †¶‡ÎI G ai‡bi exgv Lye Dc‡hvMx
†bŠ I AvKvk c‡_ (Marine and aviation)

†bŠ exgvi †¶‡Î cybtexgv LyeB mvaviY e¨vcvi|
`yN©Ubv (accedent)
`yN©Ubvi †¶‡Î G ai‡bi exgvi cwigvY Lye Kg †`Lv hvq|
Rxeb exgv (life)

Kqjvi Lwb, D‡ovRvnv‡Ri exgvi †¶‡Î SzuwK †ewk| G me †¶‡Î ¶q¶wZi †h Rxeb bv‡ki cwigvY †ewk nq| myZivs
G‡Z GKwU exgv †Kv¤úvwbi Rb¨ SzuwKi cwigvY †e‡o hvq| G SzuwK wbim‡bi Rb¨ exgv †Kv¤úvwbwU cybtexgvi Avkªq MÖnY
K‡i|
cvV ms‡¶c: 12.2
c×wZ‡Z GKwU wúc (slip)-Gi g‡a¨ cÖ¯ÍvweZ SzuwKi cy‡iv weeiY †Ìqv nq Ges G slip 1wU ¯^¤¢ve¨ cybtexgvKvix‡ì
†`Lv‡bv nq| cybtexgvKvix Zv‡ì B”Qv Abyhvqx GwU MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i ev Zv MÖnY bvI Ki‡Z cv‡i| hw` Zviv MÖnY
K‡i Zvn‡j H slip -Gi g‡a¨ †h cwigvY A‡_©i SzuwK enb Ki‡e Zv wjL‡e Ges ¯^v¶i Ki‡e| Gi gva¨‡g
cybtexgvKvix cÖK…Zc‡¶ exgvKvix‡K M¨vivw›U cÖ`vb Kij| D‡jøL¨ †h cybtexgv cwjwm mK‡ji Kv‡Q cy‡ivcywi ÁvZ
_v‡K| G c×wZi Ab¨Zg myweav nj G‡Z cybtexgvKvix Awdm wb‡R cQ›` Abyhvqx BbÝy‡i‡Ýi cwigvY wbe©vPb
Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †Kvb c×wZ Zv exgvKvix‡K cÖ`vb Ki‡e †mwUi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Ae‡jLb (Uinderwriting) Kvh©
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ exgvi we‡`kx evRv‡i DØ„Ë Ges †KvUv †kqvi Kivi mgq cybtexgvKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jv
wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU pool MVb K‡i| G ai‡bi cyj exgv cÖwZôvb wb‡Riv Ki‡Z cv‡i Avevi miKviI MVb Ki‡Z
cv‡i| ¶wZc~iY msµvšÍ exgv eë¯’vq G ai‡bi cyj cÖZxqgvb nq| †hLv‡b exgv eëmvi evRvi Lye `ye©j †mLv‡b G
ai‡bi cyj Lye Dc‡hvMx| cyj GKwU msMVbI n‡Z cv‡i, †h msMV‡bi KwZcq m`m¨ _v‡K| AvbycvwZK nv‡i
msMV‡bi m`m¨MY SzuwK enb K‡i|


1. cybtexgvi †¶‡Î †KvbwU N‡U?
K) exgv †Kv¤úvbx wb‡R Ab¨ GKwU exgv †Kv¤úvwbi exgv MÖnxZv nq|
L) Rxgv †Kv¤úvbx wb‡R Ab¨ GKwU exgv †Kv¤úvwbi Kv‡Q cwjwm weµq K‡i|
M) exgv †Kv¤úvbx wb‡R Ab¨ GKwU `vex cyi‡bi Rb¨ GKRb awb e¨w³i ¯§ibvcbœ nq|
N) †KvbwU bq|
2. cybtexgv Pzw³ KLb evwZj nq?
K) wek¦vm fsM n‡j L) exgv MÖnxZv
M) cÖ_g Pzw³ evwZj n‡j N) †KvbwU bq
DËigvjv
1. L 2. N 3. K

BDwbU evsjv‡`‡k exgv eë¯’v
13 Insurance Management in Bangladesh
f~wgKv
c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki gZ evsjv‡`‡kI e¨vemv-evwY‡Rï cÖmvi N‡U‡Q| †mmv‡_ cÖmvi N‡U‡Q exgv eëmvi| exgv eëmv
cÖmvi NUvi Av‡iv GKwU KviY nj G †`kwUi cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM| cÖwZeQi eb¨v, NywY©Si BZ¨vw` AvNvZ nv‡b Ges ask
K‡i †`q eëmv cÖwZôv‡bi AwZZ¡| G Qvov †`‡ki ag©xq ms¯‹…wZ I exgv eëmv cÖmv‡i h‡_ô Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q| Avgv‡ì
†`‡ki 85% gvbyl Bmjvg a‡g©i Abymvix| †h Kvi‡Y Bmjvgx Z‡Ë¡i wfwË‡Z M‡o D‡V‡Q Bmjvgx exgv eë¯’v| G
BDwb‡Ui gva¨‡g Avcwb evsjv‡`‡ki exgv eëmvi Dci GKwU aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Zvn‡j Avmyb Avgiv G wel‡q
we¯ÍvwiZ †R‡b wbB|
cvV- 1 evsjv‡`‡k exgv eëmvi Dbœqb (Development of Insurance Business in

