Business Statistics

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
†Kvm© †KvW© : BBS 3503
e¨v‡Pji Ae weR‡bm ÷¨vwWR †cÖvMÖvg

(weweGm †cÖvMÖvg)
evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
†Kvm© †KvW©: BBS 3503
e¨v‡Pji Ae weR‡bm ÷¨vwWR †cÖvMÖvg

(weweGm †cÖvMÖvg)
iPbvq
W. †gvt Avjx Avn‡g` nvIjv`vi
cÖ‡dmi, cwimsL¨vb wefvM
Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq
W. †gvt bvwmiæj Bmjvg

mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK, cwimsL¨vb
Av.m.g. wicb iDd

mnKvix Aa¨vcK, cwimsL¨vb
m¤úv`K
cÖ‡dmi RyjwdKvi Avn‡¤§` †iRv
†k‡i evsjv K…wl wek¦we`¨vjq
†Kvm© mgš^qKvix
Av. m. g. wicb iDd

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
†Kvm© †KvW©: BBS 3503
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cÖKvk Kvj t A‡±vei 2009
cÖKvkbvq
cÖKvkbv, gy`ªY I weZiY wefvM
MvRxcyi-1705, †dvb-929118
cÖ”Q`
KvRx mvBdzÏxb AveŸvm
Kfvi MÖvwdKm
Ave`yj gv‡jK
Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR
†gvt wUcy myjZvb
†gvt Avkivdz¾vgvb
wcÖ-†cÖm Kvh©µg
wWwUwc cyj, wcwcwW wefvM, evDwe
gy`ªY
BwZK_v wcÖw›Us IqvK©m
7, ˆmq` AvIjv` †nv‡mb †jb
XvKv-1100
 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
ISBN 984-34-3099-9
m~PxcÎ
welqe¯‘ c„ôv
BDwbU-1: cwimsL¨vwbK DcµgwYKv ----------------------------------------------------------1
cvV-1.1 : cwimsL¨v‡bi aviYv -------------------------------------------------- 2
cvV-1.2 : cwimsL¨v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ I eënvi ---------------------------------------- 5
cvV-1.3 : cwimsL¨vb Z‡_ï Drm I msMÖn c×wZ ------------------------------- 9
cvV-1.4 : cÖkœcÎ ˆZixKiY ---------------------------------------------------- 12
BDwbU-2: Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY I Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb ------------------------------------------------- 17

cvV-2.1 : Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY I Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb ------------------------------------ 18
cvV-2.2 : NUbmsL¨v web¨vm ---------------------------------------------------- 22
cvV-2.3 : Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb ------------------------------------------------------- 28
BDwbU-3: †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc ---------------------------------------------------------- 39

cvV-3.1 : Mo I Gi cwigvc --------------------------------------------------- 40
cvV-3.2 : ga¨gv I Gi cwigvc ------------------------------------------------ 54
cvV-3.3: cÖPziK I Gi cwigvc ------------------------------------------------ 59
BDwbU-4: we¯Ívi cwigvc -------------------------------------------------------------------- 63

cvV-4.1 : we¯Ívi I we¯Ív‡ii cwigvcmg~n ---------------------------------------- 64
cvV-4.2 : cwiwgZ eëavb I †f`v¼ -------------------------------------------- 74
cvV-4.3 : Av‡cwÿK we¯Ívi cwigvc I Gi cÖKvi‡f` ---------------------------- 82
cvV-4.4 : NUbmsL¨v web¨vm †iLv ----------------------------------------------- 88
BDwbU-5: ms‡kølY I wbf©iY ---------------------------------------------------------------- 93

cvV-5.1 : ms‡kølY c×wZ I ms‡køl‡Yi cwigvc ---------------------------------- 94
cvV-5.2 : ms‡køl‡Yi cwigvc c×wZ -------------------------------------------- 98
cvV-5.3 : AvbyµwgK ms‡kølY ------------------------------------------------- 104
cvV-5.4 : wbf©iY ------------------------------------------------------------- 107
BDwbU-6: Kvjxb mvwi -------------------------------------------------------------------- 115
cvV-6.1 : Kvjxb mvwii Dcv`vb ------------------------------------------------ 116
cvV-6.2 : Kvjxb mvwii we‡kølY c×wZ ----------------------------------------- 119
cvV-6.3 : Kvjxb mvwi cwigvc c×wZ (`xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv cwigvc) --------------- 123
cvV-6.4 : Kvjxb mvwi wbY©q c×wZ: FZz †f‡` ---------------------------------- 132
cvV-6.5 : PµµwgK n«vm-e„w× I AwbqwgZ eëavb wbY©q c×wZ ----------------- 145
BDwbU-7: m~PK msL¨v -------------------------------------------------------------------- 145

cvV-7.1 : m~PKmsL¨v I Gi eënvi ------------------------------------------- 146
cvV-7.2 : m~PKmsL¨vi cÖKvi‡f` ---------------------------------------------- 155
cvV-7.3 : m~PKmsL¨v wbY©q c×wZ --------------------------------------------- 162
cvV-7.4 : m~PKmsL¨vi cwiÿY c×wZ ------------------------------------------ 167
cvV-7.5 : RxebhvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v -------------------------------------------
BDwbU-8: bgybv c×wZ I bgybv Rwic ------------------------------------------------------- 173

cvV-8.1 : evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb -------------------------------------- 174
cvV-8.2 : bgybvq‡bi cÖKvi‡f` I c×wZmg~n ---------------------------------- 177
cvV-8.3: bgybv Rixc I bgybv Rix‡ci avcmg~n ------------------------------- 182
cvV-8.4: bgybvqb I Abgybvqb wePz¨wZ ---------------------------------------- 185
cvV-8.5: bgybvqb web¨vm ----------------------------------------------------- 188
BDwbU-9: evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb --------------------------------------------------- 193

cvV-9.1 : evsjv‡`‡k cwimsL¨vb Z‡_ï Drm ---------------------------------- 194
cvV-9.2 : cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi †kªYxwefvM ----------------------------------- 198
cvV-9.3 : cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi mxgve×Zv ------------------------------------ 201
cvV-9.4 : evsjv‡`‡ki me©‡kl Av`gïgvix I Rwic ---------------------------- 204
BDwbU
cwimsL¨vwbK DcµgwYKv
1
f~wgKvt
cwimsL¨vb g~jZ: msL¨vwfwËK weÁvb| mgv‡Ri wewfbœ ch©v‡q Dbœq‡bi Kg©KvÛ cwiPvjbvq cwimsL¨vb
eënvi me©Î| cwimsL¨vb weÁvb Dbwesk kZvwãi ga¨fv‡M eyw×Rxwe‡ì wPšÍvi mgš^qweÁvb| G weÁv‡bi
wfwË iPbvq cÖvPxb Kv‡j wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi c×wZ wbf©i K‡i Av‡jvwKZ n‡q‡Q Gfv‡e
ch©vqµ‡g AvaywbK we‡klÁ‡ì cÖPzi M‡elYvi dmj G weÁvb|
D‡Ïk¨
G BDwbU †k‡l Avcwb ej‡Z cvi‡eb−
cwimsL¨v‡bi DrcwË;
cwimsL¨v‡bi msÁv I aviYv;
cwimsL¨v‡bi êwkó¨ GKvi;
cwims¨Lv‡bi ¸iæZ¡, eënvi I Aceënvi|
weweGm
cvV-1.1 cwimsL¨v‡bi aviYv
f~wgKv
cwimsL¨v‡bi aviYv cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡K mgvR Dbœq‡b, evwY‡R¨, A_©‰bwZK Z_v mvgvwRK †ÿ‡Î eëüZ n‡q
Avm‡Q wewfbœ ch©v‡q| wewfbœ A_©bxwZwe`, cwimsL¨vbwe`MY cwimsL¨v‡bi eënvi mgš^q K‡i eënvi
†ÿÎ we¯Z…Z K‡i‡Qb G cv‡V cwimsL¨v‡bi DrcwË, aviYvmn cwimsL¨v‡bi cÖ‡qvM w`K m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb ej‡Z cvi‡eb−
cwimsL¨v‡bi Drm m¤ú‡K©;
eëmv cwimsL¨v‡bi msÁv;
eëmvi cwimsL¨v‡bi †ÿÎ, m¤úK©|
cwimsL¨v‡bi aviYv: cwimsL¨v‡bi g~j A_© nj msL¨vZ¥K Z_¨ ev msL¨v wb‡q M‡elYv weÁvb|
cwimsL¨vb ev statistics j¨vwUb kã status, BZvwj kã statista ev Rvg©vb kã statistik
n‡Z DrcwË jvf K‡i‡Q| wewfbœ mg‡q MwYZwe` , cwimsL¨vbwe`MY wewfbœfv‡e cwimsL¨v‡bi
aviYv †Ìqv †Póv K‡i‡Qb| cwimsL¨v‡bi cÖ‡qvM †ÿÎ we¯Z…Z| †R.Gd fb (1970) mv‡j iwPZ
æElements of Univercal Erudition” MÖ‡š’ statistics kãwU cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| mß`k kZvãxi
gvSvgvwS‡Z cwimsL¨v‡bi AvaywbK I ZvwË¡K cwieZ©b I e¨vL¨v c×wZi DbœwZ weav‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
we‡kfv‡e Abyf~Z nq| AvaywbK cwimsL¨vb weÁv‡bi wfwË ¯’vcb K‡ib ch©vqµ‡g G.†R KzB‡e‡jU
(1796-1874), Gd M¨vëb (1822-1911), Avi.G.wdkvi (1890-1962), Kvj© wcqvimb (1857-
1936), B‡qU (1890), ev‡Y©vjx (1654-1705), c¨vm‡Kj (1623-1662), wW‡gv‡qfvi (1667-1754)
Ges j¨vcjvm (1749-1820) cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki AK¬všÍ cwikª‡gi dmj nj G weÁvb|
eëmvq cwimsL¨vb: g~jZ cwimsL¨v‡bi eënvi me©Î| weÁvb, Kjv, evwYR¨ cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î cwimsL¨vb
eûjfv‡e eëüZ nq| cwimsL¨vb †Kvb D‡Ïk¨‡K mg‡b †i‡L Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i, Z_¨¸‡jv we‡kølY
Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zv‡j, we‡kølY K‡i, h_v_©Zv hvPvB K‡i Ges cwi‡k‡l D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© wm×všÍ cÖ¯ÍZ K‡i
ZvB cwimsL¨vb †h †Kvb M‡elYvi †ÿ‡Î M‡elYvi mn‡hvMx wnmv‡e eëüZ nq|
(Croxton Ges Cowden) cwimsL¨vb‡K wbgœfv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb æStatistics may be defined as
a science of collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numarical data”
20Zg kZvwã n‡Z eëmv wfwËK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †ÿ‡Î cwimsL¨vb e¨vcKfv‡e eëüZ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i|
evwYR¨ Z_v wkí †ÿ‡Î †hgb Drcv`b, Avq-e¨q we‡kølY, weZiY eë¯’v we‡kølb, evRvi M‡elYvq,
RbmsL¨v wbqš¿b I Avq-e¨q wbiƒcb BZ¨vw`‡Z cwimsL¨v‡bi eënvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨| AvaywbK eëmv evwb‡R¨
Dbœqbg~jK cwiKíbv wbY©‡q I myôy eë¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î cwimsL¨v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q| wewfbœ wkí‡ÿ‡Î
cwiKíbv cÖYqb, ev¯Íevqb I h_v_© g~j¨vq‡b wewfbœ cÖKvi Rwic KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq| Z_¨ msMÖn ev
Rwic Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cwimsL¨vb Ávb Aek¨B _vK‡Z n‡e| cwimsL¨vb Ávb e¨wZZ †Kvb cÖKvi ev¯Íe
cwiKíbvi wPšÍv Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB †h †Kvb evwYwR¨K wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y cwimsL¨vb c×wZmg~n Acwinvh©
nvwZqvi|
cwimsL¨vwbK DcµwgKv c„ôv : 2

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
cwimsL¨v‡bi êwkó¨: mKj msL¨vwewkó Z_¨ cwimsL¨vb bq| †Kvb msL¨v wewkó Z_¨‡K cwimsL¨vwbK
Z_¨ ejv n‡e †m wel‡q m¤§¨L aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| Z_¨ msL¨vi †h mKj êwkó¨ _vK‡j Avgiv
cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ eje Zv wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
• cwimsL¨vb Z_¨ mymse× n‡Z n‡e Ges Z_¨ msMÖn we‡kl D‡Ï‡k¨ msM„nxZ n‡e|
• cwimsL¨vb mgwói Z_¨ †Kvb GK‡Ki bq| †Kvb †`‡ki gv_vwcQy Avq ej‡Z †mB †`‡ki Mo Avq‡K
eySvq| GwU GKwU mgMÖ‡Ki Z_¨ †Kvb e¨w³ we‡k‡li bq|
• cwimsL¨vb Z_¨ mgRvZxq Ges Zzjbv‡hvM¨|
• cwimsL¨vb Z_¨vw` eûwea KviY Øviv cÖfvweZ, GwU GKwU gvÎ Kvi‡Yi dj bq|
• cwimsL¨vb Z_¨vbymÜvb †_‡K AvnwiZ|
• cwimsL¨vb msL¨v m~P‡K cÖKvk evÃbxq|
• cwimsL¨vb MYbvq I gvb wbY©‡q h‡_vchy³ mZ©KZv Aej¤^‡bi D‡jøL _vK‡Z n‡e|
Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ êwkó¨ †Kvb Z‡_ï mv‡_ hy³ _vK‡jB †Kej cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ n‡e| AmsjMœ I
Aweb¨v¯Í Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡j ev cÖKvwkZ n‡j Zv †Kvb fv‡eB cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ n‡e bv|
mvims‡ÿc
†`‡ki mvgvwRK A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b cwimsL¨v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| cwimsL¨v‡bi cÖK…Z aviYv e¨ZxZ
†`‡ki KvVv‡gvMZ Dbœqb m¤¢e bq| ZvB bxwZ cÖYq‡bi †ÿ‡Î, mgvR mgxÿvi †ÿ‡Î, miKvix cÖkvmb,
eëmv-evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î cwimsL¨v‡bi eënvi Kiv nq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 1.1

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k¦© wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| cwimsL¨vb Rvg©vb †Kvb kã n‡Z D™¢~Z n‡q‡Q|
K. Statis L. Statista
M. Statistik N. Statistics
2| æElements of Universal Erudition” MÖ‡š’i iwPwqZv †K?
K. Avi. G. wdkvi L. †R. Gd. fb
M. ev‡bvj©x N. Kvj© wcqvimb
ïY¨¯’vb c~iY Kiæb

3| kZvwã n‡Z eëmv wfwËK mgm¨vq cwimsL¨vb eëüZ n‡q Avm‡Q|
4| cwimsL¨vb Z_¨ AbymÜvb †_‡K |
5| cwimsL¨vb Z_¨ Ges |
BDwbU-1 c„ôv: 3
weweGm
mZ¨/wg_¨v wbY©q Kiæb

6| evwYwR¨K wm×všÍ MÖn‡b cwimsL¨vb c×wZ Acwinvh© nvwZqvi|
7| Rixc Kvh© ev Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡Î cwimsL¨vb Ávb _vKvi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
8| cwimsL¨v‡bi g~j A_© nj K) Zzjbv †hvM¨
9| cwimsL¨vb Z_¨ mgRvwZq Ges L) Z_¨vbymÜvb †_‡K AvnwiZ
10| cwimsL¨vb M) msL¨vZ¥K Z_¨ wb‡q M‡elYv weÁvb

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
cvV-1.2 cwimsL¨v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ I eënvi (Importance and use of Statistics)
f~wgKv
†`‡ki mvgvwRK A_©‡bwZK Dbœq‡b cwimsL¨v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| mybvMwiK I cwiKwíZ ˆ`bw›`b
Kvh©µ‡gi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask c~iY K‡i cwimsL¨vb| ZvB cwimsL¨v‡bi Ávb eënvwiK I A_©‡bwZK Dbœq‡b
mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
D‡Ïk¨
cwimsL¨v‡bi ¸iæZ¡;
cwimsL¨v‡bi Øviv wKfv‡e mvgvwRK cÖ‡qvRb c~iY Kiv nq;
cwimsL¨v‡bi eënvi I Aceënvi m¤ú‡K©|
cwimsL¨v‡bi ¸iæZ¡
Ávb weÁv‡bi †h me kvLvq msL¨v we‡kølY K‡i ev msL¨vi wfwË‡Z wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq, †m
me †ÿ‡Î cwimsL¨vb eënv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg:
1| bxwZ cÖYqb I myôz wm×v‡šÍ: bxwZ cÖYqb myô I Kvh©Kix n‡Z n‡j Avbylw½K welq m¤ú‡K© mywbw`©ó
AvKv‡i ch©vß Ávb _vKv ìKvi| cwimsL¨vb †Kvb wbw`©ó cwiw¯’wZ m¤ú‡K© h_v_© Ávb `vb K‡i I
bxwZ cÖYq‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|
2| gvbe Kj¨v‡bi †ÿ‡Î: mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ gvbe Kj¨v‡Yi mwnZ m¤úwK©Z Z_¨vw` msMÖ‡ni
cÖ‡qvRbxhZv Acwinvh©| cwimsL¨vb cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i Ges msMÖnK…Z Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z †h
†Kvb mgm¨vi mgvavb m¤¢e nq|
3| mgvR mgxÿvi †ÿ‡Î: mgvR mgxÿvi †ÿ‡Î cwimsL¨vb eënv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| eû RwUj NUbv
mgvR mgxÿvi mv‡_ RwoZ _v‡K Ges AmsL¨ cÖvmw½K AcÖvmw½K Ae¯’vi Kvi‡Y mvgvwRK eë¯’v
cÖfvweZ nq| G me †ÿ‡Î cwimsL¨vb Aciva, mvgvwRK ¯Íiweb¨vm cÖf„wZ mvgvwRK NUbvi g‡a¨
m¤úK© hvPvB Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
4| cÖK…wZ weÁv‡bi †ÿ‡Î: êÁvwbK cixÿv¸wj n‡Z †h me Z_¨ cvIqv hvq †m¸wj‡Z AÁvZ wKQy
åvwšÍi AeKvk _v‡K| cwimsL¨vb c×wZ G ai‡Yi åvwšÍ Kgv‡bvi Dchy³ nvwZqvi wnmv‡e KvR
K‡i| K…wlKv‡h©i Dci wbf©ikxj wewfbœ Kvi‡Yi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i ch©v‡jvPbv I djvd‡ji
c~e©vfvm cÖ`v‡b cwimsL¨vb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
5| miKvix cÖkvm‡bi †ÿ‡Î: cÖvkvmwbK eë¯’v cwiPvjbvq iv‡óªi Avq e¨q cÖYqb BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î
cwimsL¨v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| cwimsL¨vb Z_¨ msMÖn‡K AvaywbK iv‡óªi Ab¨Zg cÖ‡qvRbxq `vwqZ¡
e‡j cwiMwYZ nq|
6| A_©‰bwZK we‡køl‡Y: cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ I c×wZ¸wj A_©bxwZwe`‡ì nv‡Z bxwZ cÖYq‡b wm×Zvi
cwi¯‹vi nvwZqvi|
BDwbU-1 c„ôv: 5
weweGm
7| eëmv-evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î: eëmv evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î cwimsL¨vb eënvi Acwinvh©| evwYwR¨K Pµ †hgb
gy`ªvùxwZ RwbZ cwiw¯’wZi c~Y©Ávb jvf K‡i †mfv‡e cwimsL¨v‡bi eënv‡i wb‡R‡K cÖ¯‘Z iv‡L|
cwimsL¨vb eëmvwqK fwel¨Z Kg©c×wZi g~jëvb c_ cÖ`k©K|
cwimsL¨v‡bi eënvi
cwimsL¨vb ej‡Z ïaygvÎ cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ msMÖn‡K eySvq bv, G Øviv Z_¨vejxi we‡køl‡Yi wewfbœ
c×wZi gva¨‡g mywPwšÍZ wm×v‡šÍ †cuŠQv‡bvi GKUv gva¨g| wb‡gœ Avgiv cwimsL¨v‡bi eënvi m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvPbv Kie|
1| K…wl: cwimsL¨vb K…wl †ÿ‡Î K…wl Z_¨ msMÖn I cÖKvkbvi Kv‡R eëüZ nq| G Qvov K…wl †ÿ‡Îi
Dbœq‡b we‡kl f~wgKv iv‡L|
2| cwiKíbv: my¯’ A_©‡bwZK weKv‡ki Rb¨ cwimsL¨vb eënvi K‡i ev¯Íe cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e|
3| A_©bxwZ: cwimsL¨vb A_©‰bwZK ZË¡ I dwjZ A_©kv‡¯¿i g‡a¨ †mZzeÜb ¯îƒc| ZvB A_©‰bwZK ZË¡
weKv‡k cwimsL¨vb eënvi Kiv nq|
4| eëmv evwYR¨: bvbvbiKg SzuwK I AwbðqZvi g‡a¨ eëmv-evwYR¨ myPviæ iƒ‡c m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨
eëmvwq‡ì wewfbœ wm×všÍ †bqv cÖ‡qvRb| G me †ÿ‡Î mwVK wm×všÍ †bqvi Rb¨ cwimsL¨v‡bi
eënvi Kiv nq|
5| wkí cwZôvb: AvaywbK we‡k¦ wkí cÖwZôv‡bi Drcvw`Z cY¨ gv‡bi ¸Yv¸Y wePv‡ii cwimsL¨vb
eëüZ nq|
6| Rxe weÁvb: Rb¥ I esk e„w× m¤úwK©Z Ges Dw™¢` cÖRbb weÁv‡b cwimsL¨vb eëüZ nq|
7| wkÿv I gb¯ÍË: wkÿv I gb¯ÍvwË¡K we‡køl‡Y bvbv iƒ‡c h_v_©Zv hvPvB‡qi êaZv I wek¦vm †hvM¨Zv
wbY©‡q cwimsL¨vb eënvi Kiv nq|
8| Ab¨vb¨: †ivM e¨vwa m¤úwK©Z bvbv Z_¨ we‡køl‡Y cwimsL¨vb eëüZ nq| GQvov wewfbœ wel‡qi
wewfbœ we‡kølvZ¥K Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î cwimsL¨vb eënvi Kiv nq| Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z cvwi, eZ©gv‡b cÖvq mKj
wel‡q Z_¨vejxi we‡køl‡Y cwimsL¨vwbK c×wZi eënvi Acwinvh©|
cwimsL¨v‡bi Kvh©‡ÿÎ: cwimsL¨vbwfwËK †h †Kvb M‡elYv ev AbymÜvbB cwimsL¨v‡bi Kvh©‡ÿÎ|
cwimsL¨vb AZxZ I eZ©gvb Z‡_ï we‡kølY I e¨vL¨v cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g fwel¨‡Zi †Kvb Kv‡h©i Dci
Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i| AwbwðZ †Kvb wel‡qi wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Z_¨gvjv msMÖn, Dc¯’vcb, e¨vL¨v I
we‡køl‡Yi bxwZ I c×wZ cÖYq‡bB n‡”Q cwimsL¨v‡bi KvR| mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi e¨vL¨v
we‡kølY Kv‡R cwimsL¨vb eëüZ nq| cÖvK…wZK weÁv‡b M‡elYvi mwVKZv wbiƒc‡b cwimsL¨vb c×wZ
cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| cÖkvmwbK Kvh© cwiPvjbv bxwZ cÖYqb I cwiKíbvq cwimsL¨v‡bi cÖ‡qvM ¯^xK…Z| G Qvov
†`‡ki RbmsL¨vi e›Ub eë¯’v, Kg©ms¯’vb, Rb¥ g„Zz¨, K…wl‡ÿ‡Î wewb‡qvM I Drcv`b BZ¨vwì Z_¨ msMÖn
I we‡køl‡bi gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡Z cwimsL¨vb c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|
cwimsL¨v‡bi Aceënvi
cwimsL¨vb c×wZ m¤§‡Ü AÁZvq cwimsL¨vb eënv‡i A‡hŠw³K wm×všÍ I fyj hyw³ D™¢yZ n‡Z cv‡i|
cwimsL¨vb Aceënv‡ii KviY wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
1| †Kvb Z_¨ n‡Z Zv‡ì cwi‡cÖwÿZ ev cÖm½ bv †R‡b A_ev Zv‡ì we‡kølY I Zvrch© e¨vL¨vq mwVK
c×wZ m¤ú‡K© AÁ †_‡K Zvovûov K‡i wm×v‡šÍ †cŠQv‡j cwimsL¨v‡bi eënvi ZLb Aceënvi
ch©v‡q c‡o| cwimsL¨vb m¤^‡Ü fvj aviYv bv _vK‡j G †ÿ‡Î Aceënvi n‡Z cv‡i|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
2| Z_¨vejxi Dci wfwË K‡i †h‡nZz Z_¨we‡k¦i Dci mvaviY gšÍe¨ Kiv nq †m‡ÿ‡Î Z_¨gv‡bi Dci
mwVK aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| ZvB cwimsL¨bwe` bv n‡j Z_¨we‡k¦i mwVK aviYv cvIqv AZ¨šÍ `~iæn|
G me †ÿ‡Î A`ÿ e¨w³i wm×všÍ Aceënv‡ii mvwgj|
3| ‡Kvb wm×v‡šÍi wbf©yjZv ïaygvÎ h_v_©Zvi Dci wb©fi K‡i bv, Bnv Z_¨ m¼vj‡b Dchy³ c×wZi
Abymi‡Yi Dci wbf©ikxj| †m Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb `ÿ cwimsL¨vbwe`| Gme †ÿ‡Î A`ÿ †jvK wb‡qvM
†Ìqv n‡j cwimsL¨v‡bi Aceënvi nIqvB ¯^vfvweK|
4| †h Z_¨we‡k¦i êwk‡ôï Dci Avgiv Av‡jvPbv Kie Zvi mwVK msÁv Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| cwimsL¨vbwe`
bv n‡j G mKj msÁv mywbw`©ófv‡e bv RvbvB ¯^vfvweK Ges G mKj †ÿ‡Î cwimsL¨v‡bi Aeënvi
n‡Z eva¨|
5| Z_¨ gv‡bi GKK m¤ú‡K© cwi¯‹vi aviYv _vKv ìKvi Zv bv n‡j wm×všÍ n‡Z †h wPÎ dz‡U DV‡e Zv
mwVK bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
6| wb‡R‡ì D‡Ïk¨ wmw×i Rb¨ B”QvK…Zfv‡e msL¨v¸wji iè`j Ki‡j DcvË n‡Z m¤ú~Y© wecixZ
wm×všÍ M„nxZ n‡Z cv‡i| G me KvR cwimsL¨v‡bi Ace¨venvi e‡j cwiMwbZ nq|
7| cwimsL¨vb c×wZ m¤ú‡K© AÁZvi Kvi‡Y AÁvZ fv‡e Z‡_ï iè`j K‡i Zvovûov K‡i †Kvb
wm×všÍ †bqv cwimsL¨v‡bi Aceënvi|
8| DcvË msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡Î êwkó¨ e¨vL¨vKvix I bgybvi AvKvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| êwkó¨ e¨vL¨v K‡i bv Ggb me
Z_¨ A‡bK †ÿ‡Î mwVK wm×všÍ w`‡Z cv‡i bv|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, cwimsL¨vb c×wZ¸wj Lye m~² I mnR cÖwZwµqvkxj nvwZqvi| Kv‡RB A`ÿ
eënviKvix‡ì nv‡Z G ¸wj Aceënvi nIqvi h‡_ó m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| A`ÿ eënvi I AbywPZ cÖ‡qv‡M
Awek¦v‡mi m„wó nq|
mvims‡ÿc
†`‡ki mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I eëmvwqK †ÿÎ Dbœq‡b cwimsL¨v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| ZvB cwimsL¨vb
eënvi †ÿÎ my¯úó n‡Z n‡e| cwimsL¨vb c×wZ m¤^‡Ü AÁZvq cwimsL¨vb eënv‡i A‡hŠw³K wm×všÍ
I fyj hyw³ D™¢yZ n‡Z cv‡i| êwkó¨ e¨vL¨v K‡i bv Ggb me Z_¨ eR©b Kiv DwPZ|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| mwVK cwimsL¨vb eënv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb-

K.†h †Kvb wWMÖx cÖvß e¨w³ L. `ÿ cwimsL¨vbwe`
M. A_©bxwZwe` N. ivRbxwZwe`
2| †Kvb wbw`©ó cwiw¯’wZ m¤ú‡K© h_v_© Ávb Kvh©¨ I bxwZ cÖYq‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|
K. A_©bxwZ L. c`v_©
M. cwimsL¨vb N. mgvR weÁvb
BDwbU-1 c„ôv: 7
weweGm
3| cwimsL¨vb gvbe Rxe‡bi mv‡_ KZUzKz RwoZ|

K. †gv‡UB bv L. IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e
M. AvswkK N. Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Aí
ïb¨¯’vb c~ib Kiæb

4| cwimsL¨vb eënv‡ii †hgb ¸iæZ¡ Av‡Q †Zgwb fxlb ÿwZi Kvib n‡q c‡o|
5| cwimsL¨vb Z_¨ gv‡bi Dci _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
6| DcvË msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡Î I ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
7| †ÿ‡Î cwimsL¨vb eënv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
8| I gvby‡li Pjgvb Rxe‡bi nvwZqvi wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|
9| cwimsL¨vb K…wl‡ÿ‡Î I Kv‡R eëüZ nq|
10| cwimsL¨vb A_©‡bwZK ZË¡ I dwjZ A_©kv‡¯¿i g‡a¨ |
11| , I n‡”Q cwimsL¨v‡bi KvR|
12| M‡elYvq mwVKZv wbiæc‡b c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|

13| cwimsL¨v‡bi A`ÿ eënv‡i Awek¦v‡mi m„wó nq|
14| D‡Ïk¨ wmw×i Rb¨ B”QvK…Zfv‡e Z_¨ iè`j Ki‡j fvj DcvË cvIqv m¤¢e|
15| cwimsL¨vb K…wl †ÿ‡Îi Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î we‡kl f~wgKv iv‡L bv|
16| eëmv-evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î mwVK wm×všÍ wbY©‡q cwimsL¨vb eëüZ nq|
17| mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi e¨vL¨v we‡kølY Kv‡R cwimsL¨vb eëüZ nq|
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
18| bxwZ cÖYqb myôz I Kvh©Kix n‡Z n‡j K) †h †Kvb mgm¨vi mgvavb K‡i
Avbyl½xK welq m¤ú‡K©
19| cwimsL¨vb cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ mieivn K‡i L) g~jëvb c_ cÖ`©kK
Ges cÖ‡qvRbxh Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z
20| cwimsL¨vb eëmvwqK Kg© c×wZi M) mywbw`©ó AvKv‡i ch©vß Ávb _vKv Acwimxg|
21| cwimsL¨vb gvbe Rxe‡bi mv‡_ N) gva¨‡g mywPwšÍZ wm×v‡šÍ †cŠQv‡bv m¤¢e|
22| cwimsL¨vb ej‡Z ïaygvÎ cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ O) ev¯Íe cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e|
msMÖn eySvq bv G Øviv Z_ëjwi we‡køl‡bi
wewfbœ c×wZi
23| my¯’ A_©bxwZK weKv‡ki Rb¨ cwimsL¨vb P) IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ|
eënvi K‡i
24| cwimsL¨vb c×wZ m¤§‡Ü AÁZvq cwimsL¨vb Q) Aceënv‡ii mvwgj
eënv‡i
25| cwimsL¨vb eënv‡i †ÿ‡Î A`ÿ e¨w³i R) mwVK wm×všÍ †`qbv|
wm×všÍ
26| ‰ewkô¨ e¨vL¨v K‡i bv Ggb me Z_¨ A‡bK S) A‡hŠw³K wm×všÍ I fyj hyw³i D™¢e nq|
†ÿ‡Î

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
cvV-1.3 cwimsL¨vb Z‡_ï Drm I msMÖn c×wZ
f~wgKv
wewfbœ Kv‡R ev †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| A_©vr Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni mv‡_ AbymÜvb †ÿÎ wbY©q Ges †hLvb
†_‡K Z_¨we‡k¦i êwk‡óï Dci wfwË K‡i wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| G cv‡V Z_¨wek¦ A_ev Z_¨ Drm
n‡Z wKfv‡e Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq †m¸‡jv ch©vqµ‡g Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
D‡Ïk¨
cwimsL¨vwbK GKK m¤ú‡K©;
Z_¨we‡k¦i m¤ú‡K©;
Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi c×wZ mg~n|
Z_¨we‡k¦i aviYv: Z_¨wek¦ †_‡K cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| Z_¨ AbymÜv‡bi KvR
mgMÖ‡Ki ev Z_¨we‡k¦i ‰ewk‡óï Dci wbf©i K‡i ZvB cÖwZwU êwkó¨ GK GKwU cwimsL¨vwbK
GKK wnmv‡e MY¨ K‡i Z_¨wek¦ Kíbv Ki‡Z nq A_©vr Z_¨wek¦ hw` nq wkí Zvn‡j wk‡íi
Avq, e¨q, kªwgK, Drcv`b BZ¨vw` êwkô¨ n‡e cwimsL¨vwbK GKK| Avi D³ GK‡Ki mgwó n‡e wk‡íi
Z_¨wek¦|
cwimsLvb GK‡Ki msÁv †`qv me mgq mnR nq bv| wK ai‡bi GK‡K Z_¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wbf©i
K‡i M‡elYvi cÖK…wZi Dci| Z_vwcI GK‡Ki aviYv my¯úó I h_vh_ Kivi Rb¨ Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni c~‡e©
GK‡Ki êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© wm×všÍ †bqv cÖ‡qvRb| †hgb:
Z_¨wek¦: Z_¨wek¦ nj AbymÜvb †ÿ‡Îi cÖwZwU cwimsL¨vwbK GK‡Ki Avavi| A_©vr AbymÜv‡bi KvR †h
iK‡giB †nvK bv †Kb Z_¨¸‡jv Z_¨we‡k¦i (mgMÖ‡Ki) êwk‡óï mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ ZvB cwimsL¨vwbK
GK‡Ki mgwóB nj Z_¨wek¦|
cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨: cwimsL¨vwbK Z‡_ï Drm mvaviYZ `yBfv‡e MY¨ Kiv nq:
• cÖv_wgK Z_¨
• gva¨wgK Z_¨
cÖv_wgK Z_¨: †h me Z_¨ cÖ_gevi msMÖn Kiv nq, Zv‡K cÖv_wgK Z_¨ ejv nq| wewfbœ ai‡bi †iK‡W©i ev
Rvwi‡ci gva¨‡g †Kvb wkí cÖwZôvb wKsev †Kvb e¨w³ cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq G ai‡bi Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i _v‡K
ZvnvB cÖv_wgK Z_¨|
gva¨wgK Z_¨: †h me Z_¨ cÖKvwkZ A_ev AcÖKvwkZ Ab¨ Drm †_‡K msMÖnxZ n‡q _v‡K Zv‡K gva¨wgK
Z_¨ ejv nq| †hgb: evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv A_ev wkí ev eëmv evwYR¨ m¤úwK©Z †h †Kvb cÖwZôvb
wewfbœ Z_¨ wi‡cvU© AvKv‡i cÖKvk Ki‡j, †mLvb †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨‡K gva¨wgK Z_¨ ejv n‡e|
BDwbU-1 c„ôv: 9
weweGm
GQvovI mgm¨vi wewfbœ aib I cÖPwjZ eënv‡ii wfwËi Dci AbymÜvb wewfbœ iK‡gi n‡Z cv‡i| G
ai‡Yi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni c×wZI Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Drm n‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi K‡qKwU Dr‡mi D`vniY wb‡gœ
†Ìqv nj:
• cÖZ¨ÿ AbymÜvb: G cÖwµqvq mivmwi Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq|
• c‡ivÿ AbymÜvb: G †ÿ‡Î AbymÜv‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ †Mvcb †i‡L Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq|
• cybiƒw³K Z_¨ AbymÜvb: wbw`©ó mgq cici GKB c×wZ‡Z †Kvb Z_¨wek¦ m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ AbymÜvb‡K
cybiƒw³K Z_¨ AbymÜvb e‡j|
• AwbqwhZ AbymÜvb: †Kvb GKwU we‡kl mgm¨v mgvavbK‡í GKwU we‡kl KwgwU ev M‡elK `‡ji
Aax‡b Z_¨ AbymÜvb‡K AwbqwgZ Z_¨ AbymÜvb e‡j|
PjK (Variable):
Z_¨ wek¦ n‡Z †h †Kvb êwk‡óï cwigvc nj PjK| Pj‡Ki aiY Abymv‡i PjK wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv
hvqÑ cwigvYMZ PjK‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv nqÑ
i) wew”Qbœ PjK (Discrete variable)
ii) Awew”Qbœ PjK (Continuous variable)
i) wew”Qbœ PjK:
†h Pj‡Ki gvb mvaviYZ †Kvb wbw`©ó GK‡Ki c~Y©msL¨v Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K wew”Qbœ PjK e‡j|
†hgb: evRvi ì, av‡bi Drcv`b, KviLvbvq †Kvb `ª‡eï Drcv`b BZ¨vw`|
ii) Awew”Qbœ PjK:

†h Pj‡Ki gvb †Kvb mxgvbvi gaëZ©x †h †Kvb msL¨v ev ivwk Øviv cÖKvwkZ nq Zv‡K Awew”Qbœ PjK e‡j|
†hgb: †Kvb `ª‡eï g~j¨|
mvims‡ÿc
cwimsL¨vb Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡Î Z_¨wek¦ m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vKv ìKvi| Z_¨wek¦ nj cwimsL¨vwbK
GK‡Ki mgwó| Z_¨wek¦ n‡Z `yBfv‡e Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| 1) cÖv_wgK Z_¨, 2) gva¨wgK Z_¨| GQvov
AviI c×wZ i‡q‡Q †hgb: c‡ivÿ Z_¨ Drm, AwbqwgZ Z_¨ Drm, cybiƒw³K AbymÜvb Drm BZ¨vw`|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ †Kv_v †_‡K msMÖn Kiv nq
K. Z_¨wek¦ L. Avq-e¨q
M. †f`v¼ N. KvíwbK †iLv
2| cwimsL¨vwbK GK‡Ki mgwó nj
K. Mo L. †f`v¼
M. Z_¨wek¦ N. ga¨K

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb

3| Z_¨ we‡k¦i cÖwZwU êwkó¨ GK GKwU cwimsL¨vwbK |
4| †h me Z_¨ cÖ_gevi msMÖn Kiv nq Zv‡K |
5| †h cÖwµqvq mivmwi Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq Zv‡K e‡j|

6| c‡ivÿ AbymÜvb Drm †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨ cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ bq|
7| AwbqwgZ Z_¨ AbymÜvb †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨ cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨|
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
8| Z_¨wek¦ †_‡K cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ K) †_‡K Z_¨ AbymÜvb Ki‡j Zv‡K cybiƒw³K
Z_¨ AbymÜvb ejv nq|
9| wbw`©ó mgq cici GKB c×wZ‡Z †Kvb, L) wbf©i K‡i
Z_¨wek¦
10| cwimsL¨vb GK‡Ki msÁv M‡elYvi cÖK…wZi M) msMÖn Kiv nq
Dci
BDwbU-1 c„ôv: 11
weweGm
cvV-1.4 cÖkœcÎ ˆZwi KiY (Preparation of Questionnaire)
f~wgKv
†Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ Drm †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi Rb¨ cÖkœcÎ ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq| cÖkœc‡Îi Dci wbf©i
K‡i mwVK Z_¨ cvIqv| ZvB cÖkœcÎ m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vKv AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRb|
D‡Ïk¨
cÖkœcÎ wK;
cÖkœcÎ wKfv‡e ˆZwi Kiv nq;
cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡b mZK©Zvmg~n|
cÖkœcÎ
mvavibfv‡e cÖkœcÎ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z †M‡j cÖkœcÎ nj Ò‡Kvb GKUv mgm¨vi wewfbœ welq
m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ mKj cÖ‡kœi mgš^q| A_©vr †hme cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g GKUv wba©vwiZ
mgm¨vi mKj w`K †R‡b †bIqv m¤¢e †m mKj cÖkœ¸wji †mU‡K cÖkœcÎ e‡j| GKUv fvj cÖkœcÎ ˆZwi
Kiv LyeB KwVb KviY GLv‡b DËi`vZv m¤ú‡K© fvj aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e| RwUj cÖkœ KLbI Kiv †hgb
evÃwbq bq †Zgwb cÖ‡kœi AvKviI b~¨b¨Zg nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| ZvB cÖkœcÎ ˆZwi‡Z †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e cÖkœcÎ
¸wj †hb mgm¨vi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ nq, mnR I AvKv‡i †QvU nq|
eëmv wkÿvq mvavibZ wZb ai‡bi cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq|
1| e¨w³MZ †gŠwLK cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g;
2| WvK gva¨‡g;
3| †Uwj‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g|
†h †Kvb ai‡bi gva¨‡gi wKQy wKQy mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q Z‡e GKUv fvj cÖkœcÎ Ki‡Z cvi‡j G mxgve×Zv
A‡bKvs‡k KvwU‡q DVv hvq| Zvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb cÖkœcÎ ˆZwii mgq KZK¸‡jv mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv|
cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡b mZK©Zv

GKUv fvj cÖkœcÎ me`©v n‡Z n‡e cwiKwíZ cÖkœcÎ| mwVK Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡Î cwiKwíZ I ev¯Íem¤§Z
cÖkœcÎ ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e ZvB wb‡gœi welq¸‡jvi Dci `„wó ivLv cÖ‡qvRb|
• hZUv m¤¢e Kg cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv;
• cÖkœc‡Î cÖ‡kœi msL¨v AbymÜv‡bi D‡Ï‡kï w`‡K jÿ¨ ivLv;
• DËi`vZvi ¯Í‡ii w`‡K †Lqvj †i‡L cÖkœ ˆZwi Kiv A_©vr AíwkwÿZ ev †h †Kvb †gav m¤úbœ DËi`vZv
mn‡R ey‡S cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z mÿg|
• cÖ‡kœ eëüZ kã ev evK¨ ¸‡jv ¯úó I mnR nIqv cÖ‡qvRb;
• cÖkœcÎ ˆZwi‡Z †Kvb we‡kl A_©c~Y© kã eënvi Ki‡j Zvi e¨vL¨v w`‡Z n‡e;

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
• cÖkœ¸wj Ggbfv‡e ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e †hb †Kvb cÖKvi mvnv‡h¨ QvovB DËi`vZv DËi w`‡Z cv‡ib;
• ¯úk©KvZi cÖkœ (ag© I ivR‰bwZK) KLbI Kiv wVK n‡e bv;
• cÖ‡Z¨KwU cÖkœ A_©c~Y© I we‡kølY‡hvM¨ nIqv DwPZ;
• DËi`vZvi wbKU †Kvb cÖkœ m‡›`‡ni m„wó n‡Z cv‡i G ai‡bi cÖkœ Kiv wVK n‡e bv;
• cÖkœ¸wj hyw³c~Y©fv‡e mvRv‡Z n‡e|
me©`v g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, h_vh_ Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ hZ DbœZ c×wZ eënvi Kiv
†nvK bv †Kb, AbymÜv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ I jÿ¨ AR©b Kiv m¤¢e n‡e bv| GKwU bgybv cÖkœcÎ wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj|
bgybv cÖkœcÎ
†Uwjwfkb †m‡Ui µ‡qi Dci †µZv Rwic
mvaviY Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni bgybv
mvaviY Z_¨
bvg :
wcZvi bvg :
_vbv :
†Rjv :
eqm :
†ckv :
G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡g †µZv Rwi‡ci D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv wVK Ki‡Z n‡e:

• ‡Kvb wbw`©ó eªv‡Ûi †Uwjwfkb †Kb µq Ki‡e;
• ‡Uwjwfkb µ‡qi Dci d¨vwgwj ev‡RU wbf©ikxj;
• ‡Kvb wWjvi cÖfvweZ K‡i †kviƒ‡g †h‡q wUwf µ‡q Drmvn †`q wK-bv;
• wUwf eªv‡Ûi cÖfve wUwf µ‡qi †ÿ‡Î we‡ePbv;
• wUwf †Kv¤úvwbi cÖ‡`q myweav BZ¨vw`|
bgybv cÖkœ
1| Avcbvi wK wUwf Av‡Q? nüv bv

hw` _v‡K
†Kvb eªv‡Ûi? ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
wUwf KZ mvB‡Ri? ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
BDwbU-1 c„ôv: 13
weweGm
Avcwb KLb µq K‡i‡Qb? (gvm-eQi) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
`vg KZ? ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
2| wb‡Pi †K Avcbv‡K wUwf eªvÛwU †Kbvi Rb¨ cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q [wUK wPý w`b]
wb‡RB Avcbvi eÜz
Avcbvi ¯^vgx/¯¿x Avcbvi cÖwZôvb
Avcbvi mšÍv‡biv Avcbvi mnKg©x
Avcbvi wcZv/gvZv wUwf wWjvi
Ab¨ †h †KD
3| wUwf wKb‡Z †K ev‡RU wVK K‡i‡Qb? (wUK wPý w`b)

wb‡RB Avcbvi evev/gv
Avcbvi ¯^vgx/¯¿x Ab¨ †KD
4| wUwf †mU †Kv_v †_‡K wKb‡eb G wm×všÍ †K w`‡qwQj?

wb‡RB Avcbvi eÜz
Avcbvi ¯^vgx/¯¿x Avcbvi cÖwZôvb
Avcbvi †Q‡j/†g‡q Avcbvi mnKg©x
Avcbvi evev/gv Ab¨ †KD
5| wUwf †kviƒg Avcbvi evmv †_‡K wK `~‡i? nüv bv
6| wKfv‡e Avcwb †kviƒg m¤ú‡K© †R‡b‡Qb?

†iwWI weÁvc‡bi gva¨‡g msev`cÎ †_‡K †`‡L
wUwf weÁvc‡bi gva¨‡g wm‡bgv KvwUs †`‡L
mvBb‡evW© †_‡K cÖPvi KvM‡Ri gva¨‡g
g¨vMvwRb †_‡K †Kvb e¨w³ gvidZ

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
Ab¨ †Kvb Dcv‡q
7| wUwf m¤ú‡K© †Kvb gZvgZ _vK‡j ejyb?