Bangladesh)
D‡Ïk¨
evsjv‡`‡k exgv eëmvi BwZnvm eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
exgv eëmvi ¶gZvqb (capacity building) -Gi †¶‡Î evsjv‡`k BÝy‡iÝ GKv‡Wgxi f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
evsjv‡`‡k exgv eëmv bZyb bq| G‡`‡k exgv eëmv‡qi `xN© BwZnvm i‡q‡Q| g~jZ: e„wUk Avgj †_‡KB exgv eëmvi
cÖPjb nq| G Dcgnv‡`‡k Clauson Committee -Gi mycvwik Abyhvqx 1928 mv‡j ÒThe Indian Insurance
Companies Act” bv‡g GKwU exgv AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq; hv 1938 mv‡j cwieZ©b, cwigvR©b I ms‡hvRb n‡q
cyb:†NvwlZ nq|
1947 mv‡j †`k fvM nIqvi ci Z`vwbšÍb cvwK¯’v‡b D³ exgv AvBb Kvh©Ki Kiv nq| Z‡e 1954 I 1958 mv‡j wKQz
ms‡kvab Kiv nq| fvi‡Z 1957 mv‡j exgv eëmvq ivóªxqKiY Kiv n‡jI ZrKvjxb cvwK¯—v‡b Zv e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxbB
†_‡K hvq|
1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi ci exgv †¶‡Î cwieZ©b Avbv nq| 1972 mv‡ji ivóªcwZi 95bs Av‡`k e‡j
†`‡ki mKj exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv‡K RvZxqKiY Kiv nq| ZLb †`‡k 75 wU exgv †Kv¤úvbx Pvjy wQj| me¸‡jv exgv
†Kv¤úvbx‡K 5 wU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi AšÍf©y³ Kiv nq| h_v: 1| evsjv‡`k RvZxq exgv K‡c©v‡ikb, 2| Kb©dzjx exgv
K‡c©v‡ikb, 3| wZ¯Ív exgv K‡cv©‡ikb 4| myigv Rxeb exgv K‡cv©‡ikb I 5| iƒcmv Rxeb exgv K‡cv©‡ikb| RvZxq exgv
K‡c©v‡ikb Underwriting Corporation wn‡m‡e KvR KiZ bv| GUv wQj †K›`ªxq K‡c©v‡ikb, hvi g~j `vwqZ¡ wQj
Ab¨vb¨ exgv K‡c©v‡ikb¸‡jvi Z`viKx I wbq¯¿‡Yi KvR; wZ¯Ív I Kb©dzjxi `vwqZ¡ wQj mvaviY exgv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv
Kiv Ges myigv I iƒcmv exgv K‡c©v‡ikb g~jZ Rxeb exgv eëmv cwiPvjbv KiZ|
c‡i 1973 mv‡ji 14 †g Ôexgv K‡c©v‡ikb Aa¨v‡`kÕ †NvlYv Kiv nq Ges D³ cuvPwU exgv K‡c©v‡ikb‡K 2 wU
K‡c©v‡ik‡b iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq| h_v: 1| Rxeb exgv K‡c©v‡ikb I 2| mvaviY exgv K‡c©v‡ikb|
wKš‘, ivóªvqË Rxeb exgv K‡c©v‡ikb I mvaviY exgv K‡c©v‡ikb Zv‡ì cÖkvmwbK, eë¯’vcbv I mvsMVwbKfv‡e †Zgb
`¶Zvi ¯^v¶i ivL‡Z e¨_© nq| K_vq Av‡Q ÔmiKviKv gvj `wiqv‡g XvjÕ| d‡j cieZ©x‡Z e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb exgv
†Kv¤úvbx †hgb- 1| evsjv‡`k †Rbv‡ij BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx wj:, 2| wccj&m BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx wj:, 3| MÖxb †Wëv
BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx wj:, 4| evsjv‡`k †Kv-Acv‡iwUf †Kv¤úvbx wj:, 5| BDbv‡UW BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx wj:, 6| ccyjvi
BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx, 7| cÖMwZ †Rbv‡ij jvBd BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx wj:, 8| Kb©dzjx BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx wj;, 9| c~evjx
BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx wj:, 10| †m›Uªvj BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx wj:, 11| wdwb· BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx wj:, 12| wijv‡qÝ BÝy¨‡iÝ
†Kv¤úvbx wj:, BZ¨vw`|
Rxeb exgvi †¶‡Î e¨w³ gvwjKvbv exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv n‡jv:
1| b¨vkbvj jvBd BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx wj:
2| †Wëv jvBd BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx wj:
3| mÜvbx jvBd BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx wj:
evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b wKQz Bmjvgx exgv †Kv¤úvbxI eëmv cwiPjbv K‡i Avm‡Q| †hgb, dviBó Bmjvgx exgv †Kv¤úvbx|
Bmjvgx kixqvn AvBb Abyhvqx GB exgv eëmv cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k we‡`kx exgv †Kv¤úvbx †hgb Av‡gwiKvb
jvBd BÝ‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbxI eëmv cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q|
ZvB ejv hvq, evsjv‡`‡k exgv eëmv miKvix, ‡emiKvix, we‡`kx GgbwK Bmjvgx exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv cvkvcvwk KvR
K‡i hv‡”Q| ZvB G‡`‡k exgv eëmv GK kw³kvjx Ae¯’vb M‡o DV‡Z m¶g n‡”Q hv A_©bxwZi PvKv†K AviI MwZkxj
K‡i Zzj‡Z ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| exgv eëmv‡qi we-ivóªxKiY G‡b w`‡q‡Q GK Af‚Zc~e© mvdj¨| evsjv‡`‡k
exgv eë¯’v‡K cÖmvi I MwZkxj Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k BÝy¨‡iÝ GKv‡Wgx cÖewZ©Z nq| Gevi Avmyb G cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µg
wb‡q we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kwi|
evsjv‡`k BÝy¨‡iÝ GKv‡Wwg (Bangladesh Insurance Academy)

1972 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki me exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv ivóªxqKiY Kiv nq| RvZxqZvKiY Kivi †cQ‡b g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj
mvgvwRK †mev I RbM‡Yi ¯^v_© msi¶Y Kiv| Z`vwbšÍb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi †ekxi fvM exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jvi gvwjK wQj
cwðgviv, hviv G‡`‡k exgv eë¯’v‡K `¶ I kw³kvjx Kivi Rb¨ Lye KgB bRi †`q| hvi d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki exgv
‡Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GKvwaK mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nq| hvi g‡a¨ `¶ I †hvM¨ †jv‡Ki Afve `viyYfv‡e cwijw¶Z
nq| ZvB µgea©gvb Pvwn`v I AwaKZi †mev wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k miKvi 1973 mv‡j evsjv‡`k BÝy¨‡iÝ
GKv‡Wgxi cÖeZ©b K‡ib, hv wbgœ wjwLZ D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ MwVZ n‡qwQj|
1. exgv †¶‡Î Dbœqb, msMVb I †ckvMZ we`¨v`v‡bi Rb¨ exgvi Dci wWMÖ, wW‡cøvgv, I mvwU©wd‡KU cÖ`vb|
2. †`‡k exgv eëmvi cÖmvi NUv‡bvi Rb¨ M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Kiv|
3. exgv †ckvi mv‡_ RwoZ e¨w³‡ì Rb¨ Bb-mvwf©m wk¶‡Yi eë¯’v Kiv|
4. exgv wel‡qi Dci cÖKvkbvi Rb¨ Drmvn `vb I myweav cÖ`vb Kiv|
5. exgvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ †`kxq I we‡`kxq msMV‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb I Nwbó †hvMv‡hvM i¶v Kiv|
6. exgv †ckvi Dci wewfbœ wWMÖx, wW‡cøvgv, I mvwU©wd‡KU cvevi Rb¨ †KvwPs myweav cÖ`vb|
7. hviv exgv eëmvq I wk¶v †¶‡Î AmvaviY Ae`vb ivL‡e Zv‡ì DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ cyiy®‹vi I c`K cÖ`vb
Kiv|
cvV ms‡¶c: 13.1
G Dcgnv‡`‡k Clauson Committee -Gi mycvwik Abyhvqx 1928 mv‡j ÒThe Indian Insurance Companies
Act” bv‡g GKwU exgv AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq; hv 1938 mv‡j cwieZ©b, cwigvR©b I ms‡hvRb n‡q cyb:†NvwlZ nq|
1972 mv‡ji ivóªcwZi 95bs Av‡`k e‡j †`‡ki mKj exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv‡K RvZxqKiY Kiv nq| ZLb †`‡k 75
wU exgv †Kv¤úvbx Pvjy wQj| me¸‡jv exgv †Kv¤úvbx‡K 5 wU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi AšÍf©y³ Kiv nq| c‡i 1973 mv‡ji 14
†g Ôexgv K‡c©v‡ikb Aa¨v‡`kÕ †NvlYv Kiv nq Ges D³ cuvPwU exgv K‡c©v‡ikb‡K 2 wU K‡c©v‡ik‡b iƒcvšÍi Kiv
nq| µgea©gvb Pvwn`v I AwaKZi †mev wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k miKvi 1973 mv‡j evsjv‡`k BÝy¨‡iÝ
GKv‡Wgxi cÖeZ©b K‡ib|