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
mvims‡ÿc
GKUv fvj cÖkœcÎ n‡Z n‡e cwiKwíZ mnR I mswÿß| cÖkœcÎ A_©c~Y© I we‡kølb‡hvM¨ nIqv DwPZ|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| GKwU fvj cÖkœ cÎ ˆZwi Kiv
K. LyeB KwVb L. LyeB mnR
M. Z‡_ï Rb¨ cÖkœ c‡Îi ìKviB †bB N. GKwU cÖkœ Ki‡jB h‡_ó
2| cwimsL¨vwbK GK‡Ki mgwó nj
K. Mo L. †f`v¼
M. Z_¨wek¦ N. ga¨K

3| hZUv m¤¢e cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv DwPZ|
4| cÖ‡kœi eëüZ evK¨ I mnR nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|

5| cÖwZwU cÖkœ A_©c~Y© I we‡kølb‡hvM¨ nIqv DwPZ|
6| cÖkœ¸wj hyw³c~Y©fv‡e mvRv‡Z n‡e|
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
7| hZUv m¤¢e Kg cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g K) wVK n‡e bv|
8| ¯úk©KvZi cÖkœ KLbI Kiv L) Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e
BDwbU-1 c„ôv: 15
weweGm
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-1
1| cwimsL¨v‡bi msÁv wjLyb| cwimsL¨v‡bi êwkó¨¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| cwimsL¨vb cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3| eëmv wkÿvq cwimsL¨v‡bi eënvi Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4| eëmv cwimsL¨vb ej‡Z wK eySvq? cwimsL¨v‡bi Aceënvi¸‡jv wjLyb|
5| cwimsL¨vb Z‡_ï Drm¸‡jv wK wK, Drm¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
6| cwimsL¨vwbK cÖkœcÎ ej‡Z wK eySvq? GKUv fvj cÖkœc‡Îi êwkó¨¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|

BDwbU
Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY I Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb
2
f~wgKvt
c~‡e©i Aa¨v‡q Avgiv cwimsL¨v‡bi aviYv I Drm m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| Z_¨ cvIqvi ci
cwimsL¨v‡bi cieZ©x KvR nj Z_¨mg~n‡K cÖwµqvKi‡Yi gva¨‡g M‡elYv Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjv| GRb¨
cÖvß Z_¨‡K †kªYxe×KiY, ZvwjKvKiY I Dc¯’vcb Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq| G Aa¨v‡q Z_¨ ev Z_¨mg~n
wKfv‡e cÖwµqvKiY I Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq Zv we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|
D‡Ïk¨
†kªwYe×KiY m¤ú‡K©;
ZvwjKve×KiY m¤ú‡K©;
Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb cÖm‡½;
weweGm
cvV-2.1 †kªwYe×KiY I Gi eënvi †ÿÎ (Classification and its uses)
f~wgKv
†kªwYe×KiY ej‡Z Ggb GKwU c×wZ‡K eySvq †hLv‡b Z_¨ wewfbœ êwk‡óï wfwË‡Z KZK¸‡jv †kªwY‡Z
mvRv‡bv nq| G cv‡V Z‡_ï êwk‡óï Dci wfwË K‡i wKfv‡e mviYxiKiY I Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq †m
wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
†kªwYe×Ki‡Yi msÁv;
†kªwYe×Ki‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Z‡_ï êwkó¨mg~n;
wewfbœ cÖKvi †kªwY web¨vm KiY;
†kªwYe×Ki‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxhZv I eënvi|
†kªwYe×KiY: Z‡_ï msÁv †_‡K Avgiv †R‡bwQ, †Kvb wbw`©ó êwkóï Dci wfwË K‡i Z_¨
msMÖn Kiv nq| AZ:ci †mB êwkó¨ Avgiv we‡kølY K‡i wewfbœ ch©v‡q eënvi Kwi| A_©vr
mgMÖ‡Ki cÖwZwU GKK †hgb, c`we‡kl, e¯‘i ¸Y BZ¨vw` nj mgMÖ‡Ki êwkó¨| êwkó¨
Abyhvqx Z_¨ mg~n‡K mvRv‡bvi c×wZ‡K ejv nq †kªwYe×KiY| A_©vr †kªwYe×Ki‡Yi msÁv nj: †Kvb
wbw`©ó êwk‡óï Dci wfwË K‡i Z_¨ mvwii GKK¸‡jv‡K KZK¸‡jv †kªwY ev `‡j mvwR‡q Dc¯’vcb Kivi
c×wZ ev †KŠkj‡K ejv nq †kªwYe×KiY| †kªwYe×KiY †Kvb AbymÜv‡bi cÖK…wZ ev D‡Ï‡kï Dci wbf©i
K‡i cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| †kªwYe×KiY m¤ú‡K© cwimsL¨vbwe` connor e‡j‡Qb, †kªwYe×KiY ej‡Z cÖK…Z
A‡_© ev fveMZ A‡_© mv`„k¨ I †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx DcvËmg~‡ni KZK¸‡jv `‡j ev †kªwY‡Z web¨¯Í Kiv
ÒA_©vr Z_¨mg~n‡K msMÖn Kivi ci GKB ai‡Yi Z_¨‡K GK mv‡_ wb‡q wewfbœ †kªwY‡Z fvM K‡i
†kªwYe×KiY Kiv nq|
†kªwYe×Ki‡Yi cÖKvi †f` (Types of Classification): Avgiv Av‡MB e‡jwQ, cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ mg~‡ni
êwk‡óï Dci wfwË K‡i †kªwYe×KiY Kiv nq| mvavibZ Pvi ai‡bi wfwËi Dci †kªwYe×Ki‡Yi †KŠkj
†bIqv nq:
1| ¯’vb wfwËK †kªwYe×KiY
2| mgq wfwËK †kªwYe×KiY
3| ¸YMZ †kªwYe×KiY
4| cwigvbMZ †kªwYe×KiY
¯’vbwfwËK †kªwYe×KiY
wewfbœ GjvKv ev Ae¯’v‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖvß Z_¨ mg~n‡K †h †kªwY‡Z wef³ K‡i mvRv‡bv nq| Zv‡K
¯’vbwfwËK †kªwYe×KiY e‡j| ¯’vbwfwËK †kªwYe×KiY‡K †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb wfwËK †kªwYe×KiYI ejv
n‡q _v‡K| †hgb, wewfbœ †Rjvq Drcvw`Z avb ev cvU BZ¨vwì Z_¨mg~n| wb‡gœi mviwY‡Z ¯’vbwfwËK
Z‡_ï †kªwYe×KiY †`Lv‡bv nq|
Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY I Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb c„ôv: 18

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
wefvM Abyhvqx av‡bi Drcv`b

wefvM †gvU Drcv`b (cwigvb nvRvi wefvM †gvU Drcv`b (nvRvi †gwUªKUb)
†gwUªKUb)
XvKv 2690.5 PÆMÖvg 1732.7
ivRkvnx 2074.5 ewikvj 2583.2
Lyjbv 1384.3 wm‡jU 1932.9
mgqwfwËK †kªwYe×KiY
wewfbœ mg‡qi wfwË‡Z cÖvß Z_¨mg~n‡K †kªwYe×¨ Kivi c×wZ ev †KŠkj‡K mgq wfwËK †kªwYe×KiY e‡j
Z_¨‡K mg‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i A_©vr w`b, gvm, eQi BZ¨vw` mgq Abyhvqx fvM K‡i †kªwYe×KiY Kiv
nq| wb‡gœ evsjv‡`‡k K‡qK erm‡ii ˆZjexR Drcv`b Abymv‡i mgq wfwËK †kªwYe×KiY †`Lv‡bv nj:
evsjv‡`‡k K‡qK ermi Gi ‰ZjexR Gi Drcv`b:
ermi Drcv`b (jÿ †gwÆK Ub)
2000-2001 5.00
2001-2002 6.47
2002-2003 6.97
2003-2004 7.50
2004-2005 8.00
¸YMZ †kªwYe×KiY
Z_¨ mgMÖ‡Ki ¸Y ev cÖK…wZMZ cv_©K¨ Abymv‡i †h †kªwY‡Z wef³ Kiv nq Zv‡K ¸YMZ †kªwYe×KiY ejv
nq| ¸YMZ †kªwYe×KiY `yÕai‡bi:
1| mij ¸YMZ †kªwYe×KiY
2| RwUj ¸YMZ †kªwYe×KiY
mij ¸YMZ †kªwYe×KiY: †Kvb mgMÖ‡Ki Z_¨mg~n‡K ¸YMZ êwkó¨ Abyhvqx `yÕwU †kªwY ev `‡j fvM K‡i
†h †kªwY cvIqv hvq Zv‡K mij ¸YMZ †kªwYe×KiY e‡j| †hgb †Kvb †Kv¤úvwb‡Z `ÿ I A`ÿ †kªwY‡Z
wef³ K‡i Z_¨ †bIqv n‡j Zv n‡e mij ¸YMZ †kªwYe×KiY| wb‡gœ welqwU wPÎ AvKv‡i †`Lv‡bv nj|
kªwgK
`¶ A`¶
RwUj ¸bMZ †kªwYe×KiY: †Kvb mgMÖ‡Ki Z_¨mg~n‡K GKvwaK ¸‡Yi wfwË‡Z wef³ K‡i †h †kªwYweb¨vm
cvIqv hvq Zv‡K RwUj ¸YMZ †kªwYe×KiY ejv nq| †hgb: †Kvb †Kv¤úvbxi kªwgKmg~n‡K ïaygvÎ
`ÿZvi Dci wbf©i bv K‡i wkÿv ev GKvwaK ¸‡Yi Dci wbf©i †kªwY‡Z wef³ K‡i †h Z_¨ cvIqv hvq
Zv‡K RwUj ¸bMZ †kªwYe×KiY ejv nq| RwUj ¸YMZ †kªwYe×Ki‡Yi GKwU wPÎ wb‡gœ †`Lv‡bv nj:
BDwbU-2 c„ôv: 19
weweGm
kªwgK
`¶ A`¶
wkw¶Z Awkw¶Z wkw¶Z Awkw¶Z
cwigvbMZ †kªwYe×KiY
Z_¨mg~n hLb cwigvbMZ êwk‡óï Dci wfwË K‡i †bIqv nq ZLb Zv‡K cwigvbMZ †kªwYe×KiY ejv
nq| wb‡P kªwg‡Ki Av‡qi GKwU Z_¨ †Ìqv nj|
Avq UvKv (gv‡m) kªwg‡Ki msL¨v
2000-2500 50
2500-3000 200
3000-3500 250
3500-4000 100
4000-4500 40
†gvU 640 Rb
†kªwYe×Ki‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
†kªwYe×Ki‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
1| †kªwYe×KiY AmsL¨ wewÿß I G‡jv‡g‡jv Z_¨‡K mswÿß AvKv‡i cÖKvk K‡i|
2| GKB êwk‡óï Z_¨¸‡jv‡K Avjv`vfv‡e mnR AvKv‡i †kªwY ev `‡j cÖKvk K‡i|
3| Z_¨we‡k¦i wewfbœ †kªwYi cÖvavb¨ m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`q|
4| `yÕ ev Z‡ZvwaK Z_¨mg~n †kªwYe×Ki‡Y Zzjbv Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
5| Z_ï gva¨‡g Z_¨we‡k¦i aviYv w`‡Z †kªwYe×KiY mvnv‡h¨ K‡i|
mvims‡ÿc
†kªwYe×KiY Z_¨mg~n‡K Zvi wewfbœ êwkó¨ Abymv‡i wef³ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| †kªwYe×KiY Z_¨‡K
wewfbœfv‡e we‡kølY K‡i| GQvov †kªwYe×KiY wewfbœ êwk‡óï Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© Zzjbvg~jK aviYv w`‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡i|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| †kªwYe×KiY wK‡mi Dci wbf©i K‡i?
K. cÖK…wZ I êwk‡óï Dci L. AóxK aviYvi Dci
M. c×wZMZ w`‡Ki Dci N. mvgvwRK cÖ_vi Dci
2| †kªwYe×KiY KqwU wfwËi Dci wbf©i K‡i m¤úbœ Kiv nq?
K. 5wU L. 4wU
M. 3wU N. 6wU
mZ¨/wg_¨v wbY©q:
3| ¯’vbwfwËK †kªwYe×KiY‡K †fŠ‡MvwjK wfwËK †kªwYe×KiY ejv n‡q _v‡K|

4| AmsL¨ wewÿß I A‡MvQv‡jv Z_¨‡K mswÿß AvKv‡i cÖKvk K‡i|
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
5| Z‡_ï gva¨‡g Z_¨we‡k¦i aviYv K) †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb wfwËK †kªwYe×KiY ejv
nq|
6| ¯’vb wfwËK †kªwYe×KiY‡K L) w`‡Z †kªwYe×KiY mvnvh¨ K‡i|
BDwbU-2 c„ôv: 21
weweGm
cvV-2.2 NUbmsL¨v web¨vm (Frequency Distribution)
f~wgKv
ZvwjKve×Ki‡Yi cieZ©x ch©vq nj mvwie×KiY| Z_¨‡K wewfbœ †kªwY‡Z fvM Kivi ci ZvwjKve× Kiv
nq| AZci; NUb msL¨v web¨vm K‡i Z_¨‡K cªwµqvRvZKiY Kiv nq| G cv‡V wKfv‡e Z_¨mg~n †K
mvwie×KiY I NUb msL¨v wb‡ekb Kiv hvq †m m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|
D‡Ïk¨
mvwie×Ki‡Yi msÁv;
NUb msL¨vi msÁv;
NUb msL¨vi web¨vm wKfv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv nq;
wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb|
mviYxKiY (Tabulation)
Z_¨wek¦ †_‡K cÖvß A‡kvwaZ Z_¨ wbqgZvwš¿Kfv‡e mvwi I Kjv‡g cÖKvk Kiv‡KB mviYxKiY
ejv nq|
mviYx wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i †hgb, mij, RwUj, GK gvwÎK, wØgvwµK Ges eûgvwÎK n‡Z cv‡i|
GKwU GKgvwÎK Ges GKwU wØgvwÎK mviYx wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
GKgvwÎK mviYx wefvM wfwËK cv‡Ui wØgvwÎK mviYx wefvM wfwËK cvU I av‡bi Drcv`b
Drcv`b
wefvM cv‡Ui Drcv`b wefvM c‡bï Drcv`b
(†gwUªK Ub) avb cvU
XvKv - XvKv - -
ivRkvnx - ivRkvnx - -
Lyjbv - Lyjbv - -
ewikvj - ewikvj - -
PÆMÖvg - PÆMÖvg - -
wm‡jU - wm‡jU - -
NUbmsL¨v: NUb msL¨v ej‡Z Avgiv †Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡q †Kvb NUbv KZevi msNwVZ nq Zvi msL¨v‡KB
eySvq D`vniY¯îƒc, †Kvb mvevb †Kv¤úvbx‡Z 10 wgwb‡Ui mvevb Drcv`‡bi Z_¨ †bqv nj| cÖwZ wgwb‡U
Drcv`‡bi msL¨v 3, 4, 5, 4, 7, 5, 8, 5, 4, 5 GLv‡b 4 wZb evi, 5 Pvi evi Drcvw`Z n‡q‡Q A_©vr 4
Gi NUbmsL¨v 3 Ges 5 Gi NUbmsL¨v 4|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
NUb msL¨v wb‡ekb: Z_¨wek¦ n‡Z cÖvß Z_¨mg~n‡K KZK¸‡jv wbw`©ó êwk‡óï Dci wbf©i K‡i ÿz`ª ÿz`ª
†kªwY‡Z wef³ Kivi ci D³ †kªwY‡Z KZwU gvb Av‡Q Zv MYbv K‡i †h msL¨v¸wj cvIqv hvq Zv mviYxi
gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv‡K NUbmsL¨v web¨vm e‡j|
NUb msL¨v web¨vm cÖ¯‘Z c×wZ: Z_¨wek¦ n‡Z cÖvß Z_¨ mvaviYZ 2 ai‡bi nq|
1| wew”Qbœ PjK: †h mKj PjK c~Y© msL¨v Øviv cÖKvk Kiv hvq Zv‡K wew”Qbœ PjK e‡j| †hgb: †Kvb
mvevb †Kv¤úvwb‡Z Drcvw`Z mvev‡bi msL¨v cÖwZ wgwb‡U, 4, 5, 6, 7 BZ¨vw` nq Zv n‡j Gai‡bi Z_¨‡K
wew”Qbœ PjK e‡j| wew”Qbœ Pj‡Ki †ÿ‡Î NUb msL¨v wb‡ekb ˆZwi Ki‡Z wbgœwjwLZ c`‡ÿc wb‡Z n‡e|
1| cÖ_g Kjv‡g wew”Qbœ Pj‡Ki gv‡bi DaŸ© µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡Z n‡e|
2| 2q Kjv‡g Pj‡Ki †Kvb gvb KZevi cybive„wË n‡q‡Q Zv MYbv K‡i Uvwj wPý w`‡Z n‡e|
3| 3q Kjv‡g MYbvK…Z Uvwj wPý‡K msL¨vq wj‡L cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e| 3q Kjv‡gi msL¨v‡K NUbmsL¨v
web¨vm ejv n‡e|
D`vniY: NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡mi msÁvq eëüZ D`vniY Abyhvqx mvevb †Kv¤úwbi 10 wgwb‡U Drcvw`Z
mvev‡bi cÖvß Z_¨‡K NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡m mvRv‡j cvB:
wk‡ivYvg Òmvevb †Kv¤úvbx‡Z Drcvw`Z mvev‡bi NUb msL¨v web¨vmÓ|
Drcvw`Z mvev‡bi msL¨v cÖwZ Uvwj wPý NUb msL¨v
wgwb‡U
3 I 1
4 III 3
5 IIII 4
6 0 0
7 I 1
8 I 1
†gvU 10 wU
wb‡R Kiæb: h‡kvi †Rjvi AšÍM©Z AfqbMi _vbvi Pwjkxqv MÖv‡gi 12wU cwiev‡i Rixc K‡i cÖwZ evox‡Z
mšÍv‡bi msL¨vi Z_¨mg~n wb‡gœ †`qv nj| Z_¨mg~n eënvi K‡i GKwU NUb msL¨v wb‡ekb cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb:
1 2 3
3 4 4
0 3 1
2 5 3
2| Awew”Qbœ PjK: Awew”Qbœ PjK †mme Z_¨‡K ejv n‡e hv †Kvb mxgvbv ev cwim‡ii gaëZ©x †h †Kvb
msL¨v n‡e Ges Gi gvb c~Y© msL¨v AvKv‡i A_ev fMœvsk AvKv‡i n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, `ª‡eï g~‡jï Z_¨,
wewfbœ eëmvwqK †jb‡`b, Drcvw`Z c‡Yï evRviì BZ¨vw`|
BDwbU-2 c„ôv: 23
weweGm
Awew”Qbœ Pj‡Ki †ÿ‡Î NUbmsL¨v web¨vm ˆZwii †KŠkj:

K) †kªYx mxgv: †Kvb Z‡_ï m‡e©v”P I me©wbgœ gvb †ei Ki‡Z n‡e| m‡e©v”P I me©wbgœ gv‡bi cv_©K¨‡K
we¯Ívi e‡j| we¯Ívi=m‡e©v”P gvb - me©wbgœ gvb A_©vr we¯Ívi‡K R Øviv cÖKvk Ki‡j R=H-L; H= m‡e©v”P
gvb, L= me©wbgœ gvb|
L) †kªwY msL¨v: Z_¨mg~‡ni cwigv‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i †kªwYmsL¨v wbY©q Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î †kªwY
msL¨v= Z_¨ msL¨v A_©vr 100wU Z_¨ _vK‡j †kªwY msL¨v n‡e| †kªwY msL¨v= 100 = 10wU Ab¨fv‡e
†kªwY msL¨v wbY©q Kiv hvq †kªwY msL¨v‡K K Øviv cÖKvk Ki‡j K=1+3.312 log N; N=Z_¨ msL¨v| G
m~ÎwU H. Struge †ei K‡i‡Qb|
M) †kªYx eëavb: we¯Ívi‡K †kªYx msL¨v Øviv fvM Ki‡j †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K †kªYx eëavb e‡j| A_©vr
R
†kªwY eëavb‡K L Øviv cÖKvk Ki‡j L = | †kªwY eëavb me©`v c~Y© msL¨v wb‡Z nq| mvaviYZ †kªwY
K
eëavb 5, 10 A_ev 5 Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v aiv evÃbxq|
N) ga¨we›`y: †Kvb †kªYxi D”P gvb I wbgœ gv‡bi †hvMdj‡K 2 Øviv fvM Ki‡j H †kªYxi ga¨we›`y cvIqv
hv‡e|
O) †kªwY mxgv: cÖwZ †kªwY wbY©‡qi Rb¨ me©wbgœ gv‡bi mv‡_ †kªYx eëavb †hvM Ki‡j cÖwZ †kªwYi D”P we›`y
cvIqv hv‡e| D³ wbgœgvb I D”Pgvb Gi mxgvbv nj cÖwZ N‡ii †kªwY mxgv|
P) Uvwj wPý: †kªwY mxgvi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z Z_¨ msL¨vwU Uvwj wPý w`‡h cÖKvk Kiv‡K Uvwj wPý ejv nq|
cÖwZ †kªwY‡Z cÖwZ Z‡_ï Rb¨ æ/” wPý w`‡Z n‡e Z‡e 5wU Z_¨ _vK‡j æIIII” wPý w`‡Z n‡e|
Q) NUbmsL¨v: †Kvb †kªwYi Uvwj wP‡ýÕi †gvU msL¨v nj H †kªwYi NUb msL¨v Ges mKj †kªYxi g‡a¨
Aew¯’Z NUbmsL¨vi mgwó nj Z_¨ msL¨v|
R) †hvwRZ NUbmsL¨v: †kªYx¸‡jvi NUbmsL¨v ch©vqµ‡g †hvM Ki‡j †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K †hvwRZ
NUbmsL¨v| me©‡kl cÖvß †hvwRZ NUbmsL¨v Z_¨ msL¨vi mgvb| D`vniY: 30wU †Kv¤úvwbi Avq (jÿ
UvKvq) 1999-2000 ch©šÍ wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj| myweav gZ †kªwY eëavb wb‡q NUb msL¨v web¨vm cÖ¯‘Z
Kiæb;
20 22 35 42 27 49 53 55 39 57
18 16 23 37 35 48 65 65 58 67
25 29 68 65 42 63 49 45 48 69
mgvavb: myweavgZ †kªwY eëavb wbY©q Ki‡Z wbgœ wjwLZ avçwj AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e:
K) we¯Ívi, R=H-L, GLv‡b H=69
=69-16 L=16
=53
L) †kªwY msL¨v K= N = 30 =5.47
A_ev K=1+3.312 log 30

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
=5.89
53
M) †kªwY eëavb, L= =9.68
5.47
A_©vr †kªwY eëavb L=9
N) cÖ_g †kªwY eëavb n‡e me©wbgœ we›`y=16 Gi mv‡_ 9 †hvM Ki‡j †h gvbwU cvIqv hv‡e A_©vr 25 n‡e
H †kªwYi D”P gvb, A_©vr 1g †kªYx mxgv n‡e| 16-25|
Zvn‡j Av‡qi NUbmsL¨v web¨vmwU n‡e wbgœiƒc:
Av‡qi NUbmsL¨v web¨vm
Avq (jÿ UvKv) Uvwj NUb msL¨v ga¨we›`y
16-25 IIII 5 20.5
26-35 II 2 30.5
36-45 IIII II 7 40.5
46-55 IIII I 6 50.5
56-65 IIII 5 60.5
66-75 IIII 5 70.5
Dc‡iv³ †UwejwU nj wb‡Y©q Av‡qi NUb msL¨v web¨vm|

wb‡R Kiæb: bIqvcvov RyU wgjm& wj: †Kv¤úvwb‡Z 52 Rb PvKzixRxwei eq‡mi Z_¨ †Ìqv Av‡Q| GKwU
myweavRbK †kªwY eëavb wb‡q NUb msL¨v web¨vm cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb:
67 34 36 48 49 31 61 34 43 45 38
32 27 61 29 47 36 50 46 30 46 32
30 33 45 49 48 41 53 36 37 37 47
30 46 50 28 35 35 38 36 46 43 34
62 69 50 28 44 43 60 39|
µg‡hvwRZ NUbmsL¨v (Cumulative frequency):

NUb msL¨v web¨vm †Uwe‡j cÖ_g †kªYx n‡Z †kl †kªYx ch©šÍ cÖwZ †kªYxi NUbmsL¨v‡K avivevwnKfv‡e †hvM
K‡i ch©vqµ‡g cÖwZ †kªYxi wecix‡Z ¯’vcb K‡i †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K µg‡hvwRZ NUb msL¨v e‡j|
Av‡cwÿK NUbmsL¨v (Relative frequency):

NUbmsL¨v web¨vm †Uwe‡j cÖwZ †kªYxi NUbmsL¨v‡K †gvU NUbmsL¨v Øviv avivevwnKfv‡e fvM K‡i
ch©vqµ‡g cÖwZ †kªYxi wecix‡Z ¯’vcb K‡i †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K Av‡cwÿK NUbmsL¨v e‡j|
kZKiv NUbmsL¨v (Percentage frequency):
BDwbU-2 c„ôv: 25
weweGm
NUbmsL¨v web¨vm †Uwe‡ji cÖwZ †kªYxi Av‡cwÿK NUbmsL¨v‡K 100 Øviv ¸Y K‡i D³ †kªYxi wecix‡Z
¯’vcb K‡i †h gvb¸wj cvIqv hvq Zv‡K kZKiv NUbmsL¨v e‡j|
wb‡gœ D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ µg‡hvwRZ NUbmsL¨v, Av‡cwÿK NUbmsL¨v I kZKiv NUbmsL¨v †`Lv‡bv nj:
†kªYx eëavb NUbmsL¨v µg‡hvwRZ Av‡cwÿK kZKiv NUbmsL¨v

NUbmsL¨v NUbmsL¨v
0-10 2 2 2 2
=.10 ×100 = 10
+ 20 20
10-20 4 6 4
=.20
4
×100 = 20
+ 20 20
20-30 8 14 8 8
=.40 ×100 = 40
20 20
+
5 5
30-40 5 19 =.25 ×100 = 25
20 20
+ 1 1
40-50 1 20 =.05 ×100 = 5
20 20
†gvU 20 - - 100
mvims‡ÿc
mviYxKiY Gi gva¨‡g NUbmsL¨v web¨vm cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z nq| Z_ï cÖK…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i 2 ai‡bi
Pj‡Ki NUbmsL¨v web¨vm GLv‡b Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q 1. wew”Qbœ Pj‡Ki †ÿ‡Î, 2. Awew”Qbœ Pj‡Ki
†ÿ‡Î|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| mviYxKi‡Yi mv‡_ m¤úK© hy³ c` †KvbwU?
K. ˆè Pqb L. wk‡ivYvg
M. Kjvg I mvwi N. cÖZxK
2| †Kvb †kªwYi Uvwj wPý mg~‡ni mgwó nj|
K. †kªYx eëavb L. NUbmsL¨v
M. †kªYx ga¨we›`y N. †kªYx mxgv

3| †kªYx¸‡jvi NUbmsL¨v ch©vqµ‡g †hvM Ki‡j †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K †hvwRZ NUbmsL¨v e‡j|
4| mviYxKi‡Yi cÖ_g avc nj Z_¨ we‡kølY|

5| mviYx Z_¨mg~n‡K K‡i cÖKvk K‡i|
6| †kªwY eëavb mgvb |
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
7| we¯Ívi‡K †kªYx msL¨v Øviv fvM Ki‡j K) nj cÖwZ N‡ii †kªwYmxgv|
8| wbgœgvb I D”Pgvb Gi mxgvbv L) †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K †kªYx eëavb e‡j|
BDwbU-2 c„ôv: 27
weweGm
cvV-2.3 Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb (Representation of data)
f~wgKv
Avgiv c~e© cvV †_‡K †kªYxe×KiY, mviYxKiY I NUbmsL¨v wb‡ekb m¤ú‡K© †R‡bwQ| cÖvß Z_¨mg~n‡K
mnR‡eva¨ K‡i Rvbvi Rb¨ buKkv I †j‡Li gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| Z_¨mg~‡ni Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv
I A_©en K‡i Rvbvi Rb¨ †jL ev bKukvi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb †KŠkj eZ©gvb cv‡Vi Av‡jvP¨ Kiv nj|
D‡Ïk¨
†jL wK Ges Dc¯’vcb †KŠkj;
bKkvi msÁv Ges Dc¯’vcb †KŠkj;
wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb BZ¨vw`|
†jLwPÎ: †jLwPÎ QK KvM‡R Z_¨mg~n ¯’vcb K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î NUbmsL¨v
web¨vm ev Kvwjb mvixi gva¨‡g cÖvß Z_¨mg~n Dc¯’vcb †ewk Dc‡hvMx|
†jL KvMR Ges †jLwPÎ As¼b †KŠkj t QK KvMR nj, †h KvM‡R A‡bK¸‡jv Avbyf~wgK I
Dj¤^ †iLv Øviv mgvb AvqZ‡bi ÿz`ª ÿz`ª eM©‡ÿÎ ˆZwi _v‡K| †jL wPÎ A¼‡bi c~‡e© QK KvM‡R
Avbyf~wgK †iLv X′OX Ges Dj¤^ †iLv YOY′ aiv nq| QK KvM‡Ri ÿz`ªZg eM©‡ÿÎ‡K GKK a‡ii X
I Y Aÿ eivei ¯^vaxb I Aaxb Pj‡Ki gvb Dc¯’vcb K‡i †jLwPÎ AvuKv nq| wP‡Î GKwU †jL KvMR
Ges †KŠkj †`Lv‡bv nj:
bKukv: bKukv mvaviYZ Z‡_ï êwkó¨mg~n wPÎ AvKv‡i mv`v KvM‡R Dc¯’vcb Kivi †KŠkj‡K ejv nq|
bKukv †jLwP‡Î †P‡q †ewk AvKl©bxq, †mRb¨ cÖ`k©bx‡Z wkí I evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ Dc¯’vc‡b bKukv
eënvi AZ¨šÍ mnR‡eva¨ I Zzjbvg~jK Dc¯’vcb mn‡RB †evaMg¨ I AvKl©bxq|
†jLwP‡Îi cÖKvi‡f`:
Z_¨mg~‡ni: AvKvi ev aiY Abymv‡i wewfbœ ai‡Yi †jLwPÎ eënvi Kiv nq| MbmsL¨v wb‡ekb †_‡K cÖvß
Z_¨ wbgœwjwLZ †jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
1| AvqZ‡jL (Histogram)
2| NUbmsL¨v eûf~R (Frequency Polygon) I NUbmsL¨v †iLv (Frequency Curve)
3| AwRf ev †hvwRZ NUbmsL¨v †iLv (Ogive ev Cumulative frequency curve)
AvqZ†jL: AvqZ†jL AvuKvi Rb¨ MÖvd KvMR cÖ‡qvRb| MÖvd KvM‡Ri X-Aÿ eivei †kªwY eëavb Ges
Y-Aÿ eivei H †kªwYi NUbmsL¨v ¯’vcb Ki‡j †h AvqZ‡ÿÎmg~n cvIqv hv‡e Zv‡KB AvqZ‡jL ejv
n‡e| Awew”Qbœ MbmsL¨v wb‡ekb‡K AvqZ‡j‡Li gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|
D`vnib: 100wU †`vKv‡bi gvwmK Avq (nvRvi UvKvi) Gi Z_¨ wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
gvwmK Avq (nvRvi UvKvq) 0-50 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300
†`vKv‡bi msL¨v 12 18 27 20 17 6
Dc‡iv³ Z_¨ †_‡K AvqZ‡jL A¼b Kiæb|

mgvavb: cÖvß Z_¨ †UwejwU Awew”Qbœ NUbmsL¨v web¨vm| AvqZ‡jLwU AvKvi Rb¨ MÖvd KvM‡R ¯’vcb
Ki‡Z n‡e wbgœfv‡e|
30
25
0-50
20
50-100
100-150
15
150-200
200-250
10
250-300
0
50 100 150 200 250 300
wPÎt AvqZ‡jjL
wb‡R A¼b Kiæb: wb‡P 100 kªwg‡Ki gvwmK Av‡qi GKwU Z‡_ï NUbmsL¨v web¨vm †Ìqv nj| G‡ÿ‡Î
AvqZ‡jL A¼b Kiæb|
gvwmK Avq 3000-3500 3500-4000 4000-4500 4500-5000 5000-5500
(nvRvi UvKvq)
kªwgK msL¨v 3 23 41 25 8
NUb msL¨v eûf~R: NUb msL¨v eûf~R Gi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb MÖvd KvM‡Ri| MÖvd KvM‡Ri
X-Aÿ eivei †kªwY eëav‡bi ga¨gvb I Y-Aÿ eivei H †kªYxi NUbmsL¨v ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| AZci:
cÖvß we›`y¸wj mij †iLv Øviv †hvM Ki‡j †h eûf~R cvIqv hv‡e ZvnvB nj wb‡Y©q msL¨v eûf~R| GQvov
AvhZ †jL †_‡K I NUbmsL¨v eûf~R AuvKv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î AvqZ †j‡Li Dc‡ii evû¸wji ga¨we›`ymg~n
mij †iLv Øviv †hvM Ki‡j NUbmsL¨v eûf~R cvIqv hvq| wb‡Pi D`vniY †_‡K NUbmsL¨v eûf~R Gi
wPÎwU A¼b Kiv nj:
BDwbU-2 c„ôv: 29
weweGm
†`vKv‡bi msL¨v 12 18 27 20 17 6
Dc‡iv³ Z_¨ †_‡K NUbmsL¨v eûf~R wbY©q Kiæb|
30
25
20 0-50
50-100
15 100-150
150-200
10 200-250
250-300
5
0
50 100 150 200 250 300
50 100 150 200 250 300
wPÎt NUbmsL¨v eûf~R
wb‡R Kiæb:
†`vKv‡bi msL¨v 12 18 27 20 17 6
AwRf: AwRf †iLv A¼b Ki‡Z MÖvd KvM‡Ri X-Aÿ eivei NUb msL¨v wb‡ek‡bi cÖwZwU †kªYxi
D”Pmxgv Ges Y-Aÿ eivei cÖwZ †kªYxi †hvwRZ NUbmsL¨v ¯’vcb Kiv nq| AZci mKj †kªYxi we›`y¸‡jv
gy³ n‡¯Í †hvM Ki‡j †h †iLv cvIqv hv‡e Zv‡K AwRf †iLv e‡j| wb‡Pi D`vniY eënvi K‡i Avgiv
AwRf †iLv A¼b Ki‡ev| AwfR †iLvwU wb‡gœ AvuKv nj:
†`vKv‡bi msL¨v 12 18 27 20 17 6
Dc‡iv³ Z_¨ †_‡K AwRf †iLv wbY©q Kiæb|

mgvavb: NUb msL¨v web¨vm †Uwe‡j GKwU AwZwi³ Kjvg G †hvwRZ NUbmsL¨v †ei‡e Ki‡Z n‡e|
A_©vr †UwejwU n‡e-

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
gvwmK Avq (nvRvi NUb msL¨v †`vKv‡bi D”Pmxgv †hvwRZ NUbmsL¨v

UvKvq) msL¨v
0-50 12 50 12
50-100 18 100 30
100-150 27 150 57
150-200 20 200 77
200-250 17 150 94
250-300 6 300 100
†gvU 100
Gevi MÖvd KvM‡Ri X- Aÿ eivei gvwmK Av‡qi D”Pmxgv Ges y- Aÿ eivei NUb msL¨v ¯’vcb Kivi
ci †h we›`y¸wj cvIqv hv‡e, D³ we›`y ¸wj‡K gy³fv‡e †hvM Ki‡j GKwU †iLv cvIqv hv‡e| D³ †iLvwUB
nj AwRf †iLv
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
50 100 150 200 250 300
wPÎt AwRf
`Û wPÎ t `Û wP‡Î cÖ¯’‡K myweavRb we‡ePbvq AvuK‡Z nq| `Û wP‡Î X-Aÿ eivei mgq ev ¯’vb we‡ePbv
Kiv nq Ges Y-Aÿ eivei H ¯’vb ev mg‡qi Drcv`b‡K K‡i `Û AvKv‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv‡K `Û wPÎ
e‡j|
D`vniY: G‡_bv Mv‡g©›Um Gi 1995 †_‡K 1999 mv‡ji Avw_©K †jb‡`b Z_¨ AvKv‡i †Ìqv nj, `Û
wP‡Îi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiæb|
eQi †jb‡`b (†KvwU UvKv)
1995 85.80
1996 109.61
1997 204.29
1998 126.31
1999 209.49
mgvavb: `Û wPÎwU wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
BDwbU-2 c„ôv: 31
weweGm
250
200
150
100
50
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
wPÎt `Û wPÎ
wb‡R Kiæb: wb‡gœi †Kvb ÷xj †Kv¤úvbxi 1995-2000 mvj ch©šÍ ÷xj weµ‡qi cwigv‡bi Z_¨ †`qv
nj| Z_¨ †_‡K `Û wPÎ A¼b Kiæb|
eQi 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
÷x‡ji weµq (nvRvi Ub) 8 10 12 15 9 12
bKukv: cwimsL¨v‡b Z_¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi bKukvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| wewfbœ ai‡bi bKukv
m¤ú‡K© wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
1| GK gvwÎK bKukv (One dimenttional diagram): evi bKkv ev ¯Í¤¢ bKukv
mij evi bKukv wef³ evi bKukv eû wef³ evi bKukv kZKiv evi bKukv
2| wØgvwÎK bKukv (Two dimentional diagram): AvqZ‡ÿÎ, eM©‡ÿÎ Ges e„ËvKvi

3| wcK‡UvMÖvg (pictograms) Ges
4| Kv‡U©vMÖvg (cartograms)
1| GKgvwÎK bKkv: †h wP‡Î †Kvb Pj‡Ki wewfbœ mgqKvjxb ev ¯’vb wfwËK Z_¨mg~n KZK¸wj `‡Ûi
D”PZvi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv‡K `Û wPÎ e‡j| `Û wPÎ‡K GK gvwÎK bKukv ejv n‡q _v‡K|
wØgvwÎK (two dimentinal): cvB-bKukv, wØgvwÎK bKukvi AšÍf©~³ bKukv| †Kvb Z‡_ï wewfbœ Dcv`vb
Dc¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ hw` GKwU e„Ë‡K K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM K‡i †`Lv‡bv nq Z‡e H wPÎ‡K e„ËwPÎ ev cvB
buKkv e‡j| GKwU e„‡Ëi †Kv‡Yi cwigvb 3600| Z‡_ï gvb‡K wWMÖx‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i cvB bKukv A¼b
Kiv nq|
D`vniY: wb‡Pi Z_¨‡K cvB-bKukvi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiæb|

†K›`ª A B C D †gvU
iƒwci msL¨v 1500 3660 1890 2575 9625
% iƒwci kZKiv nvi 16.0 37.0 20.0 27.0 100.0

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
mgvavb: Z_¨¸wj‡K 3600 wWMÖx‡Z cÖKvk Ki‡j cvIqv hv‡e:
†K›`ª A B C D
360 wWMÖx‡Z cÖvß gvb
0
1500 × 360 3660 × 360 1890 × 360 2575 × 360
9625 9625 9625 9625
=56.10 =136.90 =70.70 =96.30
Gevi, cvB- bKukvwU n‡e
16%
27%
20% 37%
wPÎt cvB bKukv
wb‡R Kiæb: wb‡gœi Z_¨‡K cvB bKukvq cÖKvk Kiæb:
Avq-e¨q LiP
A: cwiev‡ii Avq Lv`¨ Kvco wkÿv Ab¨vb¨ D×„Ë
1000 UvKv 300 250 50 380 20
3| wc‡±vMÖvg (Pictograms): Z‡_ï êwkó¨ m¤^wjZ wPÎ Øviv Z_¨‡K Dc¯’vcb Kivi †KŠkj‡K
wc‡±vMÖvg ejv nq| A_©vr wPÎ †`‡LB Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© wRwb‡li m¤ú~Y© avibv cvIqv hvq| D`vniY¯îæc XvKv
wefv‡M cÖwZeQi Mvoxi e„w×i Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Mvox wPÎ w`‡qB cÖKvk Kiv nq|
D`vniY: evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZ eQi Pv‡qi Drcv`b Z_¨ wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj| wc‡±vMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb
Kiæb| Z_¨:
eQi 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
wgwjqb Kg Pv‡qi Drcv`b 421 561 587 645 660 690
BDwbU-2 c„ôv: 33
weweGm
mgvavb:
wPÎt wc‡±vMÖvg
wb‡R Kiæb: evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ wefvMxq kn‡i Mvox eënv‡ii Z_¨ wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj| wc‡±vMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g
Dc¯’vcb Kiæb:
wefvM XvKv ivRkvnx wPUvMs Lyjbv wm‡jU ewikvj
Mvoxi msL¨v 1200 990 850 910 790 600
Kv‡U©vMÖvg: hLb †Kvb Z_¨mg~n gvbwPÎ eënvi K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K Kv‡U©vMÖvg ejv nq|
†hgb, evsjv‡`‡k AÂj wfwËK cv‡Ui Drcv`b‡K evsjv‡`‡ki g¨vc Gu‡K wewfbœ AÂ‡j cvU Drcv`‡bi
cwigvb Dc¯’vcb Kiv‡K Kv‡U©vMÖvg e‡j| Z‡_ï cwigvb‡K †fŠMwjK GK‡K wewfbœ is, WU I †mW BZ¨vw`
eënvi K‡i wbY©q Kiv hvq| †fŠ‡MvwjK ev AvÂwjK Z_¨‡K Zzjbv Kivi Rb¨ Kv‡U©vMÖvg we‡klfv‡e
Dc‡hvMx|
D`vniY: evsjv‡`‡k 6wU wefv‡Mi cv‡U Drcv`b †Ìqv nj| AvÂwjK wfwË‡Z Z_¨¸‡jv Dc¯’vcb Kiæb|
Z_¨: cv‡Ui Drcv`b
wefvM Drcv`b
XvKv (1) 575
Lyjbv (2) 420
ivRkvnx (3) 600
PÆMÖvg (4) 300
wm‡jU (5) 325
ewikvj (6) 400
mgvavb: cv‡Ui Drcv`‡bi Z_¨ evsjv‡`‡ki g¨v‡c AvÂwiK wfwË‡Z †`Lv‡bv nj:

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
wPÎt Kv‡U©vMÖvg
wb‡R Kiæb: evsjv‡`‡ki 6wU wefv‡M cÖwZ eM©gvB‡j RbmsL¨vi Z_¨ †Ìqv nj| Kv‡U©vMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g
Dc¯’vcb Kiæb|
wefvM cÖwZ eM© gvB‡j RbemwZ
XvKv 1000
Lyjbv 419
ivRkvnx 803
wPUvMs 281
wm‡jU 581
ewikvj 277
BDwbU-2 c„ôv: 35
weweGm
mvims‡ÿc
Z_¨mg~‡ni êwk‡ó¨ GK bR‡i aviYv cvIqvi Rb¨ †jL ev bKukvi AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gva¨g| GQvov
wewfbœ Z‡_ï Zzjbvg~jK aviYvI †jL ev bKukvi gva¨‡g AwZ mn‡R cvIqv hvq|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| QK KvM‡R Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb †ewk Dc‡hvMx nj

K. `Û wP‡Î L. wc‡±vMÖv‡g
M. Avqj‡j‡L N. Kv‡U©vMÖv‡g
2| QK KvM‡R X- Aÿ eivei †kªYxi D”Pmxgv Mb¨ K‡i ¯’vcb Kiv nq
K. cvB bKukvq L. `Û wP‡Î
M. AvqZ‡jL G N. AwRf †iLvq

3| bKukvq Z‡_ï êwk‡ó¨mg~n mv`v KvM‡R Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|
4| †jL ev bKkuv Z_¨mg~‡ni A_©en Zzjbv Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

5| AvqZ †j‡Li gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|
6| `Û wPÎ‡K bKukv ejv n‡q _v‡K|
7| Z_¨ gvb‡K K‡i cvB bKukv A¼b Kiv nq|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
8| Z‡_ï êwk‡ó¨ m¤^wjZ wPÎ Øviv Z_¨‡K K) mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K
Kv‡U©vMÖvg e‡j|
9| hLb †Kvb Z_¨‡K gvbwP‡Îi L) Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|
10| Awew”Qbœ MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb‡K AvqZ‡j‡Li M) Dc¯’vcb Kivi †KŠkj‡K wc‡±vMÖvg e‡j|
gva¨‡g
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-2
1| †kªYxe×Ki‡Yi msÁv wjLyb| †kªYxe×Ki‡Yi Kvh©KvixZv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| mviYxKi‡Yi msÁv wjLyb| mviYxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ wKfv‡e NUbmsL¨v wb‡ekb †Uwej Kiv hvq Av‡jvPbv
Kiæb|
3| NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡mi msÁv wjLyb| abvZ¥K ew¼gZvi êwkó¨¸‡jv wjLyb| abvZ¥K ew¼gZv I abvZ¥K
ew¼gZvi cv_©K¨ wjLyb|
4| †Kvb †Kv¤úvbxi ‰`wbK gyRyixi Z_¨ mviYx‡Z †Ìqv nj| NUb msL¨v web¨vm †_‡K-
1| AvqZ‡jL A¼b Kiæb
2| NUbmsL¨v eûf~R A¼b Kiæb
3| AwRf A¼b Kiæb
Z_¨:
‰`wbK gyRyix
40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120 120-140 140-160 160-180 180-200
(UvKvq)
kªwg‡Ki msL¨v 6 15 31 44 26 15 4 1
6| KZK¸‡jv cvBKvix we‡µZvi weµ‡qi NUbmsL¨v web¨vm wb‡gœi mviYx‡Z †Ìqv nj:
BDwbU-2 c„ôv: 37
weweGm
ˆ`wbK weµq (jÿ UvKvq) cvBKvix we‡µZvi msL¨v

10-20 8
20-30 12
30-40 20
40-50 10
50-60 7
60-70 5
†gvU 62
Dc‡ii Z_¨ †_‡K

1| AvqZ‡jLv
2| NUbmsL¨v eûf~R
3| AwRf A¼b Kiæb

BDwbU
†K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc
3 (Measures of Central Tendency)
f~wgKv
c~e© BDwbU †_‡K Avgiv Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ †R‡bwQ| Z_¨mg~‡ni Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb QvovI
msL¨vZ¥K we‡kølY Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| msL¨vMZ we‡kølY Rvb‡Z Z_ïvwki GKwU cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix msL¨v Rvbv
ìKvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix msL¨v †ei Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ c×wZ i‡q‡Q| †hgb, Mo, ga¨K I cÖPziK BZ¨vw`
cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix Z_¨gvb| G Aa¨v‡q Avgiv cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix msL¨v wbY©q c×wZ A_©vr †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv wbY©q
c×wZmg~n wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|
D‡Ïk¨
†K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi msÁv;
wewfbœ cÖKvi M‡oi msÁv I myweav Amyweavmg~n;
ga¨gv wbY©q c×wZ;
cÖPziK wbY©q c×wZ;
wewfbœ cÖKvi mgm¨vi mgvavb|
weweGm
cvV-3.1 Mo Ges Gi cwigvc (Mean and its measurements)

f~wgKv
Z_¨wek¦ †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨mg~‡ni †K‡›`ªi w`‡K cywÄf~Z nIqvi GKUv cÖeYZv _v‡K| Z_¨mg~‡ni †K‡›`ªi
w`‡K hvIqvi cÖeYZv‡K †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv e‡j| †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvcK nj Mo, ga¨K I cÖPziK| G
cv‡V Avgiv Mo I M‡oi eënvi BZ¨vw` Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|
D‡Ïk¨
M‡oi msÁv;
M‡oi cÖKvi‡f`;
M‡oi myweav I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv;
Mo: Mo ej‡Z Avgiv Ggb GKwU cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix msL¨v‡K eywS hv msM„nxZ Z‡_ï ga¨we›`y
ev †K›`ª we›`y‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i| A_©vr cÖvß Z_¨mg~‡ni †hvM dj‡K Z_¨ msL¨v Øviv fvM Ki‡j
†h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K Mo e‡j| Mo wZb cÖKvi-
1| MvwYwZK Mo (Arithmetic Mean)
2| ¸wbZK Mo (Geometric Mean)
3| Zi½ Mo (Harmonic mean)
1| MvwYwZK Mo (Arithmetic Mean): MwY‡Zi m~Î eënvi K‡i Mo cwigvc Kiv‡K MvwYwZK Mo e‡j|
G‡ÿ‡Î Mo wbY©‡q cÖvß Z_¨‡K msL¨v evwb‡q MvwYwZK wPý eënvi Kiv nq| aiv hvK x1, x2 ...... xn; n
wU Z_¨ i‡q‡Q| AZGe M‡oi msÁvbymv‡i Z_¨ mg~‡ni †hvMdj‡K Z_¨msL¨v Øviv fvM Ki‡j †h gvb
cvIqv hvq Zv‡K Mo e‡j| Z_¨mg~‡ni
Z_¨mg ~‡ ni mgwó
A_©vr Mo =
Z_¨ msL¨v
GLb, MvwYwZK Mo‡K Avgiv wbgœiƒ‡c msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z cvwi-
x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + .... + x n
MvwYwZK Mo, AM=
n
x 1 + x 2 + .... + x n
MvwYwZK Mo‡K x Øviv cÖKvk Ki‡j MvwYwZK Mo, x =
n
n
= ∑ x n ; i=1, 2 ..... n|
i =1
GLv‡b, ∑ (mv‡gkb) GKwU MÖxK eY©, hv †hvMdj cÖKvk K‡i|
†K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc c„ô: 40

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
n
xi
AZGe, x = ∑ ; i =1, 2......... n|
i =1 n
A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_ï MvwYwZK Mo|
D`vniY: 10 Rb kªwg‡Ki gyRyix h_vµ‡g 45, 40, 50, 60, 90, 80, 70, 75, 60, 65 nq Z‡e
kªwgK‡ì Mo gyRyix wbY©q Kiæb|
45 + 40 + 50 + 60 + 90 + 80 + 70 + 75 + 60 + 65
mgvavbt Mo gyRyix, x =
10
635
= =63.5
10
AZGe, 10 Rb kªwg‡Ki Mo gyRyix nj 63.5|
wb‡R Kiæb: wdwjcm& †Kv¤úvwb‡Z wgwb‡U ev‡j¦i Drcv`b wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj|
wgwbU 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Drcvw`Z ev‡j¦i msL¨v 50 60 65 60 70 55 40 45
ev‡j¦i Mo Drcv`b wbY©q Kiæb|
mswÿß c×wZ‡Z Mo wbY©q:
hw` Z_¨gvjvq Z_¨ msL¨v A‡bK †ewk nq A_ev msL¨v ¸‡jv A‡bK eo nq †mme †ÿ‡Î Mo wbY©q †ek
RwUj nq Ges mgq I †ewk jv‡M| Gme †ÿ‡Î mswÿß c×wZ‡Z Mo wbY©q Kiv nq|
mswÿß Mo wbY©q:
1| cÖ_‡g GKwU AvbygvwbK msL¨v ev AvbygvwbK Mo ev Z_¨ mvwii ga¨¯’v‡b †h msL¨vwU Ae¯’vb K‡i
†mUv‡K Kíbvq Avb‡Z n‡e|
2| cÖwZ Z_¨ msL¨v †_‡K D³ msL¨vwU we‡qvM K‡i cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| cÖvß Z_¨¸wj †hvM K‡i †gvU msL¨v w`‡q fvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
4| Gi ci cÖvß Z‡_ï mv‡_ KwíZ Mo ev AvbygvwbK Mo †hvM Ki‡j Mo cvIqv hv‡e|
mswÿß c×wZ‡Z MvwYwZK M‡oi myÎwU nj x = A + ∑

(X i - A)
; i = 1,2, ..... N
N
†hLv‡b A = AvbygvwbK Mo
Xi = Z_¨ mvwii gvb
N = †gvU Z_¨ msL¨v
BDwbU-3 c„ôv: 41
weweGm
D`vnib: Pwjkxqv MÖv‡g eviwU cwiev‡ii gvwmK Li‡Pi Z_¨ wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
cwiev‡ii msL¨v gvwmK LiP Xi (UvKv) cwiev‡ii msL¨v gvwmK LiP Xi (UvKv)
1 8206 7 8250
2 7912 8 7952
3 8502 9 7521
4 8220 10 8357
5 7530 11 8850
6 8123 12 8213
mgvavb: Avgiv mswÿß M‡oi m~ÎwU †_‡K cvB, x = A + ∑

(X i - A)
; i = 1,2, ..... 12
N
cwiev‡ii i = 1,2, ..... 12 Xi - A ∑ (X i - A)
msL¨v x =A +
gvwmK LiP (UvKv) N
1 8206 -44 Mo, x
2 7912 -338 =8250+(-113.34)
3 8502 252 =8136.67
4 8220 -30
5 7530 A=8 -720
6 8123 250 -127
7 8250 0
8 7952 -298
9 7521 -725
10 8357 107
11 8850 600
12 8213 -37
∴wb‡Y©q Mo = 8136.67
wb‡R Kiæb: dzjZjv _vbvi 10wU †`vKv‡bi ˆ`wbK Av‡qi ZvwjKv wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj, mswÿß c×wZ‡Z Mo
wbY©q Kiæb|
†`vKv‡bi msL¨v Avq (UvKvq) †`vKv‡bi msL¨v Avq (UvKvq)

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
1 5270 6 9975
2 10,570 7 8325
3 9275 8 8575
4 9590 9 9580
5 10,115 10 10,122
NUbmsL¨v wb‡ekb ev †kªYxK…Z Z_¨ †_‡K Mo wbY©q: Z_¨mg~n hw` A‡bK nq A_©vr 30 Gi Dc‡i nq
ZLb mivmwi Mo wbY©q Kiv KwVb Gme †ÿ‡Î NUb msL¨vweb¨vm AvKv‡i Z_¨‡K mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv nq| GB
mwbœ‡ewkZ Z_¨‡K †kªYxK…Z Z_¨ ejv nq|
n
∑f x i i
i=l
†kªYxK…Z Z_¨ †_‡K Mo wbY©‡qi m~ÎwU nj, x = n
; i = 1,2, ..... N
N = ∑ fi
i =l
†hLv‡b fi=NUbmsL¨v
xi= Z_¨msL¨v
N= †gvU Z_¨msL¨v
GKwU D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g Avgiv we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| wb‡gœi †kªYx Z_¨ †_‡K Mo wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e,
N›Uv cÖwZ kªwg‡Ki msL¨v ga¨we›`y fixi Mo
kªwg‡Ki gyRyixi fi xi
†kªYxmxgv (UvKv)
0-5 10 2.5 25 ∑f xi i 1250
x= =
5-10 20 7.5 150 N 100
10-15 40 12.5 500 =12.50
15-20 20 17.5 350
20-25 10 22.5 225
∴wb‡Y©q gyRyixi Mo = 12.50

wb‡R Kiæb: 6 ai‡bi kªwgK †Kvb GKwU KviLvbvq wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Q| Zv‡ì ˆ`wbK Av‡qi GKwU Z_¨
wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj| Mo wbY©q Kiæb|
kªwg‡Ki aib kªwg‡Ki cÖwZ w`‡bi Avq (UvKvq) kªwg‡Ki msL¨v
BDwbU-3 c„ôv: 43
weweGm
†gKvwbK 90-95 2
wdUvm© 95-100 14
B‡jw±ªwkqvb 100-105 20
w¯§_ 105-110 7
K¬vK© 110-115 6
Kvi‡cbUvi 115-120 1
†gvU 50
†kªYxK…Z Z‡_ï mswÿß c×wZ‡Z Mo wbY©q: †kªYxK…Z Z_¨ †_‡K mswÿß c×wZ‡Z Mo wbY©‡qi m~ÎwU nÔj,
x=A +
∑f d i i
× c; i = 1,2, .....N
N
†hLv‡b, x = †hvwRZ Mo
A= AvbygvwbK Mo
c= †kªYx e¨vwß
xi - A
d=
c
f= cÖwZ †kªYxi NUbmsL¨v
N= ∑ fi =NUb msL¨vi †hvMdj
D`vniY: h‡kvi †Rjvi K‡qKwU gv‡K©‡U cÖ‡Z¨K w`‡b gyiMxi weµq g~j¨ I msL¨vi Z_¨ wb‡gœ †Ìqv nq|
mswÿß c×wZ‡Z Mo wbY©q Kiæb|
weµq g~‡jï †kªYx eëavb (UvKvq) gyiMxi msL¨v