1. †Kvb KwgwUi mycvwi‡ki wfwË‡Z Dcgnv‡`‡k exgv AvBb cÖeZ©b Kiv nq?
K) e¨v‡Ub KwgwU L) K¬mb KwgwU
M) WvjUb KvgwU N) wgjUb KwgwU
2. The Indian Insurance Companies Act †Kvb mv‡j cÖeZ©b Kiv nq?
K) 1918 L) 1928
M) 1938 N) 1948
3. The Indian Insurance Companies Act †Kvb mv‡j cwieZ©b, cwigvR©b I cwieZ©b K‡i cybt‡NvwlZ nq?
K) 1918 L) 1928
M) 1938 N) 1948
4. 1972 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZvi ci exgv eëmv‡q Kx ai‡bi cwieZ©b nq?
K) ivóªxqKiY L) weivóªxqKiY
M) BmjvgxKiY N) †KvbwU bq
5. 1972 mv‡j ivóªcwZi Av‡`k e‡j cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡ji 72wU exgv †Kv¤úvwb‡K KqwU K‡c©v‡ik‡b cwiYZ Kiv nq?
K) 4wU N) 5wU
M) 6wU N) 7wU
6. RvZxq exgv K‡c©v‡ik‡bi g~j KvR Kx wQj?
K) Underwriting L) Maxinizing profit
M) Controlling other corporation N) †KvbwU bq
7. 1973 mv‡ji exgv K‡c©v‡ikb Aa¨v‡`k cwieZ©b K‡i 5wU K‡c©v‡ikb‡K KqwU‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv nq?
K) 1 L) 2
M) 3 N) 4
8. evsjv‡`k BÝy¨‡iÝ GKv‡Wgxi g~j KvR Kx?
K) exgv †Kv¤úvwbi gybvdv e„w× Kiv L) exgv †Kv¤úvbxi Z`viKx Kiv
M) exgv †Kv¤úvwbi m¶gZv wewbg©vY Kiv N) †KvbwU bq

cvV- 2 evsjv‡`‡k cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡M exgvi f‚wgKv

D‡Ïk¨
Kx Kx cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM exgv eëmv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †gvKvwejvq exgvi BwZevPK w`K¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
we‡k¦i cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMKewjZ †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k Ab¨Zg| eb¨v, NywY©So, R‡jv”Qvm I U‡b©‡Wv BZ¨vw`
evsjv‡`‡ki wbZ¨ mw½| B‡Zvg‡a¨ †`‡ki †ek wKQy AÂj AwZ cÖvK…wZK SzuwK c~Y© GjvKv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ n‡q‡Q| Gi
g‡a¨ DcK‚j AÂj Ab¨Zg| cÖvqB Gme GjvKvq Rvb-gv‡ji e¨vcK ¶wZmvwaZ n‡”Q| w`b w`b Gi cwigvY †i‡WB
Pj‡Q| †hgb- mvaviYZ cÖwZeQi GKevi DcK‚j AÂ‡j mvgyw`ªK So AvNvZ nv‡b| Gevi n‡q‡Q wZbevi| cÖvK…wZK
`y‡h©vM SuywKc~Y© GjvKvi gvbyl Zv‡ì fwel¨r Avw_©K wbivcËvi welqwU wb‡q `viyY DwØMœ| Gme GjvKvi gvbylRb gviv
†M‡j Zv‡ì cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì c‡_ em‡Z nq| c½yZ¡ eiY Ki‡j wKsev mnvq m¤ú` nviv‡j Zv‡ì cwievi cwiRb
wb‡q hvcb Ki‡Z nq GK gvb‡eZi Rxeb| Zv‡ì AwbwðZ G SzuwKc~Y© Ae¯’v †_‡K fwel¨r Avw_©K wbivcËv weav‡b
weivU f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i exgv| Gevi Avmyb †R‡b †bB †mwU Kxfv‡e| Rvb-gv‡ji Avw_©K wbivcËv cÖ`v‡bi cvkvcvwk
exgv LvZ n‡Z cv‡i RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui Ab¨Zg cÖavb Drm| exgv Lv‡Zi mwÂZ A_© †`‡ki RvZxq Dbœqb Kg©m~Px ev¯—
evq‡bI BwZevPK f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| hv we‡`wk mvnvh¨ wbf©iZv n‡Z RvwZ‡K gy³ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
†`‡ki cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi gvÎv w`b w`b †i‡oB P‡j‡Q| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y GLb Nb Nb N~wY©So, eb¨v I Livi
m„wó n‡”Q| Avš—R©vwZK cwigÛ‡j evsjv‡`k n‡q‡Q Av‡jvPbvi GK Ab¨Zg G‡RÛv| B‡Zvg‡a¨ cwi‡ekwe`-weÁvbxiv
2008 mv‡j gnvcÖvK…wZK wech©‡hi AvksKv e¨³ K‡i mZK© evYx D”PviY K‡i‡Qb| cwi‡ek weÁvbxiv cwi‡ek wech©‡qi
†WÄvi †j‡e‡j _vKv †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k Ab¨Zg †`k wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| Rjevqy we‡k- lK‡ì g‡Z,
Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k evievi wmW‡ii g‡Zv N~wY©S‡oi cvkvcvwk wngvjq ce©‡Zi eid M‡j eo eo
eb¨viI m„wó Ki‡e| we‡klÁ‡ì g‡Z, Av‡M K‡qK eQi ci ci N~wY©So I eb¨v n‡jI GLb cÖwZeQi eb¨v, N~wY©So,
Livmn bvbv cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †`Lv †`‡e| G‡Z Rvb-gvj I m¤ú‡ì wecyj ¶q¶wZ n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡
†ewk nIqvi Kvi‡Y `yM©Z gvby‡li msL¨v n‡e A‡bK †ewk| wKš‘ Rvcvb, hy³ivóª, ZvBIqvb BZ¨vw` †`‡ki gZ Gme
cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq Kvh©Ki †Kvb eë¯’v M‡o †Zvjv m¤¢e nqwb| GZ †Mj fwel¨‡Zi K_v| N‡U hvIqv NUbvi
Z_¨vMZ wel‡qI i‡q‡Q bvbv Am½wZ| cÖvK…wZK wech©q NUvi ci ¶wZMÖ¯Í‡ì mwVK cwimsL¨vb h_vmg‡q wbiƒcb Kiv
ch©šÍ m¤¢e n‡q I‡V bv| cÖwZeQi jvL jvL gvbyl Ggb wbg©g wkKvi n‡”Qb| cÖwZeviB N~wY©So, R‡jv”Q¡vm, eb¨v wKsev
Livi g‡Zv `y‡h©vM Avm‡j cÖwZKv‡ii bvbv K_v ejv nq| wKš‘ `y‡h©vM P‡j †M‡j †hme cwiKíbvI ay‡q gy‡Q P‡j hvq| G
wel‡q exgv †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv BwZevPK f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gevi Avmyb Avgiv evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi
¶q¶wZi bvbv Z_¨MZ welq wb‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kwi|
PjwZ eQ‡iB (2007-08) cÖjqsKix eb¨v I wmW‡i AvµvšÍ n‡q‡Q `yB †KvwUiI †ewk gvbyl| wbnZ n‡q‡Qb cÖvq 6
nvRvi, AvnZ n‡q‡Qb j¶vwaK gvbyl| ¶wZ n‡q‡Q 30 nvRvi †KvwU UvKvi †ewk m¤ú`| GQvov wewfbœ cÖRvwZ I
cïcvwLi wejywß Ges Dw™¢¾ cÖRvwZi wejywßi d‡j Rxeb-RxweKvi msKU evo‡Q| G ¶wZ †gvKv‡ejv Kivi mvg_© †bB
evsjv‡`‡ki| G wekvj ¶wZi wecix‡Z cybe©vmb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ `vZv‡ì KvQ †_‡K cÖwZkÖywZ cvIqv †M‡Q gvÎ cuvP nvRvi

†KvwU UvKvi| ¶q-¶wZi Avw_©K cwigvY Avi `vZv‡ì mvnv‡hï cÖwZkÖywZi g‡a¨ eëavb wekvj| wmW‡i ¶wZi cwigvY
cÖvq 16 nvRvi †KvwU UvKv| ¶wZMÖ¯Í †jvK cÖvq GK †KvwU| ¶wZMÖ¯Í 30wU †Rjvi g‡a¨ †ewk ¶wZMÖ¯Í 16wU| Avi eb¨vq
¶wZi cwigvY cÖvq 14 nvRvi †KvwU UvKv| miKvi G ¶wZ KvwU‡q IVvi j‡¶¨ `vZv‡ì Kv‡Q 14 nvRvi †KvwU UvKvi
†ewk FY mnvqZv †P‡qwQj| wKš‘ cÖwZkÖywZ wg‡j‡Q gvÎ 5 nvRvi †KvwU UvKvi| Dbœqb mn‡hvwM‡ì Kv‡Q MZ eb¨vi mgq
150 wgwjqb Wjvi PvIqv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ cvIqv hvqwb| wmW‡i ¶wZMÖ¯Í‡ì Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK ÎvY mnvqZv cvIqv †M‡Q
gvÎ 220 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi| GLv‡bI cÖwZkÖyZ m¤ú~Y© ÎvY mnvqZv cvIqv hvqwb|
Gw`‡K DcK‚jxq AÂ‡j cÖvq †KvwU gvby‡li cybe©vmb Kiv Riyix| wKš‘ G‡¶‡Î A_© msKUB eo mgm¨v| Dbœqb
mn‡hvMx‡ì KvQ †_‡K †h mvgvb¨ mnvqZv cvIqv †M‡Q Zv wbZvšÍB AcÖZzj| cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© mnvqZv cvIqvi m¤¢vebvI
¶xY| gvbweK wech©‡qi wkKvi G gvbyl¸‡jv‡K GLb euvwP‡q ivLvUvB `vq| GLv‡b Riyix n‡q c‡o‡Q cybe©vmb KvR Ges
Kg©nxb gvbyl¸‡jv‡K Avev‡iv Zv‡ì wbR wbR †ckvq wdwi‡q †bIqv| `yM©Ziv KvR Pvq| Zviv Zv‡ì ¯^vfvweK Rxe‡b
wd‡i †h‡Z wKsev Av‡Mi †ckv ïiy Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq cyuwR Pvq| G Ae¯’vq ch©vß ¶z`ª FY weZi‡Yi cÖwZ †ewk ¸iyZ¡
w`‡”Qb A_©bxwZweìv| exgvweìv ej‡Qb, Gme ¶wZMÖ¯—‡ì hw` exgv cwjwm _vK‡Zv nvZ‡j exgv `vwei UvKv w`‡q
Zv‡ì Avw_©K ¶wZ KvwU‡q IVv A‡bKvs‡k m¤¢e n‡Zv| G‡Z we‡`wk mvnvh¨ wbf©iZv cwinvi wKsev miKvwi A‡_©i A‡bK
mvkªq n‡Zv wbtm‡›`‡n| cvk¦©cZ©x †`k fvi‡Z Zv‡ì RvZxq ev‡RU Ges RvZxq Dbœqb Kg©m~Px ev¯Íevq‡b Ab¨Zg cÖavb
A_© †hvMvb `vZv wn‡m‡e weivU f‚wgKv ivL‡Q jvBd BÝy¨‡iÝ K‡c©v‡ikb (GjAvBm)| h_vh_ D‡`¨vM wb‡j hv Avgv‡ì
†`‡kI m¤¢e|
cvV ms‡¶c: 13.2
†`‡ki cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi gvÎv w`b w`b †i‡oB P‡j‡Q| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y GLb Nb Nb N~wY©So, eb¨v I
Livi m„wó n‡”Q| Avš—R©vwZK cwigÛ‡j evsjv‡`k n‡q‡Q Av‡jvPbvi GK Ab¨Zg G‡RÛv| B‡Zvg‡a¨ cwi‡ekwe`-
weÁvbxiv 2008 mv‡j gnvcÖvK…wZK wech©‡hi AvksKv e¨³ K‡i mZK© evYx D”PviY K‡i‡Qb| cwi‡ek weÁvbxiv
cwi‡ek wech©‡qi †WÄvi †j‡e‡j _vKv †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k Ab¨Zg †`k wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|
G‡Z we‡`wk mvnvh¨ wbf©iZv cwinvi wKsev miKvwi A‡_©i A‡bK mvkªq n‡Zv wbtm‡›`‡n| cvk¦©cZ©x †`k fvi‡Z
Zv‡ì RvZxq ev‡RU Ges RvZxq Dbœqb Kg©m~Px ev¯Íevq‡b Ab¨Zg cÖavb A_© †hvMvb `vZv wn‡m‡e weivU f‚wgKv
ivL‡Q jvBd BÝy¨‡iÝ K‡c©v‡ikb (GjAvBm)| h_vh_ D‡`¨vM wb‡j hv Avgv‡ì †`‡kI m¤¢e|

1. †KvbwU evsjv‡`k cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi Ask bq?
K) eb¨v L) R‡jv”Qv¦m
M) Lvi N) a~wjSo
2. evsjv‡`‡k cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM e„w× cvIqvi KviY Kx?
K) Rjevqy cwieZ©b L) miKvix wm×všÍ cwieZ©b
M) RbmsL¨v e„w× N) Lv`¨ NvUwZ

3. wmW‡ii ¶q¶wZi cwigvY KZ?

K) 100 wgwjqb Wjvi L) 120 wgwjqb Wjvi
M) 220 wgwjqb Wjvi N) 320 wgwjqb Wjvi
4. NywY©S‡oi ¶wZ cywl‡q †bIqvi Rb¨ miKvi wK‡mi Dci wbf©i K‡i?
K) e¨vsK L) exgv
M) KwgDwbwU N) we‡`kx mvnvh¨ ms¯’v

cvV- 3 evsjv‡`‡k Rxeb exgv †¶‡Î mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv t fwel¨‡Zi P¨v‡jÄmg~n

D‡Ïk¨
evsjv‡`‡ki Rxeb exgvi mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
evsjv‡`‡ki Rxeb exgvi m¤¢vebv e¨³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
evsjv‡`‡ki Rxeb exgvi fwel¨‡Zi P¨v‡jÄmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
AvBb, wewa I wbqg k„•Ljvi ga¨w`‡q Rxebexgv cÖwµqv Pjgvb| exgvq wb‡qvwRZ Kzkjxe„›` Zv‡ì gvbm¤úbœ †ckv`vwiZ¡
I exgv AvPiYwewa †g‡b h_v_©fv‡e RbmvaviY‡K Avw_©K wbicËv weavb Ki‡eb| hv †`‡k A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bI n‡e
mnvqK| Gevi Avmyb Avgiv †`‡k Rxebexgvi m¤¢vebv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kwi|
Rxeb exgvi m¤¢vebv

RbmsL¨vi wePv‡i evsjv‡`k Rxeb exgv eëmvi wekvj m¤¢vebvgq †`k| G‡`‡k exgv fwel¨Z wbf©i K‡i wKfv‡e exgv
Kg©KvÛ cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡e Zvi Ici| msw¶ßfv‡e wb‡P welq¸‡jv eb©Yv Kiv n‡jv-
K) exgv Kzkxje‡ì exgv weµq †KŠkj Aej¤^b,
L) Z_¨cÖevn cÖhyw³i eënvi,
M) AvBb I wewamg~‡ni h_v_© cÖ‡qvM,
N)exgvwe`‡ì †ckvMZ Dbœqb,
O) mw¤§wjZ cwiPvjb ms¯‹…wZ cÖ‡qvM,
P) evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK I A_©‡bwZK êwkó¨ Abyhvqx Kg©cwKíbv MÖnY|
Pvwn`v Ges mieivn