0<70 505
70-75 1000
75-80 1200
80-85 608
85-90 500
90-95 325
95> 125
†gvU 4263
mgvavb: Z_¨wU †kªYxK„Z| Mo wbY©‡qi Rb¨ wbb¥wjwLZfv‡e gvb¸‡jv †ei Ki‡Z n‡e:

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
weµq g~‡jï gyiMxi ga¨we›`y xi - A fidi

†kªYx eëavb msL¨v
di= x=A +
∑f d
i i
×c
xi Xi c
N
<70 505 67.5 -3 -1515  − 3190 
x =82.5+  ×5
70-75 1000 72.5 -2 -2000  4263 
75-80 1200 77.5 -1 -1200 =82.5+(-3.741)
80-85 608 82.5 0 0
=82.5-3.741
85-90 500 87.5 1 500
95-95 325 92.5 2 650 =78.75
95> 125 97.5 3 375
†gvU N=4263 ∑ di = 0 ∑ fidi = -3190
∴wb‡Y©q gyiMxi Mo g~j¨ = 78.75 UvKv
wb‡R Kiæb: wb‡gœi Z_¨ †_‡K Mo (mswÿß c×wZ‡Z) wbY©q Kiæb:

kªwg‡Ki aib kªwg‡Ki cÖwZ w`‡bi Avq (UvKvq) kªwg‡Ki msL¨v
†gKvwbK 90-95 2
wdUvm© 95-100 14
B‡jw±ªqvb 100-105 20
w¯§_ 105-110 7
K¬vK© 110-115 6
Kvi †cbUvi 115-120 1
†gvU 50
MvwbwZK M‡oi êwkó¨ : MvwYwZK M‡oi êwkó¨¸wj wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:

i) cÖwZwU Z_¨ †_‡K Z‡_ï M‡oi wePz¨wZi †hvMdj ÒïY¨Ó m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡j Avgiv cvB-
n - -
∑ (xi - x) = 0 ,
i =l
x =Z_¨mg~‡ni Mo|
ii) MvwYwZK Mo g~j I gvcbxi Dci wbf©ikxj|

hw` X1, X2, .........Xn; n wU Z_¨ nq Ges cÖwZwU Z_¨ †_‡K g~j æa” we‡qvM Ges gvcbx æh w`‡q fvM
- -
Ki‡j bZzb †h Z_¨ Avgiv cvB †mB Z‡_ï Mo g~j I gvcbxi Dci wbf©ikxj G †ÿ‡Î Mo x =a+ u h;
a=gyj
-
h=gvcbx Ges u = bZzb Z_ï Mo
BDwbU-3 c„ôv: 45
weweGm
k + k + ..... + k nk
iii) aªæeK msL¨vi Mo me©`v aªæeK| n wU k msL¨vi Mo = = =k
n n
MvwYwZK M‡oi myweav:

• MvwYwZK Mo mnR cwigvcK
• A‡kªbxK…Z Z_¨ †_‡K mn‡R MvwYwZK Mo wbY©q Kiv hvq|
• MvwYwZK Mo MvwbwZK I exRMvwYwZK cÖwµqv Av‡iv‡ci Dc‡hvMx|
• MvwYwZK M‡oi eënvi me©vwaK
• bgybvi ZviZg¨ n‡jI MvwYwZK Mo Kg cÖfvweZ nq|
Amyweav:
• MvwYwZK Mo Abygv‡bi Dci wbY©q Kiv hvq bv|
• ‡h me Z_¨ gvb Lye eo Ges Lye †QvU wgwkªZ †mme †ÿ‡Î MvwbwZK Mo mwVKfv‡e cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv|
• Z_¨mg~‡ni mxgv‡iLv Rvbv bv _vK‡j Mo wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e bq
• MÖv‡di gva¨‡g MvwbwZK Mo wbY©q Kiv hvq bv|
• MvwbwZK Mo Ggb GKwU msL¨v gvb n‡Z cv‡i hv Z_¨mg~‡n we`¨gvb bq|
eënvi:
eënvwiK Rxe‡b MvwYwZK M‡oi eënvi we¯Z…Z| ZvQvov eënvwiK cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖwZ †ÿ‡ÎB MvwYwZK
M‡oi eënvi Ab¯^xKvh©| †hgb, gvwmK Mo Avq, Mo †jb‡`b, †Kv¤úvwbi wnmve-wbKvk, †Kvb c‡Yï Mo
Avg`vbx ißvbxi I c‡Yï Pvwn`v BZ¨vw`‡Z MvwYwZK Mo eënvi K‡i mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv hvq|
2| ¸wbZK Mo (Geometric Mean): ¸wbZK Mo †K›`ªxq cÖebZvi GKwU we‡kl cwigvcK|

mvaviYZ AvbycvwZK wnmve, kZKiv wnmve Ges cwieZ©‡bi nv‡ii †ÿ‡Î ¸wbZK Mo eënvi Dc‡hvMx|
ZvQvov A_©‰bwZK I evwYwR¨K Z_¨ we‡kølY †hgb m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡q ¸wYZK Mo eënvi Kiv nq|
¸wbZK M‡oi msÁv Abymv‡i Avgiv cvB:
Ak~Y¨ abvZ¥K n msL¨vK Z‡_ï ¸bd‡ji n Zg g~j‡K H Z‡_ï ¸wbZK Mo e‡j A_©vr ¸wbZK Mo
G.M = n x 1 .x 2 .x 3 ........x n
1
= ( x 1 .x 2 .x 3 ........x n ) n
Dfq cv‡k¦© log wb‡j cvB-
1
log(G.M) = log( x1 .x2 ......x n )
n
1
= [log x1 + logx2 + ...... + log n ]
n
1 x
= ∑ log xi ; i = 1,2.........n ]
n i =1

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
1 x 
G.M=Antilog  ∑ log xi ; i = 1,2,.........n 
 n i =1 
D`vniY: 5wU Jla †Kv¤úvwbi jf¨vs‡ki kZKiv nvi Gi Z_¨ wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj| †Kv¤úvwb¸wji ¸wbZK Mo wbY©q
Kiæb:
Z_¨
†Kv¤úvbx A B C D E
jf¨vs‡ki 2 4 8 7 10
kZKiv nvi
mgvavb: Dc‡ii Z_¨¸wj‡K mvwR‡q wjL‡j cvB:

‡Kv¤úvbx jf¨vs‡ki nvi xi log (xi)
A 2 .3010  5
1 
B 4 .5979 G.M =Antilog ∑ log xi 
C 8 .9451
n  i -1 
D 7 .8451 =antilog[.7371]
E 10 1.0000 =5.519
∑ logxi = 3.6871
1
∴G.M=Antilog[ × 3.6871]
5
∴¸wbZK Mo G.M=5.519
wb‡R Kiæb: wb‡Pi Z_¨ †_‡K ¸wbZK Mo wbY©q Kiæb
Z_¨: 4, 16, 64, 256, 1024
†kªYxK…Z Z_¨mg~‡ni ¸wbZK Mo wbY©q:

hw` xi, i-Zg †kªYxi ga¨we›`y Ges NUbmsL¨v fi nq Zvn‡j ¸wbZK Mo‡K wbgœfv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv hvq
1
 f f f f N
¸wbZK Mo (†kªYxK…Z Z‡_ï), GM=  x 1 x 2 x 3 ......x k  ;
 1 2 3 k
n
N= ∑ fi; i = 1,2,.....n
i =1
1   f1 f2 f 3 f k 
∴log G.M = log x x x ......x 
N  1 2 3 k 
1
= [ f1 log x1 + f 2 logx 2 + ..... + f k logx k ]
N
BDwbU-3 c„ôv: 47
weweGm
1 k 
=  ∑ fi log xi ; i = 1,2,.........k 
N  i =1 
1 k 
G.M =Antilog  ∑ fi log x i ; i = 12.....n
N  i =1 
D`vniY: 1980 mv‡ji mv‡_ wewfbœ eQ‡ii Pv‡ji Drcv`‡bi Zzjbvg~jK Drcv`‡bi GKwU cwieZ©‡bi
Z_¨ wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj| ¸wbZK Mo wbY©q Kiæb|
†kªYx eëavb erm‡ii msL¨v

(Drcv`b cwieZ©‡bi
nvi)
100-125 3
125-150 2
150-175 4
175-200 5
200-225 3
225-250 2
250-275 2
†gvU 21
mgvavb: Z_¨¸‡jv wb‡gœ †Uwej Abymv‡i mvwR‡q cvB

†kªYx eëavb eQ‡ii msL¨v ga¨we›`y filogxi  logx 
antilog Σ
(Drcv`‡bi f1 xi  N 
cwieZ©‡bi nvi)
100-125 3 112.5 6.15346 1 
125-150 2 137.5 4.27661 = Antilog  × 47.21016 
 21 
150-175 4 162.5 8.84341 = Antilog(2.248103)
175-200 5 187.5 11.36501 = 177.05
200-225 3 212.5 6.98208
225-250 2 237.5 4.75133
250-275 2 262.5 4.83826
∴G.M=177.05
wb‡R Kiæb: wb‡gœi Z_¨ †_‡K ¸wbZK Mo wbY©q Kiæb|
jv‡fi 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25

kZKiv nvi
†Kv¤úvwbi 2 4 6 3 2

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
msL¨v
¸wYZK M‡oi myweav:

¸wbZK M‡oi myweav ¸wj wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
• ¸wYZK M‡oi msÁv h‡_ó ¯úó
• Z_¨mg~‡ni kZKiv nvi, AbycvZ BZ¨vwì †ÿ‡Î ¸wbZK Mo eënvi mnR‡eva¨
• ¸wbZK Mo gyj I gvcbxi gvbmg~n Øviv cÖfvweZ nq
• myPK msL¨v ˆZwi‡Z ¸wbZK Mo eënvi nq
¸wbZK M‡oi Amyweav:

¸wbZK M‡oi Amyweav¸wj wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
• MvwYwZK wel‡q Ávb bv _vK‡j ¸wbZK Mo wbY©q Kiv KwVb
• Z_¨ gv‡bi g‡a¨ ïb¨ I FbvZ¥K gvb _vK‡j ¸wbZK Mo wbY©q Kiv hvq bv|
• jM Gi gva¨g Qvov ¸wbZK Mo wbY©q KwVb|
3| Zi½ Mo (Harmonic Mean): Zi½ Mo †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv cwigv‡ci Avi GKwU we‡kl cwigvcK|
KZK¸‡jv we‡kl †ÿÎ †hgb, †kqvi cÖwZ Avq, UvKv cÖwZ cY¨ µ‡qi cwigvb, cÖwZ N›Uvq `yiZ¡ AwZµg
BZ¨vw` ai‡bi Z‡_ï Mo wbY©‡q Zi½ Mo we‡klfv‡e Dc‡hvMx| Zi½ M‡oi msÁv wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
Z_¨ gvb mg~‡ni Dëb gvb¸‡jvi MvwYwZK M‡oi Dëb‡K Zi½ Mo e‡j| hw` x1, x2,.....xn; n wU Aïb¨
Z_¨ nq Zvn‡j Zi½ M‡oi msÁvbyhvqx cvB-
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Z_¨mg~‡ni Dëb gvb, , ,........ Gi MvwYwZK Mo=  + + ........ +  Gi Dëb
x1 x 2 xn n  x1 x2 xn 
dj‡K Zi½ Mo e‡j|
1
A_©vr H.M =
11 1 1 
 + + .... + 
n  x1 x 2 xn 
1
=
1 1 
∑ ; i = 1,2,.......n 
n  x1 
n
= n
; i = 1,2,.....n
1
∑
i =1 x i
n
∴Zi½ Mo, HM n
; i = 1,2,.....n
1
∑
i =1 x i
BDwbU-3 c„ôv: 49
weweGm
D`vniY: QqwU mvevb †Kv¤úvbxi †kqvi cÖwZ Avq †Ìqv nj
mvevb †Kv¤úvbx A B C D E F
‡kqvi cÖwZ Avq 5 10 25 20 25 30
(UvKv)
mgvavb: Z_¨ ¸‡jv‡K mvwR‡q Avgiv cvB-

mvevb †Kv¤úvbx †kqvi cÖwZ Avq, xi 1 n
Zi½ Mo=
(UvKvq) xi 1
∑x
i
1
= .20
A 5 5 n
H.M=
1 1
B 10 10
= .10 ∑x
i
1 5
C 15 = .07 =
15 5.493
1
= .05 =10.141
D 20 20
1
E 25 25
= .04
1
F 30 = .033
30
1
∑ x =.493
i
∴wb‡Y©q Zi½ Mo = 10.141

wb‡R Kiæb: GKwU †Kv¤úvwb‡Z 5wU BDwb‡U KvR †kl nq h_vµ‡g A BDwb‡U 4 wgwb‡U, B BDwb‡U 5
wgwb‡U, C BDwb‡U 6 wgwb‡U, D BDwb‡U 10 wgwb‡U Ges E BDwb‡U 12 wgwb‡U| Zi½ Mo wbY©q Kiæb|
†kªYxK„Z Z‡_ï Zi½Mo wbY©q:

†kªYxK…Z NUbmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi †ÿ‡Î A_©vr n msL¨K gvb‡K hw` k †kªYx wewkó NUbmsL¨v wb‡ek‡b
iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv hvq A_©vr hw` i Zg †kªYxi ga¨gvb xi Ges cÖwZ †kªYxi NUbmsL¨v fi nq Zvn‡j Zi½ M‡oi
msÁvbymv‡i cvB-
n
H.M=
f1 f 2 f
+ + ..... + k
x1 x2 xk

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
k
N
= k ; N= ∑ fi; i = 1,2,...k
fi
∑i =1 x i
i =1
D`vnviY: wb‡Pi Z_¨ †_‡K Zi½ Mo wbY©q Kiæb:
†kqvi cÖwZ Avq (UvKvq) †Kv¤úvwbi msL¨v

5-10 1
10-15 2
15-20 3
20-25 2
25-30 1
†gvU 9
Zi½ M‡oi myweav:

Zi½ M‡oi myweav¸wj wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
• Zi½ M‡oi myÎ mnRfv‡e eySv hvq|
• Zi½ Mo mKj Z_¨gv‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i wbY©q Kiv nq|
• Z_¨gvb Lye eo ev †QvU n‡j Zi½ Mo cÖfvweZ nq bv|
• †kqvi cÖwZ Avq, UvKv cÖwZ cY¨ µ‡qi cwigvc, cÖwZ N›Uvq AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ cÖf„wZ †ÿ‡Î Zi½ Mo
eënvi myweav RbK|
• Zi½ Mo MvwbwZK cwiMbbvq Dc‡hvMx|
Amyweav: Zi½ M‡oi Amyweav:

• NUbmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi †Kvb †kªYxi cÖvß gvb k~b¨ n‡j Zi½ Mo wbY©q KwVb
• Zi½ M‡oi myÎ eyS‡Z Amyweav nq|
• A_©‡bwZK we‡køl‡Y Zi½ Mo Gi eënvi mxwgZ|
fvi Av‡ivwcZ Mo (weighted mean): fvi Av‡ivwcZ MZ Mo Z_¨mg~‡ni ÔmeKqwU gvb‡K mgvb ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q
†ei Kiv nq| ZviZg¨gy³ cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK Mo †c‡Z n‡j cÖwZwU Z_¨gvb‡K Zvi cÖvavbï AbycvZ w`‡q ¸b K‡i
mgvb ¸iæZ¡ m¤úbœ Z_¨gvb wbY©q Kiv nq| AZci Zv‡ì mgwó‡K ¸iæZ¡ mg~‡ni †gvU msL¨v w`‡q fvM Ki‡j †h
gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K fvi Av‡ivwcZ Mo ejv nq| fvi Av‡ivwcZ Mo wbY©‡qi Rb¨ GKwU m~Î msÁvbyhvqx wjL‡Z
cvwi-
fvi Av‡ivwcZ Mo †K x w Øviv cÖKvk Ki‡j x w =

∑ (w × x)
∑w
†hLv‡b W = cÖwZwU Z‡_ï ¸iæ‡Z¡i gvb
x = cÖwZwU Z‡_ï gvb
∑ w = ¸iæ‡Z¡i mgwó
BDwbU-3 c„ôv: 51
weweGm
D`vniY: aiv hvK wZb ai‡bi kªwgK `yB ai‡bi Drcv`b m¤úv`b K‡i‡Q| Drcv`‡bi Z_¨ wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
kªwg‡Ki aib N›Uvq Avq (UvKvq) Drcv`b
Drcv`b-1 Drcv`b-2
A`ÿ 40 1 4
Aa©`ÿ 60 2 3
`ÿ 90 5 3
mgvavb: Z_¨¸wj‡K mvwR‡q wjL‡j cvB

kªwg‡Ki N›Uvq Drcv`‡bi cÖ‡qvRb
aiY Avq
A`ÿ 40 Drcv`b-1 Drcv`b-2 1 2 5
(40 × + 60 × + 90 ×
x1w = 8 8 8 = 76.25 =76.25
1 4 1 2 5
( + + ) 1
A`©`ÿ 60 8 10 8 8 8
2 3 4 3 3
(40 × + 60 × + 90 ×
8 10 10 10 10 = 47.5 =47.50
`ÿ 90 x 2w =
4 3 3
5 3 + + 1
10 10 10
8 10
∴kªwg‡Ki cÖwZ N›Uvq Drcv`b-1 Gi fvi Av‡ivwcZ Mo, x 1w =76.25 UvKv Ges Drcv`b-2 Gi †ÿ‡Î fvi
Av‡ivwcZ Mo x 2 w =47.5 UvKv|
wb‡R KiæY: †Kvb GKwU †Kv¤úvwb cÖwZ e¨vM 20 †KwR wnmv‡e wKQy msL¨K Kqjv Aa© erm‡ii Rb¨ µq Ki‡jv|
wb‡gœi †Ìqv Z_¨ †_‡K mij Mo I fvi Av‡ivwcZ Mo †ei Kiæb|
gvm cÖwZ e¨v‡Mi `vg µqK…Z e¨v‡Mi gvm cÖwZ e¨v‡Mi `vg µqK…Z ev‡Mi
(UvKvq) msL¨v (UvKvq) msL¨v
RvbyÕ 2005 42.05 25 GwcÖj 52.00 52
†deªæ 51.25 30 †g 44.25 10
gvP© 50.00 40 Ryb 54.00 45
mvims‡ÿc
Z_¨ wek¦ †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨mg~n †K‡›`ªi †Kvb GKwU gv‡bi w`‡K hvIqvi cÖeYZv _v‡K| ZvB Z‡_ï G
cÖeYZv‡K †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv e‡j| G cv‡V ïaygvÎ A.M.; G.M.; H.M. Ges W.M. wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœt

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb

1| †KvbwU MvwbwZK M‡oi myÎ|
K. x1 x2 ...........x p L. ∑x i
N
N logx i
M. N. ∑
1 N
∑x
i
2| N msL¨K aªæeK msL¨vi Mo KZ?

K. N L. aªæeK
M. æO” N. 1
mZ¨/wg_¨v wbY©q
3| Z_¨ mg~‡ni †hvMdj‡K Z_¨ msL¨v Øviv fvM Ki‡j Mo cvIqv hvq|
4| Mo g~jZ gvcbxq Dci wbf©ikxj|
ïb¨¯’vb c~iY:
5| x = |
6| ¸wYZK Mo wbY©‡q gvb cÖ‡qvRb|
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
7| m~PK ˆZwi Ki‡Z ¸wbZK K) M‡oi †P‡q †QvU

8| Zi½ Mo me©`v MvwYwZK L) cwigvc
9| Mo †Kw›`ªq cÖeYZvi GKwU M) Mo eënvi Kiv nq
BDwbU-3 c„ôv: 53
weweGm
cvV-3.2 ga¨gv I Gi cwigvc (Median and its Measurement)

f~wgKv
ga¨gv †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv cwigv‡ci GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwigvcK| ga¨gv mvaviYZ ga¨K gv‡bi GKwU Ae¯’vb
MZ cwigvc| G cv‡V ga¨gv I Gi eënvi, myweav, Amyweav BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
D‡Ïk¨
ga¨gvi msÁv
ga¨gvi cwigvc c×wZ
‡kªYxK…Z Z_¨ †_‡K ga¨gvi cwigvc
wewfbœ MÖvd †_‡K ga¨gvi cwigvc
ga¨gvi myweav, Amyweav I eënvi
ga¨gv
ga¨gv ej‡Z Z_¨mvwii me© ga¨¯’v‡b Ae¯’vbK…Z Z_¨gvb‡K eySvq| Z_¨mg~n‡K gv‡bi
µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡j me‡P‡q ga¨ ¯’v‡b †h Z_¨gvbwU _v‡K Zv‡K ga¨gv e‡j| A_©vr †`Lv hv‡”Q
ga¨gv Z_¨ msL¨vi Dci wbf©i K‡i| hw` Z_¨gvb we‡Rvo nq Zvn‡j ga¨we›`y n‡e-
n +1
ga¨we›`y= Zg gvb| GLv‡b Z_¨mg~n‡K gv‡bi µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡Z n‡e Avevi hw` Z_¨ msL¨v
2
†Rvo nq Zvn‡j GKBfv‡e Z_¨ gvb‡K gv‡bi µgvbymv‡i mvwR‡q ga¨gv‡bi Ae¯’vb wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
n n
ga¨gv‡bi Ae¯’vb ev ga¨ we›`y n‡e=( Ges + 1 ) Zg gvbØ‡qi MvwYwZK Mo gvb|
2 2
D`vniY Øviv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj: hLb n we‡Rvo msL¨v:
D`vniY-1 †Kvb KviLvbvq 7 Rb kªwg‡Ki cÖwZ N›Uvi gyRyix wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj|
ga¨gv wbY©q Kiæb|
Z_¨: 12, 10, 15, 14, 17, 20, 19
mgvavb: Z_¨ msL¨v we‡Rvo| Z_¨¸wj‡K gv‡bi µgvbymv‡i mvwR‡q cvB: 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 24|
n +1 7+1 8
ga¨gvi Ae¯’vb= = Zg msL¨vwU = = 4 Zg msL¨v A_©vr ga¨gv=15|
2 2 2
D`vniY-2: 8 Rb kªwg‡Ki gRyixi cÖwZ N›Uvi Z_¨ †Ìqv nj:
Z_¨: 12, 10, 15, 14, 17, 20, 19

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
mgvavb: GLv‡b Z_¨ msL¨v n †Rvo| Z_¨gvbmg~n‡K gv‡bi µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡j cvIqv hvq:
n n
10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20 GLv‡b ga¨gvi Ae¯’vb= Zg c` I + 1 Zg c‡ì MvwYwZK
2 2
Mo
A_©vr ga¨gv 4_© I 5g msL¨vi MvwYwZK Mo
14 + 15 29
∴ga¨gv= = = 14.5
2 2
∴ wb‡Y©q ga¨gv= 14.5|
wb‡R Kiæb: 10 Rb kªwg‡Ki cÖwZ N›Uvi kª‡gi gyRyix wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 7, 13, 14, 8, 11 ga¨gv wbY©q Kiæb|
‡kªwYK…Z Z_¨ †_‡K ga¨gv wbY©qt
‡kªwYK…Z Z_¨ web¨vm †_‡K ga¨gv wbY©‡qi myÎwU nj
N
− Fc
Me = L + 2 × h †hLv‡b
fm
L = ga¨gv †kªYxi wbgœmxgv
N = Z_¨ msL¨v
Fc = ga¨gv †kªYxi c~e© †kªYxi †hvwRZ NUb msL¨v
fm = ga¨gv †kªYxi NUb msL¨v
h = †kªYx eëavb
n
• †hvwRZ NUb msL¨v, †K ga¨gv †kªYx ejv n‡e|
2
D`vniY: †Kvb GKwU Miæi dv‡g© ˆ`wbK `y‡ai cwigvb (K′S) Gi Z_¨ wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
`y‡ai †kªYx eëavb (K′S) Mvfxi msL¨v
<10 10
10-15 25
15-20 48
20-25 21
25-30 16
30> 18
mgvavb: Z_¨¸wj ga¨gv wbY©‡qi Rb¨ mvRv‡j cvB-
BDwbU-3 c„ôv: 55
weweGm
`y‡ai †kªYx eëavb Mvfxi msL¨v †hvwRZ NUb msL¨v

( fi ) (Fi )
0<10 10 10 N
L+ − Fc
10.15 25 35 2
Me = ×h
fm
15-20 48 83 132
15 + − 35
= 2 ×5
48
20-25 21 104 =17.71
25-30 16 120
30> 12 132
N=132
N 132
GLv‡b = = 61 ≤ 83 A_©vr ga¨gv †kªYx nj, 15-20
2 2
∴wb‡Y©q ga¨gv=17.17 Kg.
wb‡R KiæY: GKwU KviLvbvq 1500 kªwgK wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Q| Zv‡ì eq‡mi Z_¨ †Ìhv nj| ga¨gv wbY©q
Kiæb|
Z_¨:
eqm kªwg‡Ki msL¨v eqm kªwg‡Ki msL¨v
18-22 120 38-42 162
22-26 125 42-46 155
26-30 280 46-50 86
30-34 260 50-54 75
34-38 184 54-58 53
†jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g ga¨gv wbY©q: †jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g ga¨gv wbY©q Kiv hvq| Avgiv c~e© BDwbU †_‡K AwRf
†iLv A¼b Ki‡Z wk‡LwQ| AwRf †iLv †_‡K ga¨gv wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j wb‡gœi c`‡ÿçwj wb‡Z n‡e|
1| AwRf †iLvi X- A‡ÿ _v‡K †kªYxi D”P mxgv Ges Y- A‡ÿ _v‡K †hvwRZ NUb msL¨v| NUb msL¨v
N
mgwó N- n‡j Gi Ae¯’vb cÖ_‡g Y- A‡ÿ wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
2
N
2| Y- A‡ÿi we›`y †_‡K X- A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj GKwU †iLv A¼b Ki‡j AwRf †iLvi †h we›`y‡Z †Q`
2
Ki‡e †mLv‡b wb‡`©k Ki‡Z n‡e Mo.

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
3| †Q` we›`y Mo †_‡K X- A‡ÿi Dci GKwU j¤^ AuvK‡Z n‡e hv X- A‡ÿi M wb‡`©wkZ we›`y‡Z †Q`
Ki‡e| X- A‡ÿi Dci GB †Q` we›`y M Gi Ae¯’vbB n‡e ga¨gv| wb‡Pi wPÎwU‡Z jÿ¨ Kiæb| GLv‡b
ga¨gv nj 14.9|
20
15 AwRf †iLv
N/2
Mo
10
5 10 15.9
15 20 25 30
M
wPÎt ga¨gv wbY©q

wb‡R Kiæb: 60 Rb wkÿv_©xi cwimsL¨vb wel‡qi cÖvß b¤^‡ii NUbmsL¨v web¨vm wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj| MÖv‡di
mvnv‡h¨ ga¨gv wbY©q Kiæb|
cÖvß b¤î 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70
wkÿv_©xi msL¨v 2 6 20 16 10 3 2 1
ga¨gvi myweav:
ga¨gvi myweav¸wj wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
• ga¨gv wbY©q Kiv LyeB mnR|
• ga¨gv Ae¯’vb wfwËK †K›`ªxq cÖebZvq cwigvc|
• ga¨gv †jL wP‡Îi gva¨‡g wbY©q Kiv hvq|
• mxgv wenxb NUbmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi †ÿ‡Î ga¨gv wbY©q Kiv hvq|
• Z_¨ gvb ÔLye †QvUÕ ev eo n‡j ga¨gv Lye Kg cÖfvweZ nq|
ga¨gvi Amyweav:
ga¨gvi Amyweav ¸wj wb‡gœ †`Lv‡bv nj:
• ga¨gv mKj gv‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i Kiv hvq bv ïaygvÎ Z_¨gv‡bi Ae¯’v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i ga¨gv
wbY©q nq|
• Z_¨gvbmg~‡ni ga¨gv Rvbv _vK‡j Ges Z_¨gv‡bi msL¨v Rvbv _vK‡jI Z_¨mg~‡ni mgwó †ei Kiv
hvq bv|
• ga¨gv wbY©q Ki‡Z Z_¨mg~‡ni gv‡bi µgvbymv‡i Z_¨¸wj mvwR‡q ga¨gv wbY©q Ki‡Z nq| Z_¨mg~n
A‡bK eo Ges gvb¸‡jv AwaK n‡j Z_¨mg~n‡K gv‡bi µgvbymv‡i mvRvb LyeB KwVb nq|
• ga¨gv MvwYwZK cÖwµqvq wbY©q Kiv hvq bv|
• AwbqwgZ Z_¨ mvwii †ÿ‡Î A‡bK mgq ga¨gv mwVKfv‡e cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
mvims‡ÿc
ga¨gv †K›`ªxq cwigv‡ci GKwU RbwcÖq cwigvcK| ga¨gv mnR I mwVK cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvwi cwigvcK|
†jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡gI ga¨gv wbY©q Kiv hvq| ga¨gv eëmvwqK cÖwZôv‡b e¨vcK eënvi Kiv nq|
BDwbU-3 c„ôv: 57
weweGm

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœt
1| Z_¨ mg~n‡K gv‡bi µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡j g‡aï we›`y‡K e‡j|
K. Mo L. ga¨K
M. cÖPziK N. †f`v¼

2| Z_¨ mg~n‡K gv‡bi µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡j me©vwaK eëüZ msL¨v‡K cÖPziK e‡j|
3| †jL wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ ga¨gv wbY©q Kiv hvq bv|
ïb¨¯’vb c~iY Kiæb

4| MÖd Z_ï †ÿ‡Î Mediam = |
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
1| †jL wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ ga¨gv K) †K ga¨gv e‡j
2| Z_¨mg~n‡K gv‡bi µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡j me‡P‡q L) wbY©q Kiv hvq
ga¨¯’v‡b †h Z_¨wU _v‡K Zv‡K

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
cvV-3.3 cÖPziK I Gi cwigvc (Mode and its uses)

f~wgKv
cÖPziK †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv wbY©‡qi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwigvcK| cÖPziK Z_¨ mg~‡ni Nb‡Z¡i cwigvc K‡i|
Z‡_ï me©vwaK cybive„wËK msL¨v‡K ejv nq cÖPziK| G cv‡V cÖPziK m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
cÖPzi‡Ki msÁv;
cÖPzi‡Ki eënvi;
‡kªYxK…Z web¨vm †_‡K cÖPziK wbY©q;
cÖPzi‡Ki cwigvc c×wZ;
†jL wP‡Îi gva¨‡g cÖPziK wbY©q;
cÖPziK: Z_¨mg~‡ni †h msL¨vwU me©vwaK evi cybive„wË nq †m Z_¨wU‡K cÖPziK ejv nq|
D`vniY¯îƒc ejv hvq †Kvb Mv‡g©›Um Gi wewfbœ mvB‡Ri kvU© evRv‡i G‡m‡Q| †`Lv †Mj
†µZv GKwU wbw`©ó KvwUs Gi kvU© cQ‡›ì ZvwjKvq †i‡L‡Q A_©vr H wbw`©ó KvwUs Gi kvU©
µq nj cÖPziK| cÖPzi‡Ki msÁvwU wbgœiƒ‡c †Ìqv hvq-
cÖPziK Z_¨mg~n‡K gv‡bi µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡j †h gvbwU me©vwaK cybive„wË n‡q‡Q Zv‡K cÖPziK e‡j|
D`vniY: †gvjøvnvU _vbvi Kvnv`cyi MÖv‡g K‡qKwU cwiev‡i mšÍv‡bi msL¨v Rwi‡ci GKwU Z_¨ wb‡gœ wÌqv
nj| cÖPziK wbY©q Kiæb|
mšÍv‡bi msL¨v 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
cwiev‡ii msL¨v 5 11 23 32 17 8 3
mgvavb: Dc‡ii Z_¨ †_‡K †`Lv, hv‡”Q †h 3 Rb mšÍvb me©vwaK cwiev‡i i‡q‡Q ZvB GLv‡b cwiev‡ii
mšÍvb msL¨vi cÖPziK nj 3|
wb‡R Kiæb: ‡Kvb KviLvbvq 10 Rb kªwg‡Ki cÖwZ N›Uvi gyRyix nj: 12, 10, 15, 10, 14, 17, 14, 14,
20, 14| gyRywii cÖPziK wbY©q Kiæb|
†kªYxK…Z Z_¨ †_‡K cÖPziK wbY©q: cÖPziK wbY©‡q †kªYxK…Z Z_¨ web¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î eëüZ myÎwU wb‡gœ †Ìqv
nj|
∆1
cÖPziK = L + × h †hLv‡b me‡P‡q †ewk NUb msL¨vhy³ †kªYx‡K cÖPziK †kªYx ejv nq|
∆1 + ∆2
L = cÖPziK †kªYxi wbgœ mxgv
∆ 1 = cÖPziK †kªbxi NUbmsL¨v I cÖPziK †kªYxi c~‡e©i N‡ii NUbmsL¨vi cv_©K¨|
∆ 2 =cÖPziK †kªYxi NUbmsL¨v I cÖPziK †kªYxi c‡ii N‡ii NUbmsL¨vi cv_©K¨
h =†kªYx eëavb
D`vniY: †Kvb kn‡i 30 Rb †µZvi wewfbœ mvB‡Ri T.V cQ‡›ì ZvwjKvi Z_¨ wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj| T.V
mvB‡Ri cÖPziK wbY©q Kiæb|
BDwbU-3 c„ôv: 59
weweGm
TV mvBR (BwÂ) NUb msL¨v

10-17 5
17-24 8
24-30 13
30-36 4
†gvU 30
mgvavb: cÖPziK wbY©q myÎwU nj:

∆1
Mo= L + ×h
∆1 + ∆2
GLv‡b, cÖPziK †kªYx nj
mvBR NUb msL¨v

(BwÂ‡Z)
10-17 5
17-24 8
cÖPziK †kªYx 24-30 13 ∆1 5
Mo= L + ×h ∴ Mo = 24 + ×7
∆1 + ∆2 5+9
=26.5
30-36 4 ∆ 1 =13-8=5
∆ 2 =13-4=9
h=7
†gvU 30
∴ wb‡Y©q cÖPziK= 26.5

wb‡R Kiæb: 100wU †Kv¤úvbxi †Kvb `ªe¨ weµ‡qi Z_¨ wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj, weµ‡qi cÖPziK wbY©q Kiæb|
`ªe¨ weµq †Kv¤úvwbi msL¨v `ªe¨ weµq ‡Kv¤úvbxi msL¨v

(jÿ UvKvi) (jÿ UvKvq)
∠60 12 66-68 10
60-62 18 68-70 3
62-64 25 70-72 2
64-66 30
†jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ cÖPziK wbY©qt †jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g cÖPziK wbY©q Ki‡Z Avgiv AvqZ‡jL Gi mvnvh¨ wbB|
cÖPziK wbY©‡qi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ c`‡ÿçwj wb‡Z n‡e|
• AvqZ‡jL AuvKvi ci X-A‡ÿi w`‡K †kªYx gvb Ges Y-A‡ÿi w`‡K NUbmsL¨vi gvb wb‡`©wkZ _v‡K|
• AvqZ‡j‡Li m‡e©v”P AvqZ‡ÿÎwU wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| GLv‡bB cÖPziK Ae¯’vb K‡i|
• m‡e©v”P AvqZ‡ÿ‡Îi Wvb I evg Dfq cv‡k¦©i AvqZ‡ÿÎ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
• wb‡Pi wPÎbyhvqx cÖPziK †kªYxi wbgœmxgvq Aew¯’Z evg cv‡ki AvqZ‡ÿ‡Î D”PZi we›`y A-Gi mwnZ
cÖPziK †kªYxi D”P mxgvi Aew¯’Z D”PZg we›`y B- GKwU mij †iLv AB Øviv †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Avevi cÖPziK †kªYxi wbgœmxgvq Aew¯’Z AvqZ‡ÿ‡Îi D”PZg we›`y C Gi mwnZ cÖPziK †kªYxi D”P
mxgvq Aew¯ÍZ Wvb cv‡k¦©i AvqZ †ÿ‡Îi D”PZg we›`y D GKwU mij‡iLv CD Øviv †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
AB Ges CD †iLv ci¯úi M we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
• M †_‡K X- A‡ÿi Dci j¤^ Uvb‡j Mo we›`y‡Z †Q` Ki‡e| GB Mo Gi Ae¯’vb †_‡K cÖPziK
cvIqv hv‡e| cÖPziK=17.4|
20
AvqZ †jL
15
10
5 10 15 17.420 25 30 35 40
wPÎt cÖPziK wbY©q
wb‡R Kiæb: 1500 kªwg‡Ki Av‡qi Z_¨ wb‡gœ †Ìqv Av‡Q| AvqZ‡jL A¼b Kiæb AZci cÖPziK wbY©q
Kiæb|
gvwmK Avq kªwg‡Ki msL¨v gvwmK Avq kªwg‡Ki msL¨v

(nvRvi UvKvq) (nvRvi UvKvq)
18-20 10 28-30 320
20-22 35 30-32 200
22-24 140 32-34 75
24-26 300 34-36 35
26-28 370 36-38 18
cÖPzi‡Ki myweav:
cÖPzi‡Ki myweav¸wj wb‡gœ †Ìqv n‡jv:
• cÖPziK wbY©q LyeB mnR
• †jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ cÖPziK wbY©q Kiv hvq
• †kªYx mxgv †Lvjv _vK‡jI cÖPziK wbY©q Kiv hvh|
• eëmvwqK †ÿÎ cÖPzi‡Ki †ewk eënvi nq|
• ¸bevPK êwk‡óï eY©bv Ki‡Z cÖPzi‡Ki gva¨‡g Rvbv mnR nq|
BDwbU-3 c„ôv: 61
weweGm
cÖPzi‡Ki Amyweav:
cÖPzi‡Ki Amyweav mg~n wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
• me©vwaK msNwVZ msL¨v GKvwaK n‡j cÖPziK wbY©q mnR nq bv
• cÖPziK exRMvwbwZK MYbvq eënvi Kiv hvq bv|
• ‡kªYxe×Ki‡bi cÖK…wZi Dci cÖPzi‡Ki gv‡bi cÖfve _v‡K|
mvims‡ÿc
cÖPziK †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwigvcK| cÖPziK †jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g wbY©q Kiv hvq|
eëmvwqK †ÿ‡Î †hgb †Kvb †Kv¤úvbxi Drcvw`Z `ª‡eï ÎæwUc~Y© `ª‡eï msL¨v KZUv †ekx Zv mn‡R
cÖPzi‡Ki mvnvh¨ aiv hvq|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| Z_¨ mg~‡ni NbZ¡ wbY©q K‡i wb‡Pi †KvbwU |
K. ga¨gv L. cÖPziK
M. Mo N. †f`v¼
2| cÖPziK exRMwYwZK MYbvi eënvi Kiv hvq bv|
3| cÖPziK wbY©q LyeB KwVb|

4| cÖPziK M = L+ ...........|
5| wbY©‡q AvqZ‡jL eënvi Kiv nq|
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
1| †kªYxe× Ki‡Yi cÖK…wZi Dci K) MYbvq eënvi Kiv hvq bv
2| cÖPziK exRMvwYwZK L) cÖPzi‡Ki gv‡bi cÖfve _v‡K
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-3
1| †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc ej‡Z wK eySvq? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| MvwYwZK M‡oi msÁv wjLyb| MvwYwZK M‡oi myweav I Amyweav Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3| MvwYwZK Mo, ¸wYZK Mo I Zi½ M‡oi msÁv wjLyb Ges Dnv‡ì g‡a¨ m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4| ga¨gvi msÁv wjLyb| MÖv‡di mvnv‡h¨ wKfv‡e ga¨gv wbY©q Kiv hvq Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
5| cÖPzi‡Ki msÁv wjLyb| MÖv‡di mvnv‡h¨ wKfv‡e cÖPziK wbY©q Kiv hvq Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

BDwbU
we¯Ívi cwigvc
4 (Measures of Dispersion)
f~wgKv
c~e© BDwbU †_‡K Avgiv †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc c×wZmg~n m¤ú‡K© †R‡bwQ| wKš‘ D³ cwigvçwj
GKKfv‡e mKj êwk‡óï ch©‡eÿ‡Yi h_v_© gvb Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB mKj êwkó¨ dzwU‡q
Zzj‡Z †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv QvovI Ab¨vb¨ cwigv‡ci mvnvh¨ wb‡Z nq| †Kvb Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© my®úó aviYv †c‡Z
†K›`ªxq gv‡bi cvkvcvwk †K›`ªxq gvb †_‡K KZUv wePz¨Z nq Zv Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| G we¯Z…Zx Rvb‡Z Zvi
cwigvc wbY©q Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G BDwb‡U we¯Ívi cwigvc m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
we¯Ív‡ii msÁv;
we¯Ív‡ii cÖKvi‡f`;
we¯Ív‡ii cwigvcmg~n;
we¯Ívi m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ Dccv`¨ I Zuvi mgvavb|
NUb msL¨v web¨vm †iLv m¤ú‡K©|
weweGm
cvV-4.1 we¯Ívi I we¯Ív‡ii cwigvcmg~n (Dispersion and Measures of dispersion)

f~wgKv
we¯Ívi cwigvc nÕj Z_¨mg~‡ni †K›`ªxq gvb †_‡K we¯Z…wZi ev †f‡ì cwigvb| we¯Ívi cwimsL¨v‡bi GKwU
Ab¨Zg cwigvcK c×wZ| G cv‡V we¯Ívi I we¯Ív‡ii cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
D‡Ïk¨
we¯Ív‡ii msÁv;
we¯Ív‡ii cÖKvi‡f`;
we¯Ív‡ii cwigvc‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, myweav I Amyweav BZ¨vw`|
we¯Ívi: Z_¨wek¦ n‡Z cÖvß Z_¨ me©`v ïaygvÎ †K›`ªxq gv‡bi w`‡K †K›`ªxf~Z nq bv, †K›`ªxq
we›`y †_‡K wePz¨ZI nq| †hgb aiæb, `ywU Z_¨ †mU-
Z_¨ †mU-1: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; x1 =6; n 1 = 6
Z_¨ †mU-2 : 2, 4, 6, 4, 8, 12; x2 =6; n 2 = 6
GLv‡b `ywU Z‡_ï Mo mgvb wKš‘ cÖ_g †mU †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨mg~n Kg cv_©K¨hy³ Mo †_‡K Avevi 2q †mU
Gi Z_¨mg~n AwaK cv_©K¨hy³ Mo †_‡K we¯Z…wZ me mgq mgvb _v‡K bv hwÌ Mo GKB| Z_¨ msL¨v
hLb A‡bK †ewk nq ZLb G we¯Z…wZ AviI e„w× cvq, ZvB we¯Z…wZi cwigvb cwimsL¨vb weÁv‡b LyeB
cÖ‡qvRb| we¯Ívi ej‡Z Avgiv eywS †K›`ªxq gvb †_‡K Z_¨mg~‡ni wePz¨wZi cwigvb|
we¯Ívi cwigvc: †h c×wZ Øviv we¯Ívi cwigvc Kiv nq Zv‡K we¯Ívi cwigvcK e‡j| wKfv‡e Z_¨gvbmg~n
ci¯úi †_‡K wewÿß n‡q Av‡Q Zvi wewfbœ gvÎv we¯Ívi cwigvcK Øviv Rvbv hvq| we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci
cÖKvi‡f`:
we¯Ívi cwigvc `yB cÖKvi-
1| cig we¯Ívi cwigvc;
2| Av‡cwÿK we¯Ívi cwigvc|
1| cig we¯Ívi cwigvc:

cig we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î Z_¨gvb I we¯Ív‡ii GKK GKB _vK‡e| D`vnviY¯îƒc, †Kvb KviLvbvi
kªwg‡Ki Av‡qi Z_¨ UvKvq n‡j we¯Ív‡ii GKK n‡e UvKvq|
2| Av‡cwÿK we¯Ívi cwigvc:

‡h cwigvc †Kvb GKwU we¯Ívi cwigvc I †K›`ªxq cwigv‡ci mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i wbY©q Kiv nq Zv‡K
Av‡cwÿK we¯Ívi cwigvc ejv nq| Av‡cwÿK we¯Ívi cwigvc GKK wenxb msL¨v, G‡K kZKiv ev AbycvZ
AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
we¯Ívi cwigvc c„ôv: 64

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci ¸Yvejx: we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci ¸bvejx¸‡jv wb‡gœ eY©bv Kiv nj:
• we¯Ívi cwigvcwU mnR n‡e;
• Z_¨mg~‡ni cÖvwšÍK gvb w`‡q cÖfvweZ n‡e bv;
• MvwYwZK cÖwµqvq wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e n‡e;
• we¯Ívi cwigv‡c gvb wbY©‡q cÖwZwU Z_¨ mvwii cÖwZwU gvb eëüZ n‡e;
• AwZwi³ MvwYwZK MYbvKv‡h© Gi eënvi myweav RbK n‡e|
we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci ¸iæZ¡:

we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci ¸iæZ¡mg~n wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
• we¯Ívi cwigvc Z_¨mg~‡ni †f` wbqš¿‡b mvnv‡h¨ K‡i|
• Mo wb‡ek‡bi msL¨vgvb KZUzKz cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ we¯Ívi cwigvc Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb|
• we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci mvn‡h¨ wewfbœ Z_¨mg~‡ni ZzjbvgyjK wPÎ cvIqv m¤¢e nq|
• we‡køl‡Yi mgq wbgœmxgv I DaŸ©mxgv wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e nq|
• wewfbœ iKg cwimsL¨vwbK h_v_©Zv wbY©‡q we¯Ívi cwigvc eënvi Kiv nq|
cig we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci cÖKvi‡f`:

Avgiv Av‡MB †R‡bwQ, cig we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î Z_¨gv‡bi Ges we¯Ív‡ii GKK GKB| we¯Ívi cwigvc
cuvP ai‡bi:
1| cwimi (Range)
2| Mo eëavb (Mean deviation)
3| PZz_©K eëavb (Quartile deviation)
4| cwiwgZ eëavb (Standard devialion)
5| ‡f`v¼ (Variauce)
1| cwimi (Range): cwimi k‡ãi A_© eëavb A_©vr Z‡_ï m‡e©v”P gvb †_‡K me©wbgœ gvb-Gi
eëavb‡K cwimi e‡j| cwimi‡K myÎvbyhvqx wjL‡j cvIqv hvq-
cwimi=m‡e©v”P gvb-me©wbgœ we›`y
ev R=H-L; †hLv‡b
R=cwimi
H=m‡e©v”P gvb
L=me©wbgœ gvb
D`vniY-1: ‡Kvb KviLvbvq 10 kªwg‡Ki cÖwZ N›Uvq Av‡qi (UvKvq)

Z_¨: 12 14 13 15 20
13 14 18 19 25
cwimi wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: kªwg‡Ki Av‡qi Z_¨ †_‡K †`Lv hvq-

m‡e©v”P Avq= 25
me©wbgœ Avq= 12
BDwbU-4 c„ôv: 65
weweGm
∴cwimi, R=H-L =25-12=13

∴wb‡Y©q Av‡qi cwimi, 13
wb‡R Kiæb: GKwU T.V †`vKv‡bi GK gv‡m, cÖwZw`‡bi T.V weµ‡qi msL¨v wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
18, 12, 25, 20, 30, 15, 20, 10, 14, 22, 18, 23, 19, 22, 17, 16, 15, 20, 22, 18, 21, 25,
13, 12, 10, 20, 24, 25, 28, T.V weµ‡qi cwimi wbY©q Kiæb|
cwim‡ii myweav:
cwim‡ii myweav¸wj †Ìqv nj:
• cwimi mn‡R cwigvc Kiv hvq;
• cwimi wbY©‡qi Rb¨ Z_¨ ivwki eY©bvi ìKvi nq bv;
• Kg cwikª‡g I ¯^í Li‡P cwim‡ii gva¨‡g avibv cvIqv hvq|
Amyweav: cwim‡ii Amyweav:

cwim‡ii Amyweav¸wj wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
• cÖvwšÍK gvb ev mxgv Rvbv bv _vK‡j cwimi wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e bq|
• Z_¨ mvwi‡Z A¯^vfvweK eo ev †QvU gvb _vK‡j cwimi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
• cwimi me mgq Z_¨ ivwki e¨L¨v w`‡Z cv‡i bv|
• MvwYwZK eënv‡ii †ÿ‡Î Dc‡hvMx bq|
cwim‡ii eënvi:
cwim‡iii eënv‡ii wewfbœ †ÿÎ wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
• ‰`wbK cY¨ `ª‡eï g~‡jï n«vm-e„w× cwigv‡c cwimi mnvqK;
• c‡Yï Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î c‡Yï gvb wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ cwimi eënvi Kiv nq;
• †kqvi evRv‡i DbœwZ ev AebwZ cwigv‡c cwim‡ii eënvi i‡q‡Q;
• evRv‡i c‡Yï üvm-e„w×i cv_©‡Kï MwZ, cÖK…wZ wbY©‡q cwimi mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i;
• evwYwR¨K we‡køl‡Y wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cwimi cÖ‡qvRbxq;
• AvenvIqvi c~e©vfvm †Ìqvi †ÿ‡Î ZvcgvÎv I evZv‡mi Rjevqyi kZKiv nvi wbY©‡q cwimi eënvi
Kiv nq|
Mo eëavb (Mean Deviation): Mo eëavb ej‡Z cÖwZwU msL¨v gv‡bi †_‡K M‡oi cv_©K¨‡K eySvq|
mvaviY Mo gvb †_‡K cÖwZwUi Z‡_ï cv_©‡Kï †hvMdj ïb¨ nIqvq G eëavb ¸‡jvi FYvZ¥K gvb a‡i
†bIqv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î cv_©K¨ eëavb‡K `vwo wPý w`‡q aYvZœK ev ciggvb †evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| A_©vr Mo
1
eëavb Gi msÁv Mo eëavb= [| eëavb Gi mgwó |]
Z_¨ msL¨v
hw` x1, x2 ........ xn; n wU Z_¨gvb nq Gi Mo eëavb‡K MD Øviv cÖKvk Ki‡j, Mo eëavb n‡e
1 n
MD= ∑ x i − x ; i = 1,2.....n
n i =1
†hLv‡b n =Z_¨ msL¨v