Rxeb exgvi Pvwn`v Ges Pvwn`vi †cÖw¶‡Z g~j¨gvb, ag©xq wek¦vm, RbmsL¨vi AvbycvwZK eq‡mi cÖKvi, ivR‰bwZK Ges
A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv, wk¶vi ¯Íi I m‡PZbZvi SzuwK, Kg©‡¶‡Î bvix‡ì AskMÖn‡Yi Øviv Rxeb exgvq AvIZv ˆZwi
nq|
Aciw`‡K exgv‡¶‡Î miKvwi evRviRvZKiY bxwZ, exgv wk‡íi D‡`¨v³v‡ì g~jab wfwË I DØ„Ë, exgv Kg©‡¶‡Î
†bUIqvK© I MY‡hvMv‡hvM gva¨g ˆZwi, bxwZ I k„•Ljvi aib Ges Z_¨cÖev‡ni mnRjf¨Zv Øviv exgvi mieivn A_©vr
exgv MÖnxZvi msL¨v e„w× N‡U| evsjv‡`‡k G welq¸‡jv ch©vß i‡q‡Q; wKš‘ G¸‡jv eënvi K‡i Rxebexgvi cwiPvjbvq
`¶Zvi Afve cwijw¶Z n‡”Q|
mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK `„k¨cU

mvgvwRK I A_©‡bwZK `„k¨c‡U evsjv‡`‡ki `ªyZ A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b wek¦e¨vsK 31wU Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki g‡a¨ ¯’vb wbY©q
K‡i‡Q| B‡Zvg‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡k beRvZK Ges wkï g„Zzï nvi, Rb¥nvi Ges ¯^vfvweK g„Zz¨nvi A‡bK K‡g‡Q, hv Rxeb
exgvi AMÖMwZi mnvqK| mÂq Ges jwMœi nvi e„w× nvIqvq A_©‰bwZK mg„w× n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki g~jab evRvi SzuwKc~Y©
weavq G †¶ÎwU weNœcÖvß Rxeb exgv †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi †kqvi evRvi ZZ Drmvne¨ÄK bq| GZ`m‡Ë¡I Rxeb exgvq
Rbmvavi‡Yi †kqvi †jb‡`‡b GK ai‡bi cÖvYPvÂj¨ i‡q‡Q| wmwKDwiwU G·‡PÄ Kwgkb BwZg‡a¨ AvBwcI‡Z (Initial
Pablic offering) bv Avmvi Rb¨ 9wU Rxeb exgv †Kv¤úvwb‡K wPwýZ K‡i‡Q|
†cvkvK wk‡í DËiY NUvq 20 jvL gvbyl wb‡qvwRZ, hv‡ì AwaKvskB bvix| Rxeb exgvi Rb¨ GwUI GKwU weivU eëmv
†¶Î| Rxeb exgvi Avi GKwU †¶Î n‡jv we‡`‡k evsjv‡`kx‡ì kªgevRvi| ga¨cÖvP¨mn c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k
evsjv‡`kxiv emevm K‡ib hviv RvZxq ivR¯^ Av‡qi 8 kZvsk cÖe„w× NUvb| cÖvq cÂvk jvL evsjv‡`kx cwievi cÖavb
Rxeb exgvi MÖvnK †kªYxi †hvM¨| A_P G `yÕwU Lv‡Z Rxebexgvi †Zgb †Kvb cwijw¶Z nqwb| G wel‡q AbwZwej‡¤^
exgv eëmvi cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ D‡`¨vM †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
AvBb I wewa weav‡bi †¶‡Î wbi‡c¶, ¯^”Q I c¶cvZnxb cÖ‡qvM, Rxeb exgv †Kv¤úvwb‡Z †hvM¨ Ges h_v_© e¨w³i
mgvnvi, `vq‡kv‡a m¶gZvi cÖvwšÍK mxgv, jwMœi wbqgbxwZ, exgv G‡R›U Ges G‡R›U‡ì wb‡qvMKZ©v‡ì Kwgkb KvVv‡gv

web¨vmKiY, exgv `vwe Ges GZ`&m¤úwKZ mgm¨v mgvav‡bi mywbw`©ó c×wZ cÖeZ©b Ges exgvwkí cÖmv‡i exgvevRvi wewa-
weav‡bi eë¯’v Øviv exgvwk‡íi Dbœqb NUv‡bv m¤¢e| exgv wewai cvkvcvwk AvqKi AvBbwU ms‡kvab Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †Kbbv
†`‡k cÖPwjZ Ki bxwZgvjv G wk‡í weiƒc cÖfve †i‡L‡Q| AvqKi, K‡c©v‡iU U¨v·, `vbKi, DËivwaKvix‡Z¡i Ki, m¤ú`
Ki, f¨vU BZ¨vw` cÖ_g Ae¯’v‡Z exgvi †cÖvWv± cÖ¯‘ZKvjxb mg‡q e¨q e„w× NwU‡q _v‡K| exgv †Kv¤úvwb we‡klZ Rxeb
exgv †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv‡Z exgv cwiKíbv¸‡jv hy‡Mvc‡hvMx, exgv weµq Kjv‡KŠk‡ji DbœwZ weavbmn cÖkvmwbK `¶Zv,
ˆbwZKZv, mg‡qvc‡hvMx, exgv weµq Kjv‡KŠk‡ji DbœwZ weavbmn cÖkvmwbK `¶Zv, ˆbwZKZv, mg‡qvc‡hvMx †mev Ges
gvbm¤§Z n‡Z n‡e|
mgm¨v I mgvavb
exgv †¶‡Î gvVch©v‡q A‡ckvavix I eë¯’vcbvq A`¶ Kg©xi msL¨vwaK¨, mgv‡R Rxeb exgvi g~j¨vqb wb¤œgyLx Ae`vb,
e¨w³i Pvwn`v Abyhvqx Rxeb exgvi aib m¤ú‡K© AÁvbZv, exgv `vwe cwi‡kv‡ai †¶‡Î wgwWqvmg~‡ni †bwZevPK g‡bvfve,
ZvKvdzj exgv I GKK exgvi Zdvr eyS‡Z A¶gZv, mgv‡Ri e¨w³Z¡ I Ijvgv‡ì exgv †¶‡Î kixqvi KvVv‡gvMZ wel‡q
cÖkœwe× _vKvq Rxeb exgv bvbvwea mgm¨vq wbcwZZ| Gme mgm¨v n‡Z DËi‡Y exgv †¶‡Îi mKj‡KB GwM‡q G‡m ev¯Íe
Kg©cš’v wbiƒcY Ki‡Z n‡e| hv‡Z K‡i e¨w³, cwievi, mgvR Z_v †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z exgvwkí h_v_© Ae`vb ivL‡Z
cv‡i| Rxeb exgv cÖmv‡i RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb Ki‡Z n‡e|
eë¯’vcbv e¨q e„w×, Rxeb exgvq gvV I exgv cwjwmmg~‡ni G‡KK mgq G‡KK †Kv¤úvwb‡Z ¯’vb e`j, ¶z`ª exgvq
RwUjZv Gme Ae¯’v n‡Z †ewi‡q G‡m myweb¨¯Í Kg©cÖYvjxi ga¨w`‡q mZZv I wbôvi mv‡_ Rxeb exgvwkí‡K GwM‡q wb‡q
†h‡Z n‡e| cÖ¯—vweZ BÝy¨‡iÝ AvBb I ZvKvdzj AvBb‡K h_v_© Rxeb exgvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i cÖYxZ K‡i hy‡Mvc‡hvMx I
RbM‡Yi Av¯’vkxj Kiv‡Z n‡e| exgv wel‡q mg¨K aviYv †Ìqvi Rb¨ cvV¨cy¯ÍK, cwÎKv, I B‡j±ªwbK MYgva¨‡g e¨vcK
nv‡i wk¶vg~jK welqe¯‘ mwbœwewmZ cÖ‡qvRb|
wek¦vqb fxwZ
eZ©gvb hyM‡K ejv nq wek¦vq‡bi hyM| wek¦vqb Avgv‡ì Rxebexgv‡K gvivZœKfv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q| Zvn‡j Avmyb, Gev‡i
wek¦vqb wel‡q wKQyUv Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv hvK| evsjv‡`‡k g~jab cÖevn e„w×‡Z wek¦vq‡bi †h aviv eZ©gv‡b cÖevwnZ n‡”Q
Zvi mg_©Kiv Gi myd‡ji w`K wb‡q D”PKÉ| GUv AvcvZZ `„wó‡Z fvj e‡j g‡b n‡jI cÖK…Z A‡_© we‡`wk jwMœKviKiv
jwMœ Kivi ci hLb gybvdv I gyjab GK mgq mwi‡q †b‡eb ZLb †`k †`Dwjqv n‡Z eva¨| Avgiv j¶¨ K‡iwQ †h, eo
eo e¨vsK I BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úwb Zv‡ì eëmvi cÖmvi NUv‡Z GKxf‚Z ev GKwUi g‡a¨ AciwU wg‡k hv‡”Q| G‡Z †`Lv
hv‡e †h, Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †ek wKQy gvbyl D”PZi †eZbfz³ Rxe‡b ¯^v”Q›`¨ Avbqb Ki‡eb| d‡j, †`‡ki
†Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv‡K GK mgq eëmvi evRvi n‡Z cvZZvwi ¸Uv‡Z n‡e, hv RvZxq Rxe‡b Avb‡e g›`vfve|
eis, wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì KiYxq n‡e exgv MÖnxZv‡ì m‡PZbZv e„w×, Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³i m‡e©v”P cÖ‡qvM, weµq
Kg©x‡ì exgv †ckv`vwi‡Z¡ †hvM¨Zifv‡e M‡o †Zvjv, exgvwk‡íi wbqvgK cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni `¶Zv I gh©v`vm¤úbœ e¨w³‡ì
wbhyw³, †`kx I we‡`wk exgvwe`‡ì †KŠkjMZ mgš^q mvabc~e©K exgvwkí‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvIqv ìKvi| bZzb bZzb
†cÖvWv± D™¢veb K‡i †`‡ki Avcvgi gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y Z_v RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z Ae`vb ivL‡Z exgvwk‡íi h_vh_ eënvi
ìKvi|
mvims‡¶c: 13.3
Rxeb exgv g~jZt we‡µZv I †µZvi g‡a¨ Ggb GK Pzw³ hv †µZv mÂ‡qi gva¨‡g we‡µZv‡K UvKvi As‡K cÖ`vb K‡i
`ytmg‡q wb‡Ri ev cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì Rb¨ Avw_©K wbðqZv weavb K‡ib| ejvevûj¨, Ggb GKUv Pzw³i mdj ev¯—
evq‡b exgv wbqš¿YKvix cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni cÖ‡qvRbwq Lei`vix †hgb ìKvi, †Zgwb exgv wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ Kzkjx‡ì‡K
AZ¨šÍ `¶ K‡i M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| †`kxq wkí D‡`¨v³v‡ì Øviv wi-BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvwbi m„wómn evsjv‡`k BÝy¨‡iÝ
GKv‡Wgxi ZË¡veav‡b `¶ exgv Kg©x wn‡m‡e cÖwkw¶Z Ki‡Z n‡e| †gvÏv K_v, G wk‡j|c eZ©gv‡bi mKj Afë¯’v `~i
K‡i my›ìZi cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv ìKvi, hv‡Z exgv wk‡íi Pzw³fz³ Dfq c¶ Gi mydj †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib| myk„•Lj
exgv evRvi Avgv‡ì we‡klev‡e Kvg¨|


1. wb‡Pi †Kvb wkíwU Rwebexgv †¶‡Î cÖmv‡i Dc‡hvMx †¶Î?
K) e¨vsK L) cvUwkí
M) Mv‡g©›Um N) e¯¿wkí
2. Rxebexgv wk‡íi cÖmv‡i me‡P‡q †ekx evav †RvbwU?
K) exgv AvBb L) `¶ Rbkw³
M) A_© evRvi N) ê‡`wkK evwYR¨
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi gva¨‡g Rxebexgvi cÖmvi NUv‡bv m¤¢e?
K) exgvKg©xi †eZb-fvZv e„w× L) Rxebexgvi Awdm¸‡jvi Dbœqb
M) Rxebexgv wel‡qi Dci e¨vcK cÖPviYv N) †KvbwU bq

cvV- 4 evsjv‡`‡k Bmjvgx exgvi êwkó¨

D‡Ïk¨
Bmjvgx exgv †Kb Avgv‡ì †`‡ki cÖPwjZ n‡q‡Q †m m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
Bmjvgx exgvi ZvwË¡K w`K eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e;
Bmjvgx exgv cÖmv‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq P¨v‡jÄ¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq 85% gvbyl Bmjvg a‡g©i Abymvix| G Kvi‡Y Avgv‡ì RvZxq Rxe‡b Gi cÖfve †d‡j‡Q| Avvi GiB
cÖPjb n‡q‡Q Bmjvgx exgv cÖ_v| Gevi Avmyb Avgiv Bmjvgx exgv wb‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kwi| Avj-KziAv‡b Avj- vn
iveŸyj Avjvgxb e‡jb, Ò†n Cgvb`viMY! †Zvgviv †R‡b †i‡Lv, g`, Ryqv, g~wZ© c~Rvi †èx, fvM¨ Rvbvi Rb¨ eëüZ
kjvKvmg~n kqZvwb Kv‡Ri AcweÎZv gvÎ| AZGe, †Zvgiv Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwU KvRB m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cwinvi Ki| Zvn‡jB Avkv
Kiv hvq †h, †Zvgiv mdjKvg n‡eÓ| (m~iv-gvw`qv: 90) Avj-KziAv‡b myiv gvwq`vq Ryqvmn D‡jøwLZ KvRmg~n m¤ú~Y©
cwinvi Kivi Rb¨ ejv n‡q‡Q| Gi Av‡jv‡K Ryqv wKsev Ryqvi Dcv`vbhy³ KvRI m¤ú~b© cwinv‡ii K_v ej‡Z wM‡q
A‡b‡K exgv cwinv‡ii K_v ej‡Z _v‡Kb| Avevi †KD †KD Bmjvgx exgv I Ryqvi Dcv`vb gy³ bq e‡j Zv cwinv‡ii
K_v e‡jb| hv mwVK bq| cÖPwjZ exgv Bmjvgx kixqvn †gvZv‡eK cwiPvwjZ bq weavq G‡Z Ryqvi Dcv`vb _vKv
¯^vfvweK| wKš‘ Bmjvgx exgv kixqvn m¤§Zfv‡e cwiPvwjZ nIqvq GwU m¤ú~Y© Ryqvi Dcv`vbgy³|
Bmjvgx exgv‡KI †KD †KD Ryqvi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i cÖkœ †Zv‡jb, exgv Avevi Bmjvgx nq Kx K‡i? exgv Avi Bmjvgx
exgv †h GK bq- G K_vUv Zviv eyS‡Z †Póv K‡ib bv| KziAvb mybœvnwfwËK Ávb ¯^íZvi Kvi‡YB m¤¢eZ mswk- óiv Zv
g‡b K‡ib| AvaywbK Bmjvgx wPšÍvwe` Ges Bmjvgx kixqvn wekvi`MY G Bmjvgx G wel‡q HKg‡Z¨ †cŠQ‡Z m¶g
n‡q‡Qb †h, Bmjvgx exgv Ryqv bq| m¤ú~Y© Ryqvi Dcv`vbgy³| nvjvj A_© eë¯’v| Bmjvgx Rxeb exgv n‡”Q exgvKvix
Ges exgvMÖwnZvi g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z GKwU Pzw³| hv exgv AvBb I Bmjvgx kixqvn †gvZv‡eK cwiPvwjZ| G Pzw³ †gvZv‡eK
exgv MÖwnZv wcÖwgqvg cÖ`vb K‡ib Ges exgvKvix Zvi cÖwZ`v‡b exgv MÖnxZv‡K exgv `vwe cwi‡kva K‡ib| Rxeb exgvi
cÖ_g Ges cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q g„Zz¨RwYZ Avw_©K SzuwK enb Kiv| GQvovI eva¨Zvg~jK mÂ‡qi Af¨vm, mnR wKw¯Í‡Z
wcÖwgqvg cwi‡kva, wewb‡qvM, †evbvm AvKv‡i jf¨vsk cÖ`vb BZ¨vw` myweav we`¨gvb| exgv MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g exgv MÖnxZv
ïiy‡ZB m¤ú‡ì gvwjK nIqvi my‡hvM jvf K‡ib|
Aciw`‡K Ryqv n‡”Q evwRi †Ljv| †h †Ljvq nq wecyj cÖvwßi my‡hvM, bv nq wbt¯^ nIqvi Avk¼v| Ryqv SzuwK m„wó K‡i|
G‡Z GKc¶ me©¯^všÍ n‡q hvIqvi Avk¼v _v‡K Avi Ab¨ c¶ wecyj UvKvi gvwjK nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| GLv‡b nvi
A_ev wRZ †h †Kvb GKvwU‡K fvM¨ wn‡m‡e eiY K‡i wb‡Z nq| wKš‘ Bmjvgx exgvq G ai‡bi †Kvb S‚uwKi Dcw¯’wZ
†bB| eis Avw_©K SzuwK †gvKv‡ejv K‡i _v‡K| mn‡hvwMZv K‡i ¶wZMÖ¯’‡ì| Aw½Kvi i‡q‡Q cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi|
me©¯^vš— nevi †Kvb Avk¼vB †bB| hv wek¦ gvbeZvi Rb¨ GK Kj¨vYgyLx A_© eë¯’v| Aciw`‡K Ryqv‡Z evwR ai‡Z nq|
†hgb †Kvb GKwU †Ljvi ÔRqÕ ÔcivRqÕ wb‡q evwR aiv| GK e¨w³ ejj ÔGÕ `j wRZ‡e Av‡iK Rb e‡j ÔweÕ `j
wRZ‡e| evwR cÂvk nvRvi UvKv K‡i| `yR‡b GK jvL UvKv Rgv Kij| †h evwR‡Z wRZ‡e †m †c‡q hv‡e GK jvL
UvKv| Avi †h †n‡i hv‡e †m wKQyB cv‡e bv| GLv‡b hv‡K wb‡q evwR nj †m Z…Zxq c¶ Abycw¯’Z| gvSLv‡b `yR‡bi
g‡a¨ AwbðqZvi jovB n‡q †Mj| Bmjvgx exgvi †¶‡Î GgbwU nq bv| GLv‡b `yc‡¶i g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi
A½xKv‡ii Av‡jv‡K GKwU mywbw`©ó Pzw³ nq| wbw`©ó †gqv` ch©šÍ †m Pzw³ ejer _v‡K| Pzw³wU nq exgvKvixi mv‡_
e¨w³i| Pzw³ †gvZv‡eK exgv MÖnxZv †gqv`Kvjxb Dfq c‡¶i g‡a¨ jvf-¶wZi Aswk`vwiZ¡mn exgv MÖnxZvi Avw_©K