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
x = Z‡_ï Mo
xi =Z_¨mg~n
D`vniY-2: †Kvb KviLvbvq 10 Rb kªwg‡Ki cÖwZ N›Uvi gyRywi wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj| Mo eëavb wbY©q Kiæb|
Z_¨: 12 12 15 14 12
13 10 12 10 15
10
∑× i 125
mgvavb: kªwg‡Ki cÖwZ N›Uvq gyRyixi Mo, x = i =1
= = 12.5
10 10
Avgiv Rvwb Mo eëavb
1 10
MD= ∑ xi − x
10 i −1
GLv‡b xi- x ; -.5, .5, 2.5, 1.5, -.5, .5, -2.5, -.5, -2.5,2.5
∴ x i − x =.5, .5, 2.5, 1.5, .5, .5,2.5,.5,2.5, 2.5
1
∴MD= × 14
10
=1.4
∴ wb‡Y©q Mo eëavb 1.5|
wb‡R Kiæb: GKwU dv‡g©i cuvPRb kªwg‡Ki Av‡qi (UvKv) Z_¨ wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj| Z_¨ †_‡K Mo eëavb
wbY©q Kiæb:
4000, 4200, 4400, 4600, 4800
†kªYxK…Z wb‡ekb †_‡K Mo eëavb wbY©q:

hw` N msL¨K gvb‡K k †kªYx wewkô NUbmsL¨v wb‡ek‡b cwiYZ Kiv hvq Ges xi; i=1,2, ..... k; †kªYxi
ga¨gvb I D³ †kªYxi NUb msL¨v fi nq Zvn‡j Mo eëav‡bi m~ÎwU n‡e:
1 k
Mo eëavb, MD= ∑ f i x i − x ; i = 1,2,....k Ges ∑ fi = N
N i =1
‡hLv‡b, xi = cÖwZ †kªYxi ga¨we›`y
x = Z_¨mg~‡ni Mo
fi = cÖwZ †kªYxi NUbmsL¨v
N = †gvU Z_¨ msL¨v, ∑ fi = N
D`vniY-3: wb‡gœi NUbms¨Lv web¨vm †_‡K Mo eëavb wbY©q Kiæb:

`ªe¨ weµq w`‡bi msL¨v
(nvRvi UvKvq)
10-20 2
20-30 5
BDwbU-4 c„ôv: 67
weweGm
30-40 10
40-50 6
50-60 4
60-70 2
70-80 1
†gvU 30
mgvavb: Z_¨¸wj mvwR‡q cvB-
`ªe¨ weµq w`‡bi ga¨we›`y fixi eëavb xi- fi(|xi- x )|

(nvRvi UvKvq) msL¨v x
10-20 2 15.0 30 -25 50
20-30 5 25.0 25 -15 75
30-40 10 35.0 350 -5 50
40-50 6 45.0 270 5 30 1
MD= × 350
50-60 4 55.0 220 15 60 30
60-70 2 65.0 130 25 50 =11.66
70-80 1 75.0 75 35 35
†gvU N=30 w`b 1200
∑ (f i xi − x )
N
fi xi
Σ 1200
x= = = 40
N 30
∴ Mo = x , 40|
∴ MD=11.66
∴ wb‡Y©q Mo eëavb- 11.66
wb‡R Kiæb: GKwU kªwgK msMVb GKwU Abyôvb Dcj‡ÿ¨ wKQy cÖavb kªwg‡Ki †cbmb w`‡Z D‡`¨vM MÖnb
K‡i‡Q| hvi Z_¨ wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
eqm cÖwZgv‡mi †cbkb (UvKvq)
60-65 2500
65-70 3000
70-75 3500
75-80 4000
80-85 4500
Mo eëavb wbY©q Kiæb|
Mo eëav‡bi myweav:
Mo eëav‡bi myweav¸wj wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
• Mo eëavb mn‡R cwigvc Kiv hvq;

• MvwYwZKfv‡e Mo eëavb wbY©q Kiv hvq;
• `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK wb‡ek‡Yi Zzjbv Kiv hvq;
• Z_¨mg~‡ni cÖ‡Z¨KwU gvb eëüZ nq;
• cÖvšÍxq gv‡bi Øviv Kg cÖfvweZ nq|
Mo eëav‡bi Amyweav:
Mo eëav‡bi Amyweav¸wj wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
• Mo eëavb wbY©q Ki‡Z abvZ¥K gvb AMÖvn¨ Kivq mwVK wbY©vqK nq bv;
• Z_¨mg~‡ni mKj gvb Rvbv bv _vK‡j Mo eëavb wbY©q Kiv hvq bv|
PZz_©K eëavb (Quartile Deviation): †Kvb Z_¨mg~n‡K gv‡bi µgvbymv‡i mvwR‡q mgvb Pvifv‡M fvM
Ki‡j, cÖ‡Z¨KwU fvM‡K PZz_©K e‡j| PZz_©K eëavb nj, cÖ_g I Z…Zxq PZz_©‡Ki eëav‡bi A‡a©K A_©vr
3q PZz_K - 1g PZz_K
PZz_©K eëavb=
2
hw` PZz_©K eëavb‡K, QD Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq Zvn‡j,
Q − Q1
QD= 3 †hLv‡b
2
Q1=1g PZz_©K
Q3=3q PZz_©K
D`vniY-4: 12wU †`vKv‡bi GK w`‡bi weµq (nvRvi UvKv) Z_¨ wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
8 7 6 5 11 13
10 9 7 6 12 14
PZz_©K eëavb wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: Z_¨gvb¸wj‡K gv‡bi µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡j cvB 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14
n n 
ga¨Kgvb:  + 1 Zg c` Gi Mo
 2, 2 
6 +7
∴ Q1 = = 6.5
2
8+9
∴ Q2 = = 16.5
2
11 + 12 23
Ges Q 3 = = = 12.5
2 2
∴ Q1=6.5 Ges Q3=12.5
Q − Q1 12.5 − 6.5
∴QD= 3 =
2 2
BDwbU-4 c„ôv: 69
weweGm
6.0
= =3
2
∴wb‡Y©q PZz_©K eëavb=3|
wb‡R Kiæb: 7 Rb kªwg‡Ki N›Uv cÖwZ gyRywi wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
10 12 11 9
8 13 11
gyRywii PZz_©K eëavb wbY©q Kiæb|
†kªYxK…Z Z_¨ †_‡K PZz_©K eëavb wbY©q: c~e© cvV †_‡K Avgiv PZz_©K eëavb wbY©‡qi m~Î m¤ú‡K©
†R‡bwQ| PZz_©K eëavb wbY©‡qi m~ÎwU †Ìqv nj:
i×n
− Fc
Qi=Li+ 8 × c; i = 1,2,3 †hLv‡b
f Qi
1× n
− Fc
AZGe, Q1=L1+ 8 × c; i = 1
f Q1
3×n
− Fc
Q3=L3+ 8 × c; i = 3
f Q3
Q 3 − Q1
∴PZz_©K eëavb, QD= ; GLv‡b
2
Q3 I Q1 Gi gvb †kªYxK…Z web¨vm †_‡K †ei Ki‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY-5: GKwU KviLvbvi 292 Rb kªwg‡Ki mvßvwnK Av‡qi Z_¨ wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj| PZz_©K eëavb wbY©q
Kiæb|
mvßvwnK Avq kªwg‡Ki msL¨v mvßvwnK Avq kªwg‡Ki msL¨v

(UvKvq) (UvKvq)
<350 8 470-490 15
350-370 16 490-510 15
370-390 39 510-530 9
390-410 58 530> 10
410-430 60
430-450 40
450-470 22

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
mgvavb: PZz_©K eëavb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ Z_¨¸wj‡K mvwR‡q cvB:

mvßvwnK Avq kªwg‡Ki †RvwÄ MVb wbY©q c×wZ
(UvKvq) msL¨v msL¨v
<350 8 8 N 292
350-370 16 24 Me = = ≤ Fc
2 2
370-390 39 63
Qi:390-410 58 121 ∴Me †kªYx=146
Q2: 410-430 60 181 N
− Fc
Q3: 430-450 49 221 ∴ Q2 = L + 2 ×h
450-470 22 243 fm
470-490 15 258 292
− 121
490-510 15 273 = 410 + 2 × 20
510-530 9 282 60
=410+8.333=418.33
530> 10 292
N 292
Q1= i Zg Z_¨= = 73
4 4
Zg msL¨v
N
i − Fc
∴Q1=390+ 4 ×h
f Q1
73 × 1 − 63
=390+ × 20
58
=390+3.448=393.440
N
Q3= × 3 = 73 × 3 = 219 Zg Z_¨
4
219 - 181
Q3=430+ × 20
49
Q3=430+15.51=445.51
N=292
Q − Q1
∴PZz_©K eëavb= 3
2
445.51 − 393.448
=
2
52.062
=
2
=26.031
∴wb‡Y©q PZz_©K eëavb=26.031
wb‡R Kiæb: GKwU eûg~Lx †Kv¤úvwbi KZK¸‡jv †`vKv‡bi 200 w`‡bi weµq wech©q †`Lv‡bv nj| PZz_©K
eëavb wbY©q Kiæb|
BDwbU-4 c„ôv: 71
weweGm
weµq wech©q †`vKv‡bi msL¨v

(jÿ UvKv)
5-10 8
10-15 18
15-20 42
20-25 62
25-30 30
30-35 10
35> 4
†gvU= N=174
PZz_©K eëav‡bi myweav: PZz_©K eëav‡bi myweav¸wj wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:

• PZz_©K eëavb mn‡RB MÖvd †_‡K wbY©q Kiv hvq|
• we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci Rb¨ PZz_©K eëavb cwim‡ii †P‡q †ewk DËg|
• PZz_©K eëavb cÖvwšÍK gvb Øviv cÖfvweZ nq bv|
• NUbmsL¨v we¯Ív‡ii cÖK…wZ wbY©‡q PZz_©K eëavb AwaK Dc‡hvMx|
• Avmb web¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î PZz_©K eëavb AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Kix|
PZz_©K eëav‡bi Amyweav:

PZz_©K eëav‡bi Amyweav¸wj wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
• PZz_©K eëavb mKj Z‡_ï cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i bv
• MvwYwZK myÎ eënvi Kiv hvq bv
• bgybv wePz¨wZi †ÿ‡Î PZz_©K eëavb LyeB cÖfvweZ nq|
• `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Amg Z_¨mg~‡ni we¯Ívi Zzjbv Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|
PZz_©K eëav‡bi eënvi:

PZz_©K eëavb GKwU Ae¯’vb wfwËK cwigvcK| eëmvwqK I A_©‰bwZK Z_¨ we‡køl‡b PZz_©K eëavb
AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Kix| we‡kl K‡i evRvi ì DVv-bvgv BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î eëavb wbY©‡q eënvi Kiv nq|
mvims‡ÿc
we¯Ívi cwigvc cwimsL¨vb M‡elYvi GKwU Ab¨Zg cwigvcK| Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi cÖK…wZ wbY©‡qi wfwË
we¯Ívi| eëmvwqK, A_©‰bwZK †jb‡`b Gi †ÿ‡Î we¯Ív‡ii djcÖmy eënvi i‡q‡Q|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| Z_¨gvbmg~‡ni †K‡›`ªi gvb †_‡K wePz¨wZi cwigvb‡K
K. Mo L. ga¨K
M. we¯Ívi N. cÖPziK
2| cwimi k‡ãi A_©
K. eëavb L. ms‡kølv¼
M. cÖPziK N. wbf©iv¼
mZ¨/wg_¨v wbY©q
3| Mo eëavb mn‡R cwigvc Kiv hvq bv|
4| PZz_©K eëavb cÖvwšÍK gvb Øviv cÖfvweZ nq bv|
ïb¨¯’vb c~iY:
5| = m‡e©v”P gvb - me©wbgœ gvb|
6| MD = |
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
7| Mo eëavb mn‡R cwigvc K) eënvi Kiv hvq bv

8| PZz_©K eëav‡b MvwYwZK myÎ L) †f` wbqš¿b K‡i
9| we¯Ívi cwigvc Z_¨ mg~‡ni M) Kiv hvq
BDwbU-4 c„ôv: 73
weweGm
cvV-4.2 cwiwgZ eëavb I †f`v¼ (Standard deviation and variance)

f~wgKv
c~e© cv‡V we¯Ívi m¤ú‡K© aviYv †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| Z_¨mg~‡ni cÖwZwU Z_¨ †_‡K M‡oi wePz¨wZ nj we¯Ívi| wKš‘
wePz¨wZ mgwó me©`v ïb¨ nIqvq cig cwigv‡ci Rb¨ mKj wePz¨wZ †hvM‡evaK wnmv‡e Mb¨ K‡i Mo eëavb
†bIqv n‡q‡Q| d‡j MvwYwZK eë¯’v MÖn‡b djcÖm~ cwigvc cvIqv m¤¢e bq| wKš‘ eëavb ev wePz¨wZ‡K eM©
Ki‡j †mB mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e| ZvB wePz¨wZ‡K eM© K‡i Z_¨ msL¨v w`‡q fvM Ki‡j †f`v¼ cvIqv
hvq| †f`v‡¼i abvZ¥K eM©g~j‡K cwiwgZ eëavb e‡j| G cv‡V cwiwgZ eëavb I †f`v¼ wb‡q we¯ÍvwiZ
Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
D‡Ïk¨
cwiwgZ eëav‡bi msÁv;
cwiwgZ eëav‡bi eënvi I ag©;
‡f`v‡¼i msÁv;
‡f`v‡¼i eënvi I ag;©
cwiwgZ eëav‡bi mv‡_ †f`v‡¼i m¤úK©;
cwiwgZ eëavb
cwiwgZ eëavb we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I cÖPwjZ we¯Ívi cwigvcK| Z_¨mg~n †_‡K
M‡oi eëavb¸‡jv‡K eM© K‡i Dnvi Mo wbY©q Ki‡j †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zvi eM© g~j‡K ejv
nq cwiwgwZ eëavb A_©vr hw` x1, x2 ...... xn; n wU Z_¨ nq Ges Dnv‡ì Mo hw` x nq Zvn‡j
cwiwgZ eëavb n‡e
1
cwiwgwZ eëavb=
n
∑ xi − x(2
)
cwiwgZ eëavb‡K S.D. Øviv cÖKvk Ki‡j-
1
SD=
n
∑ ( 2
)
x i − x ; †hLv‡b
x = Z‡_ï Mo
xi= Z_¨mg~n
n= Z_¨ msL¨v
D`vnib-1: 7 Rb kªwg‡Ki cÖwZ N›Uvq gyRyix wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:

10 12 11 9
8 13 11
cwiwgZ eëavb wbY©q Kiæb|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb cwiwgwZ eëavb

1
S.D=
n
(
∑ xi − x )2
GLv‡b, n=7
∑ xi
x= = 10.57
7
∴∑
(x i −x )
2
= (10 − 10.57) 2 + (12 − 10.57) 2 + (11 − 10.57) 2
+(9 − 10.57) 2 + ( 8 − 10.57) 2 + (13 − 10.57) 2 + (11 − 10.57) 2
= (-.57)2+(1.43) 2+(.43) 2+(-1.57) 2+(-2.57) 2+(2.43) 2+(.43) 2
= .3249+2.0449+.1859+2.4649+6.6049+5.99049+.1849
= 17.7153
1
∴ S.D.=
7
∑ xi − x ( )2
1
= × 17.7153
7
= 2.5307
=1.5904
∴wb‡Y©q cwiwgZ eëavb
S.D=1.5904|
wb‡R Kiæb: wb‡Pi Z_¨ †_‡K cwiwgZ eëavb wbY©q Kiæb:
Z_¨: †Kvb KviLvbvq 10 Rb kªwg‡Ki cÖwZ N›Uvi gyRyix
8 9 11 10 7
12 9 8 10 11
†kªYxK…Z Z_¨ †_‡K cwiwgZ eëavb wbY©q:

†kªYxK…Z Z_¨ †_‡K cwiwgZ eëavb wbY©q Ki‡Z wbgœwjwLZ m~ÎwU eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e:
1
S.D = ∑ f (x i i − x ) 2 ; †hLv‡b
N
xi =Z_¨mg~n
x =Z_mg~‡ni Mo
N = ∑ f i ; Z_¨ msL¨v
fi =NUbmsL¨v
BDwbU-4 c„ôv: 75
weweGm
D`vniY-2: wb‡gœi †kªYxK…Z NUbmsL¨v web¨vm †_‡K cwiwgZ eëavb wbY©q Kiæb|
`ªe¨ weµq (nvRvi UvKvq) w`‡bi msL¨v
10-20 2
20-30 5
30-40 10
40-50 6
50-60 4
60-70 2
70-80 1
N=30 w`b
mgvavb: cwiwgZ eëavb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ †UwejwU mvwR‡q cvB-

`ª‡eï w`‡bi msL¨v ga¨ x =40 (
fi xi − x )
2 myÎ
weµq ( fi ) we›`y (xi- x )
(nvRvi ( xi )
UvKvq)
10-20 2 15 -25 2×625=1250
∑ f i (x i − x )
1
20-30 5 25 -15 S.D=
5×225=1125 30
30-40 10 35 -5 10×25=250 1
40-50 6 45 5 = × 6150
6×25=150 30
50-60 4 55 15
60-70 2 65 25 4×225=900 = 205
70-80 1 75 35 2×625=1250
1×225=1225
†gvU N=30= ∑ fi ∑ f i (x i − x ) =6150
∴ wb‡Y©q cwiwgZ eëavb
S.D=14.31
wb‡R Kiæb: wb‡gœ NUbmsL¨v wb‡ekb †_‡K cwiwgZ eëavb wbY©q Kiæb|
‰`wbK gyRyix kªwg‡Ki msL¨v ‰`wbK gyRyix kªwg‡Ki msL¨v
(UvKvq) (UvKvq)
100-110 5 150-160 20
110-120 8 160-170 10
120-130 7 170-180 9
130-140 12
140-150 18

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
mswÿß c×wZ‡Z cwiwgZ eëavb wbY©q:

A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_ï †ÿ‡Î mswÿß c×wZ:
mswÿß c×wZ ej‡Z mn‡R cwigvc c×wZ‡K eySvq| cwiwgZ eëavb wbY©‡qi mswÿß c×wZi m~ÎwU
wbgœiƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq:
Avgiv Rvwb,
cwiwgZ eëavb
1
S.D = ∑ (x i − x ) 2 ;
n
=
1
n
∑ (x - 2xi x + x
2
)
2
1 2x ∑ x i n x
= ∑ x i2 − +
n n n
1 2 2
= ∑ x i2 − 2x + x
n
1 2
= ∑ x i2 − x
n
2
1  ∑ xi 
= x i −  
2
n
∑ n 
 
2
1  ∑ xi 
∴S.D = x i −  
2
n
∑ 
 n 
wb‡R Kiæb: `kwU cwiev‡ii Avq wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj| mswÿß c×wZ‡Z cwiwgZ eëavb wbY©q Kiæb:
Z_¨ (nvRvi UvKvq)

3, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 24, 19
†kªYxK…Z Z_ï mswÿß c×wZ‡Z cwiwgZ eëavb wbY©q:

Avgiv Rvwb †kªYxK…Z wb‡ek‡bi †ÿ‡Î cwiwgZ eëavb-
1
S.D =
N
∑ ( 2
)
fi x i − x ; N = ∑ fi
=
1
N
∑ (
fi xi 2 − 2xi x + x
2
)
BDwbU-4 c„ôv: 77
weweGm
1  ∑ fixi  2
= ∑ fixi 2 - 2 x +x

N  N 
1 1  2
=
N
∑ fixi 2 - 2 x 
N
∑ fixi  + x
1 2
=
N
∑ fixi 2 - 2x.x + x
1
=
N
∑ fixi 2 - x.2
2
1  ∑ fixi 
= ∑ fixi 2 -  

N  N 
∴wb‡Y©q mswÿß AvKv‡i cÖKv‡ki m~ÎwU nj-

2
1  ∑ fixi 
S.D= ∑ fixi 2 -  

N  N 
D`vniY-3: wb‡Pi Z_¨ †_‡K mswÿß c×wZ‡Z cwiwgZ eëavb wbY©q Kiæb|

10-20 2
20-30 5
30-40 10
40-50 6
50-60 4
60-70 2
70-80 1
N=30 w`b
mgvavb: Avgiv †UwejwU mvwR‡q cvB
`ªe¨ weµq nvRvi w`‡bi msL¨v ga¨we›`y fixi fixi2

UvKvq
10-20 2 15 30 450
20-30 5 25 125 3125
30-40 10 35 350 12250
40-50 6 45 270 12150
50-60 4 55 220 12100
60-70 2 65 130 8450

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
70-80 1 75 75 5625
†gvU N=30 ∑ fixi = 1200 ∑ fixi 2
= 54150
2
1  ∑ fixi 
∴ S.D= ∑ fixi 2 -  

N  N 
= 1805 − 1600
= 205
=14.3178
∴wb‡Y©q mswÿß c×wZ‡Z S.D=14.3178
wb‡R Kiæb: †Kvb KviLvbvq Kg©KZ©v‡ì Kv‡Ri mgqKvj Abymv‡i †kªYx‡Z wfwWI K‡i Z_¨ †Ìqv nj|
mswÿß c×wZ‡Z cwiwgZ eëavb wbY©q Kiæb|
Kv‡Ri mgqKvj esmi 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25
Kg©KZ©vi msL¨v 1 2 4 2 1
†f`v¼: cwiwgZ eëav‡bi eM©‡K †f`v¼ ejv nq A_©vr †f`v¼=(cwiwgZ eëavb)2| cwiwgZ eëavb‡K
σ Øviv cÖKvk Ki‡j
σ2= †f`v¼
A‡kªYxK…Z Z_ï †ÿ‡Î, †f`v¼
1
σ2=
n
(
∑ xi − x )
2
A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_ï mswÿß c×wZ‡Z †f`v‡¼i myÎ

2
 xi 
σ = Σxi 2 -  ∑ 
2 1
n  n 
1 (∑ xi) 2 
= ∑ xi 2 − 
n  n 
†kªYxK…Z Z‡_ï †ÿ‡Î †f`v¼,
1
σ2=
n
∑ (2
)
fi xi - x ; N = Σfi
‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_ï †ÿ‡Î mswÿß c×wZ‡Z †f`v¼
1 ( Σfixi) 2
σ = Σfixi −
2 2
n n2
1 (∑ fixi) 2 
= ∑ fixi 2 − 
n n 
BDwbU-4 c„ôv: 79
weweGm
D`vniY-4: wb‡gœi †kªYxK…Z NUbmsL¨v web¨vm †_‡K cwiwgZ eëavb wbY©q Kiæb|
10-20 2
20-30 5
30-40 10
40-50 6
50-60 4
60-70 2
70-80 1
N=30 w`b
mgvavb: cwiwgZ eëavb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ †UwejwU mvwR‡q cvB-

`ª‡eï w`‡bi msL¨v ga¨ x =40 (
fi xi − x )
2 myÎ
weµq ( fi ) we›`y (xi- x )
(nvRvi ( xi )
UvKvq)
10-20 2 15 -25 2×625=1250
∑ f i (x i − x )
1
20-30 5 25 -15 S.D=
5×225=1125 30
30-40 10 35 -5 10×25=250 1
40-50 6 45 5 = × 6150
6×25=150 30
50-60 4 55 15
60-70 2 65 25 4×225=900 = 205
70-80 1 75 35 2×625=1250
1×225=1225
†gvU N=30= ∑ fi ∑ f i (x i − x ) =6150
∴ wb‡Y©q †f`v¼
†f`v¼=(14.31)2
= 204.776
wb‡R Kiæb: bIqvcvov K‡j‡R `k Rb Qv‡Îi eqm wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj| †f`v¼ wbY©q Kiæb (mswÿß
c×wZmn)
Z_¨: 16, 15, 17, 18, 14, 19, 21, 16, 20, 23
2| wb‡gœi mviYx †_‡K †f`v¼ (mswÿß c×wZmn) wbY©q Kiæb:
†kªYx 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
NUb msL¨v 2 3 15 37 13 5 2
cwiwgZ eëav‡bi myweav: cwiwgZ eëav‡bi myweav¸wj wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
• cwiwgZ eëavb we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci me‡P‡q †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I eûj eëüZ cwigvc|
• cwiwgZ eëav‡b MvwYwZK msÁv ¯úU|
• `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK web¨v‡mi Zzjbv Kivi Rb¨ †ewk Dc‡hvMx|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
• cwiwgZ eëavb bgybvi ZviZ‡g¨ A‡cÿvK…Z Kg cÖfvweZ nq|
Amyweav:
cwiwgZ eëav‡bi Amyweav¸wj wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
• mxgvnxb †kªYx e¨vwßi †_‡K cwiwgZ eëavb wbY©q m¤¢e bq
• cwiwgZ eëavb wbY©‡q †ewk mgq cÖ‡qvRb nq
• cwiwgZ eëavb wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î MvwbwZK Áv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb
cwiwgZ eëav‡bi ag©:
1| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK cwiwgZ eëavb Øviv MvwYwZKfv‡e mw¤§wjZ cwiwgZ eëavb wbY©q Kiv hvq
2| N msL¨K mvaviY msL¨vi cwiwgZ eëavb
1
σ= (N 2 − 1)
12
mvims‡ÿc
cwiwgZ eëavb we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci me‡P‡q †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I eûj eëüZ GKwU cwigvc

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| cÖwZwU gv‡bi †_‡K Mo gvb we‡qvM K‡i cwigvc c×wZ nj
K. Mo L. ga¨K
M. cwiwgZ eëavb N. cÖPziK

2| cwiwgZ eëavb mn‡R cwigvc Kiv hvq bv| †f`v¼
3| SD = ‡ f`v¼

4| SD = |
5| σ2 = |
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
6| cwiwgZ eëavb wbY©‡q K) †f`v¼ cvIqv hvq
7| cwiwgZ eëavb‡K eM© Ki‡j L) †ekx mgq cÖ‡qvRb nq
BDwbU-4 c„ôv: 81
weweGm
cvV-4.3 Av‡cwÿK we¯Ívi cwigvc I Gi cÖKvi‡f` (Relative Measures of dispersin

and it’s types)
f~wgKv
c~e© cv‡V Avgiv we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci GKUv Ask cig we¯Ívi cwigvc m¤ú‡K© †R‡bwQ| cig we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci
†ÿ‡Î Awfbœ Z_¨ ivwki we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci GKK Z_¨mg~‡ni †h GKK _v‡K †mB GKKB _v‡K| wKš‘ `yB
ev Z‡ZvwaK Z_¨ mg~‡ni ga¨ hw` cwigv‡ci GKK GKB nq Z_vwcI †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î cig cwigv‡ci
gva¨‡g we¯Ív‡ii Zzjbv Kiv h_vh_fv‡e A_©c~Y© nq bv| †mB me †ÿ‡Î Av‡cwÿK we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci mvnv‡h¨
Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv mnR nq| G‡ÿ‡Î Av‡cwÿK we¯Ívi GKKwenxb msL¨v _v‡K| AwZ mn‡R kZKiv
nv‡i cÖKvk Kiv hvq| G cv‡V Avgiv Av‡cwÿK we¯Ívi cwigvc m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
Av‡cwÿK we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci msÁv;
Av‡cwÿK we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci cÖKvi‡f`;
wewfbœ cÖKvi Av‡cwÿK we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci eënvi I ag©|
Av‡cwÿK we¯Ívi cwigvc: c~e© cvV †_‡K Avgiv †R‡bwQ cig we¯Ívi cwigvc I †K›`ªxq
cÖeYZvi cwigvc‡K AbycvZ K‡i 100 w`‡q ¸b K‡i †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K Av‡cwÿK
we¯Ívi cwigvc e‡j| A_©vr Av‡cwÿK we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci myÎwU nj-
cig we¯—vicwigvc × 100
Av‡cwÿK we¯Ívi cwigvc=
† K›`ª xq cÖeYZvi cwigvc
Av‡cwÿK we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci cÖKvi‡f`:

Av‡cwÿK we¯Ívi cwigvc mvaviYZ Pvi cÖKvi-
1| cwimiv¼ (Co-efficient of Range)
2| PZz_©K eëavbvsK (Co-efficient of quartile deviation)
3| Mo eëavbvsK (Co-efficient of Mean deviation)
4| †f‡ì mnK ev eëavbv¼ (Co-efficient of variation)
1| cwimiv¼: Avgiv Av‡MB †R‡bwQ

cwimi, R =H-L
cwimivsK msÁvwU nj Z_¨gvb mg~‡ni cwimi‡K Z_¨mxgvi D”P I wbgœmxgvi gv‡bi †hvMdj w`‡q fvM
Ki‡j †h gvb cvIqv n‡q Zv‡K 100 w`‡q ¸b Ki‡j cwimiv¼ cvIqv hvq-
H−L
A_©vr, cwimivsK= × 100
H+L
R
= × 100
H−L

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
D`vniY-1: 10 Rb kªwg‡Ki ˆ`wbK gyRyix wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj, Z_¨ †_‡K cwimivsK wbY©q Kiæb:
Z_¨: 90, 100, 95, 98, 110

105, 120, 97, 96, 115
mgvavb: Z_¨ mg~‡ni m‡e©v”P mxgv I m‡e©vwbgœ mxgv nj-

H=120 Ges L=90
120 − 90 30
∴cwimivsK= × 100 = × 100 =14.28
120 + 90 210
A_©vr wb‡Y©q gyRyixi cwimivsK = 14.28%
wb‡R Kiæb: 10 Rb Qv‡Îi D”PZvi Z_¨ wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
Z_¨: 62 65 68 69 71
69 67 71 66 66
cwimivsK wbY©q Kiæb|
2| PZz_©K eëavbvsK: PZz_©K eëav‡bi Av‡cwÿK cwigvc nj PZz_©K eëavbvsK| PZz_©K eëavbv¼
ej‡Z eySvq PZz_©K eëavb‡K 3q I 1g PZz_©‡Ki Mo Øviv fvM K‡i †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K 100 w`‡q
¸b Ki‡j PZz_©K eëavbvsK cvIqv hv‡e| A_©vr
Q 3 − Q1
PZz_©K eëavbv¼ = 2 × 100
Q3 + Q1
2
Q 3 − Q1
= × 100
Q 3 + Q1
Q − Q1
∴PZz_©K eëavbvsK = 3 × 100
Q 3 + Q1
D`vniY-2: 10 Rb kªwg‡Ki ˆ`wbK gyRyix wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj, Z_¨ †_‡K cwimivsK wbY©q Kiæb:
Z_¨: 90, 100, 95, 98, 110

105, 120, 97, 96, 115
mgvavb: Z_¨¸wj gv‡bi µgvbymv‡i mvwR‡q cvB 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120
98 + 100 198
Q2 = = = 99
2 2
Q1=3q gvb=96
Q3=8g gvb=110
BDwbU-4 c„ôv: 83
weweGm
110 − 96
∴PZz_©K eëavbvsK= × 100
110 + 96
14
= × 100 = 6.79
206
∴wb‡Y©q PZz_©K eëavbvsK=6.79
3| Mo eëavbvsK : Mo eëavb I Mo gv‡bi AbycvZ‡K 100 Øviv ¸b Ki‡j †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K
Mo eëavbvsK e‡j|
Mo eëavb
A_©vr Mo eëavbvsK = × 100
Mo
MvwYwZK myÎvbymv‡i-
Mo eëavbv¼=
∑x i −x
× 100
nx
D`vniY-3: Qq ai‡bi kªwgK †Kvb GKUv KviLvbvq ˆ`wbK gyRyix wfwË‡Z Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ n‡q‡Q| Zv‡ì
Z_¨wU wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj| Mo eëavbvsK wbY©q Kiæb|
wewfbœ ai‡bi kªwgK ‰`wbK gyRywi kªwg‡Ki msL¨v

†gKvwb· 95.5 2
wdUvm© 93.50 14
B‡jwUªwkqvb 94.00 20
Kvi‡cbUvi 93.00 7
¯§x_ 93.00 6
K¬vK© 92.00 6
†gvU
mgvavb: Mo eëavbvs‡Ki gvb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ gvb¸‡jv mvRv‡j cvB-
wewfbœ ai‡bi kªwgK ‰`wbK gyRywi kªwg‡Ki msL¨v fixi fi(xi- x ) fi (x i − x )

xi fi
†gKvwb· 95.50 2 191.0 3.76 3.76
wdUvm© 93.50 14 1309.0 -1.68 1.68
B‡jwUªwkqvb 94.00 20 1880 7.6 7.60
Kvi‡cbUvi 93.00 7 651.0 -4.34 4.34
¯§x_ 93.00 6 558.0 -3.72 3.72
K¬vK© 92.00 1 92.0 -1.62 1.62
N=50 ∑fixi Σ fi(xi − x )
= 4681.0
= 22.72

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
Σ fi(xi − x)
∴MD=
N
Σ f i (x i − x) =22.72
x = 93.62
Mo eëavb .4544
∴Mo eëavbvsK = × 100 = × 100 =.4854
Mo 93.62
eëavbv¼:
cwiwgZ eëavb I MvwYwZK M‡oi Abycv‡Zi kZKiv gvb‡K cwiwgZ eëavbvsK e‡j| G myÎ Kvj©
wcqvimb cÖPjb K‡ib A_©vr
cwiwgZ eëavb
eëavbv¼= × 100
MvwYwZK Mo
eëavbvsK C.V Øviv cÖKvk Ki‡j
S.D
C.V= × 100 A_ev
x
σ
C.V= × 100 ; GLv‡b
x
σ=S.D=cwiwgZ eëavb
x =MvwYwZK Mo
D`vniY-4: GKwU B‡j±ªwb· †Kv¤úvwbi `yBwU †iwd«Rv‡iUi Gi g‡Wj m¤úwK©Z Z‡_ï GKwU wb‡ekb
†Uwej wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj| g‡Wj `yBwUi Rxeb mxgvi we¯Ívi Zzjbv Kiæb|
†iwd«Rv‡iU‡ii æA” g‡W‡ji æB” g‡W‡ji
Rxeb mxgv †iwd«Rv‡iUi †iwd«Rv‡iUi
0-2 5 4
2-4 17 14
4-6 20 13
6-8 9 19
8-10 5 9
10-12 4 1
†gvU 60 60
BDwbU-4 c„ôv: 85
weweGm
mgvavb: Z_¨ wb‡ekb †UwejwU mvwR‡q cvB- †Uwej- æA”
†iwd«‡R‡iUi ‡iwd«‡RU‡ii ga¨we›`y fixi fixi2 myÎvejx

Gi Rxeb mxgv msL¨v xi
0-2 5 1 5 5 Σfixi 308
x= = = 5.13
2-4 17 3 51 153 N 60
4-6 20 5 100 500 2
1  Σfixi 
6-8 9 7 63 441 S.D= Σfixi 2 −  
8-10 5 9 45 405
N  N 
10-12 4 11 44 484 =
1
× 1988 − (5.13)2
60
†gvU N=60 - Σfixi Σfixi2 S.D = 33.13 − 26.35
=308 =1988 = 6.783 = 2.60
g‡Wj æA” †ÿ‡Î

S.D=2.60 Ges Mo, x =5.13
2.60
∴C.V.= × 100 =50.76
5.13
∴A g‡W‡ji Rxeb mxgvi cwiwgZ eëavbvsK 50.76%
Ò†UwejÓ-B
†iwd«‡R‡iUi Gi †iwd«‡RU‡ii ga¨we›`y fixi fixi2 m~Îvejx
Rxeb mxgv msL¨v fi xi
0-2 4 1 4 4 Σfixi 336
x= = = 5.6
2-4 14 3 42 126 N 60
4-6 13 5 65 325 2
1  Σfixi 
6-8 19 7 133 931 S.D= Σfixi 2 −  
8-10 9 9 81 729
60  60 
10-12 1 11 11 121 1
=× 2126 − (5.6) 2
60
= 37.27 - 31.36
= 5.91
∴ S.D=2.43
†gvU N=60 - Σfixi=336 Σfixi2
=2036
2.43
∴C.VB= × 100
5.6
∴C.VB=43.39
∴B Gi †ÿ‡Î †iwd«‡RUvi Gi cwiwgZ eëavbv¼=43.39%

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
†h‡nZz C.VA>C.VB ∴ B g‡W‡ji †iwd«Rv‡iUi Gi RxebKvj we¯Ívi Kg Ges B g‡W‡ji

†iwd«Rv‡iUi fvj|
wb‡R Kiæb: GKwU Avg`vbxKviK cÖwZôvb `yBwU †Kv¤úvbx †_‡K wKQy `ª‡eï bgybvi c¨v‡KU Lyjj| cÖvß
Z_¨¸wj wb‡gœi †Uwe‡j †Ìqv nj| †Kvb †Kv¤úvwbi Avg`vbxK…Z `ªe¨¸wj Avg`vbxKviK cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨
fvj n‡e DË‡ii mc‡ÿ hyw³ wjLyb|
`ªeï IRb (†KwR) †Kv¤úvbx †_‡K cÖvß

A B
50-59.9 3 10
60-69.9 42 16
70-79.9 12 26
80-89.9 3 4
†gvU 60 60
mvims‡ÿc
cwiwgZ eëavbvsK Øviv `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK web¨v‡mi Zzjbv Kiv Kiv hvq|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| cig we¯Ívi cwigvc I †Kw›`ªq cÖeYZvi cwigv‡ci AbycvZ‡K 100 Øviv ¸Y Ki‡j cvIqv
K. Av‡cwÿK we¯Ívi cwigvc L. †f`v¼
M. ms‡kølvsK N. we‡f`vbvsK

2| cwiwgZ eëavbv‡¼ MvwYwZK RwUjZv e„w× cvq
3| Kg cwikª‡g cwiwgZ eëavbvsK wbY©q Kiv hvq

4| eëavbv¼ |
5| PZz_©K eëavbvsK = |
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
6| eëavbv¼ wbY©‡q MvwYwZK K) Zzjbv Ki‡Z †efavbv¼ eënvi me‡P‡q Dc‡hvM
7| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK web¨v‡mi L) RwUjZv e„w× cvq
BDwbU-4 c„ôv: 87
weweGm
cvV-4.4 NUbmsL¨v web¨vm †iLv (Freyquency distribution curve)

f~wgKv
c~e© cv‡V Avcbviv NUbmsL¨v web¨vm I NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡mi wewfbœ îwLK Dc¯’vcb m¤ú‡K© †R‡b‡Qb|
web¨v‡mi îwLK Dc¯’vc‡bi mgq cÖvß †iLvi AvKvi AvK…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i Z‡_ï we‡kølY m¤ú‡K©
aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| G cv‡V NUbmsL¨v web¨vm †iLv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|
D‡Ïk¨
†iLvi wewfbœ AvKvi m¤ú‡K©;
cwiwgZ †iLv m¤ú‡K©;
mylg †iLv m¤ú‡K©;
ew¼gZv m¤ú‡K©|
†K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc wbY©q Kivi †ÿ‡Î Avgiv †`‡LwQ Mo, ga¨K I cÖPziK hwÌ mgvb
nIqv K_v Z_vwcI me †ÿÎ Mo, ga¨K I cÖPziK mgvb nq bv| †hme NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡mi
ivwk ¸wji e›Ub mgvb nq †m me web¨v‡mi Mo, ga¨gv I cÖPziK mgvb| G ai‡bi web¨vm‡K
mylg web¨vm e‡j| wP‡Î GKwU mylg web¨v‡mi †iLv †`Lyb hvi Mo, ga¨gv I cÖPziK mgvb|
wPÎ: mylg web¨vm

hLb, Mo, ga¨gv I cÖPziK mgvb bv nq ZLb web¨vmwU‡K ejv nq Amg web¨vm ev ew¼gZv| A_©vr ew¼gZv
ev Amg web¨v‡m Mo, ga¨K I cÖPzi‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i aviYv cvIqv hvq| wP‡Î GKwU Amg web¨vm †iLv
†`Lv‡bv nj:
0 +α
wPÎ: Amg †iLv

Mo, ga¨K I cÖPzi‡Ki ga¨Kvi m¤úK© wbY©‡qi Rb¨ K. pearson GKwU m~Î †`wL‡q‡Qb-

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
1
Mo-ga¨K= (Mo-cÖPziK)
3
ev, cÖPziK=3 ga¨gv-2 Mo
2 Mo + cÖPziK
Ges ga¨gv=
3
NUbmsL¨v wb‡elb †h cÖKv‡iiB †nvK bv †Kb Zv‡K †jLwP‡Î Dc¯’vcb Ki‡j †h †iLvi m„wó nq †m †iLvi
kxl© we›`yB nj cÖPziK| cwimsL¨vb Z_¨ wb‡ek‡bi ivwk¸wj AmgvÄm¨Zvi d‡j †Kvb †Kvb mgq MbmsL¨v
†iLvwU evg w`‡K j¤^v †jR AvKvi aviY K‡i Ab¨w`‡K dvcv n‡q D‡V| Z_¨mg~‡ni cÖK…wZMZ êwk‡óï
Kvi‡b Amg web¨vm wZb ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i †hgb:
1| abvZ¥K ew¼gZv
2| FYvZ¥K ew¼gZv
3| mylg †iLv
1| abvZ¥K ew¼gZv: hw` NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡mi wb‡ekY Wvb w`‡K †ewk e„w× cvq A_©vr wb‡ekb †iLvi †jR
Wvb w`‡K †ewk nq Zv‡K abvZ¥K ew¼gZv ejv n‡e| wb‡P GKwU abvZ¥K ew¼gZvi wPÎ †`Lyb:
wPÎ: abvZ¥K ew¼gZv

2| FbvZ¥K ew¼gZv: hw` †Kvb NUbmsL¨v wb‡ekb †iLv evg w`‡K †ewk e„w× cvq ev wb‡ekb †iLvi †jR
evg w`‡K †ewk j¤^v nq Zv‡K FbvZ¥K ew¼gZv ejv nq| wb‡P GKwU FbvZ¥K ew¼gZvi wPÎ †`Lyb:
wPÎ: FbvZ¥K ew¼gZv
BDwbU-4 c„ôv: 89
weweGm
ew¼gZvi êwkó¨:
• ew¼gZvi †ÿ‡Î KLbI Mo, ga¨K Ges cÖPziK mgvb nq bv|
• G‡ÿ‡Î ga¨gv †_‡K PZz_©K mg~n GKB `~i‡Z¡ _v‡K bv|
• ‡iLvi †K›`ª †_‡K †i&Lv‡K `yB fvM Ki‡j cÖwZ fvM mgvb nq bv|
• ga¨gv †_‡K Z_¨ mg~‡ni abvZ¥K wePz¨wZi mgwó FbvZ¥K wePz¨wZi mgwói mgvb nq bv|
• Mo, ga¨gv I cÖPyiK mgvb n‡j ew¼gZv ïb¨ nq|
ew¼gZvi cwigvc: †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi myl‡gi cÖfve, Zv M‡oi †Kvb w`‡K co‡e A_ev Zvi cwigvb wK
BZ¨vw` wbY©‡qi Rb¨ ew¼gZvi cwigv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| Mo Ges cÖPzi‡Ki cv_©K¨B Ab‡cÿ ew¼gZvi
cwigvcK| ZvB ew¼gZvi Av‡cwÿK cwigvcKB eûj cÖPwjZ| Avgiv ïay gvÎ Kvj©wcqvm‡bi ew¼gZvsK
m~ÎwU Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|
Kvj© wcqvm©b (1857-1936) wQ‡jb GKRb e„wUk cwimsL¨vbwe`| wZwb ew¼gZv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ wb‡gœi
m~ÎwU ˆZwi K‡i|
ew¼gZvsK=MvwbwZK Mo-cÖPziK
GLv‡b ïaygvÎ ew¼gZvi cig cwigvcK wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev-
ew¼gZvq cig cwigvc: Avgiv Rvwb mylg web¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î Mo, ga¨gv I cÖPziK GKB we›`y‡Z _v‡K| wKš‘
ew¼g web¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î Mo, ga¨K I cÖPziK GK we›`y‡Z _v‡K bv ZvB-
cig ew¼gZv SK=Mo-cÖPziK
hw` MvwbwZK M‡oi gvb cÖPzi‡Ki †P‡q eo nq| Zvnv n‡j web¨vmwU‡K ejv n‡e abvZ¥K ew¼g Avevi
MvwbwZK Mo hw` cÖPzi‡Ki †P‡q †QvU nq Zvn‡j web¨vmwU‡K ejv n‡e FbvZ¥K ew¼g Ges MvwbwZK Mo
hw` cÖPzi‡Ki mgvb nq Z‡e web¨vmwUi ew¼gZv n‡e ïY¨ A_©vr
abvZ¥K ew¼gZvi †ÿ‡Î, SK= MvwYwZK Mo-cÖPziK>0 ev, SK>0
FbvZ¥K ew¼gZvi †ÿ‡Î, SK=MvwYwZK Mo-cÖPziK<0 ev, SK<0
ïb¨ ew¼gZvi †ÿ‡Î, SK=MvwYwZK Mo-cÖPziK=0 ev, SK<0
D`vniY: †Kvb Z_¨ wb‡ek‡bi MvwYwZK Mo, 50.78 Ges cÖPziK hw` 45.98 nq †m †ÿ‡Î web¨vmwU
cÖK…wZ wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, †Kvb Z‡_ï web¨vm cÖK…wZ abvZ¥K, FYvZ¥K ev ïY¨ ew¼gZv n‡e|
hw` abvZ¥K: SK=MvwYwZK Mo-cÖPziK>0
FbvZ¥K: SK=MvwYwZK Mo-cÖPziK <0
ïb¨ ew¼gZv, SK=MvwYwZK Mo-cÖPziK=0
GLv‡b, MvwYwZK Mo=50.78 Ges
cÖPziK=45.98
A_©vr web¨vmwU n‡e abvZ¥K KviY MvwYwZK Mo>cÖPziK A_©vr

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
SK=50.78-45.98
=4.80>0 AZGe web¨vm †iLvwU n‡e abvZ¥K ew¼g|
wb‡R Kiæb: wb‡Pi wb‡ek‡b cÖwZ N›Uvq kªwgK‡ì gyRywii GKwU web¨vm †Ìqv Av‡Q web¨vmwUi cÖK…wZ
wbY©q Kiæb|
cÖwZ N›Uv gyRyix (UvKvq) 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30
kªwg‡Ki msL¨v 10 20 40 15 10 5
m~uPjZv (Kurtosis): NUbmsL¨v wb‡ekb †iLvi Avi GKwU êwkó¨ nj m~PjZv| hw` NUbmsL¨v wb‡ekb
†iLv GKwU mylg †iLvi Zzjbvq †ewk A_ev Kg m~Pj A_©vr AwZ DPz ev wbPz nq ZLb Zv‡K m~PjZv ejv
nq| m~PjZv wZb cÖKvi|
1| AwZ mu~PjZv: G †ÿ‡Î †iLvi m~PjZvi gvÎv mvfvweK ev mylg †iLvi †P‡q AwZ gvÎvq myPj n‡j Zv‡K
AwZ m~PjZv ejv nq|
2| ga¨ mu~PjZv: G †ÿ‡Î m~PjZvi gvÎv m~lg †iLvi mgZ~j¨ nq ZvB ga¨ m~PjZv‡K mylg †iLvI ejv
nq|
3| Aí mu~PjZv: G †ÿ‡Î m~PjZvi gvÎv mylg †iLvi †P‡q ¯^í m~Pj A_©vr cÖvq mgZj nq ZvB m~PjZvi G
gvÎv‡K ¯^í m~PjZv e‡j|
µ8
mu~PjZvi cwigvc: Avgiv m~PjZv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ m~ÎwU eënvi Kwi β 2 = 2
µ2
GLv‡b µ 8=4_© †Kw›`ªq cwiNvZ I µ 2 2q †Kw›`ªq cwiNvZ
hw` β2=3 nq; G‡ÿ‡Î web¨vmwU mylg ev mgm~Pj
β2>3 nq; G‡ÿ‡Î web¨vmwU AwZ mu~Pj
β2<3 nq; G‡ÿ‡Î web¨vmwU AbwZmu~Pj|
mvims‡ÿc
NUb msL¨v web¨vm †iLvi AvK…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i web¨vmwUi êwkó¨mn we‡køl‡Yi Øviv Z_¨ m¤ú‡K©
wewfbœ aviYv cvIqv hvq| †iLv mylg AvK…wZi n‡j Mo, ga¨gv I cÖPzi‡Ki gvb mgvb nq|
BDwbU-4 c„ôv: 91
weweGm

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| mylg web¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î mZ¨ †KvbwU
K. Mo=ga¨gv=cÖPziK L. Mo≠ga¨gv=cÖPziK
M. Mo=ga¨gv≠cÖPziK N. Mo≠ga¨gv≠cÖPziK
2| mylg †iLvi †ÿ‡Z β2 Gi gvb
K. .05 L. 3
M. .03 N. 1

3| Mo, ga¨gv I cÖPziK mgvb bv n‡j ZLb web¨vmwU‡K ejv nq Amg ev ew¼g web¨vm|
4| hw` †Kvb NUbmsL¨v wb‡ekb †iLv evg w`‡K †ewk e„w× cvq ZLb Zv‡K e‡j FbvZ¥K ew¼gZv|

5| β2= mylg web¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î mZ¨|
6| K. Pearson Gi myÎ Abyhvqx, cÖPziK= |
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
7| ga¨ mu~PjZv mylg web¨v‡mi K) ga¨gv I cÖPziK mgvb
8| mylg web¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î Mo L) mgZzj¨ nq|
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-4
1| †fav¼ I cwiwgZ eëavb Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjLyb Ges Dnv‡ì myweav¸wj Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| Mo eëav‡bi myweav Ges Amyweav Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3| †f`v‡¼i eënvi †ÿÎ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4| eëavbv‡¼i msÁv wjLyb| Mo eëavbv¼ I cwimiv¼ Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjLyb|
5| cwiwgZ eëavbv‡¼i msÁv w`b| cwiwgZ eëavbv‡¼i myweav I Amyweav wjLyb|
6| mu~PjZvi msÁv wjLyb| mu~PjZvi cÖKvi‡f` Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