wbivcËvi wbðqZvi weavb i‡q‡Q| Ryqv †Ljvq evwR ai‡Z nq| wKš‘ Bmjvgx exgvq evwR aivi †Kvb NUbvB †bB| †bB
nvi wRZ wKsev wKQyB bv cvevi k¼v| Ryqv †Ljvq RvweB gyL¨ NUbv| evwR ai‡j Ryqvi ÔnviÕ ÔwRZÕ Gi e¨vcviwU Awbevh©
n‡q c‡o| Avi evwR bv ai‡j Ryqv nq bv| Ryqv †Lj‡Z wM‡q †h †jvKwU †n‡i hvq †m me©¯^všÍ n‡q hvqGi hvi weivU
A_©‰bwZK SzuwKi g‡a¨| Ryqv nviv G †jvKwU‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ wbKU AvZœxq, mgvR ev ivóª Kv‡ivi IciB `vwqZ¡ eZ©vq
bv| Avi Ryqvox hw` wR‡ZI weivU As‡Ki UvKv †c‡q hvq Zvn‡jI Zvi UvKvi mv‡_ Kv‡ivi †Kvb m¤úK© nq bv| Zvi
Øviv e¨w³, mgvR, ivóª †Kvb Kj¨vY jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Bmjv‡g Ryqv nvivg| cÖPwjZ exgv eë¯’v nvjvj-nvivg
cv_©K¨nxb mgv‡R D™¢‚Z I we¯Ívi jvf K‡i‡Q| †m exgv eë¯Ívq †Kvb Ryqvi Dcv`vb _vKv wewPÎ bq| wKš‘ Bmjvgx exgv

eë¯’vq Ryqvi †Kvb Dcv`v‡b †bB| †h‡nZz GL‡b †Kvb evwR aivi welq †bB| †m‡nZz Gi mv‡_ Ryqv †Ljvi ÔnviÕ ÔwRZÕ
Gi †Kvb wgj ev mv`„k¨ wKQyB †bB| Ryqv †Ljvq RvwoZ n‡jB ÔnviÕ A_ev ÔwRZÕ †h †Kvb GKwU ¯^v` wb‡ZB nq hvi
†Kvb weKí †bB| ÔnviÕ Ges ÔwRZÕ DfqUvB Ryqvoxi Rxe‡b wech©q †W‡K Avb‡Z cv‡i| †hgb wRZ‡j †m Av‡iv †jvfx
†nq I‡V| n‡q I‡V †ec‡ivqv| Avi †ewk cvIqvi †jv‡f Av‡iv eo ai‡ib evwR ai‡Z †m cÖjyä n‡q I‡V| Ryqvi UvKv
w`‡q †h †Kvb AKj¨vYg~jK Kv‡R Rwo‡q hvq| webv K‡ó †ewk UvKvi gvwjK n‡q hvIqvq UvKv Dov‡bvi cÖeYZv †Su‡K
e‡m Zv‡K| Avi †n‡i †M‡jI †m cwievi mgv‡R †evSv n‡q c‡o| me©¯^všÍ n‡q †m Pzwi, WvKvwZ, wQbZvB wKsev †h †Kvb
Acivag~jK Kv‡R Rwo‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| GQvov Ryqv Ryqvox‡K Amy¯’ K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i| KviY †m dZzi n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i
A_ev wecyj UvKv †c‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z †m Zv‡K MÖvm K‡i †dj‡Z cv‡i| jUvixI GK cÖKvi Ryqv| KviY wKQy e¨w³ cyi¯‹vi
cvq| Avi Aewkó †jvK‡ì mgy`q UvKv M”Qv hvq|
Avjøvn ZvÔAvjv Gikv` K‡ib, Ôg`, Ryqv m¤ú‡K© †jvK †Zvgv‡K cÖkœ Ki‡j ej, GZ`~f‡q k³¸bvn, G‡Z gvby‡li
DcKviI wbwnZ, wKš‘ ¸bvn DcKvi A‡c¶v AwaKÓ m~iv evKviv: 219)|
gnvb Avjøvn ZvÔAvjv Av‡iv Bikv` K‡ib, :‡Zvgiv Kj¨vY I ZvKIqvi †¶‡Î G‡K Aci‡K mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡e Ges cvc
I mxgv jsN‡bi Kv‡R mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡e bvÓ| (myjv gvwq`v: 2)|
Bmjvgx exgvq Ryqv ev jUvixi gZ †Kvb wKQy †bB| exgv‡Z exgv MÖnYKvix mK‡jB jvfmn exgvK…Z AsK †diZ cvq|
Dciš‘ hviv ¶wZMÖ¯Í nq Zviv ev Zv‡ì cwievi Avw_©K myweav cvq| exgv MÖnxZv gviv †M‡j Zv‡ì DËivwaKvi Avw_©K
¶wZc~iY cvq| RgvK…Z wcÖwgqvg ev‡Rqvß nq bv| RxeÏkvq wb‡R Ges gviv †M‡j Zvi cwievi Gi mydj †fvM K‡i|
Ryqv wKsev jUvix‡Z hv KLbI m¤¢e bq| exgv Kivi ci gvby‡li Avw_©K AwbðqZvi fvebvwU gb †_‡K `yixf‚Z n‡q hvq|
jvf K‡i GK ARvbv cÖkvwšÍ| my›ì fwel¨‡Zi ¯^‡cœ we‡fvi _v‡K| cy‡iv UvKv jvfmn †fvM Kivi cwiKíbv Av‡U| g„Zz¨
cieZ©xKvjwb cwievi-cwiRb‡KI wb‡q †bB Avw_©K fvebv| wbðqZv _vK‡Q, ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡j Avw_©K ¶wZc~i‡Yi| ivmyj
(mt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò†gvZv‡ì DËivwaKvix‡ì wbt¯^, cigyLv‡cw¶ I Aci †jv‡Ki Ici wbf©ikxj K‡i †i‡L hvIqv A‡c¶v
Zv‡ì ¯^”Qj, abx I m¤ú`kvjx †i‡L hvIqv †Zvgv‡ì c‡¶ A‡bK fvjÓ| (mn&xn eyLvix)|
mvims‡¶c: 13.4
Bmjvgx Rxeb exgv n‡”Q exgvKvix Ges exgvMÖwnZvi g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z GKwU Pzw³| hv exgv AvBb I Bmjvgx kixqvn
†gvZv‡eK cwiPvwjZ| G Pzw³ †gvZv‡eK exgv MÖwnZv wcÖwgqvg cÖ`vb K‡ib Ges exgvKvix Zvi cÖwZ`v‡b exgv MÖnxZv‡K
exgv `vwe cwi‡kva K‡ib| Rxeb exgvi cÖ_g Ges cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q g„Zz¨RwYZ Avw_©K SzuwK enb Kiv| GQvovI
eva¨Zvg~jK mÂ‡qi Af¨vm, mnR wKw¯Í‡Z wcÖwgqvg cwi‡kva, wewb‡qvM, †evbvm AvKv‡i jf¨vsk cÖ`vb BZ¨vw` myweav
we`¨gvb| exgv MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g exgv MÖnxZv ïiy‡ZB m¤ú‡ì gvwjK nIqvi my‡hvM jvf K‡ib| Bmjv‡g Ryqv nvivg|
cÖPwjZ exgv eë¯’v nvjvj-nvivg cv_©K¨nxb mgv‡R D™¢‚Z I we¯Ívi jvf K‡i‡Q| †m exgv eë¯Ívq †Kvb Ryqvi Dcv`vb
_vKv wewPÎ bq| wKš‘ Bmjvgx exgv eë¯’vq Ryqvi †Kvb Dcv`v‡b †bB| †h‡nZz GL‡b †Kvb evwR aivi welq †bB|
†m‡nZz Gi mv‡_ Ryqv †Ljvi ÔnviÕ ÔwRZÕ Gi †Kvb wgj ev mv`„k¨ wKQyB †bB|

1. Bmjvgx exgveë¯’v Avgv‡ì †`‡k mvd‡jï mv‡_ Pj‡Q KviY?
K) evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl †mŠw` Avi‡e PvKzix K‡i L) evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl AwaKvsk gymjgvb
M) evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡qi ivóªxq ag© Bmjvg N) evsjv‡`‡k Bmjvgx AvBb Pvjy Av‡Q
2. Bmjvgx exgv †Kvb weavb g‡Z cÖPwjZ?
K) cÖPwjZ AvBb Abyhvqx L) kixqv AvBb
M) ZvKvdzj AvBb N) Bmjvgx AvBb

3. Bmjvgx exgvi g‡a¨ †Kvb DcKibwU †bB?

K) Avw_©K †jb‡`b L) SuywK
M) exgv MÖnxZv N) Ryqv
DËigvjv
1. L 2. L 3. M 4. K 5. L 6. M 7. L 8. M

1. N 2. K 3. M 4. N

1. M 2. K 3. M

1. L 2. M

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e¨vswKs GÛ BÝy¨‡iÝ

Banking and Insurance

†Kvm© †KvW BBS 2503

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

†Kvm© wWfjc‡g›U wUg

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR Ges †W¯‹Uc cÖ‡mwms

I‡cb ¯‹zj, evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

welqe¯‘ c„: b¤^i

cvV- 1 e¨vs‡Ki msÁv, ˆewkó¨, Kvh©vejx I ¸iyZ¡

e¨vsK k‡ãi DrcwË

e¨vswKs GÛ BÝy¨‡iÝ c„ôv # 3

e¨vswKs GÛ BÝy¨‡iÝ c„ôv # 5

A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b e¨vs‡Ki f~wgKv

cvV ms‡¶c: 1.1

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 1.1

e¨vswKs GÛ BÝy¨‡iÝ c„ôv # 7

cvV- 2 e¨vsK e¨e¯’vi µgweKvk

e¨vs‡Ki DrcwË I µgweKvk

1| mf¨Zvi µgweKvk I e¨vsK e¨e¯’v

2| eëmv-evwY‡Rï Dbœqb I e¨vsK eë¯’v

3| hy‡Mi avivevwnKZvq e¨vsK e¨e¯’vi weKvk

wmÜz mf¨Zvq MÖxm, †ivg I wgm‡i gy`ªvi cÖPjb, AvgvbZ msi¶Y, FY

RbKj¨vYagx© DcvmYvjq e¨vsK e¨e¯’vi cÖmvi

BUvwj miKv‡ii cÖ‡Póvq 1157 wLª÷v‡ã e¨vsK Ae †fwbm cÖwZôv

kw³kvjx cÖvwZôvwbK e¨vsK e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb

fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k e¨vsK e¨e¯’vi µgweKvk

e¨vswKs GÛ BÝy¨‡iÝ c„ôv # 9

cÖwZôvKvj e¨vs‡Ki bvg

cy‡iv‡bv bvg RvZxqKi‡Yi ci bZzb

e¨vswKs GÛ BÝy¨‡iÝ c„ôv # 11

Kvh©vjq wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi KivPx‡Z|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 1.2

cvV- 3 e¨vs‡Ki †kªYxwefvM

gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z e¨vs‡Ki †kªYxwefvM

3| †hŠ_ gvwjKvbvaxb e¨vsK

Kv‡Ri wfwË‡Z e¨vs‡Ki †kªYxwefvM

e¨vswKs GÛ BÝy¨‡iÝ c„ôv # 13

10| Avg`vbx I ißvwb e¨vsK

11| †fv³v e¨vsK

12| cwienb e¨vsK

13| ¶z`ª I KzwUiwkí e¨vsK

14| eÜKx e¨vsK

15| wgkª e¨vsK

e¨vswKs GÛ BÝy¨‡iÝ c„ôv # 15

16| MÖvgxY e¨vsK

17| AbvbyôvwbK e¨vsK

18| AvÂwjK e¨vsK

19| †Mvôx Dbœqb e¨vsK

20| AvšÍR©vwZK e¨vsK

MVbcÖYvjxi wfwË‡Z e¨vs‡Ki †kªYxwefvM

e¨vswKs GÛ BÝy¨‡iÝ c„ôv # 17

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 1.3

e¨vswKs GÛ BÝy¨‡iÝ c„ôv # 19

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 1.2

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 1.3

cvV- 1 e¨vsK wnmve

e¨vsK wnmve Kv‡K e‡j

wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨vsK wnmve

K) PjwZ wnmve L) mÂqx wnmve M) ¯’vqx wnmve N) we‡kl ai‡bi wnmve

N) we‡kl ai‡bi wnmve

PjwZ AvgvbZ wnmv‡ei myweav I Amyweavmg~n

e¨vswKs GÛ BÝy¨‡iÝ c„ôv # 23