BDwbU
ms‡kølY I wbf©iY
5
f~wgKv
c~e© BDwbU¸‡jv‡K GKwU gvÎ Pj‡Ki †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi cwigvc c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ|
†hgb, †Kvb KviLvbvq Avq, e¨q, kªwg‡Ki †eZb BZ¨vw` GKK êwkóï Dci wfwË K‡i Z_¨ msMÖn K‡iwQ
Ges cvkvcvwk wewfbœ cwigvc c×wZ I Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| wKš‘ ev¯Íe †ÿ‡Î `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK PjK wb‡q
we‡kølY ev wm×všÍ nq| †hgb, †Kvb KviLvbvq cyuwR wewb‡qvM K‡i gybvdv Kiv nq| GLv‡b gybvdv I cyuwR
`yBwU PjK| Avevi gybvdv I cuywR PjK `yBwU ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³| ZvB ev¯Íe †ÿ‡Î Z‡_ï cÖK…wZ, m¤úK©
BZ¨vwì cwigvc cÖ‡qvRb nq| m¤úK©hy³ Pj‡Ki †ÿ‡Î cwigvc c×wZ eZ©gvb BDwb‡U Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
ms‡køl‡Yi msÁv;
ms‡køl‡Yi cÖKvi‡f`;
ms‡køl‡Yi cwigvc c×wZ;
wbf©iY Gi msÁv;
wbf©i‡Yi cÖKvi‡f`;
wbf©iY cwigvc c×wZ|
weweGm
cvV-5.1 ms‡kølY c×wZ I ms‡køl‡Yi cwigvc

f~wgKv
ms‡kølY ej‡Z `yBwU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i gvÎv‡K eySvq| †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î Z_¨mg~‡ni êwkó¨‡K `yB ev
Z‡ZvwaK m¤úK©hy³ Z_¨gvjvi Øviv cwigvc Kiv nq ZvB G m¤úK©hy³ Z_¨gvjvi, cªK…wZ, êwk‡óï wWMÖx
cwigv‡ci Rb¨ wewfbœ c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
ms‡kl‡Yi msÁv;
wewfbœ ai‡bi ms‡kølY;
ms‡køl‡Yi ag© I eënvi;
we‡ÿc wP‡Îi msÁv|
ms‡kølY: mvaviYZ `yBwU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ GKwU Pj‡Ki gv‡bi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨ Pj‡Ki
gv‡bi cwieZ©b nq A_ev nq bv| A_©vr G †ÿ‡Î Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, PjK `ywUi gv‡bi
cwieZ©b n‡j Zv‡ì g‡a¨ m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| hw` gv‡bi cwieZ©b bv nq Z‡e Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi
Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †Kvb m¤úK© †bB| G welq¸‡jv‡K msÁvwqZ Ki‡j Avgiv ms‡køl‡Yi aviYv cve|
ms‡kølY: `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ †h cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© we`¨gvb _v‡K Zv‡K ms‡kølY e‡j| †hgb,
evRv‡i †Kvb wRwb‡mi mieivn †e‡o †M‡j `vg K‡g hvq Avevi wecixZ w`‡K mieivn K‡g †M‡j `vg
†i‡o hvq A_©vr PjK mieiv‡ni Dci `vg ev‡o ev K‡g| G m¤úK©‡K ms‡kølY e‡j|
ms‡kølY cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi-
1| abvZ¥K ms‡kølY (Positive correlation)
2| FYvZ¥K ms‡kølY (Negative correlation)
1| aYvZ¥K ms‡kølY: hw` `yBwU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© Giƒc nq †h GKwU cwieZ©b n‡j A_©vr gvb evo‡j
Ab¨ PjKwUi gvb evo‡Z _v‡K Avevi Ab¨w`‡K GKwU Pj‡Ki gvb n«vm †c‡j Ab¨ PjKwUi gvbI n«vm
cvq Giƒc PjK‡K aYvZ¥K ms‡kølY e‡j| †hgb, †Kvb eëmvh AwaK cyuwR wewb‡qvM Ki‡j jvf †ekx
nq| cywR I gybvdv Pj‡Ki m¤úK©wU GKwU abvZ¥K ms‡kølY|
2| FYvZ¥K ms‡kølY: hw` `yBwU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ GKwU Pj‡Ki gvb Giƒc cwieZ©b nq †hb GKwU Pj‡Ki
gvb e„w× †c‡j Ab¨ Pj‡Ki gvb n«vm cvq A_ev GKwUi gvb n«vm †c‡j Ab¨wUi gvb e„w× cvq Zv‡K
FYvZ¥K ms‡kølY e‡j| D`vniY¯îƒc-
K…wl‡ÿ‡Î av‡bi e„w×i Rb¨ mvi cÖ‡qv‡M av‡bi Drcv`b e„w× cvIqvi K_v, wKš‘ AwZwi³ mvi cÖ‡qv‡M
Drcv`b K‡g hvq| Giƒc †ÿ‡Î mvi I av‡bi m¤úK©‡K FYvZ¥K ms‡kølY e‡j|
we‡ÿc wPÎ: `yÕwU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©‡K †j‡Li mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiv hvq we‡ÿc wP‡Îi gva¨‡g
wØPjK wewkó Z_¨‡K †jL Gi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Ki‡K ejv nq we‡ÿcwPÎ| we‡ÿcwP‡Îi gva¨‡g ms‡køl
m¤ú‡K© wbgœwjwLZ gšÍe¨ Kiv nq|
ms‡kølY I wbf©iY c„ôv: 94

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
1| we‡ÿc wP‡Îi we›`y¸wj hw` D×©Mvgx ev wbgœMvgx nq Zvn‡j PjKØ‡qi g‡a¨ m¤úK© Av‡Q e‡j cÖwZqgvb
nq Ges hw` we›`y¸wji we‡kl †Kvb MwZc_ bv _v‡K Z‡e PjK Ø‡qi g‡a¨ †Kvb m¤úK© †bB|
wPÎ †`Lyb:
wPÎt DaŸ©g~Lx wPÎt wbgœg~Lx wPÎt †Kvb m¤úK© †bB
2| hw` PjKØ‡qi Ae¯’v‡bi MwZ DaŸ©Mvgx nq A_©vr wP‡Îi evg w`‡K wbP n‡Z we›`yMwj Dc‡ii w`‡K
DV‡Z _v‡K ZLb PjKØ‡qi g‡a¨ abvZ¥K ms‡køl we`¨gvb eyS‡Z n‡e| wPÎ †`Lyb:
wPÎt DaŸ©g~Lx
3| hw` PjK Ø‡qi Ae¯’v‡bi MwZ wbgœgyLx nq A_©vr wP‡Îi evg w`‡K Dci †_‡K wb‡P we›`yMwj bvg‡Z
_v‡K ZLb Zv‡ì g‡a¨ FbvZ¥K ms‡køl we`¨vgvb eyS‡Z n‡e|
wPÎt wbgœg~Lx
4| hw` PjKØ‡qi g‡a¨ †Kvb m¤úK© bv _v‡K Z‡e we›`yMwj wewÿßfv‡e †jL KvM‡R Ae¯’vb Ki‡e|
wPÎ †`Lyb:
wPÎ t †KvbUvB †bB|
BDwbU-5 c„ôv: 95
weweGm
5| we‡ÿc wP‡Îi we›`y¸wji we¯Z…wZ Lye Kg n‡j eyS‡Z n‡e PjKØ‡qi ms‡kø‡li gvÎv Lye Kg| wP‡Î
†`Lyb:
wPÎ t m¤ú‡K©i gvÎv Kg
hw` PjKØ‡qi ga¨ m¤ú‡K©i gvÎv Lye †ekx nq Z‡e we›`y ¸wji Ae¯’vb LyeB KvQvKvwQ n‡e| wPÎ †`Lyb:
wPÎt m¤ú‡K©i gvÎv †ekx
k~Y¨ ms‡køl: hw` `yBwU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ †Kvb GKwU cwieZ©b n‡j Ab¨wUi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv A_©vr
Dnv‡ì g‡a¨ †Kvb m¤úK© cwijwÿZ nq bv ZLb †mB Pj‡Ki m¤úK©‡K ïb¨ ms‡køl e‡j|
mvims‡ÿc
†Kvb mgMÖ‡Ki `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ †h m¤úK© cwijwÿZ nq Zv nj ms‡kølY| ms‡kølY `yB
ai‡Yi 1| abvZ¥K ms‡kølY 2| FbvZ¥K ms‡kølY| we‡ÿc wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ `yBwU Pj‡Ki ga¨Kvi
cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© cÖKvk Kiv hvq|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| `yBwU Pj‡Ki ga¨ m¤ú‡K©i gvÎv‡K e‡j
K. †f`v¼ L. ms‡kølY
M. m¤úK© we‡kølb N. we‡f`v¼
2| GKwU Pj‡Ki gv‡bi e„w×‡Z hw` Aci Pj‡Ki gvb e„w× cvq Z‡e Zv‡K ejv nq
K. ïb¨ ms‡kølY L. FbvZ¥K ms‡kølY
M. abvZ¥K ms‡kølY N. AvswkK ms‡kølY

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
3| hw` `ywU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i gvÎv Lye †ekx nq Z‡e we›`y ¸wj Ae¯’v n‡e
K. KvQvKvwQ L. `~‡i
M. Lye `~‡i N. A‰iwLK
mZ¨/wg_¨v wbY©q
4| we‡ÿc wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ `ywU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
5| `yBwU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© bv _vK‡j Zv‡K ïb¨ m¤úK© ejv nq|
ïb¨¯’vb c~iY:
6| †Kvb mgMÖ‡Ki `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ †h m¤úK© cwijwÿZ nq Zv‡K ejv nq |
7| hw` PjK Ø‡qi MwZ wbgœMvgx nq ZLb †mB m¤ú‡K© e‡j|
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
8| `yBwU Pj‡Ki ga¨ cvi¯úwiK K) Mvgx n‡j Zv‡ì wfZi m¤úK© Av‡Q
9| we‡ÿc wP‡Îi we›`y¸wj DaŸ© L) m¤úK©‡K †j‡Li gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv hvq
BDwbU-5 c„ôv: 97
weweGm
cvV-5.2 ms‡køl‡Yi cwigvc c×wZ (Measures of Correlation)

f~wgKv
c~e© cvV †_‡K Avgiv †R‡bwQ ms‡kølY nj `ywU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i gvÎv| m¤ú‡K©i gvÎvi cÖK…wZ, aiY
†Kgb n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q| m¤ú‡K©i gvÎv‡K MvwYwZKfv‡e wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡j m¤úK©‡K AviI
we‡kølY ag©x Kiv m¤¢e| eZ©gvb cv‡V ms‡køl‡Yi gvÎv‡K MvwYwZKfv‡e wbY©q Kivi c×wZ, ag©, eënvi
BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
D‡Ïk¨
ms‡køl‡Yi gvÎvi cwigvc c×wZ;
ms‡kølvs‡Ki msÁv;
ms‡kølv‡¼i ag©;
ms‡kølv‡¼i eënvi;
m¤¢ve¨ wePz¨wZi msÁv BZ¨vw`|
ms‡kølv¼ (Co-efficient of Co-rrelation)

ms‡køl‡Yi gvÎv ej‡Z `yÕwU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i cwigvb‡K eySvq A_©vr g~ja‡bi e„w×‡Z
Av‡qi e„w×i GKwU aYvZ¥K m¤úK© i‡q‡Q Avevi `vg e„w×i mv‡_ `ªeï weµq Kgvi GKUv
m¤úK© ev FYvZ¥K m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|
G m¤úK© MvwYwZK cwigv‡ci Rb¨ Karl Pearson me©cÖ_g GKUv myÎ Avwe¯‹vi K‡i‡Qb hv Karl
Pearson Gi ms‡kølv¼ wbY©q m~Î bv‡g cwiwPwZ|
m~ÎwU wbgœiƒc:
hw` (xi;yi);i=1,2, ........ n `yBwU ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ n †Rvov PjK nq; Zvn‡j
PjK `yBwUi ¸bd‡ ji mgwó

ms‡kølv¼, r=
GKwU Pj‡ Ki e‡ Mi † hvMdj × Aci Pj‡ Ki e‡ Mi † hvMdj
Σx i y i
A_©r, r =
Σx i2 Σy i2
Σ(x i - x )(y i - y )
D³ m~Î‡K Ab¨fv‡eI †jLv hvq, r =
Σ(x i − x ) 2 Σ(yi - y ) 2
Avevi hw`, Sp(xy) = Σ(x i − x)(y i − y ); (x i − x ) I (y i − y ) Gi ¸Yd‡ji †hvMdj
Ss (x) = Σ(x i − x) 2 ; (x i − x ) Gi e‡M©i †hvMdj
Ss (y) = Σ(y i − y ) 2 ; (y i − y ) Gi e‡M©i †hvMdj
ZLb, rxy Zv‡K wbgœiƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
sp(xy)
rxy=
ss(x)ss(y)
Avevi rxy †K eënvwiK Kv‡R eëüZ myÎwU wbgœfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv hvq
ΣxiΣyi
Σxiyi −
rxy= n ; i = 1,2.....n
 2 (Σx i )   2 (Σyi) 2 
2
Σx i −  Σy i − 
 n  n 
Karl Pearson Gi myÎ wbgœwjwLZ Abygv‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i wbY©q Kiv nj:
1| PjKØ‡qi g‡a¨ îwLK m¤úK© we`¨gvb
2| PjKØ‡qi g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i KviY I cÖfve we`¨gvb
3| ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki GKwU gv‡bi Rb¨ wbf©ikxj Pj‡Ki GKvwaK gvb we`¨gvb n‡Z cv‡i|
ms‡kølv‡¼i ag© ev êwkó¨ : ms‡kølv‡¼i cÖavb ag©

1| ms‡kølv¼ GKwU GKK gy³ msL¨v
2| ms‡kølvsK gyjwe›`y I gvcbx n‡Z ¯^vaxb
3| ms‡kølv¼ cÖwZmg A_©vr rxy = ryx
4| ms‡kølv‡¼i gvb me©`v -1 †_‡K +1 Gi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z
5| PjK `yÕwU ¯^vaxb n‡j rxy = 0
ms‡klv‡¼i ag©vejxi cÖgvY:

1| ms‡kølv¼ PjKØ‡qi g~jwe›`y I gvcbxi Dci wbf©ikxj bq
cÖgvY : g‡b Kwi (xi;yi);i=1,2.............n, x Ges y Gi n †Rvov gvb| xi Gi g~jwe›`y a I gvcbx h
cwieZ©‡b bZzb gvb ui Ges yi Gi g~jwe›`y b I gvcbx k cwieZ©‡b bZzb gvb vi cvIqv †Mj
xi − a y −b
A_©vr ui= ; vi= i
h k
=> xi=a+hui; => yi=b+kvi
= > x = a + hu ; = > y = b + kv
GLb, Σ(x i − x) = Σ[a + hu i − a − h u ] = hΣ(u i − u )
Σ(y i − y ) = Σ[b + kv i − b − k v] = kΣ(v i − v)
Ges Σ(x i − x)(y i − y ) = Σ[h(u i − u )xk(v i − v)] = hkΣ(u i − u )(v i − v)

Avgiv Rvwb-
Σ(xi − x )(yi − y )
ms‡kølv¼, rxy=
Σ(xi − x) 2 Σ(yi − y ) 2
BDwbU-5 c„ôv: 99
weweGm
hku i − u )(v i − v)
=
h Σ(ui − u ) 2 xk 2 Σ(vi − v) 2
2
hku i − u )(v i − v)
=
hk Σu i − u ) 2 Σ(vi − v) 2
= ruv
A_©vr rxy=ruv; A_©vr ms‡kølv¼ g~j I gvcbxi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv| (cÖgvwbZ)
2| ms‡kølv‡¼i gvb -1 I +1 Gi g‡a¨ mxgve×|

cÖgvY : g‡b Kwi xi I yi; i=1,2..........n,x,y Gi n †Rvov gvb|
Avgiv Rvwb, †Kvb msL¨vi eM© me©`v †hvM‡evaK A_©vr
2
 (x i − x ) (y i − y ) 
 ±  ≥0
 σ x σ y 
GLv‡b σx=x Gi cwiwgZ eëavb

σy=y Gi cwiwgZ eëavb
(x i − x ) 2 (y i − y ) 2 2(x i − x )(y i − y )
GLb 2
+ 2
± ≥0
σx σy σxσy
Σ(x i − x ) 2 Σ(y i − y ) 2 2 Σ(xi − x )(y i − y )

or, + ± ≥ o (∴ Dfq c‡ÿi †hvM wPý wb‡q]
σx 2 σy 2 σxσy
2 2
n σx n σy Σ(x i − x)(y i − y )
2
+ 2
± nrxy × 2 ≥ o Q rxy =
2 2
σ x σ y σx σy
or, n + n ± 2nrxy ≥ o
2n ± 2nrxy ≥ o
⇒ 1 + rxy ≥ o; 1-rxy ≥ o
⇒ rxy ≥ - 1 ; rxy • +1
A_©vr rxy Gi gvb -1 I +1 Gi g‡a¨ mxgve×| (cÖgvwbZ)
`yÕwU ci¯úi ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki ms‡kølv¼ k~b¨

cÖgvb: g‡b Kwi xi I yi; i=1, 2 ........ n, x I y Gi n †Rvov gvb I Zvnviv ci¯úi ¯^vaxb| Avgiv Rvwb
`yÕwU ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki †f`v¼ mnM Gi gvb ïY¨

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
1
A_©vr Σ(x i − x)(y i − y ) = o
n
Avgiv AviI Rvwb –
Σ(x i − x )(y i − y )
ms‡kølv¼, rxy=
Σ(x i − x ) 2 Σ(y i - y ) 2
o
= ; ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki †ÿ‡Î
Σ(x i − x )2Σ(y i − y )2
=o
∴ rxy = o A_©vr Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi `yÕwU ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki ms‡kølv¼ ïY¨| (cÖgvwbZ)
ms‡kølv¼, rxy gv‡bi e¨vL¨v:
1) r= +1 n‡j, PjK Ø‡qi g‡a¨c~Y© abvZ¥K m¤úK© we`¨vgvb
2) r =-1 n‡j, PjK Ø‡qi g‡a¨c~Y© FbvZœK m¤úK© we`¨vgvb
3) r = o n‡j, Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ †Kvb m¤úK© †bB|
m¤¢ve¨ wePz¨wZ: ms‡kølv‡¼i m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v `v‡bi †ÿ‡Î wePz¨wZ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| †Kvb Z_¨wek¦
n‡Z wewfbœ AvKv‡ii bgybv msMÖn K‡i ms‡kølv‡¼i gvb r wbY©q Ki‡j r Gi wewfbœ gvb cvIqv hv‡e Ges
G‡ì web¨vmwUi GKwU †f`v¼ gvb cvIqv hv‡e hvi cwiwgZ eëavb gvb‡K SE(r) Øviv m~wPZ Ki‡j,
1 − r2 1 − r2
SE(r) = | m¤¢ve¨ wePz¨wZ P.E(r) = .6745 ; G †ÿ‡Î .6745 nj cwiwgZ web¨v‡mi
(n − 2) n−2
kZKiv 50% Z_¨ gvb hv p ± .6745x Gi wfZi we`¨gvb _v‡K| m¤¢ve¨ wePz¨wZ PE(r) Gi Dci wbf©i
K‡i r Gi gv‡bi e¨vL¨v:
1| r Gi gvb hLb P.E.(r) Gi †_‡K †QvU nq, ZLb ms‡kølY †gv‡UB h_v_© bq
2| hLb r>6 P.E.(r) ZLb ms‡kølv¼ wbwðZfv‡e h_v_©
3| hLb r Gi gvb P.E.(r) Gi †P‡q eo ZLb ms‡kølv¼ h_v_©fv‡e we`¨gvb|
wb‡R Kiæb: wbgœwjwLZ Z_¨ n‡Z ms‡kølv¼ wbY©q Kiæb I Dnv‡ì djvdj we‡kølY Kiæb
Drcv`b (gb) x 25 27 36 42 44
g~j¨ (UvKv) y 30 35 34 49 38
[DËi: rxy = .84]
D`vniY-1: g‡b Kwi (xi, yi)i=1,2.........5; x I y Gi 5 †Rvov gvb| †Ìqv Av‡Q-
Σx=29; Σx2=231
Σy = 31; Σy2 = 307 Ges
Σxy=231
x I y Pj‡Ki ms‡kølv¼ wbY©q Kiæb
BDwbU-5 c„ôv: 101

weweGm
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb `yÕwU Pj‡Ki †ÿ‡Î ms‡kølY wbY©‡qi m~Î:

Σx i Σy i
Σx i y i −
rxy= n
 2 (Σx i )   2 (ΣΣi ) 2 
2
Σxi −   Σy i − 
 n  n 
29 × 31
231 −
= 5
 (29)  
2
(31) 2 
 231 −  307 − 
 5  5 
264 − 179.8
=
(231 − 168.2)(307 − 192.2)
84.2 84.2
= = = .99
62.8 × 114.8 84.91
∴ rxy = .99
wb‡R Kiæb: hw` u=2x+5, v=7-3y Ges x I y Gi ms‡kølv¼ rxy=0.75 n‡j u I v Gi ms‡kølv¼ wbY©q
Kiæb|
[DËi: ruv=-.75]
7wU †`vKv‡bi cyuwR I gybvdvi m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ †Ìqv nj
i) ms‡kølv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
x: cyuwR 5 7 10 12 20 22 25
y: gybvdv 3 6 5 8 12 16 20
ms‡kølv‡¼i mxgve×Zv: ms‡kølv‡¼i mxgve×Zv¸wj wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:

1| ms‡kølv¼ ïaygvÎ îwLK m¤ú‡K©i gvÎv I MwZ wbY©q Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ eµ m¤ú‡K©i gvÎv I MwZ wbY©q
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
2| ms‡kølv¼ eo gvb Øviv cÖfvweZ bq|
3| ms‡kølv¼ MYbvi Rb¨ Z_¨¸wj hw` mg¸b m¤úbœ bv nq Z‡e PjKØ‡qi m¤ú‡K©i cÖK…Z wPÎ bvI w`‡Z
cv‡i|
mvims‡ÿc
ms‡køl‡bi gvÎvi MvwYwZK cwigvb †K ms‡kølY eySvq| `yÕwU ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki ms‡kølv¼ r=o, m¤¢ve¨
wePz¨wZ ms‡kølv‡¼i cwigvb m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i| K. Pearson ms‡kølv‡¼i wbY©q c×wZi, myÎ nj
Σxy
r=
Σx 2 Σy 2

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Pj‡Ki îwLK m¤úK© ejv nq|
K. ms‡kølvsK L. †f`v¼
M. mn m¤úK© N. cwiwgZ eëavb
2| mn m¤ú‡K©i gvÎvi cwigvc‡K ejv nq
K. we¯Ívi cwigvc L. ms‡kølv¼
M. we‡f`v¼ N. KvU©wmg
3| PjK `ywU ¯^vaxb n‡j ms‡kølv‡¼i gvb n‡e
K. r ≥ + 10 L. r = o
M. r • - 10 N. r ≠ o

4| r =+1 n‡j, PjKØ‡qi g‡a¨c~Y© abvZœK m¤úK© we`¨gvb
5| r =-1 n‡j, PjKØ‡qi g‡a¨ †Kvb m¤úK© †bB|
6| r Gi gvb hLb p.E(r) †_‡K †QvU nq, ZLb ms‡kølv¼ †gv‡UB h_v_© bq|
7| ms‡kølv‡¼i gvÎv ej‡Z `ywU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i cwigvb‡K eySvq|

8| ms‡kølv¼ GKwU gy³ msL¨v|
9| ms‡kølv¼ I n‡Z ¯^vaxb|
10| ms‡kølv¼ cÖwZmg A_©vr |
11| PjK ¯^vaxb n‡j r = |
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
12| ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ `yÕwU Pj‡Ki cwieZ©‡bi K. -1 †_‡K +1 Gi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb
cªK…wZ Ges Dnv‡ì ga¨Kvi
13| k. pearson Gi ms‡kølv¼ wbY©‡qi myÎwU L. k~Y¨|
14| ms‡kølv‡¼i gvb me©`v M. ZLb ms‡kølv¼ wbwðZfv‡e h_v_©|
15| `yÕwU ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki ms‡kølv¼ N. m¤ú‡K©i gvÎv‡K ms‡kølv¼ e‡j|
16| hw` r>6P.E(r) nq sp(xy)
O. r =
ss(x) × ss(y)

weweGm
cvV-5.3 AvbyµwgK ms‡kølY (Rank Correlation)

f~wgKv
c~e© cv‡V Avgiv ms‡kølvsK wbY©‡qi Rb¨ k. pearson Gi m~Î eënvi K‡iwQ| †h me m¤úK© msL¨vMZfv‡e
cÖKvk Kiv m¤¢e bq †mme m¤úK© wbY©‡qi Rb¨ k. pearson c×wZ eënvi Kiv hvq bv| †hgb, wewfbœ
êwk‡óï msL¨vMZ cÖKvk Kiv hvq bv A_©vr mZZv, ˆbcyb¨, fvj, g›`, †`vl-¸b BZ¨vw`| ZvB êwkó¨MZ
Pj‡Ki ms‡kølv¼ wbY©q Kivi c×wZ Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| Avgiv eZ©gvb cv‡V êwkó¨MZ Pj‡Ki ms‡kølv¼
wbY©‡qi Rb¨ Rank correlation ev AvbyµwgK ms‡kølv¼ wbY©q c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|
D‡Ïk¨
Rank Correlation Coefficient Gi msÁv;
Rank Correlation Coefficient Gi cwigvc
AvbyµwgK ms‡kølv¼: C.E. Spearmar (1904) ms‡kølv¼ cwigvc c×wZ Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib|
wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb e„wUk g‡bvweÁvbx wZwb cÖ_‡g ¸bevPK PjK¸wj‡K gv‡bi µgvbymv‡i
mvwR‡q quantify K‡ib| AZci AvbyµwgK ms‡kølv¼ wbY©‡q †h myÎwU †ei K‡ib Zv wbgœiƒc:
6 Σd 2
R = 1−
N(N 2 − 1)
GLv‡b
R = AvbyµwgK ms‡kølv¼
d = `yBwU `‡ji/MÖæ‡ci µ‡gi cv_©K¨
N = Z_¨ msL¨v
wbY©q c×wZ:
1| cÖwZ †Rvov ev MÖæ‡c cÖvß êwk‡óï gv‡bi µg Abymv‡i mvRv‡Z n‡e|
2| cÖwZ †Rvovq µ‡gi cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| eo gv‡bi µwgK 1, AZci 2, 3 .......... ivwk¸wj‡K gv‡bi gvÎvq cÖKvk Kiv‡K rank cÖ`vb ejv
nq| GKB gv‡bi µg¸wji Mo †ei K‡i Mo gvb‡K D³ µg ¯’v‡b ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
4| AZci Spearman Gi AvbyµwgK ms‡kølv‡¼i myÎ eënvi K‡i ms‡kølv¼ wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY: †Kvb GKwU †Kv¤úvwb‡Z kªwgK‡ì `ÿZvi Z_¨ µgvbymv‡i wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj| ¸YvbyµwgK
ms‡kølv‡¼i gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
kªwg‡Ki `ÿZv 1 2 5 4 3
mycvifvBRv‡i `ÿZv 1 3 4 5 2
mgvavb: AvbyµwgK ms‡kølv¼ wbY©q Ki‡Z wb‡gœv³ †UwejwU eënvi Ki‡ev|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
xi kªwg‡Ki `ÿZv yi mycvifvBRv‡ii d=x-y d2

`ÿZv
1 1 0 0
2 3 -1 1
5 4 1 1
4 5 -1 1
3 2 1 1
†gvU ∑ d2=4
6 Σd 2
∴ R = 1−
N(N 2 − 1)
GLv‡b
Σ d2=8
N=5
6×4
∴ R = 1−
5(5 2 - 1)
1
= 1 − = .80
5
∴ wb‡Y©q `ÿZvi AvbyµwgK ms‡kølv¼ R =.80
wb‡R Kiæb: wb‡gœi Z_¨ †_‡K AvbyµwgK ms‡kølv¼ wbY©q Kiæb
Av‡e`bKvix A B C D E F G H
wnmve weÁv‡bi cÖvß gvK© 15 20 28 12 40 60 20 40
cwimsL¨v‡bi cÖvß gvK© 40 30 50 30 20 10 30 60
ag© I êwkó¨:
1| R Gi gvb-1 †_‡K +1 Gi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z|
2| ¸bevPK Pj‡Ki †ÿ‡Î AvbyµwgK ms‡kølv¼ wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e|
3| eëmv evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î: fvj, g›` BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î R Gi mvnv‡h¨ êwk‡óï gvÎv wbY©q Kiv hvq|
mvims‡ÿc
AvbyµwgK ms‡kølv¼ êwkó¨MZ Pj‡Ki ms‡kølv¼ wbY©q K‡i| AvbyµwgK ms‡kølv¼ eëmvi †ÿ‡Î fvj,
g›` BZ¨vwì gvÎv wbY©q Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| Rank Correlation Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
K. K. pearson L. Spearman
M. R.A. Fisher N. Cowden

weweGm
2| ‰ewkó¨ g~jK Pj‡Ki ms‡kølv¼ wbY©q Kiv hvq †KvbwU Øviv

K. AvbyµwgK ms‡kølv¼ L. wbf©iv¼
M. ms‡kølY N. wbf©iY

3| ¸YevPK Pj‡Ki ms‡kølv¼ wbY©q Kiv hvq bv
4| AvbyµwgK ms‡kølv¼ wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î gv‡bi µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb|

5| eo gv‡bi µwgK |
6| AvbyµwgK ms‡kølv¼ r= |
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
7| R Gi gvb -1 †_‡K K) AvbyµwgK ms‡kølv¼ wbY©q Kiv hvq|
8| ¸YevPK Pj‡Ki †ÿ‡Î L) +1 Gi g‡a¨ mxgve×|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
cvV-5.4 wbf©iY (Regression)

f~wgKv
ms‡kølv‡¼i †ÿ‡Î Avgiv ïa~gvÎ `yÕwU Pj‡Ki m¤ú‡K©i gvÎv wbY©q Ki‡Z cvwi| wKš‘ Bnvi gva¨‡g Pj‡Ki
g‡a¨ GKwUi MwZkxjZv Av‡iKwUi Dci wKfv‡e cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i Zv Rvbv hvq bv| GKwU Pj‡Ki
MwZkxjZvi Dci Aci Pj‡Ki †h cwieZ©b nq Zvnv cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ wbf©iY Gi mvnvh¨ †bIqv nq|
eZ©gvb cv‡V wbf©iY m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
D‡Ïk¨
wbf©i‡Yi msÁv wK;
wbf©ib †iLv ej‡Z wK eySvq;
wbf©iv‡¼i msÁv;
wKfv‡e wbf©iv¼ wbY©q Kiv hvq
ms‡kølv‡¼i mv‡_ wbf©iv‡¼i cv_©K¨|
wbf©iY
wbf©iY: wbf©iY cÖwµqvwU me© cÖ_g cÖL¨vZ RxeZË¡we` m¨vi †dwÝm †MjUb (1822-1911)
cÖ`vb K‡ib| wb©fiY we‡køl‡Y GKwU Pj‡Ki cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Aci Pj‡Ki †h Mo cwieZ©b
cwijwÿZ nq Zvnv we‡kølY Kiv nq| wbf©i‡Yi kãMZ A_© n‡”Q ÒMo gv‡bi w`‡K AvmvÓ A_©vr wbf©iY,
m¤úK© hy³ `yÕwU Pj‡Ki GKwUi wbw`©ó gv‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨ Pj‡Ki Mo gvb wbY©q K‡i| G fv‡e m¤ú‡K©i
mgxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g GKwU Pj‡Ki †h †Kvb gv‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨ wbf©ikxj Pj‡Ki gvbI wbY©q K‡i|
wbf©iY †iLv: we‡ÿc wP‡Îi †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq †h, `yÕwU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© _vK‡j PjK `yÕwUi wewfbœ gvb
†jL KvM‡R ¯’vcb Ki‡j we›`y¸wj GKwU c_ wb‡`©k K‡i| wbf©iY †iLv GKwU Pj‡Ki Mo gvb¸wji
wecix‡Z Ab¨ GKwU Pj‡Ki h_v_© Mo gvb cÖKvk K‡i| hw` x I y `yBwU PjK nq| Zvn‡j `yÕwU wbf©iY
†iLv cvIqv hv‡e-
Y
y=a+bx
b Gi 1 GKK
0
X
wPÎt wbf©iY †iLv

&1| GKwU †iLv x Pj‡Ki gvb¸wji wecix‡Z y Pj‡Ki h_v_© Mo gvb¸wj cÖ`k©b K‡i|
2| Ab¨ †iLvwU y Pj‡Ki gvb¸wji wecix‡Z x Pj‡Ki h_v_© Mo gvb¸wj cÖ`k©Y K‡i|
1g wU‡K x Pj‡Ki Dci y Pj‡Ki wbf©iY †iLv Gi 2q wU‡K y Pj‡Ki Dci x Gi wbf©iY †iLv e‡j|
cÖvß wbf©iY †iLv‡K mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡bv nj:

weweGm
1| y=a1+b1x; x Gi Dci y Gi wbf©iY †iLv

2| x=a2+b2y; y Gi Dci x Gi wbf©iY †iLv
Dc‡iv³ mgxKiY `yÕwU‡Z a1, b1 Ges a2, b2 †K ejv nq aªæeK| GLv‡b b1, b2 †K wbf©iv¼ ejv nq|
wbf©iY †iLvi wbY©q c×wZ:

wbf©iY †iLvi Mo gvb Ab¨vb¨ mgxKi‡Y eënvi K‡i wbf©iY †iLv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq| Giƒc GKwU wbf©iB
†iLv cÖKvk Kiv nj:
yi=a+bxi+ei; i = 1, 2 ......... n
GLv‡b ei; i = 1, 2 ....... n n‡”Q wePz¨wZmg~n hviv ¯^vaxbfv‡e Mo gvb = 0 I †f`v¼ = σ2 mn cwiwgZ
web¨v‡m web¨¯Í| E(y/x) †K x Gi mv‡c‡ÿ y Gi cÖZ¨vwkZ gvb| G †ÿ‡Î E(y/x) = a + bx.
b~¨bZg eM© c×wZ: Dbwesk kZvãx‡Z divwm MwYZwe` GbwWªb †jMbwWª me©cÖ_g b~¨bZg eM© cÖwµqv
eënvi K‡ib| b~¨bZg eM© cÖwµqvi g~j welq nj, ÒAw¼Z wbf©iY †iLv n‡Z cÖwZwU we›`yi wePz¨wZi e‡M©i
†hvMdj n‡e b~¨bZgÓ
wbf©iY †iLv wbY©‡qi Rb¨ a I b aªæeK cÖv°jb Ki‡Z nq b~¨bZg wePz¨wZi e‡M©i gva¨‡g|
wbf©iY †iLv wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î wbgœ wjwLZ Abygvb¸‡jv aiv nq
• x Gi gvb mg~n wbw`©ó n‡Z n‡e
• x Gi Dci y Gi wbf©iY îwLK n‡e
• x Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwU gv‡bi Rb¨ y Gi kZ©vaxb we¯Ívi cwiwgZ n‡e
• wePz¨wZmg~n ¯^vaxbfv‡e cwiwgZ web¨¯Í _vK‡e Ges G‡ì Mo gvb æo” Ges †f`v¼ σ2 n‡e|
Avgiv c~‡e©B wbf©iY mgxKiY †c‡qwQ-
yi = a + bxi+ei; i = 1, 2 ......... n
=>ei = yi-a-bxi
ev, ∑ei2 = ∑(yi-a-bxi)2 [Dfq c‡ÿ eM© I †hvM wPý wb‡q cvB]
b~¨bZg eM© c×wZi wbqgvbyhvqx a I b Gi gvb cvIqv hv‡e AvswkK AšÍKiY (Partial Differentiation)
K‡i A_©vr
2
∂Σe i
=o
∂b
2
∂Σe i
Ges =o
∂a
∂Σei 2
GLv‡b = o => −2 Σ(yi − a − bxi) = o
∂a
or, Σ(yi-a-bxi)=o
or, Σyi-Σa-bΣxi=o ............(i)
Ges Σx;(y;-a-bx;)=o ..........(ii)
mgxKib `ywU mgvavb K‡i cvIqv hvq

Σxy
bˆ = 2 Ges â = y − bˆx
Σx
A_ev mswÿß c×wZ‡Z

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
Σx × Σy
Σxy −
b= n
( Σx) 2
Σx 2 −
n
Ges a = y − b x
A_©vr yi = (cÖvKKwjZ a) + (cÖvKKwjZ b) xi
D`vniYt
10wU cwiev‡ii †gvU Li‡Pi Dci mvßvwnK Lv`¨`ª‡eï Li‡Pi GKwU wbf©iY †iLv wbY©q Kiæb|
mvßvwnK †gvU LiP x 400 315 275 350 290 225 215 225 275 290
mvßvwnK Lv`¨ `ª‡eï LiP y 170 160 150 140 125 110 120 140 180 190
mgvavb: x Gi Dci y Gi wbf©iY †iLvi mgxKiY

y = a + bxi; i = 1, 2 .............. 10
†h‡nZz gvb¸wj Lye eo ZvB Avgiv mswÿß eënvi Ki‡ev| b~¨bZg eM© cÖwµqvq a I b wbY©q mvibx
y x dy=y-140 dx=x-275 dxdy dx2
140 400 0 125 0 15625
160 315 20 40 800 1600
150 275 10 0 0 0
140 350 0 75 0 5625
125 290 -15 15 -225 225
110 225 -30 -50 1500 2500
120 215 -20 -60 1200 3600
140 225 0 -50 0 2500
180 275 40 0 0 0
190 290 50 15 750 225
†gvU 55 110 4025 31900
GLv‡b Ax = 275 Ges Ay = 140

ΣdxΣdy
Σdxdy −
∴bxy = n
2
( Σdx)
Σd 2 x −
n
55 × 110
4025 −
10 4025 − 605 3420
= 2
= = = .11
(110) 31900 − 1210 30690
31900 −
10
∴bxy = 0.11
Ges x x=Ax+∑dx/10

weweGm
110
= 275 + = 286
10
55
Ges y = Ay + dy / 10 = 140 + = 145.5
10
GLb a = y − b x
=145.5-(0.11)×286
=145.5-31.46 = 114.04
∴wb‡Y©q wbf©iY †iLvwU-
yi = 114.04 + 0,11 xi
wb‡R Kiæb: †Kvb weÁvwcZ e¨q (jÿ UvKvq) Ges ch©vqµwgK weµ‡qi (jÿ UvKvq) GKwU Z_¨ wb‡gœ
†Ìqv nj:
x weÁvwcZ e¨q 20 25 28 32 36
y ch©vqµwgK weµq 48 60 68 70 75
weÁvwcZ e¨q I ch©vqµwgK weµq Gi wbf©iY †iLv wbY©q Kiæb|
ms‡kølY I wbf©i‡Yi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

ms‡køl I wbf©i‡Yi g‡a¨ †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î wgj Av‡Q Avevi †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î A‡bK cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb|
wb‡gœ ms‡kølY I wbf©i‡Yi g‡a¨ cv_©‡Kï Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv †Ìqv nj:
ms‡kølY wbf©iY
1| ms‡kølY-Gi gva¨‡g `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Pj‡Ki 1| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki Rb¨ wbf©ikxj
†Kvb m¤úK© Av‡Q wKbv Zv‡K eySvq| Pj‡Ki Mo gvb wbY©q Kiv eySvq|
2| ms‡kølY-G PjK mg~‡ni m¤ú‡K©i KviY I 2| wbf©i‡Yi cÖavb KvR nj m¤ú‡K©i KviY I
cÖfve we‡kølY Kiv hvq bv| cÖfve we‡kølY Kiv|
3| ms‡kølY-G ¯^vaxb PjK I wbf©ikxj Pj‡Ki 3| wbf©i‡Y †h PjK cÖfvweZ nq Zv‡K wbf©ikxj
aviYv †bB| PjK e‡j| evwK PjK¸‡jv ¯^vaxb PjK|
4| rxy I ryx wbY©q Ki‡j GKB gvb cvIqv hvq| 4| wb©fi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wbf©ivsK bxy≠byx
5| ms‡kølv‡¼i gvb me©`v-1 I +1 Gi g‡a¨ 5| wbf©iv‡¼i gvb- α †_‡K +α Gi g‡a¨
Aew¯’Z| mxgve×|
6| ms‡kølY-Gi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡Z¨KwU PjKB ˆè 6| wbf©i‡bi †ÿ‡Î ïay gvÎ wbf©ikxj PjK ˆè
we‡ePbv Kiv nq| PjK wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ|
wbf©iv‡¼i êwkó¨ ev ag©

wbf©iv‡¼i êwkó¨ ev ag© wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj
1| wbf©ivsK g~jwe›`y cwieZ©‡bi Dci ¯^vaxb I gvcbxi Dci wbf©ikxj|
2| rxy= b xy × b yx

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
3| `yÕwU wbf©iv‡¼i Mo ms‡kølv‡¼i †P‡q eo|
ag©mg~‡ni cÖgvb:
1| Òwbf©iv¼ gyjwe›`y cwieZ©‡bi Dci ¯^vaxb wKš‘ gvcbxi Dci wbf©ikxjÓ
cÖgvb: g‡b Kwi xi;i = 1, 2 ........ n Pj‡Ki a gyjwe›`y I h gvcbx
AZGe, bZzb PjK,
xi − a
ui = ; i = 1,2.........n
h
⇒xi = a + hui =〉 x = a + hu
∴xi- x = (a + hu i − a − h u ) = h(u i − u )
yi − b
Abyiƒcfv‡e v i = ; i = 1,2........n Pj‡Ki gyjwe›`y b Ges k gvcbx
k
⇒yi=b+kvi⇒b+k v = y
∴yi- y = (b + kv i − b − k v) = k(v i − v)
Avgiv Rvwb, wbf©iv¼
Σ(x i − x )(y i − y )
bxy =
Σ(x i − x ) 2
Σh[(u i − u ) × k(v i − v)]
=
Σ[h(u i − u )]2
hkΣkΣu i − u )(vi − v)
=
h 2 Σ(u i − u ) 2
k Σ(u i − u )(v i − v)
= 2
h Σ(u i − u )
k
= buv
h
k
∴bxy= bav A_©vr wbf©iv¼ gyjwe›`yi Dci ¯^vaxb wKš‘ gvcbxi Dci wbf©ikxj|
h
2| ms‡kølv¼ wbf©iv¼Ø‡qi R¨vwgwZK M‡oi mgvb|

cÖgvb: g‡b Kwi (xi; yi); i=1, 2 .......... n; x I y Gi n †Rvov gvb|
AZGe
sp(xy)
ms‡kølv¼, rxy = Ges
ss(x)ss(y)

weweGm
sp(xy)
wbf©iv¼, bxy=
ss(x)
sp(xy)
byx=
ss(y)
sp(xy).sp(xy)
GLb, bxy .byx=
ss(x)ss(y)
= rxy × rxy
2
⇒r =bxy×byx
xy
⇒ rxy = b xy × b yx
AZGe, ms‡kølv¼ wbf©iv¼Ø‡qi R¨vwgwZK M‡oi mgvb|
3| `yÕwU wbf©iv‡¼i MvwYwZK Mo ms‡kølv‡¼i †P‡q eo Ges Dëb Mo ms‡kølv‡¼i †P‡q †QvU
cÖgvb: g‡b Kwi-
xi;yi;i = 1,2 ........... n, x I y Gi n †Rvov gvb
sp(xy)
AZGe, ms‡kølv¼ rxy =
ss(x)ss(y)
sp(xy)
wbf©iv¼, bxy = Ges
ss(x)
sp(xy)
byx =
ss(y)
Avgiv Rvwb
MvwbwZK Mo ≥ R¨vwgwZK Mo
1
GLb (bxy+byx) ≥ bxy × byx
2
(bxy + byx)
or, ≥ rxy
2
AZGe, Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi wbf©iv‡¼i R¨vwgwZK Mo ms‡kølv‡¼i †P‡q eo Avevi
Avgiv Rvwb, Dëb Mo • R¨vwgwZK Mo
 1 1 
2 +  ≤ bxy × byx
 bxy byx 
 1 1 
or, 2  +  ≤ rxy
 bxy byx 
A_©vt wbf©iv¼Ø‡qi Dëb Mo ms‡kølv‡¼i †P‡q †QvU|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
4| wbf©iv‡¼i mvnv‡h¨ ms‡kølv¼ wbY©q:

Avgiv Rvwb wbf©iv¼Ø‡qi R¨vwgwZK Mo nj ms‡kølv¼ A_©vr
ms‡kølv¼
rxy = bxy × byx
mvims‡ÿc
wbf©iY n‡”Q GKwU ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki Dci Avi GKwU wbf©iYkxj Pj‡Ki wbf©iY| wePz¨wZ mg~‡ni e‡M©i
mgwó byb¨Zg K‡i †h c×wZi gva¨‡g wbf©iv‡¼i gvb †ei Kiv nq Zv byb¨Zg eM© c×wZ e‡j wbf©iv¼‡K
mvavibZ bxy Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| wbf©iv¼ wbY©q Ki‡Z †Kvb c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ †bIqv nq
K. †hvRb we‡qvRb c×wZ L. b~¨bZg eM© c×wZ
M. ‡hvRb c×wZ N. we‡qvRb c×wZ
2| wbfiv‡¼i gvb cwieZ©b wbf©i K‡i †KvbwUi Dci
K. gvcbxi Dci L. g~‡ji Dci
M. g~j I gvcbxi Dci N. †KvbwUB bq
3| wbf©i‡bi †h PjK cÖfvweZ nq Zv‡K ejv nq|
K. ¯^vaxb PjK L. Aaxb PjK
M. ˆè PjK N. wbf©ikxj PjK

4| wbf©iv‡¼i gvb -α †_‡K +α ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i|
5| wbf©iv‡¼i gvb gvcbxi Dci wbf©ikxj|
6| wbf©i‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ¯^vaxb PjK ˆè PjK|
7| wbf©iv‡¼i gvb me©`vB abvZ¥K|
8| ms‡kølv¼ wbf©iv¼Ø‡qi R¨vwgwZK M‡oi mgvb|

10| wbf©iY nj ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki wewfbœ gv‡bi Rb¨ wbf©ikxj Pj‡Ki †ei Kiv|
11| rxy = b xy × ......

weweGm
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
12| Aw¼Z wbf©iY †iLv n‡Z cÖwZwU we›`yi wePz¨wZ K) Mo gv‡bi w`‡K Avmv
e‡M©i|
13| wbf©i‡Yi kãMZ A_© nj L) GKwU Pj‡Ki h_v_© Mo gvb cÖKvk K‡i|
14| wbf©ib †iLv GKwU Pj‡Ki Mo gv‡bi M) †hvMdj n‡e b~b¨Zg|
wecix‡Z Ab¨
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-5
1| ms‡kø‡li msÁv wjLyb| wcqvim‡bi ms‡kølv¼ Gi digyjv wjLyb|
2| ms‡kølv‡¼i msÁv wjLyb| ms‡kølv‡¼i ag©¸wj wjLyb|
3| ms‡køl KZ cÖKvi wjLyb| we‡ÿc wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ wKfv‡e ms‡kø‡li e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq wjLyb|
4| ms‡kø‡li m~ÎwU wjLyb| cÖgvb Kiæb r Gi gvb me©`v -1 I +1 Gi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb K‡i|
5| k~b¨ ms‡kø‡li msÁv wjLyb| cÖgvb Kiæb `yBwU ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki †ÿ‡Î ms‡kølv¼ r=0|
6| AvbyµwgK ms‡kølv‡¼i msÁv wjLyb| wbgœwjwLZ gvb¸wji A_© e¨vL¨v Kiæb
1. r = o 2. r ≥ -1 3. r • + 1
7| m¤¢ve¨ wePz¨wZi msÁv wjLyb| m¤¢ve¨ wePz¨wZi mvnv‡h¨ ms‡kølv‡¼i e¨vL¨v wKfv‡e †Ìqv hvq wjLyb|
8| wbf©iY †iLvi msÁv wjLyb| by¨bZg c×wZi aviYv wjLyb|
9| wbf©iY †iLvi cwigvb wKfv‡e wbY©q Kiv hvq wjLyb| cÖ°wjZ †iLv wbY©q Kiæb|
10| wbf©iv‡¼i msÁv wjLyb| wbf©iv‡¼i mv‡_ ms‡kølv‡¼i cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiæb|
11| cÖgvY Kiæb ms‡kølv¼ wbf©iv¼ Ø‡qi R¨vwgwZK M‡oi mgvb|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
BDwbU
Kvjxb mvwi
6 (Time Series)
f‚wgKv t
mg‡qi wfwË‡Z †kªYxe× I mvRv‡bv cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨‡K Kvjxb mvwi e‡j| Kvjxb mvwi mvavibZ:
A_©‰bwZK Pj‡Ki Z_¨‡K eySv‡Z eëüZ nq| evwYwR¨K I A_©‰bwZK KvR-K‡g©i fwel¨r Ae¯’vq
c~e©vfvm cvIqvi Rb¨ Kvjxb mvwi c_ cÖ`k©K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Kvjxb mvwi KZK¸‡jv êwkó¨ m¤^wjZ|
Gme êwk‡óï Rb¨ Kvjxb mvwii we‡kl cÖKv‡ii we‡kølY cÖ‡qvRb nq Ges Kvjxb mvwi we‡kølYB n‡e G
Aa¨v‡qi Av‡jvP¨ welq|
D‡Ïk¨
Avcwb G BDwbU †k‡l ej‡Z cvi‡ebÑ
Kvjxb mvwii Dcv`vbmg~n;
Kvjxb mvwii we‡kølY c×wZ;
Kvjxb mvwii cwigvc;
wbe©vwPZ we›`y I Avav Mo c×wZ;
MwZkxj Mo c×wZ;
Kvjxb mvwii wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb|

weweGm
cvV- 6.1 Kvjxb mvwii Dcv`vb (Component of Time Seris)
f‚wgKv t
A_©‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î mg‡qi mv‡_ Z_¨vejxi ‡h cwieZ©b jÿ¨ Kiv hvq Zvi Rb¨ wewfbœ Dcv`vb Kvh©Kix
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| Kvjxb mvwi‡Z G ai‡bi A‡bK Dcv`vb eZ©gvb| G cv‡V Kvjxb mvwiq wewfbœ Dcv`vb
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
D‡Ïk¨
Avcbviv G cv‡V ej‡Z cvi‡ebÑ
Kvjxb mvwii Dcv`vb¸wj wK wK?
wKfv‡e Dcv`vb¸‡jv wPwýZ nq;
Kvjxb mvwii myweav I Amyweav|
Kvjxb mvwii msÁv t
mg‡qi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ cwieZ©bkxj msL¨vwfwËK Z_¨vejx‡KB Kvjxb mvwi e‡j|

Kvjxb mvwi m¤ú‡K© Ñ Ya-Lem Chue. g‡ZÑ ÓA time series may be defined as a collection of
redings belonging to different time periods of some economic variable or composite of
variables.Ó A_©vr Kvjxb mvwi nj wewfbœ mg‡q msM„nxZ A_©‰bwZK DcvËÓ|
Kvjxb mvwii êwkó¨ t

1| Kvjxb mvwi mvaviYZ: mgAšÍi we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
2| Kvjxb mvwii mvaviYZ: wØPjK AšÍM©Z|
3| Kvjxb mvwi‡Z mgq‡K ¯^vaxb PjK I wewfbœ mg‡q msM„nxZ gvb¸wj wbf©ikxj PjK e‡j AwfwnZ
nq|
4| Kvjxb mvwii Z_¨ mvaviYZ: evrmwiK, gvwmK, mvßvwnK BZ¨vw` mg‡q msM„nxZ nq Ges Giƒc
Z_¨vejx ïaygvÎ A_©‰bwZK †ÿ‡ÎB mxgve× _v‡K bv G‡Z eëmv evwYR¨mn AvenvIqv weÁvbx‡ì,
ivóªweÁvbx‡ì eënvh© wewfbœ Z_¨vejxi †ÿ‡Î Av‡jvwPZ nq|
Kvjxb mvwii Dcv`vb t
Kvjxb mvwi c„ôv: 116

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
mg‡qi mv‡_ Z_¨vejxi †h cwieZ©b jÿ¨ Kiv hvq Zv wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi Rb¨ N‡U _v‡K| †Kvb †Kvb
Dcv`vb FbvZ¥Kfv‡e, †KvbwU Avevi abvZ¥Kfv‡e KvR K‡i| G Dcv`vb¸wj‡K 4 fv‡M fvM Kiv nqÑ
(K) `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv (Secular trend)
(L) FZzMZ †f` (Seasonal variation)
(M) PµµwgK n«vm-e„w× (Cyclical fluctuation)
(N) AwbqwgZ †f` (Irregular variation)
Kvjxb mvwii G PviwU Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© ¸Ybÿg cÖK…wZ e‡j a‡i †bIqv nq|
Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, Kvjxb mvwii †f` nj †mme †ÿ‡Î, †h †ÿ‡Î GB PvwiwU Dcv`v‡bi mw¤§wjZ ¸Yd‡ji
cÖfv‡ei dj| G m¤ú‡K© wb¤œfv‡e †`Lv‡bv hvqÑ
Kvjxb mvwi = T × S × C × I
= `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv × FZzMZ †f` × PµµwgK n«vm-e„w× × AwbqwgZ †f`|
`xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv t Kvjxb mvwi‡Z hLb Dcv`v‡bi `xN©‡gqv`x ¯’vqx MwZkxjZv †`Lv hvq ZLb Zv‡K
`xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv ejv nq| MwZkxjZv gm„Y I Av‡cwÿKfv‡e `xN©‡gqv`x nIqv ìKvi| mvaviYZ: G
aviv DaŸ©gyLx A_ev wb¤œgyLx A_ev GKB gvÎvq ¯’vqx n‡Z cv‡i| Kvjxb mvwii G ai‡bi Z_¨ †j‡Li
gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq Ges †mB †jL‡K Kvjxb †jL e‡j| Kvjxb †jL mvaviYZ: MwZkxjZvi w`K
wb‡`©k K‡i|
FZzMZ †f` t Kvjxb mvwi‡Z Dcv`v‡bi ¯^íKvjxb n«vm-e„w× hvnvi c~bive„wË A‡bKUv wbqwgZ Zv‡KB
FZzMZ †f` ejv nq| A_©bxwZ I eëmvwqK‡ì `„wó‡KvY n‡Z FZzMZ †f` ch©v‡jvPbv LyeB ¸iæZ¡cyY©|
†hgbÑ avb KvUvi mgq PvD‡ji `vg me‡P‡q Kg _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î wbw`©ó mswÿß mg‡qi Rb¨ Dcv`v‡bi
cÖfve MÖnY Kiv nq|
PµµwgK n«vm-e„w× t
FZzMZ †f‡ì Zzjbvq PµµwgK n«vm-e„w× A‡bKUv `xN©‡gqvw`| A_©‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq †h, AwaKvsk
A_©‰bwZK Z_¨mvwiB ch©vqµ‡g DaŸ©Mvgx Ges wb¤œMvgx ZviZg¨ †`Lv hvq| cybive„wËi mgq b~¨bZg GK
ermi Gi †ewk, d‡j FZzMZ †f` n‡Z Bnv Avjv`v, P‡µi AveZ© `xN© ev ¯^í hvnv nDK bv †Kb, mg¯Í
A_©‰bwZK mvwi‡ZB P‡µi Ae¯’vb cwijwÿZ nq|
AwbqwgZ †f` t
Kvjxb mvwii PZz_© Dcv`vb nj AwbqwgZ †f`| AwbqwgZ †f` wek„•Ljfv‡e cwijwÿZ nq| G¸wj wew”Qbœ
†Kvb KviY ev NUbv n‡Z m„ó nq| Ab¨fv‡e Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi AwbqwgZ †f` Gi †Kvb KvjµwgKZv bvB
Ges Bnv‡ì m„wó ˆèfv‡e|
GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, Kvjxb mvwi‡Z †h Pvi cÖKvi Dcv`vb Av‡Q, Zv‡ì mg‡eZ MwZkxjZv ev
†f‡ì djvdjB Kvjxb mvwii MwZkxjZv ev †f‡ì KviY|
mvi ms‡ÿc

weweGm
mg‡qi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ cwieZ©bkxj msL¨v wfwËK Z_¨vejx‡K Kvjxb mvwi e‡j| Kvjxb mvwii wewfbœ
Dcv`vb¸wj nj, i) `xN©Kvjxb cÖebZv ii) FZz MZ †f` iii) PµµwgK n«vm-e„w× iv) AwbqwgZ †f`|
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1| mg‡qi wfwË‡Z †kªbx e× I mvRv‡bv cwimsL¨vb DcvË‡K e‡j
K) m~PK msL¨v| L) Kvjxb mvwi|
M) ms‡køl| N) wbf©iY|
2| Kvi g‡Z ÒKvjxb mvwi nj wewfbœ mg‡q msM„nxZ A_©‰bwZK DcvËÓ
K) Winner L) Fisher
M) Ya-lem chue N) Gutlman
mZ¨/wg_¨v wjLyb
3| A_©‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î mg‡qi mv‡_ Z_¨vejxi †h cwieZ©b jÿ¨ Kiv hvq Zvi Rb¨ wewfbœ Dcv`vb Kvh©Kix
fzwgKv cvjb K‡i|
4| Kvjxb mvwi‡Z mgq‡K wbf©ikxj PjK wnmv‡e aiv nq|
5| Kvjxb mvwii Z_¨ mvaviYZ evrmwiK, gvwmK I mvßvwnK BZ¨vw` mg‡q msM„nxZ nq|
k~Y¨ ¯’vb c~ib :

6| Kvjxb mvixi PZz_© Dcv`vb nj ------------|
7| FZz MZ †f‡ì Zzjbvq PµµwgK n«vm e„w× A‡bKUv ----------|
8| Kvjxb †jL mvaviYZ -------- ---------- wb‡`©k K‡i|
evK¨ wgjv‡bv :
9| Kvjxb mvwi mgvb K) FZzMZ †f` ch©v‡jvPbv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
10| A_©bxwZ I eëmvwqK†ì `„wó †Kvb n‡Z L) mg‡q msM„nxZ gvb¸wj‡K wbf©ikxj PjK
e‡j|
11| Kvjxb mvwi‡Z wewfbœ M) TXSXCXI

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
cvV-6.2 Kvjxb mvwii we‡kølY c×wZ (Analysis of Time Series)
f‚wgKv t
Kvjxb mvwii Z_¨vejx‡Z PviwU Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve mgfv‡e we`¨gvb _v‡K bv| †Kvb Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve †ewk
Zv A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i Z_¨vejxi cÖK…wZi Dci| †h‡nZz Dcv`vb¸wji cÖfve wfbœ ai‡bi nq ZvB Kvjxb
mvwii Dcv`v‡bi Z_¨vejx we‡kølY Kiv cÖ‡hvRb|
D‡Ïk¨
G cv‡V Avcbviv ej‡Z cvi‡ebÑ
†Kvb Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve †ewk ev Kg;
wKfv‡e Dcv`vb KvR K‡i;
wKfv‡e Dcv`vb¸‡jvi djvdj‡K wb¯Œxq Kiv hvq;
wewfbœ mgm¨vi e¨vL¨v|
Kvjxb mvwii we‡kølY c×wZ

Kvjxb mvwii Z_¨vejx we‡kølY ej‡Z Avgiv D‡jøwLZ PviwU Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve wbY©‡qi bvbvwea c×wZ I
Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve wb¯Œxq Kivi c×wZ eywS| Avgiv wb‡¤œ Dcv`vb¸wji wewfbœ w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|
`xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv t
`xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv Kvjxb mvwii me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| `xN© mgq a‡i Z_¨vejx msMÖn
n‡j Z_¨gvbmg~‡ni MwZkxjZv ev w¯’wZ Ae¯’vq cÖeYZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq †hgb: K‡qK erm‡ii av‡bi
Drcv`‡bi `xN© ZvwjKv n‡Z Drcv`‡bi GKwU w¯’wZ aviYv cvIqv hvq| `xN©Kvj ej‡Z †Kvb wbw`©ó mxgv
euvav †bB| †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î GK mßvn‡K `xN© mgq ejv n‡q‡Q †hgb: fvBivm Kvh©µg wb‡q Z_¨ msMÖn
Ki‡j GK mßvnB h‡_ó Avevi †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î 20/25 ermi mgq cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i|
`xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv `yB cÖKvi t

(1) mij îwLK cÖeYZv (Linear tendency)
(2) eµ îwLK cÖeYZv (Curvillinear tendency)

weweGm
mij îwLK cÖeYZv t `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv‡K hw` mij †iLvq cÖKvk Kiv hvq, Z‡e Giƒc cÖeYZv‡K mij
îwLK cÖeYZv e‡j|
eµ îwLK cÖeYZv t `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv‡K hw` mij †iLvq cÖKvk Kiv m¤¢e bv nq Z‡e †h †Kvb ai‡bi
cÖeYZv‡K eµ îwLK cÖeYZv e‡j|
`xN© Kvjxb cÖeYZv eënvi t
1| Bnv Pj‡Ki wewfbœ gv‡bi MwZkxjZvi aviYv †`q|
2| `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv ev` †i‡L Ab¨vb¨ cÖfve m¤ú‡K©I aviYv cvIqv hvq|
3| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Kvjxb mvwii Zzjbv Kiv hvq we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g|
4| AšÍ:†ÿcb ev ewn:†ÿcb c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ Z_¨ we‡k¦i wfZ‡ii ev evwn‡ii †h †Kvb Z_¨gvb wbY©q
Kiv hvq|
FZz‡f` t
Kvjxb mvwi‡Z Ggb KZK¸wj cwieZ©b Av‡Q hv mvßvwnK, ˆÎgvwmK I lvb¥vwmK n‡q _v‡K| Giƒ‡c
cwieZ©b GK erm‡ii g‡a¨ Ges †h †Kvb mgq ev GKvwaKevi NU‡Z cv‡i Ges †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î cÖwZ
ermi GKB mg‡qi KvQvKvwQ NU‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi cwieZ©b‡K mvaviYZ: FZzMZ †f` e‡j|
FZzMZ †f` `yB ai‡bi :
(K) AvenvIqv MZ
(L) mvgvwRK ev †MvôxMZ AvPvi ev ixwZbxwZ|
AvevnIqv MZ t cÖvK…wZK Ae¯’vi Dci wbf©i K‡i| †hgb: C`, c~uRv, wLª÷gvm †W BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î
wRwbmc‡Îi `vg †e‡o hvq| Giƒc NUbv erm‡ii 2/3 evi cwijwÿZ nq| G ai‡bi FZz‡f` mvaviYZ:
agx©q I †jvKR AvPvi-Abyôv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj|
FZz‡f` ch©v‡jvPbv Kivi KviY njÑ
(1) FZzR Kvi‡Y Kvjxb mvwii Z_¨vejx‡Z †h cwieZ©b cwijwÿZ nq Zv wba©viY Kiv;
(2) FZz‡f` Gi cÖfve eR©b Kiv|
myweav : (1) FZz‡f` eR©b/ we‡jvc Kiv hvq|

(2) hyMe¨vcx aviv, PµµwgK n«vm-e„w× Ges AwbqwgZ †f‡ì cÖKvi wbY©q Kiv hvq|
(3) FZzMZ †f`gy³, Z_¨mvwii wek`xKi‡Yi KvR mnR nq|
(4) FZzMZ †f` we‡jv‡ci gva¨‡g PµµwgK n«vm-e„w× Ges AwbqwgZ †f` wbY©q mnR nq|
Amyweav : (1) FZzR †f‡ì cy‡ivcywi mwVK cwigvc cvIqv hvq bv|
(2) `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv I PµµwgK n«vm-e„w× Z_¨vejx‡Z FZz‡f` Dcv`vb Abycw¯’Z Abygvb
Kiv nq hv ev¯Í‡e m¤¢e bq|
(3) FZz‡f‡` AwbqwgZ eëavb we‡ePbv Kiv nq bv|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
PµµwgK n«vm-e„w×
Kvjxb mvwii Z_¨vejx‡Z ÒPµÓ ej‡Z eëmv-evwY‡Rï wfwËK PµB eySvq hvi mxgv GK erm‡ii AwaK
mgq Kvj wb‡q e¨vc„Z| PµµwgK n«vm-e„w× Dcv`v‡bi wbw`©ó †Kvb n«vm-e„w× MwZ †iLv †bB ZvB A‡b‡K
Ò‡`vjbÓ e‡j _v‡Kb|
†h †Kvb evwYR¨ Z‡_¨ †`vjb _v‡K A_©vr Z_¨vejx‡Z jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †Kvb †Kvb mgq Z‡_ï gvb
DaŸ©gyLx| Avevi D‡aŸ©i GKB ¯’v‡b, Gfv‡e wKQy c‡i wb¤œMvgx Avevi wb‡¤œ GKB Ae¯’v‡b e¨vc„Z|
D`vniYm¤îƒc, m~Zvi Kvco GK mgq †ek RbwcÖq wQj| Avevi ax‡i ax‡i †UUªb, cwj÷vi BZ¨vw` Kvco
evRv‡i Avmv‡Z m~Zvi Pvwn`v Kg‡Z _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K K…wËg Kvc‡oi eënv‡ii Lvivc w`K¸‡jv cÖKvk
cvIqvi ci Avevi m~wZ Kvc‡oi Pvwn`v evo‡Z _v‡K| G DÌvb cZb 8/10 eQi jvM‡Z cv‡i|
myweav t (1) Kvjxb mvwii †Kvb wbw`©ó Pµve‡Z©i cÖfve wbY©q Kiv hvq|
(2) PµµwgK n«vm-e„w× we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g fwel¨‡Zi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv
hvq|
(3) PµµwgK n«vm-e„w×i cÖfve `~i Kivi gva¨‡g Ab¨ Dcv`vb¸wji wePÿY we‡kølY Kiv
hvq|
AwbqwgZ †f` t
Kvjxb mvwii AwbqwgZ †f` ev‡` GKwU wbw`©ó MwZ I DÌvb-cZb ev n«vm-e„w× Av‡Q| AwbqwgZ †f` G
†Kvb we‡kl aviv Abyaveb Kiv m¤¢e bq G Kvi‡YB G Dcv`vb cwigvc cÖ‡qvRb|
AwbqwgZ cÖfve `y'ai‡biÑ
(K) cvwicvwk¦©K KviY;
(L) Awba©vwiZ Ae¯’v|
cvwicvwk¦©K KviY t A‡bK †QvU †QvU cvwicvwk¦©K Kvi‡Y Kvjxb mvwii Z_¨vejxi gv‡bi DÌvb-cZb, n«vm-
e„w× N‡U _v‡K hv mgwóMZfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖfve e‡j we‡ewPZ nq wKšÍz Avjv`vfv‡e we‡ewPZ bvI n‡Z
cv‡i|
Awba©vwiZ Ae¯’v t Awbw`©ó mg‡q ‡h‡Kvb cÖfve Kvjxb mvwii Z_¨vejxi gv‡bi h‡_ó cÖfvevwbœZ K‡i hv
wbY©q Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †hgb: f‚wgK¤ú, eb¨v, So BZ¨vw`|
myweav t (1) Awbevh© KviY¸‡jv cwigvc Kiv hvq|

(2) Awbevh© KviY wPwýZ K‡i ev` †Ìqv m¤¢e|
Amyweav t (1) me mgq c~Y©v½ cwieZ©b djvdj wba©viY Kiv m¤¢e bq|
(2) †Kvb MwZkxjZv aviv bv Rvbv _vKvq c~Y©v½ Ae¯’v wbY©q Kiv Aev¯Íe|

weweGm
mvi ms‡ÿc :
Kvjxb mvwii Z_ëjx‡Z PviwU Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve mgfv‡e we`¨gvb _v‡K bv| Kvjxb mvwii Z_¨ we‡kølb
ej‡Z PviwU Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve wbY©‡qi bvbvwea c×wZ I Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve wb®Œxq Kivi c×wZ‡K eySvq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.2
eû wbe©vPb cÖkœ :
1| `xN© Kvjxb cÖebZv‡K hw` mij‡iLvi cÖKvk Kiv hvq Zvn‡j Giƒc cÖebZv‡K e‡j
K) PjK L) ms‡køl
M) †f`v¼ N) mij îwLK cÖeYZv
2| Kvjxb mvwii we‡køl‡b KqwU Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve wbY©q Kiv nq|
K) 2 wU L) 4 wU
M) 5 wU N) 3 wU|
mZ¨/wg_¨v wjLyb
3| `xN© Kvjxb cÖeYZv Pj‡Ki wewfbœ gv‡bi MwZkxjZvi aviYv †`q|
4| AšÍ‡ÿcb ev ewn:†ÿcb c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ Z_¨ we‡k¦i wfZ‡i ev evwn‡ii †h †Kvb Z_¨ gvb wbY©q
Kiv hvq|
5| FZz †f‡` AwbqwgZ eëavb we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
k~b¨¯’vb c~iY
6| `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv ------- me †P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ I ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
7| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Kvjxb mvwii Zzjbv Kiv hvq -------|
8| FZz MZ †f` `yB ai‡Yi : 1| ------------ 2| ------------|
evK¨ wgjv‡bv t
9| AvenvIqv MZ Kvjxb mvwi K) †jvKR AvPvi -Abyôv‡bi Dci wbf©i kxj
10| FZz‡f` mvaviYZ; ag©xqI L) ZvB A‡bK Ò‡`vjbvÓ e‡j _v‡Kb|
11| PµµwgK n«vm e„w× Dcv`v‡bi wbw`©ó †Kvb M) cÖK…wZi Ae¯’vi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
n«vm-e„w×i MwZ †iLv †bB

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
cvV-6.3 Kvjxb mvwi cwigvc c×wZ (`xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv cwigvc)

(Measures of Time Series; long term methods)
f‚wgKv t
Kvjxb mvwii Dcv`v‡bi wewfbœ cÖeYZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| GB cwieZ©b cwigvc cÖ‡qvRb Kvjxb mvwii
Dcv`v‡bi cÖeYZv cwigvc †k‡l A_©‰bwZK ev eëmvwqK MwZ Abyaveb Kiv m¤¢e|
D‡Ïk¨
wKfv‡e Dcv`vb cwigvc Kiv hvq;
Dcv`vb cwigv‡ci wewfbœ c×wZ;
Kvjxb mvwi cwigvc c×wZ
Avgiv c~e© cv‡V Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ Kvjxb mvwii wewfbœ Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K©| Gevi wKfv‡e Dcv`vb mg~‡ni
MwZkxjZv cwigvc Kiv hvq †m m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|
`xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZvi cwigvc c×wZ t

`xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ mvaviYZ: wb¤œwjwLZ c×wZ¸wj AbymiY Kiv nq|
(K) ˆjwLK c×wZ (Graphic method)
(L) Avav Mo c×wZ (Semi Average method)
(M) Pjgvb Mo c×wZ (Moving Average method)
(N) b~¨bZg eM© c×wZ (Least Square method)
ˆjwLK c×wZ t ˆjwLK c×wZ‡Z Z_¨gv‡bi wP‡Îi Dci wfwË K‡i Dcv`vb cÖeYZv wbY©q Kiv hvq| ˆjwLK
c×wZ `yB ai‡biÑ

weweGm
(K) gy³ n¯Í †iLv c×wZ t QK KvM‡R Kvjxb mvwii Z_¨¸wj x A‡ÿ mgq Ges y A‡ÿ Z_¨gvb ¯’vcb
Ki‡Z n‡e| AZ:ci ¯’vwcZ we›`y¸wj ms‡hvM Ki‡j †h AuvKv eµ mij †iLv cvIqv hvq Zv‡K gy³ n¯Í
†iLv e‡j| A_ev †iLv Ggbfv‡e Uvbv †h‡Z cv‡i hvi d‡j cÖK…Z we›`y¸wji hZ`~i m¤¢e KvQvKvwQ ev
wbKU w`‡q hvq Giƒc mij‡iLv‡KI gy³ n¯Í †iLv e‡j|
wPÎ 6.1 : gy³ n¯Í †iLv

(L) wba©vwiZ we›`y c×wZ t wba©vwiZ we›`y c×wZ‡Z cÖ_‡g Kvjxb mvwii Z_¨vejx n‡Z `ÛwPÎ A¼b Kiv
nq| `Û¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ggb KZK¸‡jv we›`y wba©viY Kiv nq hv mshy³ K‡i GKwU mij †iLv cvIqv hvq G
c×wZ‡K wba©vwiZ we›`y c×wZ e‡j wP‡Î †`Lyb|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
wPÎ 6.2 : wba©vwiZ we›`y †iLv
Avav Mo c×wZ (Semi average method) t Avav Mo c×wZ‡Z Kvjxb mvwii Z_¨vejx‡K `y'fv‡e fvM
Kiv nq| cÖ‡Z¨K fv‡Mi Z_¨gv‡bi Mo wbY©q Kiv nq| G Mo gvbØq ci¯úi mshy³ K‡i †h †iLv AsKb
Kiv nq Zv Dfq w`‡K cÖ‡qvRb gZ e„w× K‡i †h †iLv cvIqv hvq Zvi gva¨‡gB Z_¨vejxi cÖeYZv wba©viY
Kiv nq| we‡Rvo gvb msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î ga¨gvb ev` w`‡q Z_¨vejxi `yB fv‡Mi Mo wbY©q K‡i Av‡Mi wbq‡g
cÖeYZv wba©viY †iLv A¼b Kiv hvq|
D`vniY : Avav Mo c×wZ‡Z wb‡Pi Z_¨‡K `xN© Kvjxb cÖeYZv wba©viY Kiæb|
ermi GKK †KvwU e¨vs‡Ki ermi GKK †KvwU e¨vs‡Ki
Pvjvb Pvjvb
1971 53 1977 105
1972 79 1978 87
1973 76 1979 79
1974 66 1980 104
1975 69 1981 97
1976 94 1982 92

weweGm
1983 101
mgvavb : †Ìqv Av‡QÑ

n = 13| GLv‡b †gvU msL¨v we‡Rvo ZvB ga¨ msL¨vwU 1977 ev` w`‡q `y'wU As‡k mgq‡K fvM
Ki‡Z n‡e| GKwU Ask n‡e 1971-76 Ges AciwU n‡e 1978-'83, GLb
437
X1 = cÖ_g As‡ki Mo =
6 = 72.83
87+79+104+97+92+101
X2 = wØZxq As‡ki Mo =
6
560
= 6 = 93.33
GLb x1 Ges x2 Gi gvb¸wj KvQvKvwQ gv‡bi mg‡qi eivei ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e A_©vr 1973 I 1981 mvj
eivei MÖvd KvM‡R ¯’vcb Ki‡j †h we›`y cvIqv hv‡e Zv †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e| †hvM Kivi ci Drcbœ mij
†iLvwU wb‡Y©q †iLv|
wPÎ 6.3: Avav Mo †iLv
Pjgvb Mo c×wZ (Moving average method)

Pjgvb Mo c×wZ‡Z cÖ_gZ: KZ ermi ev mg‡qi Rb¨ Giƒc Mo wbY©q Kiv n‡e Zv wbY©‡qi Rb¨ îwLK
c×wZi gva¨‡g PµveZ©bkxjZvi cÖfve KZ ermi e¨vcx n‡e Zv wbY©q Kiv nq Ges †m mg‡qi Rb¨
Pjgvb Mo wbY©q Kiv nq| D`vniY¯îƒc ej‡Z cvwi, 5 ermi e¨vwß Pjgvb Mo wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
G‡ÿ‡Î Kvjxb mvwii Z_¨vejxi cÖ_g n‡Z cuvPwUi gvb †hvM K‡i 5 w`‡q fvM K‡i †h Mo gvb cvIqv
hv‡e Zv gaëZx© mg‡qi A_©vr 3q ermi eivei wjL‡Z n‡e| Gevi cÖ_g Z_¨ gvb ev` w`‡q cieZx© cuvPwU
Z_¨gvb A_©vr 2q gvb n‡Z 6ô gvb ch©šÍ †hvM K‡i cuvP w`‡q fvM K‡i 2q Mo gvb 4_© ermi eivei
wjL‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e Dc‡ii w`‡Ki wbKU gvb ev` w`‡q cuvPwU gv‡bi Mo ch©vqµ‡g wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e
hZÿb ch©šÍ bv Z_¨gvb mg~n wb:†kl nq| Z‡e †Rvo Z_¨gvb msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î ga¨gvb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ 2q I
3q erm‡ii gvSvgvwS ¯’v‡b emv‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e cÖvß Mo gvb¸wj ermi eivei QK KvM‡R G‡K †h
we›`y¸wj cvIqv hv‡e Zv †iLv Øviv mshy³ K‡i `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv †iLv wbY©q Kiv hv‡e|
D`vniY : †Kvb GKwU Pv evMv‡b 1951 mvj n‡Z 1960 mvj ch©šÍ †gvU Pv‡qi Drcv`b Mo wbY©q Kiæb I
`xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv †iLv A¼b Kiæb|
Z_¨ †Uwej
mvj Drcvw`Z Pv (c_) mvj Drcvw`Z Pv (Kg)
1951 464 1957 557
1952 515 1958 571
1953 518 1959 586
1954 567 1960 612
1955 502
1956 540
mgvavb t 4 ermi wfwË‡Z Pjgvb Mo wbY©q mviYx wb¤œiƒcÑ

mviYx
mvj Drcvw`Z Pv 4 erm‡ii 4 erm‡ii †K›`ªxq Pjgvb
(cª) Pjgvb mgwó Pjgvb Mo Mo
1951 464
'52 515
'53 518 1964 491.0 495.7
'54 467 2002 500.50 503.50
'55 502 2027 506.76 511.6
'56 450 2066 516.50 529.5
'57 557 2170 542.50 533.0
'58 571 2254 563.50 572.0
'59 586 2326 581.50
'60 612

weweGm
x-Aÿ eivei wewfbœ mvj Ges y Aÿ eivei 4 erm‡i cÖvß Pjgvb Mo MÖvd KvM‡R ¯’vcb K‡i `xN©Kvjxb
cÖeYZv †iLv cvIqv hv‡e| wPÎ †`LybÑ
wPÎ 6.4: `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv †iLv

wb‡R Kiæb t wb‡¤œi Z_¨ n‡Z Pjgvb Mo c×wZ‡Z Drcv`‡b Mo I `xN© Kvjxb cÖeYZv †iLv A¼b Kiæb
mgq 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967
Drcv`b 23 28 32 35 33 39 42
b~¨bZg eM© c×wZ
divmx MwYZÁ GwÛªb †jMwÛª b~¨bZg eM© cÖwµqvi cÖeZ©K| msL¨vwfwËK Z‡_ï mij‡iLvq ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ G
cÖwµqv me©Rb ¯^xK…Z| b~¨bZg cÖwµqvq msÁv wb¤œiƒc Ò¯’vwcZ †iLv n‡Z cÖwZwU we›`yi wePy¨wZ A_ev
`~i‡Z¡i e‡M©i †hvMdj n‡Z n‡e b~¨bZgÓ| A_©vr wePy¨wZ eM© K‡i AšÍ:KiY Ki‡j gvb n‡e k~‡bï
KvQvKvwQ|
g‡bKwi, `yBwU Pj‡Ki `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZvi mgxKiY njÑ yt = a+bt + Et;

t =1, 2, .....n
‡hLv‡b, yt = wbf©ikxj PjK
a,b = civgvb
xt = ¯^vaxb PjK
Et = wePy¨wZi gvb|
GLb wePy¨wZ mg~‡ni eM© mgwó
yt = a+b xt + Et

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
x
∑E2t = Σ(yt - a - bxt) 2
t=1
2 2
GLb a,b aªæe‡Ki cÖv°wjZ gvb Ggbfv‡e wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z ΣE t †K AšÍ:Kib Ki‡j ΣE t Gi
Ò0Ó nq A_©vr ÿz`ªZg gv‡bi eM© AviI ÿz`ªZg nq|
2
Avgiv Rvwb, ΣE t †K ÿz`ªZg gv‡bi eM© AviI ÿz`ªZg nq|
AZGe, AšÍ:Kib c×wZi gva¨‡g
n
∂ ∑ ΣΕ 2 t
t =1
=-2 [∑(yt-a-bxt)]=0 Ges
∂a
n
∂ ∑ ΣΕ 2 t
t =1
= –2 [Σ(yt –a–bxt ) × xt ] = 0
∂b
mgxKiY `yBwU mij K‡i cvBÑ
Σ[y –a–bxt ] = 0
t
Σ[y –a–bx ] x = 0
t t t
I
Σyt = na + bΣxt ....................... (i)
Ges Σxt yt = aΣxt +bΣx2t ............... (ii)

mgxKiY `yBwU mgvavb K‡i cvBÑ
Σxt Σyt
Σxtyt –
n
∧
=
b (Σxt)2
2
Σx t – n
∧
Ges a = yt – bˆx t
Kvjxb mvwii †ÿ‡Î a, b Gi gvb wbY©‡qi mgq ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki gv‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ mgvb| ZvB †h †Kvb
gaëZx© ermi‡K gyjwe›`y we‡ePbv K‡i A_©vr 0 a‡i xt Gi gvb cvIqv hv‡e| n Gi gvb we‡Rvo n‡jÑ
Sxt = 0 †m‡ÿ‡Î
∧ Σxtyt
=
a Σx2t

weweGm
∧ Σxtyt
=
b Σx2t
∧ ∧
Ges a =y
D`vniY t
wb¤œwjwLZ Z_¨mvwi n‡Z b~¨bZg eM© c×wZ‡Z `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv wbY©q Kiæb|
mgq t 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
Drcv`b t 23 28 32 35 33 39 42
mgvavb t `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv wbY©‡qi Rb¨ wb¤œ mviYx cÖ¯ÍzZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
mvj xt Drcv`b dx = xt - dy=y-30 dxdy dx2
(g‡Y) yt 1964
1961 23 -3 -7 21 9
1962 28 -2 -2 4 4
1963 32 -1 2 -2 1
1964 35 0 5 0 0
1965 33 1 3 3 1
1966 39 2 9 18 4
1967 42 3 12 33 9
‡gvU 232 0 22 80 28
GLv‡bÑ
_
yt = a× + bxt ‡hLv‡b dx = xt - x
Σdxdy 80
∴ b = Σdx2 =
28 = 2.86
22
a* = y = 30 +
7 = 33.14
AZGe, mgxKiYwU nj y = 33.14 + 2.86dx
dx Gi gvb emvBqv cvBÑ

mvj y
1961 24.56

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
1962 27.42
1963 30.28
1964 33.14
1965 36.00
1966 38.86
1967 41.72
gvb¸wj MÖvd KvM‡R ¯’vcb Ki‡j †h †iLv cvIqv hv‡e ZvB wb‡Y©q cÖfvweZ †iLv|
wPÎ 6.5: `xNKvjxb cÖeYZv

mvi ms‡ÿc :
Kvjxb mvwii Dcv`v‡bi wewfbœ cÖeYZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| wba©vwiZ we›`y c×wZ, AvavMo c×wZ, ˆjwLK
c×wZ, PjgvbMo c×wZ Ges b~Y¨Zg eM© c×wZi, gva¨‡g Kvjxb mvwii cÖebZv wbY©q Kiv nq|
eû wbe©vPb cÖkœvejx :
1| Kvjxb mvwii Dcv`v‡bi cÖeYZv cwigvc c×wZ mvaviYZ:
K) 4 wU L) 5 wU
M) 7 wU N) 1 wU
2| Ògy³ n¯Í †iLv c×wZÓ Kvjxb mvwii cÖeYZv cwigv‡ci †Kvb c×wZi AšÍM©ZÑ

weweGm
K) b~b¨Zg eM© c×wZi L) ˆjwLK c×wZi

M) Pjgvb Mo c×wZi N) Avav Mo c×wZi
3| b~b¨Zg eM© c×wZ eëüZ nq wb‡Pi †KvbwU wbY©‡q
K) Mo L) Kvjxb mvwii `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv
M) ga¨K N) ms‡kølv¼
mZ¨wg_¨v
4| Pjgvb Mo c×wZ Kvjxb mvixi `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv wbY©‡q eëüZ nq-
5| Avav Mo c×wZ †f`v¼ wbY©‡qi Rb¨ eëüZ Kiv nq|
6| îwLK c×wZ‡Z m~PK wbY©q Kiv nj-
ïb¨¯’vb c~iY
7| îwLK c×wZ `yB ai‡bi
1) ............. 2) .............
8| ............. b~b¨Zg eM© c×wZi cÖeZ©K
9| n Gi gvb we‡Rvo n‡j, Sxt = ..................
evK¨ wgjv‡bv
10| Kvjxb mvixi Dcv`v‡bi wewfbœ K) Kvjxb mvwii cÖeYZv wbY©q Kiv hvq|
cÖeYZv
11| b~b¨Zg eM© c×wZi gva¨‡g L) jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
cvV-6.4 Kvjxb mvwi wbY©q c×wZ t FZz †f‡`

(Seasonal Variation Method)
f‚wgKv t
FZz‡f‡` cwigvc Ges ch©v‡jvPbv Kvjxb mvwii GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| FZz‡f‡` Gi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ njÑ
FZzMZ †f‡ì cÖfve Avjv`v K‡i cÖKvk Kiv I FZzMZ †f‡ì we‡jvc mvab Kiv FZz MZ †f‡ì gva¨‡g
hyMe¨vwc aviv, PµµwgK n«vm-e„w× AwbqwgZ †f‡ì cÖfve wbY©q Kiv|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb ej‡Z cvi‡ebÑ
FZz‡f` wKfv‡e wbY©q Kiv nq;
FZz‡f` wbY©‡qi wewfbœ c×wZ;
FZz‡f` m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb|
Kvjxb mvwi wbY©q c×wZ
FZz‡f` kãwU cÖvK…wZK FZzi mwnZ m¤úK©hy³ hwÌ eySvq Z‡e ïaygvÎ cÖvK…wZK FZz‡f‡ì g‡a¨ mxgve×
bq| †h †Kvb ¯^íKvjxb n«vm-e„w× hvnvi cybive„wË A‡bKUv wbqwgZ Zv‡KB FZzMZ †f` e‡j| FZzMZ †f`
¯^íKvjxb mgqmxgvi g‡a¨ mxgve×| FZz‡f` cwigvc Ki‡Z n‡j K‡qK erm‡ii ev erm‡ii wKQy mgq
yt
Kv‡ji Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| g~j Z_¨vejx n‡Z T`×C×I Gi cÖfve eR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡j A_©vr T×C×I
T×S×C×I
=
T×C×I
ØvivB FZz †f` Gi m~PK wbY©q Kiv hvq|
FZz‡f` cwigv‡ci Rb¨ wb¤œwjwLZ c×wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ t

1| mnR Mo c×wZ (Method of simple average)
2| `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZvi mwnZ AbycvZ c×wZ (Ration to laend method)
3| Pjgvb M‡oi mwnZ AbycvZ c×wZ (Ration to moving average method)
4| m¤úwK©Z AbycvZ c×wZ| (Link relative method)
mnR Mo c×wZ t
G c×wZ‡Z cÖ_gZ: Kvjxb mvwii Z_¨vejx FZzwfwËK A_©vr mvßvwnK, gvwmK, cvwÿK BZ¨vw` wfwË‡Z
mvwR‡q wb‡Z n‡e Ges wb¤œwjwLZ avç‡jv AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡eÑ
(1) wba©vwiZ mg‡qi AšÍM©Z Z_¨vejxi mnR MvwYwZK Mo wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ‡Z¨K erm‡ii
AšÍM©Z †mB mgq eivei wjL‡Z n‡e| †hgb cÖ‡Z¨K erm‡ii Z_¨vejx n‡Z iZg i =1 2 ....n gv‡mi
Rb¨ MvwYwZK Mo x 1, x 2 .... x n cÖ‡Z¨K gv‡mi wecix‡Z wjL‡Z n‡e|
(2) wewfbœ gv‡mi wecix‡Z wbYx©Z Mo gvbmg~‡ni mvwe©K Mo wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr
_ x 1 + x 2 + ...... + x n
X = n ; GLv‡b Z_¨vejx gvwmK wn‡m‡e †Ìqv _vK‡j n =12
(3) cÖwZ gv‡mi Rb¨ FZz‡f` wbY©q Ki‡Z cÖwZ gv‡mi Mogvb‡K mvwe©K Mo gvb Øviv fvM K‡i kZKiv
wn‡m‡e cÖKvk Kiv n‡e|

weweGm
gvwmK Mo
A_©vr †Kvb gv‡mi Rb¨ FZz‡f` = mvwe©K Mo × 100
Giƒ‡c 12 gv‡mi FZz‡f` wbY©q Kiv nq|
D`vniY t wb‡¤œ 4 erm‡ii Drcvw`Z `ª‡eï Mo PZz_©K g~j¨ Z_¨ †Ìqv Av‡Q| FZz‡f` wbY©q Kiæb|
Z_¨
mvj 1g PZz_©K 2q PZz_©K 3q PZz_©K 4_© PZz_©K
1980 40.3 44.8 46.0 48.0
1981 50.1 53.1 55.3 59.5
1982 47.2 50.1 52.1 55.2
1983 55.4 59.0 61.6 65.3
mgvavb t FZz‡f` wbY©‡q wb¤œ mviYx cÖ¯ÍzZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb

mvj 1g PZz_©K 2q PZz_©K 3q PZz_©K 4_© PZz_©K
1980 40.3 44.8 46.0 48.0
1981 50.1 53.1 55.3 59.5
1982 47.2 50.1 52.1 55.2
1983 55.4 59.0 61.6 65.3
†gvU 193.0 207.0 215 228.0
Mo 48.25 51.75 53.75 57.0
FZzMZ †f` 91.57 98.21 102.01 108.18
48.25 + 51.75 + 53.75+ 57.0

∴ mvwe©K Mo = 4
= 52.69
48.25
FZzMZ m~PK 1g PZz_©K = 52.69 × 100 = 91.57
51.75
FZzMZ m~PK 2q PZz_©K = 52.69 × 100 = 98.21
53.75
FZzMZ m~PK 3q PZz_©K = 52.69 × 100 = 102.01
57.0
FZzMZ m~PK 4_© PZz_©K = 52.69 × 100 = 108.18
`xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZvi mv‡_ AbycvZ c×wZ t

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
G c×wZ Øviv FZzMZ †f` wbY©q Ki‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ avçwj AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
1. cÖ_gZ: b~¨bZg eM© c×wZi gva¨‡g `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv wbY©q Ki‡Z nq|
2. Kvjxb mvwii Z_¨vejxi Dcv`vb PviwUi ¸Yd‡ji mgvb we‡ePbv K‡i `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv Øviv cÖ`Ë
gvbmg~n fvM K‡i kZKiv wnmv‡e cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr
yt T×S×C×I
T × 100 = T × 100 = S×C×I×100|
Gfv‡e cÖvß gvbmg~n‡K `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv ewR©Z gvb ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e ewR©Z gvb Øviv mn‡R
FZzMZ m~PK wbY©q Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
cÖvß gvwmK FZzMZ m~PK mg~‡ni †hvMdj 1200 Ges ˆÎgvwmK FZzMZ m~PK mg~‡ni †hvMdj 400 †Ìqv
DwPZ| hw` cv_©K¨ _v‡K Z‡e wb¤œfv‡e ïw× Ki‡Z n‡e|
1200
ïw× c` (gvwmK FZzMZ m~P‡Ki †ÿ‡Î) CFm = I
400
ïw× c` (ˆÎgvwmK FZzMZ m~P‡Ki †ÿ‡Î) CFq= I
†hLv‡b I = m~PK mg~‡ni †hvMdj|
D`vniY t wb¤œ mviYx‡Z 1980 I 1981 mv‡ji cÖwZ gv‡mi gq`vi cvBKvix g~j¨ (UvKvq) †Ìqv Av‡Q|
`xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZvi mv‡_ AbycvZ c×wZ‡Z FZzMZ m~PK wbY©q Kiæb|
Z_¨ mviYx
mvj Rvby †deªæ gvP© GwcÖj †g Ryb RyjvB AvM÷ †m‡Þt A‡±vt b‡ft wW‡mt
1980 15.8 15.7 15.3 15.5 16.0 16.2 16.1 15.9 15.9 16.4 16.6 17.1
1981 16.4 16.2 15.9 16.1 16.2 16.7 16.6 16.5 16.6 17.0 17.4 18.0
mgvavb t wb¤œwjwLZ mviYx‡Z `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv wbY©q Kiv nj|
`xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZvi mv‡_ AbycvZ wbY©qt

ermi gvm gq`vi `vg xt xt yt xt2 `xN©Kvjxb T yt
(UvKv) y T × 100

weweGm
Rvbqvix 15.8 -23 -363.4 529 15.65 100.96

†deªæqvix 15.7 -21 -329.7 441 15.71 99.94
gvP© 15.3 -19 -290.7 361 15.77 97.02
GwcÖj 15.5 -17 -263.5 289 15.83 97.92
1 †g 16.0 -15 -240.0 225 15.89 100.69
9 Ryb 16.2 -13 -210.6 169 15.95 101.57
8 RyjvB 16.1 -11 -177.1 121 16.01 100.56
0 AvM÷ 15.9 -9 -143.9 81 16.07 93.34
†m‡Þ¤î 15.9 -7 -111.3 49 16.13 98.57
A‡±vei 16.4 -5 -82.0 25 16.19 101.30
b‡f¤î 16.6 -3 -49.8 9 16.25 102.15
wW‡m¤î 17.1 -1 -17.1 16.31 104.84
Rvbqvixy 16.4 1 16.4 1 16.37 100.18
†deªæqvix 16.2 3 48.6 9 16.43 98.60
gvP© 15.9 5 79.5 25 16.49 96.42
GwcÖj 16.1 7 112.7 49 16.55 97.28
1 †g 16.2 9 145.8 81 16.61 97.53
9 Ryb 16.7 11 183.7 121 16.67 100.18
8 RyjvB 16.6 13 215.8 169 16.73 99.22
1 AvM÷ 16.5 15 247.5 225 16.79 98.27
†m‡Þ¤î 16.6 17 282.2 289 16.85 98.51
A‡±vei 17.0 19 323.0 361 16.91 100.53
b‡f¤î 17.4 21 365.4 441 16.97 102.53
wW‡m¤î 18.0 23 414.4 529 17.3 105.70
†gvU 3921 0 1563 4600 3921
Avgiv Rvwb,
Σxtyt 156.3
b=
Σxt2
=
4600 = 0.03
392.1
Ges
24 = 16.34
a=y=

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
GLb `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZvi mv‡_ Z_¨vejxi kZKiv wnmv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nj t

gvm ermi MvwYwZK Mo FZzMZ m~PK
1980 1981 _ _
x xt /x *100
Rvbqvixy 100.96 100.18 100.57 100.74

†deªæqvix 99.94 98.60 99.27 99.44
gvP© 97.02 96.42 97.81 97.98
GwcÖj 97.92 97.28 97.60 97.77
†g 100.69 97.53 99.11 99.28
Ryb 101.57 100.18 200.88 101.05
RyjvB 100.56 99.22 99.89 100.56
AvM÷ 93.34 98.51 95.81 95.97
†m‡Þ¤î 98.57 98.27 98.54 98.71
A‡±vei 101.30 100.51 100.92 101.09
b‡f¤î 102.15 102.53 102.34 102.51
wW‡m¤î 144.84 105.27 105.27 105.45
†gvU 1198.01 1200.05
Mo x = 99.83
GLv‡b FZzMZ m~P‡Ki ïw×c‡ì ìKvi †bB|
wb‡R Kiæb t 1990 -91 mv‡ji cÖwZ gv‡mi PvD‡ji cvBKvix g~j¨ UvKvq †Ìqv nj| `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZvi
mv‡_ AbycvZ c×wZ‡Z FZzMZ m~PK wbY©q Kiæb|
mvj gvm Rvby †d«iæ gvP© GwcÖj †g Ryb RyjvB AvM †mÞ A‡±v b‡f wW‡m¤î
1990 16.5 17.2 16.3 16.1 16.5 16.1 16.7 16.1 17.1 17.9 17.0 16.6
1991 16.6 17.1 16.5 16.6 16.9 16.4 16.9 17.0 17.5 17.2 17.3 17.0
Pjgvb M‡oi mv‡_ AbycvZ c×wZ t

Kvjxb mvwii Z_¨vejx gvwmK wfwË‡Z †Ìqv _vK‡j wb‡¤œ cÖ`Ë avcmg~n AbymiY Ki‡Z FZzMZ m~PK
wbY©q Kiv nq|
1| cÖ‡Z¨K erm‡ii Rb¨ gvwmK Z_¨vejxi ch©vqµ‡g mvwR‡q wjL‡Z n‡e|
2| cÖPwjZ wbq‡g 12 gv‡mi †K›`ªw¯’Z Pjgvb Mo wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| Z_¨vejx ˆÎgvwmK n‡j 4 ˆÎgv‡mi
†K›`ªw¯’Z Pjgvb Mo wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ mgq wfwËK Pjgvb Mo wbY©q Ki‡Z
n‡e| G ai‡bi Pjgvb Mo¸wj‡K T×C Dcv`vb we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|

weweGm
3| Kvjxb mvwii g~j Z_¨vejx PviwU Dcv`v‡bi ¸Yd‡ji mgvb we‡ePbv K‡i g~j Z_¨gvb mg~‡ni ¯^-¯^
gv‡bi wecix‡Z Aew¯’Z Pjgvb Mo Øviv fvM K‡i kZKiv wn‡m‡e wjL‡Z n‡e| m~Î¸wj njÑ
g~j Z_¨gvb T×S×C×I
m~Î = Pjgvb Mo × 100 = T×C × 100 = S×I×100
4| cÖvß kZKiv gvb¸wj‡K mnRMo c×wZ A_ev `xN©Kvjxb mv‡_ AbycvZ c×wZ Mo wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
cÖwZ mg‡qi Z_¨gvb wb‡q Mo wbY©q Kivi d‡j AwbqwgZ cwieZ©b `~ixf‚Z nq Ges gvwmK ev
ˆÎgvwmK FZzMZ m~PK wbY©q Kiv hvq|
G‡ÿ‡ÎI ïw× c` cÖ‡qvRb n‡e hw` m~PK mg~‡ni †hvMdj 1200 Avw_©K nq ev FZzMZ †hvMdj
400 UvKv|
D`vniY t wb‡Pi Z_¨mviYx †_‡K Pjgvb M‡oi AbycvZ c×wZ‡Z FZzMZ m~PK wbY©q Kiæb|
Z_¨-mviYx
gvm 1981 1982 mv‡ji ågYKvixi 1983 mv‡j ågYKvixi
ågYKvixi msL¨v msL¨v
msL¨v
Rvbqvixy 90 100 110
†deªæqvix 85 89 93
gvP© 70 74 78
GwcÖj 60 62 66
†g 55 55 58
Ryb 45 47 40
RyjvB 30 30 35
AvM÷ 40 43 45
†m‡Þ¤î 70 65 72
A‡±vei 120 127 130
b‡f¤î 115 118 118
wW‡m¤î 118 120 124
mgvavb t 12 gv‡mi †ÿ‡Î Pjgvb-Gi †ÿ‡Î wb‡¤œi mviYx cÖ¯ÍzZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
mvj gvm ågYKvixi msL¨v 12 gv‡mi Pjgvb Mo Pjgvb Mo Aby:

Pjgvb †gvU †Kw›`ªK
Rvbqvix 90
†deªæqvix 85
gvP© 70
GwcÖj 60
1 †g 55
9 Ryb 45 898 74.83 75.3
8 RyjvB 30 908 75.67 75.8 39.8
1 AvM÷ 40 912 76.0 76.2 52.8
†m‡Þ¤î 70 916 76.33 76.4 91.9
A‡±vei 120 918 76.50 76.5 157.1
b‡f¤î 115 918 76.50 76.6 150.3
wW‡m¤î 118 920 76.66 76.7 154.0
Rvbqvixy 100 920 76.66 76.8 130
†deªæqvix 89 923 76.91 76.7 115.9
gvP© 74 918 76.50 76.8 96.5
GwcÖj 62 925 77.16 77.2 80.7
1 †g 55 928 77.33 77.4 71.2
9 Ryb 47 930 77.50 77.9 60.7
8 RyjvB 30 940 78.33 38.5
2 AvM÷ 43 944 78.66 77.5 54.8
†m‡Þ¤î 65 948 79.00 78.8 82.5
A‡±vei 127 952 79.33 79.2 160.4
b‡f¤î 118 955 79.58 79.5 148.4
wW‡m¤î 120 948 79.00 79.3 151.3

weweGm
Rvbqvix 110 953 79.41 79.2 138.9

†deªæqvix 93 955 79.58 79.5 117.0
gvP© 78 962 80.16 79.9 97.6
GwcÖj 66 965 80.41 80.3 42.2
1 †g 58 956 80.41 80.4 72.1
9 Ryb 40 996 80.75 0.60 49.6
8 RyjvB 35
3 AvM÷ 45
†m‡Þ¤î 72
A‡±vei 130
b‡f¤î 118
wW‡m¤î 124
ïw× c` FZzMZ †f`

gvm ermi FZzMZ Mo mgwb¦Z FZzMZ †f`
1981 1982 1983
Rvbqvix 130.4 138.9 134.7 135.0
†deªæqvix 115.9 117.0 116.5 116.7
gvP© 196.5 97.6 97.1 97.3
GwcÖj 80.7 42.2 81.5 81.7
†g 71.2 72.1 71.7 71.7
Ryb 60.7 49.6 55.2 71.8
RyjvB 39.8 38.5 39.2 55.3
AvM÷ 52.8 58.8 53.8 39.3
†m‡Þ¤î 91.9 82.5 87.1 53.9
A‡±vei 157.1 160.4 158.8 87.3
b‡f¤î 150.3 148.4 159.4 159.1
wW‡m¤î 154.0 151.3 152.7 148.7
153.0
†gvU 1197.7 1200.1
1200
GLv‡b ïw× Dcv`vb = 1197.7 = 1.0019

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
mvi ms‡ÿc :
FZz‡f‡` cwigvc Ges ch©v‡jvPbv Kvjxb mvwii GKwU ¸iæZ¡ c~Y© Ask FZzMZ †f`
¯^í Kvjxb mgq mxgvi g‡a¨ mxgve×|
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœvejx:
1| †h †Kvb ¯^íKvjxb n«vm-e„w×, hvnvi c~Yive„wË A‡bKUv wbqwgZ Zv‡K ejv nq
K) Av`k© m~PK msL¨v L) FZzMZ †f`
M) †f`v¼ N) ms‡kølv¼|

2| FZz‡f` kãwU cÖvK…wZK FZzi mv‡_ m¤úK©h„³
3| b~¨bZg eM© c×wZi gva¨‡g `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv wbY©q Kiv hvq bv|
4| wcqvimb FZz‡f` m~PK wbY©‡qi GKwU c×wZ D™¢veb K‡ib|
k~b¨¯’vb c~ib Kiæb:

5| myw× c` = ---------------|
6| ïw×i gvb wbY©q myÎ = -----------|
evK¨ wgjv‡bv :
7| FZzMZ †f‡ì gva¨‡g hyMe¨vwc aviv Pµ K) mnR MvwbwZK Mo wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
µwgK n«vm-e„w×
8| wba©vwiZ mg‡qi AšÍM©Z Z_¨vejxi L) `xN© Kvjxb cÖeYZv wbY©q Ki‡Z nq
9 b~¨bZg eM© c×wZi gva¨‡g M) AwbqwgZ †f‡ì cÖfve wbY©q Kiv nq|

weweGm
cvV-6.5 Pµ µwgK n«vm-e„w× I AwbqwgZ eëavb wbY©q c×wZ (Cyclical

fluctuations and irregular variation methods)
f‚wgKv t
FZzMZ †f‡ì Zzjbvq PµµwgK n«vm-e„w× A‡bKUv `xN©‡gqv`x| PµµwgK †f‡ì cybive„wË wbw`©ó
FZzwfwËK b‡n Ges Ab¨w`‡K Bnv `xN©Kvjxb MwZkxjZv I †`Lvq bv Avevi AwbqwgZ †f‡ì gZ
k„´LwjZI bq|
D‡Ïk¨
wKfv‡e PµµwgK n«vm-e„w× cwigvc Kiv nq|
wKfv‡e Awbqwš¿Z †f` cwigvc Kiv nq|
Dnv‡ì mgm¨vi mgvavb wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Pµ µwgK n«vm-e„w× I AwbqwgZ eëavb wbY©q c×wZ
wkí evwYwR¨K †ÿ‡Î †Kvb c‡Yï `vg n«vm-e„w× GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbv| †Kbbv c‡Yï eënvi †ewk n‡j
†m mgq GKRb eëmvqx H c‡Yï †ewk †hvMvb †`q, Ab¨w`‡K c‡Yï eënvi n«vm †c‡j mv‡_ mv‡_
†hvMvbI K‡g hvq| G Kvi‡YB PµµwgK n«vm-e„w× wbY©q Kiv AZ¨šÍ Riæix Ges G Dcv`vb eR©b Ki‡j
wK Ae¯’vi m„wó nq ZvI Rvbv Avek¨K|
cÖ_gZ: Kvjxb mvwii Z_¨vejx wewfbœ erm‡ii Rb¨ QK KvM‡R Gu‡K †Kvbiƒc PµµwgK DÌvb-cZb ev
n«vm-e„w× Av‡Q wKbv Ges `xN©Kvjxb ch©‡eÿ‡Y †Kvb we‡kl Pµ aiv c‡o wK bv †mw`‡K jÿ¨ ivLv
cÖ‡qvRb|
c~e©cv‡V ewY©Z c×wZ Øviv Avgiv `xN©Kvjxb mvwii Z_¨vejx‡K fvM K‡i kZKiv wn‡m‡e cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvwi
Ges PµµwgK n«vm-e„w× Gi gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z cvwi| †hgbÑ Avgiv RvwbÑ
yt T×S×C×I
×100 = T×S ×100= C×I×100
T×S
Giƒ‡c †h Z_¨vejx cvIqv hvq Zvi gvb QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Ki‡jB PµµwgK n«vm-e„w× mv‡_ AwbqwgZ
eëavb jÿ¨ Kiv hv‡e| AwfÁZv I wePvi we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g KZ ermi e¨vwß Pjgvb Mo wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e
Zv wba©viY K‡i Pjgvb Mo wbY©q Ki‡j AwbqwgZ eëavb `~i n‡e Ges cÖvß gvb‡K 100 Øviv ¸Y Ki‡j
A_©vr Χ×100 n‡Z Avgiv PµµwgK n«vm-e„w× h_v_© aviYv †c‡Z cvwi| G c×wZ‡Z Dcv`vb wbY©q Kiv‡K
wbh©vm (Residual) c×wZ ejv nq| `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv I FZzMZ †f` hw` Lye ¯úó bv nq Z‡e wbh©vm
c×wZ ÎæwUgy³ bq|
G‡ÿ‡Î Z_¨vejxi gvbmg~n evrmwiK wfwË‡Z msM„nxZ n‡j mn‡RB Abygvb Kiv hvq †h G †_‡K FZzMZ
†f` `~ixf‚Z n‡q‡Q| GgZve¯’vq c~e©eZx© erm‡ii Z_¨gvb cieZx© erm‡ii Z_¨gvb we‡qvM K‡i wPýmn †h

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
we‡qvMdj cvIqv hvq Zv QK KvM‡R x-A‡ÿ wewfbœ ermi I y-A‡ÿ we‡qvMdjmg~n (wPýmn) ¯’vcb K‡i
PµµwgK n«vm-e„w× wbY©q Kiv hvq|
AwbqwgZ †f`
AwbqwgZ †f`mg~n wek„´Ljfv‡e cwijwÿZ nq Ges G¸‡jv m¤ú~Y© Abby‡gq A_ev wew”Qbœ †Kvb KviY
A_ev NUbv Øviv ïw× nq| wKQy wKQy AwbqwgZ †f` Av‡Q| Dnv‡ì †Kvb KviY wbw`©ó Kiv hvq bv| Kvjxb
mvwi‡Z †hme ZviZg¨ Ab¨ wZbwU Dcv`v‡b AšÍfz©³ Kiv hvq bv †m¸wj‡K AwbqwgZ †f` ejv nq|
`xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv FZz‡f` I PµµwgK n«vm-e„w× wbY©‡qi ci Dcv`vbmg~‡ni wPý¸wj eënvi K‡i
T×S×C×I
AwbqwgZ †f` wbY©‡qi †gŠwjK c×wZ nj AwbqwgZ †f`, I = T×S×C | †h‡nZz AwbqwgZ †f` Gi
wbw`©ó †Kvb MwZc_ ev DÌvb-cZ‡bi Pµ †bB ZvB Giƒ‡c Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve wbY©‡qi †Kvb mywbw`©ó c×wZ
†bB| AwbqwgZ †f` wbY©‡qi Rb¨ HwZnvwmK †cÖÿvc‡U we‡kølYB AwaK D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
Kvjxb mvwii eënvi t

Kvjxb mvwii eënvi wb‡¤œ ch©vqµ‡g †Ìqv nj t
1| A_©bxwZwe` I eëmvqx‡ì Rb¨ Kvjxb mvwii we‡kølY LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Bnv †Kvb eëmv cÖwZôv‡bi
MwZkxj Ges fwel¨‡Zi wK n‡e Zvi Bw½Z †`q|
2| Kvjxb mvwii AZx‡Zi NUbv m¤^‡Ü Z_¨ mieivn K‡i ZvB cwimsL¨vb DcvË ch©v‡jvPbv gva¨‡g
wm×všÍ MÖnY m¤¢e nq|
3| Kvjxb mvwi we‡kølY ¯^íKvjxb n«vm-e„w× mg~‡ni `xN©Kvjxb MwZkxjZv n‡Z cv_©K¨Ki‡Yi gva¨‡g
eëmvqxMY‡K ¯^íKv‡ji g‡aÏ eëmv‡qi mgZv iÿv Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
4| c~e©vfvm Kvjxb mvwii Z_¨vejx n‡Z c~e©vfvm `vb GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ welq|
mvi ms‡ÿc :
wkí evwbwR¨K †ÿ‡Î †Kvb c‡bï `vg n«vm-e„w× GKwU D‡jøL †hvM¨ NUbv| AwbqwgZ †f` wbY©‡qi Rb¨
†cÖÿvcU we‡kølb AwaK D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
eû wbe©vPb cÖkœvejx :
1| FZzMZ †f‡ì Zzjbvq †Kvb Kvjxb mvix A‡bKUv `xN© †gqv`x
K) Avav Mo c×wZ L) Pµ µwgK n«vm e„w×
M) Awbqwš¿Z †f` N) Avav Mo m~PK msL¨v

weweGm
mZ¨/wg_¨v
2| AwbqwgZ eëavb wbY©q c×wZ‡K wbg©vb c×wZ ejv nq|
3| Z_ëjxi gvb mg~n evrmwiK wfwË‡Z msM„nxZ n‡j mn‡R Abygvb Kiv hvq bv †h AwbqwgZ eëavb
†_‡K FZzMZ †f` `~ixf‚Z n‡q‡Q|
k~b¨ ¯’vb c~iY Kiæb :

4| AwbqwgZ †f` -------- cwijwÿZ nq|
5| Kvjxb mvwi‡Z †h me ZviZg¨ Ab¨ wZbwU Dcv`v‡b AšÍf©~³ Kiv hvq bv Zv‡K ----- e‡j|
kã wgjv‡bv
6| c~e©fvm Kvjxb mvwii Z_¨vejx n‡Z c~e©fvm `vb K. we‡kølbB AwaK D‡jøL‡hvM¨
7| AwbqwgZ †f` wbY©‡qi Rb¨ HwZnvwmK †cÖÿvcU L. µwU gy³ bv|
8| `xN© Kvjxb cÖeYZv I FZzMZ †f` hw`, Lye ¯úó bv nq Z‡e M. GKwU D‡jøL †hvM¨ welq|
wbg©vb c×wZ

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-6
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| Kvjxb mvwii msÁv wjLyb| Kvjxb mvwii êwkó¨ ¸wj eY©bv Kiæb|
2| FZz‡f` cwieZ©‡bi msÁv wjLyb| FZz‡f‡ì myweav I Amyweav¸wj wjLyb|
3| Kvjxb mvwi cwigvc c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4| b~b¨Zg eM© c×wZ‡Z wKfv‡e `xN©Kvjxb cÖfve mgxKiY cwigvc Kiv hvq, Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
5| Kvjxb mvwi msÁv wjLyb| Kvjxb mvixi Dcv`vb¸wj wjLyb|
6| Pjgvb M‡oi msÁv wjLyb| Kvjxb mvwii Z‡_¨ Pµxq‡f‡ì cwigv‡ci Rb¨ I Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Î Gi
eënvi¸wj eY©bv Kiæb|
7| `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZvi msÁv wjLyb| Kvwjb mvwi Z‡_¨ Yf = a0 +a1t †iLvwU mwbœ‡ek Kivi c×wZ
Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
8| Kvjxb mvwii FZz‡f` ej‡Z wK †evSvq wjLyb| FZz‡f‡` myPK msL¨vi eënvi¸wj wjLyb|
9| AwbqwgZ †f` Kvjxb mvwii msÁv wjLyb| AwbqwgZ †f‡` Kvjxb mvwi eënvi¸wj wjLyb|

cwimsL¨vb
BDwbU
m~PK msL¨v
7 (Index Number)
f‚wgKv
mvaviYZ †Kvb Pj‡Ki mgq A_ev ¯’vb‡f‡` Zzjbvg~jK cwieZ©b cwigvc wb‡`©k K‡i m~PK msL¨v|
wMIfvbx wibv‡ìv Kvwj© (Giovani Rinaldo Carli) 1764 mv‡j me©cÖ_g g~j¨m~PK msL¨v wbY©q K‡ib| Kvwj©
1500 mvj‡K wfwË e¨q a‡i 1750 mv‡ji wZbwU c‡Yï g~‡jï Abycv‡Zi MvwYwZK Mo wb‡q m~PK msL¨v
wbY©q K‡ib Ges BZvjxi MZ 250 erm‡ii `ªe¨g~‡jï cwieZ©‡bi Zzjbvg~jK GKwU wPÎ ˆZwi K‡ib|
eZ©gv‡b m~PK msL¨vi eënvi AwZ e¨vcK| A_©bxwZ‡Z m~PK msL¨v‡K A_©bxwZi e¨v‡ivwgUvi ejv nq| G
Aa¨v‡q m~PK msL¨v m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
D‡Ïk¨
G BDwbU †k‡l Avcwb:
m~PK msL¨vi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
m~PK msL¨vi wbY©q c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
RxebhvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
m~PK msL¨v m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cwimsL¨vb c„ôv 145

weweGm
cvV 7.1 m~PK msL¨v I Gi eënvi

(Index number and its uses)
fzwgKv t
`ª‡eï Drcv`b I g~‡jï n«vm e„w×, mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ cwieZ©b nq, hv wbZ¨ eënvh© `ª‡eï
Dci m¤ú„³| m~PK msL¨v †Kvb †`‡ki PjwZ A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v cÖKvk cvq| ZvB m~PK msL¨v‡K A_©‰bwZK
fvlvq ejv nq A_©‰bwZK e¨v‡ivwgUvi| G cv‡V m~PK msL¨vi msÁv I m~PK msL¨vi eënvi m¤ú‡K©
we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n'j|
D‡Ïk¨
G cv‡Vi gva¨‡g AvcwbÑ
m~PK msL¨vi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
m~PK msL¨vi eënvi ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
m~PK msL¨vi cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
m~PK msL¨vi wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
m~PK msL¨v I m~PK msL¨vi eënvi

m~PKmsL¨v t m~PK msL¨v †mB mKj gvÎv hvnv mg‡qi mv‡_ cwieZ©‡bi djvdj wbY©q K‡i|
m~PK msL¨v: eënvi †ÿÎ t
Wheldon Gi g‡ZÑ
"An index number is a device which shows by its variation the changes in a magnitude which is
not capable of acurate measurement in it self or of direct valuation in practice"
myZivs Avgiv m~PK msL¨vi msÁv Gfv‡e ej‡Z cvwiÑ
†h msL¨vi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb wbw`©ó ermi ev mg‡qi mv‡_ Ab¨ †Kvb ermi ev mg‡q †Kvb `ª‡eï g~j¨ ev
Drcv`‡bi Av‡cwÿK cwieZ©‡bi AvbycvwZK nvi wb‡`©k Kiv nq Zv‡K m~PK msL¨v e‡j| †Kvb GKwU
ermi ev mgq‡K wfwË wn‡m‡e a‡i †mB ermi ev mgq‡K KZK¸wj `ª‡eï g~‡jï ev Drcv`‡bi mv‡_
Ab¨ †Kvb ermi ev mg‡q D³ `ªe¨¸wj g~j¨ ev Drcv`‡bi cwieZ©‡bi AvbycvwZK nv‡ii Zzjbv Kivi Rb¨
cwimsL¨v‡b G c×wZ eënvi Kiv nq|
wb¤œ wjwLZ †ÿ‡ÎÑm~PK msL¨v eënvi Kiv nq
(K) wewfbœ `ª‡eï g~‡jï †ÿ‡Î;
(L) wk‡í Drcvw`Z `ª‡eï †ÿ‡Î;
(M) weµqjä `ª‡eï †ÿ‡Î;
(N) Avg`vbx I idZvwb †hvM¨ `ª‡eï †ÿ‡Î;
(O) RxebhvÎvi gv‡bi Dci BZ¨vw`|
m~PK msL¨v c„ôv 146

cwimsL¨vb
m~PK msL¨vi êwkó¨

(K) m~PK msL¨v GK ai‡bi Mo;
(L) m~PK msL¨v kZKiv nv‡i cÖKvk Kiv nq;
(M) m~PK msL¨v GKK wenxb msL¨v;
(N) †h me êwkó¨ mivmwi cwigvc Kiv hvq bv Zv‡ì Zzjbvg~jK cwieZ©b ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i;
(O) ¯’vb-Kvj †f‡` †Kvb Pj‡Ki cwieZ©b Zzjbv K‡i|
m~PK msL¨vi †kªYxKiY

m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi wewfbœ c×wZ‡K wb¤œfv‡e †kªYxKiY Kiv hvqÑ
m~PK msL¨vi c×wZ
mgwó m~PK Abycv‡Zi Mo m~PK msL¨v
mij m~PK fvi Av‡ivwcZ m~PK msL¨v: mij m~PK Avi Av‡ivwcZ m~PK msL¨v
1. j¨vmwcqv‡ii m~PK msL¨v 1. w¯’i wfwË
2. M¨v‡ki m~PK msL¨v 2. k„•Ljv wfwË
3. wdk‡ii m~PK msL¨v
4. Wªwek evDwj m~PK msL¨v
5. gvk©vj GWIqv‡W©i m~PK msL¨v
6. Iqvm‡Pi m~PK msL¨v
7. †Kjxi m~PK msL¨v
D‡jøwLZ †h †Kvb c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z cvwi|
m~PK msL¨vi eënvi

m~PK msL¨v g~jZ mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ `ªe¨g~j¨ ev Drcv`‡bi cwieZ©‡bi nvi wb‡`©k K‡i| Bnv gRyix,
gy`ªvgvb, RxebhvÎvi gvb, wkí I evwYR¨ msµvšÍ wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK cwieZ©‡bi gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z eëüZ
nq|
1. A_©bxwZi e¨v‡ivwgUvi t m~PK msL¨v †Kvb †`‡ki wkí Drcv`b, Avg`vbx idZvwbi MwZ, A_©bxwZi
DÌvb-cZb, eëmv-evwY‡Rï aiY BZ¨vw` cwigvc K‡i ZvB Bnv‡K A_©bxwZi e¨v‡ivwgUvi e‡j|
2. bxwZ wba©vi‡bi mnvqK t Bnv miKvix, †emiKvix cÖwZôv‡bi cwiKwíZ I eë¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f‚wgKv iv‡L| KviY †Kvb wkí cÖwZôv‡bi Drcvw`Z `ª‡eï cwigvY, g~j¨, Avq-e¨q BZ¨vwì m~PK
msL¨v Rvbv _vK‡j fwel¨Z Kg©-cwiKíbv †bqv mnR nq|
3. Zzjbvg~jK cwieZ©b cwigvc t m~PK msL¨vi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ nj mgq I ¯’vb †f‡` †Kvb Pj‡Ki
cwieZ©b cwigvc Kiv| Bnv Ggb me †ÿ‡Î cwieZ©b Zzjbv K‡i †h¸wj mivmwi m¤¢e bq †hgb:
Rxeb-hvÎvi e¨q, g~‡jï gvÎv BZ¨vw`|

weweGm
4. MwZaviv eyS‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i t `ªe¨g~‡jï n«vm-e„w× we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g †Kvb eëmvqx `ªe¨g~‡jï fwel¨r
cÖeYZv m¤^‡Ü c~e© aviYv †c‡Z cv‡i|
5. †eZb †¯‹j wba©viY Kiv †ÿ‡Î t eZ©gvb Kv‡j A‡bK †`‡k RxebhvÎvi e¨q m~PK cÖ¯ÍzZ K‡i cÖwZ
ermi †eZb ms‡kvab K‡i|
6. m~PK msL¨vi mvnv‡h¨ gy`ªvi gvb ms‡KvPb Kiv nq|
mvims‡ÿc
m~PK msL¨v mvaviYZ †Kvb Pj‡Ki mgq A_ev ¯’vb‡f‡` Zzjbvg~jK cwieZ©b cwigvc K‡i| m~PK
msL¨v‡K A_©bxwZi fvlvq ejv nq A_©bxwZi e¨v‡ivwgUvi|
1| m~PK msL¨v me© cÖ_g wbY©q K‡ib
K) R. A. Fisher L) Giovani Rinaldo Carli
M) Das and Giri N) Winner.
2.| m~PK msL¨v‡K A_©‰bwZK fvlvq ejv nq
K) jvMvwiqv‡g L) Pvwn`v †iLv
M) A_©bxwZi e¨v‡iv wgUvi N) †hvMvb
mZ¨/wg_¨v wbY©q
3| Kvwj© wZbwU cb¨ g~‡jï Abycv‡Zi MvwbwZK Mo wb‡q m~PK msL¨v wbY©q K‡ib|
4| eZ©gv‡b m~PK msL¨vi eënvi †bB ej‡j P‡j|
5| m~PK msL¨v GK ai‡bi Mo
k~b¨¯’vb c~iY :
6| m~PK msL¨v ------- -------- cÖKvk Kiv nq|
7| m~PK msL¨v ------- -------- msL¨v|
8| --------- †f‡` †Kvb Pj‡Ki cwieZ©b Zzjbv K‡i|
9| A_©bxwZ‡Z m~PK msL¨v‡K e‡j -----------|
evK¨ wgjv‡bv :
10| m~PK msL¨v †Kvb †`‡ki K) †Kvb Pj‡Ki cwieZ©b cwigvc Kiv|

cwimsL¨vb
11| m~PK msL¨vi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ nj mgq I ¯’vb L) ms‡KvPb Kiv hvq
†f‡`
12| m~PK msL¨vi mvnv‡h¨ gy`ªvi gvb M) PjwZ A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v cÖKvk K‡i|
cvV 7.2 m~PK msL¨vi cÖKvi‡f` (Types of index number)
f‚wgKv
m~PK msL¨v, mgq, ¯’vb, KvjcvÎ wewfbœ cwi‡ek MZ cv_©K¨ Kivi Rb¨ eënvi wewfbœfv‡e wbY©q Kiv|
mvaviYZ: m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Kiv nq `ª‡eï gv‡bi Dci, `ª‡eï g~‡jï Dci, `ª‡eï cwigv‡Yi Dci wfwË
K‡i| Gcv‡V m~PK msL¨vi cÖKvi †f` Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
D‡Ïk¨
G cv‡V Avcbviv ej‡Z cvi‡eb I wjL‡Z cvi‡ebÑ
m~PK KZ cÖKvi;
wewfbœ cÖKvi m~P‡Ki msÁv;
wewfbœ cÖKvi m~P‡Ki mgm¨vmn mgvavb|
m~PK msL¨vi cÖKvi‡f`

mvaviYZ: wZb ai‡bi m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Kiv nqÑ
(K) g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v (Price index number)
(L) cwigvY m~PK msL¨v (Quaitity index number)
(M) g~j¨ gvb m~PK msL¨v (Value index number)
(K) g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v (Price index number) t ‡h m~PK msL¨vi mvnv‡h¨ mg‡qi `ywU wfbœ cwim‡i
KZ¸‡jv `ª‡eï g~‡jï cwieZ©‡bi AvbycvwZK nvi wb‡`©k Kiv nq Zv‡K gyj¨ m~PK msL¨v e‡j|
g‡bKwi, p = iZg erm‡i j-Zg `ª‡eï g~j¨gvb i = 1,2, ...................,k
ij
Ges j = o,1,2, .........................,n
qoj = wbw`©ó ermi ev wfwË erm‡i j Zg `ª‡eï gvb|
ZLb, g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v‡K wb¤œfv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv hvq|
iZg erm‡i j-Zg `ª‡eï g~j¨gvb
g~j¨m~PK msL¨v t wfwË erm‡i j Zg `ª‡eï gvb × 100
hw` g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v‡K Pij Øviv m~wPK Kiv hvq Z‡e,

weweGm
k
∑pij
i=1
p =
n
× 100 i = 0, 1, 2, .......k, j = 0, 1, 2 .....n
ij
∑qoj
j=1
g~j¨m~PK msL¨vi myweav Ges Amyweav t

myweav t (1) g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Kiv Lye mnR|
(2) g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v A‡cÿvK…Z †QvU gvb Øviv cÖfvweZ nq bv|
(3) †KejgvÎ wfwË I PjwZ erm‡ii g~j¨ mgwó Rvbv _vK‡j g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Kiv
hvq|
Amyweav t (1) g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v A‡cÿvK…Z eo gvb Øviv cÖfvweZ nq|
(2) g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z eëüZ c‡Yï cwigvY we‡ePbv Kiv nq bv e‡j e¨w³MZ
cÖfv‡ei Avk¼v _v‡K|
(3) g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v GK‡Ki Dci wbf©ikxj Ges Bnvi eënvi mxwgZ|
D`vniY: 1 wb‡P 1974 mv‡ji wfwË‡Z 1976 mv‡ji `ª‡eï g~‡jï ZvwjKv †Ìqv Av‡Q| g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v
wbb©q Kiæb:
`ªe¨ 1974 mv‡ji `ªeï g~j¨ 1976 mv‡j `ªeï g~j¨
A 6 10
B 8 6
C
4 9
D
5 7
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v-
k
∑pij
i=j
P =
k
× 100
ij
∑poj
j=1
GLv‡b
`ªe¨ 1974 mv‡j `ªeï g~j¨ 1976 mv‡j `ªeï g~j¨

cwimsL¨vb
A 6 10
B 8 6
C 4 9
D 5 7
32
Pij = 23 ∞100 = 139.13%
g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v = 139.13%
cwigvb m~PK GKK (Quantity Index number)

†h m~PK msL¨v `y'wU wfbœ mg‡q ev erm‡i †Kvb `ª‡eï cwigvb ev Drcv`‡bi cwieZ©‡bi AvbycvwZK nvi
wb‡`©k K‡i Zv‡K cwigvY m~PK msL¨v e‡j|
g‡b Kwi, qij = iZg erm‡i jZg `ª‡eï cwigvb, i = 1,2, ....,k
Ges j = o,1,2 ....,n
qoj = wfwË ermi ev wfwË erm‡i j Zg `ª‡eï gvb|
ZLb, cwigvb m~PK msL¨v‡K wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv hvq|
iZg erm‡i j-Zg `ª‡eï g~j¨gvb
cwigvb m~PK msL¨v t wfwË erm‡i j Zg `ª‡eï gvb × 100
hw` cwigvb m~PK msL¨v‡K q Øviv m~wPZ Kiv hvq Z‡e,

ij
k
∑qij
i =1
qij =
n
× 100 i = 0, 1, 2, .......k, j = 0, 1, 2 .....n
q
∑ oj
j =1
myweav t (1) Bnv wbY©q Lye mnR|

(2) †Kej gvÎ wfwË I PjwZ erm‡ii `ª‡eï cwigvb Rvbv _vK‡j G m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Kiv
hvq|
(3) A‡cÿvK…Z †QvU gvb Øviv cÖfvweZ nq bv|
Amyweav t (1) A‡cÿvK…Z eo gvb Øviv cÖfvweZ nq|
(2) Bnvi eënvi LyeB mxwgZ|
(3) †Kvb †Kvb mgq e¨w³MZ cÖfv‡ei Avk¼v _v‡K|

weweGm
D`vniY-2: wb‡P 1974 mv‡ji wfwË‡Z 1976 mv‡ji GKK `ª‡eï cwigvY †Ìqv nj| cwigvY m~PK
msL¨v wbY©q Kiæb|
`ªe¨ 1974 mv‡ji GKK `ª‡eï cwigvY 1976 mv‡ji GKK `ªeï g~j¨
A 20 25
B 15 16
C
17 20
D
16 22
cwigvb m~PK msL¨v:

Avgiv Rvwb cwigvb m~PK msL¨v,
k
∑qij
i=j
Q =
k
× 100
ij
∑qoj
j=1
GLv‡b
`ªe¨ 1974 mv‡ji `ª†eï cwigvY 1976 mv‡j `ª‡eï cwigvY
A 20 25
B 15 16
C 17 20
D 16 22
∴ cwigvY m~PK msL¨v-
83
Qij = 68 ∞100 = 122.05%
(M) g~j¨gvb m~PK msL¨v (Value Index number)

g~j¨gvb wel‡qi m~PK msL¨v‡K g~j¨gvb m~PK msL¨v ejv nq| `y'wU wfbœ erm‡i ev mg‡q Drcvw`Z
KZK¸wj †fvM¨c‡Yï †gvU g~j¨gv‡bi cwieZ©‡bi AvbycvwZK nvi‡K g~j¨gvb m~PK msL¨v e‡j|
g‡bKwi,
vij = pij ∞ qij; iZg erm‡i jZg `ª‡eï g~j¨gvb
voj = poj ∞ qoj; wfwË erm‡i jZg `ª‡eï g~j¨gvb|
Drcvw`Z cY¨`ª‡eï cwigvb‡K g~j¨nvi Øviv ¸Y Ki‡j †gvU g~j¨gvb cvIqv hvq|
hw`, g~j¨gvb m~PK msL¨v‡K Vij Øviv cÖKvk Ki‡j,

cwimsL¨vb
k
∑pij ×qij
i=j
Vij = × 100
k
∑poj × qoj
j=1
i= 0, 1, 2, ....... k
j = 0, 1, 2, ........ n
myweav t (1) g~j¨vbycvZ¸wj GKK wenxb nIqvq G m~PK msL¨vI GKK wenxb msL¨v|
(2) c‡Yï g~j¨ Lye †ewk ev Kg n‡jI GK m~PK msL¨v †Zgb cÖfvweZ nq bv|
Amyweav t (1) G m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z mKj c‡Yï Dci mgvb fi Av‡ivc Ki‡Z nq, d‡j c‡Yï
¸iæZ¡ D‡cwÿZ nq|
(2) mwVK Mo wbY©‡q Amyweav nq|
D`vniY-3:
wb‡¤œ 1974 mv‡jj wfwË‡Z 1976 mv‡ji wKQy `ªeï cwigvY I g~j¨gvb †Ìqv Av‡Q| g~j¨gvb m~PK msL¨v
wbY©q Ki-
`ªe¨ 1974 mv‡ji wfwË‡Z `ª‡eï g~j¨ I 1974 mv‡ji wfwË‡Z `ª‡eï g~j¨ I cwigvY
cwigvY
g~j¨ cwigvY g~j¨ cwigvY
A 6 25 10 25
B 8 15 16 16
C
5 17 9 20
D
4 16 7 22
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb g~j¨gvb,
k
∑pij∞qij
i=j
Vij = × 100
k
∑poj×qoj
j=1

weweGm
GLv‡b,
`ªe¨ 1974 mv‡ji 1976 mv‡ji `ªe¨
Σpoj × qoj Σpoj × qoj
A 6 250
B 8 256
C
5 180
D
4 154
840
∴ Vij = 479 × 100 = 195.56%
mvims‡ÿc :
m~PK msL¨v wZb fv‡e wbY©q Kiv hvq: g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v, cwigvb m~PK msL¨v g~j¨gvb m~PK msL¨v|
1| gyj¨ m~PK msL¨v wK‡mi Dci wbf©ikxj
K) †f`v‡¼i Dci L) GK‡Ki Dci
M) Pj‡Ki Dci N) gy‡ji Dci
2| †Kej gvÎ wfwË I PjwZ erm‡ii `ª‡eï cwigvb Rvbv _vK‡j †KvbwU wbY©q Kiv hvq-
K) g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v L) cwigvb m~PK msL¨v
M) g~j¨gvb m~PK msL¨v N) †f`v¼
3| g~j¨gvb wel‡qi m~PK msL¨v‡K ejv nq
K) g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v L) cwigvb m~PK msL¨v
M) g~j¨gvb m~PK msL¨v N) Rxeb hvÎvi gvb
k~b¨¯’vb cyiY
4| ----------- A‡cÿv K…Z †QvU gvb Øviv cÖfvweZ nq bv|

cwimsL¨vb
5| g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v --------- Dci wbf©ikxj|

6| gyj¨vbycvZ¸wj GKK wenxb nIqvq gyj¨gvb m~PK msL¨vI --------|
mZ¨/wg_¨v wbY©q
7| g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v A‡cÿvK…Z eo gvb Øviv cÖfvweZ nq |
8| g~j¨ m~PK msL¨vi eënvi mxwgZ|
9| c‡Yï g~j¨ Lye †ekx ev Kg n‡jI g~j¨gvb m~PK msL¨v cÖfvweZ nq bv|
10| †KejgvÎ wfwË I PjwZ erm‡ii g~j¨ mgwó Rvbv _vK‡j g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Kiv hvq|
cvV-7.3 m~PK msL¨v wbY©q c×wZ (Measures of Index Number)
f‚wgKv t
m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi mgq wewfbœ welq m¤ú‡K© AeMZ _vK‡Z nq Zv bv n‡j wewfbœ mgm¨v co‡Z nq|
mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡i m~PK msL¨v wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z m~PK msL¨v cwigvc Kiv nq|
cwigvc c×wZ¸‡jv G cv‡V Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:-
D‡Ïk¨
wKfv‡e `ªe¨ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq;
wKfv‡e wfwË ermi wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq;
wKfv‡e Mo m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z nq;
wKfv‡e fvi Av‡ivwcZ m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z nq|
m~PK msL¨v wbY©q c×wZ
m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j mvaviYZ: wb¤œwjwLZ welq ev mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© avibv _vK‡Z nqÑ
1| m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi D‡Ïk¨;
2| `ªe¨ wbe©vPb;
3| wfwË ermi wbe©vPb;
4| Mo wbe©vPb;
5| fvi Av‡ivwcZ wbe©vPb|

weweGm
1| m~PK msL¨vi D‡Ïk¨

m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi D‡Ïk¨ cwi¯‹vi I my¯úó _vKv DwPZ| †Kvb †Kvb wel‡qi m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z
n‡e Zv Av‡M †_‡KB wm×všÍ wb‡Z n‡e| †hgb: bIqvcvov GjvKvq †jvK‡ì RxebhvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v
wbY©q Kiv n‡j H GjvKvi wbZ¨ eënvh© †fvM¨cY¨ mg~n MYbvq Avb‡Z n‡e|
2| `ªe¨ wbe©vPb
m~PK msL¨vi D‡Ï‡kï Ici wbf©i K‡i `ªe¨ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb bIqvcvovi RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi
e¨qm~PK msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j mswkøó †kªYxi †jvK‡ì wbZ¨ eënvh© `ªe¨mg~‡ni `vg I cwigvb Mbbvq
Avb‡Z n‡e| wewfbœ m¤úª`v‡qi GKB `ªe¨ eënvi bvI n‡Z cv‡i ZvB bgybvi wfwË‡Z wbe©vwPZ RbM‡Yi
wbZ¨ eënvh© `ªe¨mg~‡ni g‡a¨ †KvbwU mK‡ji Kv‡Q †ewk eëüZ nq †Kej †m¸wjB wnmv‡e Avb‡Z n‡e|
`ªe¨ I cwigvY DfqB †hb cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK nq †mw`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|
3| wfwË ermi wbe©vPb

wfwË ermi ej‡Z †mB ermi‡K eySvq †h erm‡ii mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i Ab¨ †Kvb erm‡ii m~PK msL¨v wbY©q
Kiv nq| myZivs wfwË ermi GKwU ¯^vfvweK ermi A_©vr A_©‰bwZKfv‡e w¯’wZkxj ermi nIqv evÃbxq|
Avevi wfwË ermi I PjwZ erm‡ii g‡a¨ Lye †ewk eëavb nIqv DwPZ bq| Aciw`‡K PjwZ erm‡ii cY¨
mvgMÖx hw` `ªæZ cwieZ©bkxj nq Z‡e Lye wbKUeZx© ermi‡K wfwË ermi wn‡m‡e †bIqv DwPZ| wfwË ermi
`y'fv‡e aiv nq|
(i) w¯’i wfwË ermi (Fixed base year)
(ii) k„´Lj wfwË ermi (Chain base year)
(i) w¯’i wfwË ermi t †Kvb GKwU ermi‡K wfwË wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i Zvi Zzjbvq Ab¨vb¨ erm‡ii m~PK
msL¨v wbY©q Kiv nq| mvaviYZ: A_©‰bwZK w`K †_‡K ¯^vfvweK we‡ewPZ n‡j D³ ermi‡K wfwË ermi
a‡i †bIqv nq| Ab¨w`‡K AwZe„wó, Abve„wó, `ywf©ÿ BZ¨vw`‡Z KewjZ ermi‡K wfwË ermi aiv DwPZ
bq|
(ii) k„´Lj wfwË ermi t wewfbœ Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq ¯^vfvweK ermi cvIqv hvq bv Ges ermi, ermi `ªe¨
g~j¨ I gy`ªvgvb DVvbvgv K‡i GRb¨ cÖwZ erm‡ii g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q| ZvB cÖwZ ermi‡K
wfwË wn‡m‡e wb‡q Dnvi cieZx© erm‡ii m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Kiv nq| Giƒc wfwË ermi‡K k„´Lj wfwË
ermi e‡j|
4| Mo wbe©vPb
KLbI KLbI m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z MvwYwZK Mo (Arithmetic mean) A_ev R¨vwgwZK Mo
(Geometric mean) eënvi Kiv nq| MvwYwZK Mo mKj gv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj| †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î
MvwYwZK Mo cÖvwšÍK gvb Øviv cÖfvweZ nq ZvB †mB‡ÿ‡Î R¨vwgwZK Mo eënvi K‡i m~PK msL¨v wbY©q
Kiv nq|

cwimsL¨vb
5| Av‡ivwcZ fvi wbe©vPb

eënvh© cY¨mvgMÖxi Dc‡hvwMZv I eënviMZ cwigvc Abymv‡i `ªe¨¸wji gvÎv ev ¸iæ‡Z¡i ZviZg¨
cwijwÿZ nq| `ªe¨¸wji eënv‡ii cwigvY I Pvwn`vi wfwË‡Z Dnv‡ì wbR wbR cÖvavb¨ Abyhvqx fvi
Av‡ivwcZ Kiv nq Ges `ª‡eï ¸iæZ¡ Abyhvqx fvi Av‡ivwcZ nq| mvaviYZ: `y'fv‡e fvi Av‡ivwcZ Kiv
nqÑ
(i) fvi Av‡ivwcZ mgwó c×wZ (Weighted aggregative method)
(ii) Av‡cwÿK g~j¨gv‡bi fvi Av‡ivwcZ Mo c×wZ (Weighted avarage of relative price)
fvi Av‡ivwcZ m~PK msL¨v (Weighted index number)

fvi Av‡ivwcZ m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z c‡Yï g~j¨‡K Dchy³ fvi Av‡ivc Ki‡Z n‡e| c‡Yï Drcv`‡bi
ev weµ‡qi ev †fv‡Mi cwigvY‡K g~‡jï fvi wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq| G cwigvY ev fvi Øviv g~j¨‡K ¸Y
Ki‡Z nq|
wb‡¤œ wewfbœ cwimsL¨vwe`M‡Yi †Ìqv fvi Av‡ivwcZ m~PK msL¨vi m~Î Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv nj|
j¨vmwcqv‡m©i m~PK msL¨v (Laspayres Index number)

d«v‡Ýi A_©bxwZwe` j¨vmwcqvi (1871) Gi m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi m~Î‡K wfwË ermi c×wZ (Base year
system) ejv nq| wZwb wfwË erm‡i eëüZ c‡Yï cwigvY‡K fvi wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i m~PK msL¨v wbY©q
La
K‡ib| Zuvi cÖKvkK…Z m~PK msL¨v‡K P oi Øviv cÖKvk Ki‡jÑ
n
∑Pij qoj
La j=1
P oi =
n
× 100
∑Poj qoj
j=1
‡hLv‡b, Pij = PjwZ erm‡i c‡Yï g~j¨
qoj = wfwË erm‡i c‡Yï cwigvY
Poj = wfwË erm‡i c‡Yï g~j¨|
c¨v‡ki m~PK msL¨v (Paasche's Index number)

weweGm
Rvg©vb cwimsL¨vbwe` c¨v‡k (1874) m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi m~ÎwU PjwZ ermi c×wZ m~Î ejv nq| c¨v‡k
PjwZ erm‡i eëüZ c‡Yï cwigvb‡K fvi wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i m~PK msL¨v wbY©q K‡ib| c¨v‡k m~PK
pa
msL¨v‡K P oi Øviv m~wPZ Ki‡jÑ
n
∑Pij qij
pa j=1
P oi =
n
× 100; i = 0, 1, 2,...k, j = o, 1, 2....n
∑Poj qij
j=1
‡hLv‡b, Pij = iZg erm‡i jZg c‡Yï g~j¨
qij = iZg erm‡i jZg c‡Yï cwigvY
Poj = wfwË erm‡i j Zg c‡Yï g~j¨|
wdkv‡ii m~PK msL¨v [Fisher's Index number]

wewkó A_©bxwZwe` wdkvi m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi †h m~Î cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb Zvnv‡K Av`k© m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi
m~Î ejv nq| wdkvi, j¨vmwcqvm© I c¨v‡ki m~Î `y'wUi R¨vwgwZK Mo wb‡q m~ÎwU cÖ`vb K‡ib| wdkv‡ii
F
m~ÎwU‡K Poi Øviv cÖKvk Ki‡jÑ
1
= P oi × P oi  × 100
F La Pa 2
Poi
1
 ∑Pij qoj ∑Pij qij 2
= ×  × 100
∑Poj qoj ∑Poj qij 
D`vniY t wb‡Pi Z_¨ †_‡K 1974 mv‡ji wfwË‡Z 1976 mv‡ji wb¤œwjwLZ m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Kiæb|
(K) j¨vmwcqvm© m~PK msL¨v;
(L) c¨v‡ki m~PK msL¨v;
(M) wdkv‡ii m~PK msL¨v|
`ªe¨ 1974 mvj 1976 mvj

`ª‡eï g~j¨ `ª‡eï cwigvY `ª‡eï g~j¨ `ª‡eï cwigvY

cwimsL¨vb
A 6 20 10 25
B 8 15 6 16
C
4 17 9 20
D
5 16 7 22
mgvavb t Avgiv RvwbÑ

La SPij qoj
(K) j¨vmwcqvm© m~PK msL¨v, P oi = SP q × 100
oj oj
Pa SPij qij
(L) c¨v‡ki m~PK msL¨v P oi = SP q × 100
oj ij
1
2
(M) wdk‡ii m~PK msL¨v, Poi = SP q × SP q  × 100
F SPij qoj SPij qij
 oj oj oj ij
GLb,
`ªe¨ 1974 1976 Pojqoj Pijqij Pijqoj Pojqij
A 6 20 10 25 120 250 200 150
B 8 15 6 16 120 96 90 128
C 4 17 9 20 68 180 153 80
D 5 16 7 22 80 154 112 110
AZGe,
La 555
1. P oi = 388 × 100 = 143.00
Pa 680
2. P oi =
468 × 100 = 145.30
1
F 555 680 2
3. Poi = ×  × 100
388 468
= 1.43 × 1.4530 × 100
= 2.07779 × 100 = 144.19

weweGm
1235
= 856 × 100 = 144.28
wb‡R Kiæb t
wb‡Pi Z_¨ †_‡K (1) wdkvi m~PK msL¨v
(2) c¨v‡ki m~PK msL¨v
(3) j¨vmwcqvm© m~PK msL¨v
wbY©q Kiæb t- G‡ÿ‡Î 1980 mvj‡K wfwË ermi wn‡m‡e wPšÍv Kiæb| Z_¨ †Uwej
cY¨ `ªe¨ Mo g~j¨ Production
1980 1981 1982 1984
A 1.00 62 65 66 90
B 1.50 138 120 110 80
C 0.25 500 540 580 400
D 2.25 10 10 10 10
mvims‡ÿc :
m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi D‡Ïk¨ cwi¯‹vi I ¯úó nIqv ìKvi| m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î wdmvi m~PK msL¨v,
cv‡ki m~PK msL¨v j¨vm wcqv‡m©i m~PK msL¨v Wªvwek-evDwji m~PK msL¨v wbY©q c×wZ eënvi Kiv nq|
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1| j¨vm wcqv‡m©i m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi myÎ‡K ejv nq
K) wfwË ermi wbY©q c×wZ M) Av`k© c×wZ
M) †PBb c×wZ N) PjwZ ermi c×wZ
2| wdmvi c¨v‡ki m~PK msL¨v wbY©q c×wZ‡K ejv nq
K) wfwË ermi wbY©q c×wZ L) PjwZ ermi c×wZ
M) Av`k© c×wZ N) †PBb c×wZ
3| m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi †h myÎ w`‡q‡Qb Zv‡K ejv nq
K) Av`k© PjK L) Av`k© m~PK msL¨v
M) Av`k© gvb N) Av`k© cwigvcK

cwimsL¨vb
mZ¨/wg_¨v
4| Wªwek evBwj `y'R‡b j¨vmwcqvi I c¨v‡ki my‡Îi MvwbwZK Mo eënvi K‡i m~PK msL¨v wbY©q K‡ib|
5| cv‡ki m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi myÎwU wfwË erm‡ii eëüZ cbï cwigvb‡K fvi wnmv‡e we‡ePbv K‡i
wbY©q Kiv n‡q‡Q|
k~b¨¯’vb c~iY :
6| wfwË ermi GKwU ------------- ermi|
7| wdkvi, j¨vmwcqvi I cv‡ki myÎ `y'wUi ------------ wb‡q myÎwU cÖKvk K‡ib|
eK¨/wgjv‡bv :
8| m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi D‡Ïk¨ cwi¯‹viI K) K‡i Ab¨ †Kvb erm‡ii m~PK msL¨v
wbY©q Kiv nq|
9| wfwË ermi ej‡Z †mB ermi‡K eySvq †h erm‡ii L) Dchy³ fvi Av‡ivc Ki‡Z n‡e|
mv‡_ Zzjbv
10| fvi Av‡ivwcZ m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z c‡bï M) my¯úó _vKv DwPZ|
gyj¨‡K
cvV-7.4 m~PK msL¨vi cixÿY c×wZ (Test for index number)
f‚wgKv
c~e© cv‡V m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi wewfbœ m~†Îi eënvi Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq, A‡bK
m~‡Îi eënvi LyeB mxwgZ| mwVK m~Î eënv‡ii Rb¨ KZK¸wj gvcKvwV †Ìqv Av‡Q| G cv‡V m~PK
msL¨v wbY©‡qi wewfbœ m~‡Îi cixÿY c×wZ Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q|
D‡Ïk¨
Av`k© wePvi cixÿY c×wZ;
mgq Dëb wePvi c×wZ;
Dcv`vb Dëb wePvi c×wZ
m~PK msL¨vi cixÿY c×wZ

weweGm
m~PK msL¨vi wewfbœ m~‡Îi h_v_©Zv hvPvB Kivi R‡b¨ wZbwU cixÿY c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| Z‡e Iruning
Fisher Gi g‡Z Av`k© m~PK msL¨vi D³ cixÿv¸wj wm× Ki‡e cixÿv c×wZ ¸wj njÑ
(K) mgq Dëb cixÿv (Time reversal test)
(L) Dcv`vb Dëb cixÿv (Factor revarsal test)
(M) PµvKvi cixÿv (Circular test)
(K) mgq Dëb cixÿv t G m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î m~PK msL¨vi mgq cvëv‡bv nq A_©vr wfwË ermi I
PjwZ ermi ci¯úi cwieZ©b Kiv nq| m~PK msL¨v ci¯úi wecixZ nq hvnv wfwË erm‡ii mv‡c‡ÿ PjwZ
erm‡ii m~PK msL¨v I PjwZ erm‡ii mv‡c‡ÿ wfwË erm‡ii m~PK msL¨v ci¯úi wecixZ n‡e|
hw` m~PK msL¨v‡K I Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq Z‡eÑ
Dëv‡bv cixÿv n‡eÑ
1
oIn = nIo oIn × nIo =1
‡hLv‡bÑ
oIn = wfwË erm‡ii mv‡c‡ÿ PjwZ erm‡ii m~PK msL¨v|
nIo = PjwZ erm‡ii mv‡c‡ÿ wfwË erm‡ii m~PK msL¨v|
D`vniY¯îƒc ej‡Z cvwiÑ

j¨vmwcqv‡ii m~PK msL¨vÑ
La SPij qoj
P oi = SP q
oj oj
La SPoj qij
ZLb, P io = SP q
ij ij
La La ΣPij qoj SPoj qij

∴ P oi × P io = × SP q =1
ΣPojqoj ij ij
j¨vm wcqv‡m©i m~ÎwU mgq cvëv‡bv cixÿv DËxY© nq bv|
wb‡R Kiæb t mgq Dëv‡bv cixÿv :

(1) c¨v‡ki m~PK msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î|
(2) wdkv‡ii m~PK msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î|
Dcv`vb Dëv‡bv cixÿvt

Dcv`vb Dëv‡bv cixÿv c×wZ m¤ú‡K© cÖ_g e‡j‡Qb Aviwfs wdkvi| wZwb ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, hw` g~j¨ m~PK
msL¨v I cwigvY m~PK msL¨vi ¸Ydj g~j¨gvb m~P‡Ki mgvb nq Z‡e †mB m~PK msL¨v MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e|

cwimsL¨vb
hw`, Poi = g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v

Qoi = cwigvY m~PK msL¨v nq Z‡eÑ
ΣVij ΣPij qij
Poi × Qoi = =
ΣVoj ΣPoj qoj
n‡e
D`vniY¯îƒc ej‡Z cvwiÑ
wdkv‡ii g~j¨ m~PK msL¨vÑ
F ΣPij qoj ΣPij qij
Poi = ×
ΣPoj qoj ΣPoj qij
Ges
F Σqij poj Σqij pij

cwigvY m~PK msL¨v Qoi = ×
Σqoj poj Σqoj pij
F F ΣPij qoj ΣPij qij Σqij poj Σqij pij
ZLb, Poi × Qoi = × × ×
ΣPoj qoj ΣPoj qij Σqoj poj Σqoj pij
 2
ΣPij qij  ΣPij qij
=  =
 ΣPoj qoj  ΣPoj qoj
F F ΣPij qij
AZGe, Poi × Qoi = ΣP q
oj oj
A_©vr wdkv‡ii m~PK msL¨v Dcv`vb Dëv‡bv cixÿv c×wZ Zzó K‡i| Dcv`vb cixÿ‡Y †`Lv hvqÑ
j¨vmwcqvi, c¨v‡ki †ÿ‡Î †KvbwUB G cixÿY Zzó K‡i bv wKšÍz wdkv‡ii m~PK msL¨v G êwkó¨ Zzó K‡i|
A_©vr wdkv‡ii m~PK msL¨v, Dëb I Dcv`vb cixÿY c×wZ `yB †ÿ‡Î Av`k© m~PK msL¨vi êwkó¨ eZ©gvb
ZvB wdkv‡ii m~PK msL¨v‡K Av`k© m~PK msL¨v e‡j|
wb‡R Kiæb
wb¤œwjwLZ m~PK msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î wePvi Kiæb
(1) j¨vmwcqv‡ii m~PK msL¨v;
(2) c¨v‡ki m~PK msL¨v;
D`vniY t 1983 mv‡ji g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v I cwigvY m~PK msL¨vi Z_¨ wb‡¤œ †Ìqv nj, †hLv‡b wfwË
ermi 1982 mvj| cÖgvY KiæbÑ (1) Dcv`vb Dëb I mgq Dëb Dfq cixÿv wdkv‡ii m~PK msL¨v Zzó
K‡i (2) mgq Dë‡bi †ÿ‡Î c¨v‡ki, j¨vmwcqv‡ii m~PK msL¨v Zzó K‡i|
Z_¨ mviYx
ermi j¨vmwcqv‡ii m~PK msL¨v c¨v‡ki m~PK msL¨v wdkv‡ii m~PK msL¨v
g~j¨ cwigvY g~j¨ cwigvY g~j¨ cwigvY
1982 5.00 5 7.75 6 12.50 9
1983 6.50 4 8.80 10 12.75 9

weweGm
DËi t Dëb I Dcv`vb cixÿvi Rb¨ wb‡æi mviYx cÖ¯ÍzZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRbÑ
mviYx
Z_¨ 1982 1983
P q P q P q P q P q P q
o o 1 1 1 o o o 1 1 o 1
j¨vmwcqvi 5.00 5 6.50 7 32.50 25.00 45.50 35.00
c¨v‡ki 7.75 6 8.80 10 52.80 46.50 88.00 77.50
wdkvi 12.50 9 12.75 9 114.75 112.50 114.75 112.50
†gvU 200.05 184.00 248.25 225.00
AZGe,
La ΣPij qoj 200.05
1| P 01 = ΣPojqoj × 100 = 184.00 × 100 = 108.72
La Σqij Poj 225.00

Q 01 = × 100 =
Σqoj Poj 184.00 × 100 = 122.28
Abyiƒcfv‡e
Pa ΣPij qij 248.25
× 100 =
P 01 =
ΣPoj qij 225.00 × 100 = 110.33
Pa Σqij Pij 248.25
× 100 =
Q 01 =
Σqoj Pij 200.05 × 100 = 124.09
1
1
2
= P01 × P01
F La Pa  2
P01 = [108.72×110.33] = 109.52
 
1
1
2
= Q01×Q01 = [122.28 × 124.09] = 123.18
F La Pa  2
Q01
ZLb, mgq Dëb cixÿv wdkv‡ii m~PK msL¨v t

F F ΣPij qoj ΣPij qij ΣPoj qij ΣPoj qoj
ΣPoj qoj ΣPoj qij  ΣPij qij ΣPij qoj 
P01 × P10 = × × ×
200.05 248.25 225.00 184.00

= × × ×
184.00 225.00 248.25 200.05
= 1
=1
Dcv`vb Dëv‡bv cixÿv, wdkv‡ii m~PK msL¨vÑ

cwimsL¨vb
F F  ΣPij qoj ΣPij qij   Σqij poj Σqij pij 

P01 × Q01 = ΣP q × ΣP q  × Σq p × Σq p 
 oj oj oj ij  oj oj oj ij
2
 ij ij 
ΣP q ΣPij qij
= ΣP q  = ΣPoj qoj = 284.25/184.00
 oj oj
= g~j¨gvb m~PK msL¨v|
AZGe, wdkv‡ii m~PK msL¨v Dfq cixÿv Zzó K‡i|
2| j¨vmwcqvi m~PK msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î mgq Dëb cixÿv t

La La ΣPij qoj ΣPoj qoj 231.05 222.52
P 01 × P 01 = × =
ΣPoj qoj ΣPij qoj 222.52
* 231.05 = 1
mgq Dëb cixÿv Zzó K‡i|
c¨v‡ki m~PK msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î mgq Dëv‡bv cixÿvÑ

Pa Pa 294.75 282.78
P 01 × P 10 =
282.78 294.75 = 1
×
AZGe, c¨v‡ki m~PK msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î mgq Dëv‡bv cixÿv Zzó K‡i|
wb‡R Kiæb :
1991 mv‡ji g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v I cwigvb m~PK msL¨v Z_¨ wb‡¤œ †Ìqv nj| wfwË ermi 1998 a‡i cÖgvb
Kiæb
i) Dcv`v‡b Dëb I mgq Dëb Dfq cixÿv wdkv‡ii myPK msL¨v Zzó K‡i|
ii) mgq Dë‡bi †ÿ‡Î c¨v‡ki j¨vmwcqv‡ii m~PK msL¨v Zzó K‡i|
ermi j¨vmwcqvi m~PK msL¨v c¨v‡ki m~PK msL¨v wdkv‡ii myPK msL¨v
1998 g~j¨ cwigvb g~j¨ cwigvb g~j¨ cwigvb
10.00 13.5 11.00 14.00 15.00 18
11.50 14 12.50 20 15.50 18
m~PK msL¨v hvPvB mviYx

g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v cwigvY m~PK msL¨v Dcv`vb Dëb hvPvB I wm×všÍ
1. j¨vmwcqv‡ii m~Î
ΣPoj qoj Σqij poj ΣPij qoj Σqij Poj Σpij qij
× ≠
ΣPoj qoj Σqoj Poj ΣPoj qoj Σqoj Poj ΣPoj qoj

weweGm
2. c¨v‡ki m~Î
ΣPij qij Σqij pij ΣPij qij Σqij Pij Σpij qij
× ≠
ΣPoj qij Σqoj Pij ΣPoj qoi Σqoj Pij ΣPoj qoj
3. wdkv‡ii m~Î
ΣPij qij Σqij pij Σqij Poj Σqij Pij ΣPij qij
× × × =
ΣPoj qij Σqoj Pij Σqoj Poj Σqoj Pij ΣPoj qoj
ΣPij qij Σqij pij Σqij Poj Σqij Pij

× ×
ΣPoj qij Σqoj Pij Σqoj Poj Σqoj Pij
m~PK msL¨vi wewfbœ m~‡Îi h_v_©Zv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ wZbwU cixÿY c×wZi Av‡jPbv n‡q‡Q|
mvims‡ÿc t
m~PK msL¨vq wewfbœ m~‡Îi h_v_©Zv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ cixÿY c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nh|
eû wbe©vPb cÖkœ
1| m~PK msL¨vi wewfbœ my‡Îi h_v_©Zv hvPvB Ki‡Z cixÿb c×wZ i‡q‡Q
K) 5 wU L) 3 wU
M) 4 wU N) 2 wU
2| hw` oln = wfwË erm‡ii mv‡c‡ÿ PjwZ erm‡ii myPK msL¨v Ges nIo = PjwZ erm‡ii mv‡c‡ÿ
wfwË erm‡ii m~PK msL¨v nq Z‡e-
K) oln × nIo = o L) oIn × nIo 1
M) oIn × oIn = 1 N) oIn × nIo = α

3| wdkv‡ii m~PK msL¨v‡K Av`k© m~PK msL¨v ejv nq|

cwimsL¨vb
4| j¨vmwcqvi, c¨v‡ki m~PK msL¨v Dcv`vb cixÿv Zzô K‡i|

k~b¨ ¯’vb c~ib:
5| wdkv‡ii m~PK msL¨v -------- I ---------- cixÿb c×wZi `yB †ÿ‡ÎB Av`k© m~PK msL¨vi êwkô¨
eZ©gvb|
6| Dcv`vb Dëv‡bv cixÿY c×wZ m¤ú‡K© cÖ_g e‡j‡Qb ---------|
7| mgq Dëv‡bv cixÿvi †ÿ‡Î ------- I--------- cvi¯úi cwieZ©b Kiv nq|
cvV-7.5 Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v (Cost of living Index

number)
f‚wgKv
Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v ej‡Z †Kvb GKwU we‡kl †kªYx ev m¤úª`v‡qi GKwU wbw`©ó Rxeb hvÎvi gvb
iÿv Ki‡Z †h e¨‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq Zvi wewfbœ mgqKvjxb cwieZ©b cwigvc K‡i A_©vr Rxeb hvÎvi mgq
wfwËK MwZkxjZv cwigvc K‡i|
D‡Ïk¨
Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v m¤^‡Ü;
Rxeb hvÎvi gvb wbY©q c×wZ;
Rxeb hvÎvi AvIZv;
cvwievwiK ev‡RU|

weweGm
Rxeb e¨q m~PK msL¨v

Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v ej‡Z KZK¸wj †fvM¨c‡Yï I †mevK‡g©i g~‡jï cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Rxeb
hvc‡bi Li‡Pi †h cwieZ©b nq Zvi mgq wfwËK cwigvc‡K eySvq| A_©vr GKwU we‡kl †kªYxi †jvK‡ì
Rxeb hvÎvi gvb eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ KZ¸wj wbw`©ó cwigvY †fvM¨cY¨ I †mevKg© †fvM Ki‡Z †h LiP nq
Zvi mgq wfwËK cwieZ©b cwigvc Ki‡Z †h m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Kiv nq Zv‡K Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v
e‡j| A‡b‡K Bnv‡K †fvMKvixi g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v e‡jb|
†h mg¯Í cY¨ mvgMÖx I †mev Kg© mswkøó gn‡ji Rxeb hvc‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl cÖ‡qvRbxq †KejgvÎ †m¸‡jvB
wnmv‡ei g‡a¨ Avbv nq Ges PjwZ I wfwË erm‡ii LyPiv g~‡jï wfwË‡Z G m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Kiv nq|
Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v wbY©q

Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j wb¤œwjwLZ wel‡qi cÖwZ we‡ePbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRbÑ
(K) AvIZv
(L) cvwievwiK ev‡RU AbymÜv‡bi fvi Av‡ivcb
(M) g~‡jï Z_¨
(N) m~PK msL¨v wbY©q c×wZ|
AvIZv
GKB †kªYxi †jvK‡ì †hgb, kªwgK, ga¨weË ev wb¤œ ga¨weË BZ¨vw` †jvK‡ì Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v
wbY©q Kivi Rb¨ we‡ePbv Kiv nq| †h †kªYxi †jvK‡ì Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e
Zv‡ì m¤^‡Ü I Zv‡ì GjvKv m¤^‡Ü ¯úó weeiY w`‡Z n‡e|
cvwievwiK ev‡RU AbymÜv‡bi fvi Av‡ivcb

mswkøó cwievi mg~‡ni AviI wewfbœ Lv‡Z e¨q, wnmve wbKvk msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| AbymÜv‡bi gva¨‡g m~PK
msL¨v wbY©‡qi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ `ªe¨¸wji fvi wba©viY Kiv nq| AZ:ci Lv`¨, e¯¿, evwo, Mvwo BZ¨vw`
wk‡ivbv‡g wewfbœ †mevKg© I †fvM¨cY¨ mg~‡ni ¸Yv¸Y I cwigvY m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq|
g~‡jï Z_¨
Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi Rb¨ mvaviYZ: Rxeb hvc‡bi Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq Ges me©mvaviY
KZ…©K eëüZ †fvM¨cY¨ I †mevK‡g©i PjwZ I wfwË erm‡ii LyPiv g~j¨ MYbvq Avbv nq| mswkøó GjvKvi
†`vKvb n‡Z G LyPiv g~j¨ m¤^‡Ü Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq|
m~PK msL¨v wbY©q c×wZ

cwimsL¨vb
Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v fi Av‡ivwcZ m~PK msL¨v wn‡m‡e wbY©q Kiv nq| Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK
msL¨v `y'fv‡e wbY©q Kiv hvq|
(1) †gvU e¨q c×wZ ev fvi Av‡ivwcZ mgwó c×wZ;
(2) cvwievwiK ev‡RU c×wZ ev fi Av‡ivwcZ AbycvZ c×wZ|
1| †gvU e¨q c×wZ ev fi Av‡ivwcZ mgwó c×wZ

G c×wZ j¨vmwcqv‡ii g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v wbY©q c×wZiB Abyiƒc| Bnv wbY©q Ki‡Z wfwË erm‡ii †fvM¨
c‡Yï g~j¨ I h‡_vchy³ fvi Ges PjwZ erm‡ii D³ †fvM¨c‡Yï g~‡jï cÖ‡qvRb Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK
msL¨v wbY©‡qi m~Î njÑ
ΣPij qoj
Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK t ΣPoj qoj
× 100
PjwZ erm‡ii †gvU e¨q

A_©vr Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v = wfwË erm‡ii †gvU e¨q × 100
2| cvwievwiK ev‡RU c×wZ

G c×wZi gva¨‡g Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z g~j¨vbycv‡Zi fi Av‡ivwcZ Mo wbY©q Ki‡Z
n‡e| wfwË erm‡ii g~j¨gvb‡K fi wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq| A_©vr g~j¨vbycvZ¸wj‡K wfwË erm‡ii g~j¨gvb
w`‡q ¸Y K‡i ¸Yd‡ji mgwó‡K f‡ii mgwó w`‡q fvM Ki‡j G m~PK msL¨v cvIqv hv‡e| A_©vr
Pij
g~j¨vbycvZ, Pj = P × 100 Gi fvi Wj = Poj qoj
oj
∑PjWj
A_©vr Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v t ∑W
j
mvaviYZ Dc‡iv³ `y'wU c×wZ‡Z Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨vi gvb mgvb|
D`vniY t
wb‡Pi Z_¨ n‡Z Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Kiæb|
`ªe¨ `‡ii GKK 1990 mv‡ji †fv‡Mi evRvi ì
cwigvY (qo) 1990 1995
mv‡ji(po) mv‡ji(p1)
Pvj cÖwZ gY 1.5 240 400
gvQ cÖwZ †mi 10 15 40
Kvco cÖwZ MR 20 8 15
fvov cÖwZ Ni 2 300 500

weweGm
mgvavb t Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi Rb¨ Z_¨¸wj‡K mviYx‡Z mvwR‡q cvBÑ
`ªe¨ `‡ii GKK 1990(q )
o evRvi 1990 1995 p q
o o po pij
poj × pou qoj
ì p q
o o pij
1990 1995
(p ) (p )
o o
Pvj cÖwZ gY 1.5 240 400 360 600 1.67 600
Wvj cÖwZ †mi 10 15 40 150 400 2.67 400.5
Kvco cÖwZ MR 20 8 15 160 300 1.875 300
fvov cÖwZ Ni 2 300 500 600 100 1.67 1002
†gvU 1270 2300 2302.5
Avgiv RvwbÑ
Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨vÑ
ΣPijqoj
1| mgwó LiP c×wZ‡Z = ΣP q × 100
oj oj
2300
= 1270 × 100 = 181
Pij
ΣP × Pojqoj
oj
2| cvwievwiK ev‡RU c×wZ‡Z = ΣP q × 100
oj oj
2300
= 1270 × 100
= 181
wb‡R Kiæb t wb‡æi DcvË †_‡K wb¤œwjwLZ RxebhvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Kiæb? GLv‡b 1990 mvj‡K
wfwË a‡i 1995 mv‡ji e¨q m~PK wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡eÑ
(K) fi Av‡ivwcZ mgwó c×wZ (L) cvwievwiK ev‡RU c×wZ|
cY¨ GKK cÖwZ 1990 mv‡ji GKK cÖwZ 1990 PjwZ erm‡ii g~j¨
†fv‡Mi cwigvY mv‡ji g~j¨ GKK cÖwZ
Mg 200 1.00 1.20
Pvj 50 3.00 3.50
Wvj 50 4.00 5.00
Kvco 40 15.00 18.00

cwimsL¨vb
ˆZj 50 10.00 15.00
mvims‡ÿc
Rxeb hvÎvi e¨vq m~PK msL¨v ej‡Z KZK ¸wj †fvM¨ c‡bï I †mev K‡g©i cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Rxeb
hvc‡bi Li‡Pi †h cwieZ©b nq Zvi mgq wfwËK cwigvc‡K eySvq|
1| GKB †kªYxi †jvK‡ì †fvM cb¨ I †mev K‡g©i cÖ‡qvRb nq †Kvb †ÿ‡Î-
K) †f`v¼ wbY©‡q L) mn m¤^Ü wbY©‡q
M) Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡q N) Av`k© gvb wbY©‡q
k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Kiæb

2| Rxeb hvÎvq e¨q m~PK msL¨v = PjwZ erm‡ii †gvU e¨q × 100 -----|
3| Rxeb e¨q m~PK msL¨v Rxeb hvÎvi mgq wfwËK ------ cwigvc K‡i|
4| Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v‡K A‡b‡K ----------- e‡j|

weweGm

5| Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v ej‡Z KZK¸wj †fvM¨ c‡bï I †mev K‡g©i gy‡jï cwieZ©‡bi d‡j
Rxeb hvc‡bi Li‡Pi †h cwieZ©b nq Zvi mgq wfwËK cwi gvc‡K eySvq|
6| Rxeb hvÎvq e¨vq m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z mswkøô cwievi mg~‡ni Avi I wewfbœ Lv‡Zi e¨q, wnmve
wbKvk msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|
evK¨/ wgjv‡bv:
7| GKB †kªYxi †jvK‡ì Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK K) mgwó‡K fv‡ii mgwó wb‡q fvM Ki‡j Rxeb
msL¨v hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Kiv nq
8| gyj¨vbycvZ ¸wj‡K wfwË erm‡i gyj¨gvb w`‡q L) †fvM Kvixi g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v e‡j|
¸b K‡i ¸bd‡ji
9| Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v‡K M) wbY©q Kivi Rb¨ we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-7
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| m~PK msL¨vi msÁv wjLyb| m~PK msL¨vi êwkó¨ I †kªYx web¨vm Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| m~PK msL¨v‡K A_©‰bwZK fvlvq wK ejv nq? m~PK msL¨vi eënvi Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3| g~j¨vqb m~PK msL¨vi msÁv wjLyb| g~j¨vqb m~PK msL¨vi eënv‡ii myweav Amyweav¸wj wjLyb|
4| m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z †Kvb †Kvb wel‡qi Dci Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
5| wdkv‡ii m~PK msL¨vi msÁv wjLyb| wdkv‡ii m~PK msL¨v‡K Av`k© m~PK msL¨v ejv nq †Kb wjLyb?
6| m~PK msL¨vi cixÿb c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
7| Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨vi msÁv wjLyb| Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î cvwievwiK
ev‡RU c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
8| e¨vL¨v Kiæb: A‰bwZK e¨v‡ivwgwUvi, j¨vmwdqvi m~PK msL¨v, c¨v‡ki m~PK msL¨v, Dcv`vb Dëvb
cixÿY, Rxeb hvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v|
------

BDwbU
bg~bv c×wZ I bgybv Rwic
8 (Sampling and Sample Survey)
f~wgKv
eëmv wkÿvq bgybv I bgybv Rixc IZcÖ‡Zvfv‡e RwoZ| †Kvb wel‡qi cwimsL¨vwbK we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g
Z_¨we‡k¦i ÿz`ª ÿz`ª Ask eënvi K‡i m¤ú~Y© Z_¨we‡k¦i wm×všÍ m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ wb‡q wm×všÍ cvIqv hvq| †h
c×wZ‡Z Gme Z_¨ †bIqv nq Zv‡K e‡j bgybv Ges bgybv msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ †h Rixc Kvh© cwiPvjbv Kiv nq
Zv‡K ejv nq bgybv c×wZ Rixc| eZ©gvb BDwb‡U bgybv c×wZ I bgybv Rix‡ci we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
D‡Ïk¨
bgybv I bgybv c×wZ m¤úwK©Z msÁv;
bgybvq‡bi cÖKvi‡f` I c×wZmg~n;
bgybv Rixc I bgybv Rix‡ci avc mg~n;
bgybvqb I Abgybvqb wePz¨wZ;
bgybv web¨vm|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-8.1 bgybv I bgybvq‡bi msÁv (Defination of Sample and Sampling)

f~wgKv
cwimsL¨vwbK we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ Z_¨ cÖ‡qvRb| Gme Z_¨ mvaviYZ: Z_¨wek¦ †_‡K msMÖn Kiv nq| Z_¨wek¦
eo AvKv‡ii n‡j Z_¨mg~n msMÖn Kiv e¨qeûj| mgq I A_© BZ¨vw` AcPq nq| ZvB Z_¨wek¦ n‡Z
Z_¨we‡k¦i êwk‡óï ÿz`ª ÿz`ª Ask †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| G ÿz`ª Ask nj bgybv| †h c×wZ‡Z bgybv
msMÖn Kiv nq Zv nj bgybvqb| G cv‡V bgybv I bgybvqb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
bgybv I bgybvq‡bi m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ msÁv
bgybvqb myweavmg~n;
bg~bvq‡bi Amyweavmg~n;
eëmvq †ÿ‡Î bgybvq‡bi eënvi|
bgybv (Sample): Avgiv Rvwb Z_¨wek¦ †_‡K †Kvb êwk‡óï m¤ú‡K© wm×všÍ wb‡Z n‡j Z_¨
msMÖn K‡i Zv cwimsL¨vwbKfv‡e we‡kølY K‡i wm×všÍ †bIqv nq| aiv hvK, evsjv‡`‡ki
wewfbœ c‡Yï evRviì Rvbvi ìKvi, Zvn‡j mKj evRv‡ii c‡Yï Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv Lye
KwVb, mgq mv‡cÿ, Rbej I A_© LiP BZ¨vw` cÖ‡qvRb †ekx| wKš‘ Avgiv hw` Ggb K‡qKwU evRvi
†_‡K evRvi K‡i Z_¨ †bB hv evsjv‡`‡ki mKj evRv‡ii c‡Yï `‡ii êwk‡óï cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i Zvn‡j
H K‡qKwU evRvi‡K Z_¨we‡k¦i (evsjv †`‡ki mKj evRv‡ii c‡Yï ì) bgybv e‡j| A_©vr
bgybv: Z_¨we‡k¦i mKj êwkó¨c~Y© ÿz`ª Ask‡K bgybv e‡j| bgybv Z_¨we‡k¦i mKj êwk‡óï
cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix Ask|
bgybvqb (Sampling): Z_¨wek¦ n‡Z †h c×wZ eënvi K‡i bgybv msMÖn Kiv nq †m c×wZ‡KB bgybvqb
e‡j| A_©vr †h c×wZ‡Z Z_¨we‡k¦i GKwU Ask n‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn, cixÿv I we‡kølY Kiv nq †m c×wZ‡K
bgybvqb e‡j| bgybvqb m¤úwK©Z KZK¸‡jv msÁv wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
Z_¨wek¦ (population): Z_¨wek¦ ej‡Z Ggb e¯‘ ev cÖwZôvb‡K eySvq, †hLvb †_‡K wba©vwiZ D‡Ï‡k¨
Z_¨mg~n msMÖn Kiv hvq| †hgb: c‡Yï evRvi ì Rvb‡Z n‡j evsjv‡`‡ki mKj evRv‡ii c‡Yï
êwk‡óï mgwó n‡e Z_¨wek¦| Z_¨wek¦ `yB cÖKvi-
• mmxg Z_¨wek¦ (Finite population): †h Z_¨we‡k¦i GK‡Ki GKwU wbw`©ó msL¨v _v‡K Ges H¸‡jvi
GKwU wbw`©ó Ae¯’vb _v‡K Zv‡K mmxg Z_¨wek¦ e‡j| †hgb- wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ-QvÎxi msL¨v, †`‡ki
wkí msL¨v, Mevw` cïi msL¨v BZ¨vw`
• Amxg Z_¨wek¦ (Infinite Population): †h Z_¨we‡k¦i †Kvb wbw`©ó msL¨v †bB Ges hvi †Kvb wbw`©ó
Ae¯’vbI †bB Zv‡K Amxg Z_¨wek¦ e‡j| †hgb- b`x ev mgy‡`ªi gv‡Qi msL¨v, AvKv‡ki Zvivi msL¨v
BZ¨vw`|
KvVv‡gv (Frame): mmxg Z_¨we‡k¦i mKj GK‡Ki ZvwjKv‡K KvVv‡gv e‡j| †hgb: †Kvb GK eQ‡ii
e¨v¼ Fb MÖnxZvi bv‡gi Z_¨ Rvb‡Z n‡j, †m‡ÿ‡Î Fb MÖnxZvi ZvwjKv n‡e KvVv‡gv|
bgybv c×wZ I bgybv Rwic c„ôv: 174

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
bgybv GKK (Sampling Unit): †h Z_¨wek¦ GKK n‡Z bgybvqb Kiv nq Zvi cÖwZwU GKK nj bgybv
GKK|
bgybvi AvKvi (Size of Sample): bgybvqb c×wZ‡Z bgybvi AvKvi Rvbv GKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| †Kvb
†Kvb M‡elK e‡j‡Qb, Z_¨we‡k¦i AvKv‡ii 5% Avevi †KD e‡j‡Qb, Z_¨we‡k¦i 10%| †hUvB nDK bv
†Kb bgybvi AvKvi †h êwk‡óï Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi cÖvK…wZK Ae¯’vbmn wewfbœ wel‡qi Dci wbf©i
K‡i|
• cÖwZwU GK‡Ki e„w× n‡j bgybvi AvKvi I e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e|
• eo mwVKZvi gvÎvi †ÿ‡Î bgybvi AvKvi I eo n‡Z cv‡i|
bgybvq‡bi myweav (Advantage of sampling): bgybvqb c×wZi myweavRbK w`K¸‡jv wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
i) mgq I kªg: bgybvq‡bi gva¨‡g Z_¨we‡k¦i cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix GKK¸”Q †bIqv nq e‡j mgq I kªg Kg
jv‡M|
ii) LiP Kg: bgybvq‡bi LiP Kg jv‡M Ges mgqgZ wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z myweav nq|
iii) wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv: bgybvi GK‡Ki msL¨v Kg nIqvi AwaK `ÿ I AwfÁ kªg kw³i Kv‡R jvwM‡q mwVK
Z_¨ cvIqv hvq|
iv) djvd‡ji mwVKZv: bgybvq‡bi d‡j bgybv wePz¨wZ Kg nq|
v) e„n`vKvi Z_¨wek¦: bgybv AbymÜv‡bi †ÿÎ cÖk¯ÍZi ZvB Z_¨wek¦ Lye eo n‡j bgybvB Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni
†ÿ‡Î †kªô Dcvq |
bgybvq‡bi Amyweavmg~n:
bgybvq‡bi Amyweav¸wj wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
i) bgybvq‡bi †ÿ‡Î mveavbZv Aej¤^b bv Ki‡j djvd‡ji †f` I wePz¨wZ †ekx n‡Z cv‡i|
ii) A`ÿ I AbwfÁ Rbkw³ eënvi Ki‡j djvd‡j fyj-åvwšÍ †ekx n‡e|
iii) bgybv wePz¨wZ †ekx n‡j Z_¨wek¦ m¤ú‡K© mwVK wm×všÍ †bIqv m¤¢e bq|
iv) A`ÿ I AcÖwkÿY cÖvß e¨w³ Øviv bgybvqb wek¦vm †hvM¨Zv nvivq|
eëmv †ÿ‡Î bgybvq‡bi eënvi †ÿÎ

bgybvqb ej‡Z Avgiv c~‡e©B †R‡bwQ, †Kvb Z_¨wek¦ †_‡K bgybv msMÖn c×wZ| Z_¨wek¦ †_‡K
cwimsL¨vwbKfv‡e Z_¨ msMÖn, we‡kølY K‡i eëmvwqK êwk‡ó¨ m¤ú‡K© w`K wb‡`©kbv †`q| ZvB
bgybvq‡bi eënvi †ÿÎ we¯Z…Z| evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ Z_¨ fvÛvi nj evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv Ges
cwimsL¨vb eë¯’vcbv fvÛvi †hgb,
• K…wlR cY¨, evRvi ì, Avg`vbx I idZvbx BZ¨vw`|
• e¨vswKs eë¯’vcbvq FYcÎ, †jb‡`b BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î|
• wkí KjKiLvbvq Drcv`b, Avg`vbx idZvbxi †ÿ‡Î|
• ‰e‡`wkK evwYwR¨K †jb‡`b, A_© Av`vb cÖ`vb BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
• K…wl †ÿ‡Î, R¡vjvbx I evwYR¨ m¤ú` BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î bgybvqb c×wZ M‡elYv I we‡køl‡b eënvi Kiv
nq|
mvims‡ÿc
bgybv ej‡Z Z_¨we‡k¦i wewfbœ êwkó¨hy³ cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix ÿz`ª Ask‡K eywS Ges bgybvqb nj †h
c×wZ‡Z Z_¨wek¦ n‡Z bgybv †bIqv nq †mB c×wZ| bgybvq‡bi myweav Amyweav I eënvi †ÿÎ Rvbv
_vK‡j mwVKfv‡e ev¯Íevqb, we‡kølY I wbf©©yj wm×všÍ w`‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| Z_¨we‡k¦i cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj wKQy Ask‡K ejv nq|
K. KvVv‡gv L. bgybvqb
M. bgybv N. GKK
2| bgybvqb GK‡Ki ZvwjKv‡K ejv nq
K. bgybv L. KvVv‡gv
M. bgybvqb N. Z_¨wek¦
3| bgybv wbe©vPb c×wZ‡K ejv nq
K. bgybvqb GKK L. bgybv
M. bgybvqb N. KvVv‡gv
mZ¨/wg_¨v wbY©q
4| cwimsL¨vwbK we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ Z‡_ï cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
5| bgybv wbe©vPb c×wZ‡K bgybvqb e‡j|
6| bgybvq‡bi myweav nj mgq I A_© Kg jv‡M|
ïb¨¯’vb c~iY:
7| mmxg Z_¨we‡k¦i mKj GK‡Ki ZvwjKv‡K e‡j|
8| bgybv Z_¨we‡k¦i mKj êwk‡óï ÿz`ª Ask|
9| Z_¨wek¦ `yB cÖKvi I |
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
8| Z_¨we‡k¦i mKj êwk‡óï K) Kg jv‡M|

9| bgybvq‡b LiP I mgq L) wePz¨wZ Kg nq|
10| bgybvq‡bi d‡j bgybv M) ÿz`ª Ask nj bgybv|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
cvV-8.2 bgybvq‡bi cÖKvi‡f` I c×wZmg~n (Different types of Sampling and its methods)
f~wgKv
ev¯Íe Rxe‡b Z_¨wek¦ †_‡K bgybv wbe©vPb K‡i Z_¨we‡k¦i êwkó¨ †ei Kivi aviYv eû w`b †_‡K| 1940
mv‡ji ci †_‡K ZvwË¡K Dbœqb NU‡Z _v‡K| bgybvq‡bi gva¨‡g bgybv msMÖn Ki‡Z m¤¢vebv Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨
†bIqv nq| G cv‡V Avgiv m¤¢vebv Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ I mivmwi cÖvß Z_¨ msMÖn c×wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡ev|
D‡Ïk¨
bgybvq‡bi cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K©;
bgybvq‡bi wewfbœ c×wZ m¤ú‡K©;
m¤¢vebv bgybvqb m¤ú‡K©;
wbtm¤¢vebv bgybvqb m¤ú‡K©|
bgybvqb
bgybvqb ej‡Z Avgiv eywS Z_¨wek¦ n‡Z bgybv msMÖn c×wZ| bgybvq‡bi D‡Ïk¨ nj, Aí
mg‡q, Aí Li‡P, `ÿ Rbkw³ eënvi K‡i Z_¨we‡k¦i GKwU cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj Ask n‡Z Z_¨
msMÖn Kiv| bgybvqb‡K cÖavbZ `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
• m¤¢vebv bgybvqb (Random Sampling)
• wbtm¤¢vebv bgybvqb (Non-ramdom Sanpling)
m¤¢vebv bgybvqb (Random Sampling):

bgybvqb GKK¸‡jvi cÖwZwU m¤¢vebv Z‡Ë¡i wfwË‡Z MÖnY Kiv n‡j Zv‡K ˆè bgybvqb e‡j| cÖwZwU
bgybvqb GKK bgybvq‡bi AšÍf~©³ nIqv m¤¢vebv mgvb Giƒc bgybvqb‡K mij ˆè bgybvqb e‡j|
Avevi wfbœ wfbœ bgybvqb GKK bgybvq AšÍf~©³ nIqvi m¤¢vebv wfbœ wfbœ| m¤¢vebv bgybvq‡bi wewfbœ c×wZ
wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
• mij ˆè bgybvqb (Simple Ramdom Sampling)
• ¯ÍwiZ ˆè bgybvqb (Stratified Random Sampling)
• avivevwnK bgybvqb (Systematic Sampling)
• ¸”Q bgybvqb (Cluster Sampling)
• eûavc bgybvqb (Multi-stage Sampling)
mij ˆè bgybvqb (Simple random ampling)

†h bgybvq‡b cÖwZwU bgybv GKK bgybvq AšÍf~©³ nIqvi m¤¢vebv mgvb nq Zv‡K mij ˆè bgybvqb e‡j|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
mij bgybvqb wbe©vP‡b `yÕwU c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ †bIqv nq-

i) ‰è msL¨vi mviYx c×wZ (Random number table method)
ii) jUvwi c×wZ (Lottery method)
i) ‰è msL¨vi mviYx c×wZ :

ˆè msL¨vi mviYx †Uwej c×wZ‡Z bgybv wbe©vPb Ki‡Z wewfbœ cÖKvwkZ †Uwej †hgb: wdkvi Ges B‡qU
†Uwe‡ji mvnv‡h¨ †bIqv nq| Gme eB‡q ˆè msL¨vi mviYx Dc¯’vcb Kiv Av‡Q| mviYxi mvwi I ¯Í‡¤¢
ivwk mvRv‡bv _v‡K| H mvRv‡bv ivwk gvjv †_‡K mvwig~Lx GK ivwk ev `yB ivwki ev Z‡ZvwaK ivwki msL¨v
cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx wbe©vPb Kiv nq|
ii) jUvwi c×wZ:

G c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ we‡k¦i GKKmg~‡ni µwgK msL¨v¸‡jv‡K mgvb AvKv‡i †QvU †QvU KvM‡R wjL‡Z nq|
Gi ci KvMR¸‡jv‡K mgvbfv‡e fuvR K‡i GKwU cv‡Î ivLv nq| Zvici fvjfv‡e wgwj‡q H cvÎ n‡Z
bgybv AvKv‡ii mgvb msL¨K KvMR Pqb Ki‡Z nq| PqbK…Z KvM‡R †h µwgK msL¨v¸‡jv _v‡K H µwgK
msL¨v wewkó GKK¸‡jv‡K bgybvq †bIqv nq|
mij ˆè bgybvqb c×wZi Mo I †f`v¼ wbY©q:

aiv hvK, †Kvb Z_¨ we‡k¦ N msL¨K GKK i‡q‡Q| G Z_¨wek¦ †_‡K x(N>x) AvKv‡ii GKwU bgybv Pqb
Ki‡Z n‡e| cybt¯’vcb bv K‡i Pqb Kiv n‡j †gvU bgybvi m¤¢ve¨ msL¨v n‡e N C bgybvi cÖwZwU bgybv Pqb
x
1
Kivi m¤¢vebv A_©vr G bgybvqb c×wZ nj mij ˆè bgybvqb| mij ˆè bgybvq‡bi Mo I †f`v¼
N C1
wbb©q c×wZ wbgœiƒc:
Mo: y =(y1+y2+ ............ + yn)/n
n
= ∑ y /n i Ges
1=1
‡f`v¼: s 2 =
1
n −1
[∑ (y i − y) 2 ]
1  (Σy i ) 2 
= ∑ yi 2
− 
n −1 n 
Ges Z_¨we‡k¦i †ÿ‡Î,

Mo: Y = (y1 + y 2 + .......... + y n )/ N
N
= ∑ (y i ) /N Ges
i =1
1
†f`v¼ S2=
N −1
[∑ (y i − y) 2 ]
1  
2
 y 
= ∑ yi 2 −  Σ i  
N −1  N  


eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
¯ÍwiZ ˆè bgybvqb (Stratified Random Sampling)

‡Kvb Z_¨wek¦ eo n‡j H Z_¨we‡k¦i †h †Kvb êwk‡óï Pj‡Ki AmgmË¡Zv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| ZvB Pj‡Ki
mgmË¡Zv Abyhvqx Z_¨wek¦‡K K‡qKwU fv‡M A_©vr StrataÕq fvM Kiv nq|
GLv‡b Strata k‡ãi A_© ¯ÍwiZ ZvB cÖwZ fv‡M Pj‡Ki gv‡bi m¤ú„³Zv eRvq †i‡L cÖwZ strata †`‡L
mij ˆè bgybvq‡bi gva¨‡g bgybv wbe©vPb K‡i Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| ZvB G c×wZ‡K ¯ÍwiZ ˆè bgybvqb
e‡j|
D`vniYmiƒc: ¯ÍwiZ bgybvq: †Kvb Mvfxi Lvgv‡i Mvfxi msL¨v‡K eqm †f‡` fvM Ki‡j †`Lv hvq wewfbœ
eq‡mi Mvfxi `y‡ai cwigvb mKj eq‡mi †ÿ‡Î mgvb nq bv ZvB G‡ÿ‡Î mij ˆè c×wZ eënvi K‡i
bgybvqb Ki‡j Zv mwVK nq bv| wewfbœ eq‡mi Mvfx¸‡jv ¯ÍwiZ ev fvM K‡i| cÖ‡Z¨K fvM †_‡K ˆèfv‡e
bgybv msMÖn Kivi cÖ‡qvRb|
aiv hvK, †Kvb Z_¨ we‡k¦ N msL¨K GKK Av‡Q Ges †m¸‡jv L wU mgmË¡ ¯Í‡i fvM Kiv nj|
cÖ_g fv‡Mi ¯Íi N1, 2q fv‡Mi ¯Íi N2 ......... Gfv‡e L wU ¯Í‡ii GK msL¨v NL nq Zvn‡j
N=N1+N2+ ......... +NL GLb cÖwZ ¯Íi †_‡K mij ˆè bgybvq‡bi mvnv‡h¨ Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq|
Z_¨we‡k¦i Mo n‡e
1 L
Mo, y ¯ÍwiZ= ∑ N i y i ; i = 1,2........L
N i =1
ni
1
Ges y i = ∑ yij; i = 1,2,.......L Ges
ni j=1
j=1, 2, ....... nL
1 L
si 2
(
Ges †f`v¼, V y ¯—wiZ = ) N2
∑ N (N i i − ni )
ni
i =1
2
1 ni
GLv‡b, si =
2
∑ yij − y i
n i − 1 j=1
( )
avivevwnK bgybvqb (Systematic Sampling)

†h bgybvq‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖ_g GKKwU ˆèfv‡e Pqb K‡i cieZ©x GKK¸‡jv GKUv wbw`©ó eëav‡b Pqb Kiv
n‡j H bgybvqb‡K avivevwnK bgybvqb e‡j|
D`vniYmiƒc, †Kvb GjvKvq `kwU cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ 1wU cwiev‡ii Avq we‡ePbvq †bIqv nj ˆè
c×wZ‡Z| Gi ci cieZ©x `kwU cwiev‡ii Avq wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e cÖ_gwUi eëav‡b| Gfv‡e 25Zg Avq
wbw`©ó eëav‡b Pqb Kiv nj avivevwnK bgybvqb|
aiv hvK, †Kvb Z_¨ we‡k¦ N msL¨K GKK i‡q‡Q| H Z_¨wek¦ n‡Z n ¸‡”Q Ggbfv‡e fvM Kwi †hb k
msL¨K GKK cÖwZ ¸‡”Q _v‡K A_©vr N=nk Ges 1g ¸‡”Qi K GKK n‡Z ˆèfv‡e GKwU GKK ˆè
c×wZ‡Z †bIqvi ci GKUv wbw`©ó eëav‡b aiv hvK 1g ¸‡”Qi i Zg GKK i(i=1,2,....k) ˆè c×wZ‡Z
bgybvq AšÍif~³ Kiv nj| Zvn‡j 2q, GKBfv‡e 3q .......... Ges n Zg GKK Pqb Kiv n‡e| A_©vr

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
wbw`©ó eëav‡b Pqb Kiv GKK n‡e (i+k) Zg, (i+2k) Zg GKK ....{i+(n-1)k}| G bgybvq‡b
Z_¨we‡k¦i Mo
n
1
Mo y avivevwnK = ∑y i Ges †f`v¼
ni i =1
(N - n) 2
( )
V y avivevwnK =
Nn
s †hLv‡b
2
1 n
s =
2
(
∑ y i − y avivevwnK ;
n − 1 i =1
)
y1 , y 2 .......y n h_vµ‡g 1g, 2q, ........... n Zg GK‡Ki gvb|
¸”Q bgybvqb (Cluster sampling): ¸”Q bgybvqb c×wZ‡Z bgybvq‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡gB Z_¨we‡k¦i GKK
mg~n‡K H GKK ¸‡jvi êwk‡óï Av‡jv‡K ¸‡”Q fvM Kiv nq| ¸‡”Qi AvKvi †QvU nIqv evÃbxq|
Z_¨we‡k¦i GKK¸‡jv ¸‡”Q fvM Kivi ci wKQy ¸”Q ˆè c×wZ‡Z Pqb Kiv n‡j †h bgybvq‡bi D™¢e nq
Zv‡K ¸”Q bgybvqb e‡j|
aiv hvK †Kvb GK GjvKvq K…wlR `ªe¨ avb Drcv`‡bi cwigvb wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î K…lK †h LÛ
¸wj‡Z avb Pvl K‡i‡Q †mB Rwg LÛ ¸‡jv‡K ¸”Q wPwýZ K‡i G ¸”Q n‡Z K‡qKwU ¸”Q bgybv Pqb
c×wZ‡Z †h bgybv cvIqv hv‡e Zv‡K ¸”Q bgybv e‡j Ges bgybv Pqb c×wZ‡K ¸”Q bgybvqb ejv n‡e|
eû avc bgybvqb (Multi-stage Sampling): ¸”Q bgybvq‡b Avgiv †`‡LwQ Z_¨we‡k¦i GKKmg~n n‡Z H
GKK ¸‡jv‡K Zvi êwk‡ó¨ Abyhvqx ¸‡”Q fvM K‡i bgybv Pqb c×wZ bgybv‡Z Pqb Kiv nq| eû avc
bgybvq‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖ_g av‡c ˆè c×wZ‡Z wKQy ¸”Q Pqb K‡i 2q av‡c ¸”Q n‡Z wKQy GKK ˆè c×wZ‡Z
Pqb Kiv nq A_©vr G‡ÿ‡Î wewfbœ av‡c bgybv Pqb Kiv nq e‡j G c×wZ‡K eû avc bgybvqb e‡j| eû
avc bgybvqb c×wZ K…wl †ÿ‡Îmn eëmvwqK †ÿ‡Î evRvi ì Rvb‡Z eënvi Kiv nq|
wbtm¤¢vebv bgybvqb (Non-Random Sampling): wb:m¤¢vebv bgybvq‡b bgybv Pq‡b ˆèZv eRvq ivLv
nq bv| A‡bKUv B”QvgZ Dcv‡q bgybv wbe©vPb Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î m¤¢vebv Z‡Ë¡i †Kvb wbqg gvbv nq bv|
ZvB Gai‡bi bgybvqb c×wZ‡K wb:m¤¢vebv bgybvqb e‡j|
wb:m¤¢vebv bgybvq‡bi wewfbœ ai‡bi c×wZ i‡q‡Q| GL‡b ïaygvÎ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev-
• D‡Ïk¨g~jK bgybvqb (Purposive Sampling)
• myweavgZ bgybvqb (Convenience Sampling)
D‡Ïk¨g~jK bgybvqb (Purposive Sampling): D‡Ïk¨g~jK bgybvq‡b M‡elK Zuvi wePvi eyw× cÖ‡qvM
K‡i D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K bgybv GKK msMÖn K‡i bgybv MVb K‡ib| G c×wZ‡Z
M‡elK `ÿ I wbi‡cÿ n‡j msM„nxZ Z_¨ Dc‡hvMx I wek¦vm‡hvM¨ nq|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
myweavgZ bgybvqb (Conveneience Sampling): G ai‡bi bgybvqb D‡Ïk¨ g~jK bq| M‡elK Zvi
myweav Abyhvqx bgybv msMÖn K‡ib| G ai‡bi bgybv A‡bK mgq cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj bvI n‡Z cv‡i ZvB `ÿ
we‡klÁ Øviv Gai‡bi bgybvqb m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq|
mvims‡ÿc
m¤¢vebv bygbvq‡bi êwk‡ó¨ nj Z_¨we‡k¦i cÖwZwU Dcv`vb bgybvq‡b AšÍf~©³ nIqvi m¤¢vebv mgvb
_v‡K| wb:m¤¢vebv bgybvq‡b Z_¨we‡k¦i cÖwZwU êwkó¨ mgvb bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| m¤¢vebv bgybvq‡b cÖwZwU GKK bgybv‡Z AšÍf~©³ nIqvq m¤¢vebv|
K. Amgvb L. mgvb
M. KvíwbK N. wKQyUv mgvb
2| ¸”Q bgybvq‡bi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi †KvbwU mZ¨?
K. D‡Ïk¨ g~jK bq L. m¤¢vebv bgybvqb
M. myweavgZ bgybvqb N. D‡Ïk¨g~jK I myweavgZ DfqB
3| ¸”Q bgybvq‡bi Z_¨we‡k¦i AvKvi n‡Z cv‡i
K. †QvU L. eo
M. KvíwbK N. LyeB †QvU

4| ¯ÍwiZ bgybvq‡bi †ÿ‡Î mKj GK‡Ki mgmË¡Zv envj _v‡K bv|
5| avivevwnK bgybvq‡bi †ÿ‡Î avivevwnKZv ev ixwZ bxwZ gvbv nq bv|
6| avivevwnK bgybvq‡bi †ÿ‡Î wbe©vwPZ GKKmg~n nj
i, i+k, ......... i+(n-1)k

7| bgybv Pq‡b ˆèZv eRvq ivLv nq bv|
8| mij ˆè bgybvqb GKwU c×wZ|
9| mij ˆè bgybvq‡bi bgybv Mo y =
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
10| †h bgybvq‡b cÖwZwU bgybv GKK bgybvq‡b K) Pqb Kiv nq Zv‡K ¯ÍwiZ ˆè bgybvqb
AšÍf~©³ nIqvi m¤¢vebv mgvb _v‡K e‡j|
11| Z_¨we‡k¦i bgybv GK‡Ki m¤ú„³Zv Abyhvqx L) 2wU avc m¤úbœ K‡i bgybv Pqb Kiv nq|
fvM K‡i ˆèPq‡bi gva¨‡g †h bgybv
12| eûavc c×wZ‡Z bgybvq‡b Kgc‡ÿ M) Zv‡K mij ˆè bgybvqb e‡j|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-8.3 bg~bv Rixc I bgybv Rix‡ci avcmg~n (Sample Survey and different steps of
sample survey)
f~wgKv
bgybvqb QvovI DcvË msMÖn Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z_¨we‡k¦i cÖwZ GKK n‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq| Giƒc Z_¨
msMÖn c×wZ‡K ïgvix ejv nq| Gai‡bi ïgvix K…wl, evRvi cY¨, e¨vswKs eë¯’vcbvq BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î Kiv
hvq| Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ `yBwU c×wZ i‡q‡Q ïgvix c×wZ I bgybv Rwic c×wZ| eZ©gvb cv‡V bgybv Rixc
I bgybv Rix‡ci wewfbœ avc m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
D‡Ïk¨
bgybv Rix‡ci msÁv;
bgybv Rix‡ci wewfbœ avc|
bgybv Rixc (Sample Survey): Z_¨we‡k¦i mKj Dcv`v‡bi Z_¨ eënvi bv K‡i, wKQy
msL¨K Dcv`v‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i m¤ú~Y© welqwUi Dci Z_¨ †bIqv‡K bgybvqb e‡j| Avi
bgybv msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ †h Rixc KvR cwiPvjbv Kiv nq Zv‡K bgybv Rixc e‡j|
bgybv Rix‡ci Rb¨ wKQy cwiKíbv †bIqv nq Ges Zv ev¯Íevq‡b KZ¸‡jv avc ev ch©vq m¤úbœ Kiv nq|
bgybv Rix‡ci G avç‡jv wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
bgybv Rix‡ci wewfbœ avc:

avc-1: D‡Ïk¨:
bgybv Rix‡ci D‡Ïk¨ wba©vib K‡i Zv mwVKfv‡e msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
avc- 2: msÁv:
Z_¨we‡k¦i m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e| A_©vr †h Z_¨wek¦ †_‡K bgybv wbe©vPb Kiv n‡e †mwU
cwi¯‹vifv‡e msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Kv‡RB D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Z_¨we‡k¦i msÁv wba©vib Ki‡Z n‡e|
avc- 3: KvVv‡gv:
KvVv‡gv I bgybv GKK Ggb n‡Z n‡e †hb Z_¨wek¦‡K GK‡K wef³ Kiv hvq| Gme GKK nj bgybv
GKK Ges mKj bgybv GK‡Ki ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡i KvVv‡gv AvKv‡i cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e| KvVv‡gv ˆZwii
mgq ev eënv‡ii mgq jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e †hb KvVv‡gv‡Z mKj Z_¨ mwVKfv‡e msÁvwqZ _v‡K|
avc- Z_¨ msMÖn:

bgybv Rix‡ci D‡Ïk¨ wVK †i‡L Z_¨ ev DcvË msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e| †h mKj Z_¨ Rix‡ci D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_
mvgvÄm¨ bq †m¸‡jv ev` w`‡Z n‡e|
avc- 5: cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb:

cÖkœcÎ ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡j wK ai‡bi Z_¨ cÖ‡qvRb Zv wbw`©ó Kivi ci| bgybv Rix‡ci cÖkœ cÎ ˆZwi AZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c~b©| cÖkœcÎ mnR mswÿß nIqv evÂbxq| ZvB cÖkœ cÎ ˆZwi Ki‡Z AwfÁ I `ÿ M‡elK w`‡q
Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖkœ cÎ c~i‡bi Av‡M cÖkœcÎ DËi `vZvi Rb¨ ¯úó I mwVK wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z n‡e|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
avc-6: Z_¨ msMÖn c×wZ:

Z_¨ msMÖn wewfbœfv‡e Kiv hvq| Z_¨ msMÖn c×wZ wbY©‡q `yÕai‡bi eë¯’v †bIqv hvq-
• mivmwi ¯^vÿv‡Zi gva¨‡gt G‡ÿ‡Î DËi `vZvi mv‡_ mivmwi cÖkœcÎ cÖ`vb K‡i cÖkœcÎ c~ib K‡i
DËi cÎ wj‡L †bIqv A_ev DËi `vZvi KvQ †_‡K cÖ‡kœi DËi, DËic‡Î wj‡L wb‡q|
• WvK‡hv‡Mt WvK †hv‡M wbe©vwPZ DËi `vZvi wVKvbvq cÖkœcÎ cvwV‡q DËi msMÖn Kiv| †h †Kvb †ÿ‡Î
jÿ¨ ivLv ìKvi LiP I Z‡_ï mwVK DËi cvIqv wel‡q| KviY WvK‡hv‡M A‡b‡KB DËi w`‡Z
AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡i bv|
avc- 7: bgybvi bKkv wbe©vPb:

bgybvq AvKvi, bgybv wbe©vPb I Z_¨we‡k¦i aªæeK wbY©q Rwi‡ci †ÿ‡Î AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~b©| bgybv Rwi‡c
G¸‡jv wel‡q we‡klfv‡e †Lqvj ivLv evÃbxq|
avc- 8: gvV Kg©x:

gvV Kg©x‡K h‡_ó `ÿ I AwfÁ Kivi wel‡q jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e| bv n‡j Z_¨ msMÖn A‡bKvs‡k e¨NvZ n‡Z
cv‡i|
avc-9: cÖvK Rixc:

†h †Kvb Rix‡ci Av‡M Z_¨we‡k¦i wewfbœ êwkóï Dci jÿ¨ †i‡L Zv‡ì Ae¯’vb †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g
BZ¨vwì aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cÖvK Rixc cwiPvjbvi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
ïgvix I bgybv Rix‡ci g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:

ïgvix I bgybv Rix‡ci g‡a¨ cv_©K¨¸wj wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
ïgvix Rixc bgybv Rixc
1| Z_¨we‡k¦i cÖwZwU Dcv`vb MYbv Kiv‡K ïgvix 1| Z_¨we‡k¦i cÖwZwU Dcv`vb MYbv bv K‡i bgybv
Rixc e‡j| †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖnKvwi‡K bgybv Rixc e‡j|
2| ïgvix Rix‡ci gva¨‡g cÖK…Z Z_¨ cvIqv 2| bgybv Rix‡c cÖK…Z Z‡_ï KvQvKvwQ Z_¨
hvq| cvIqv hvq|
3| A_© I Rbej AwaK cwigv‡b c‡qvRb| 3| A_© I Aí Rbej cÖ‡qvRb|
4| Z_¨we‡k¦i AvKvi †QvU n‡j ïgvix Rixc Kiv 4| Z_¨we‡k¦i AvKvi †QvU n‡j bgybv Rix‡ci
mnR| ìKvi †bB|
bgybv Rix‡ci myweav:

• Riæix cÖ‡qvR‡b Aí mg‡q bgybv Rixc fvj dj †`q|
• bgybv Rix‡c cÖkvmwbK A‡bK myweav cvIqv hvq|
• Z_¨wek¦ Amxg n‡j bgybv Rix‡ci gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv DËg|
ïgvix Rix‡ci myweav:

• ïgvix Rix‡c Z_¨we‡k¦i cÖK…Z Z_¨ cvIqv hvq|
• Z_¨wek¦ †QvU n‡j ïgvix Rixc KivB DËg|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
mvims‡ÿc
Z_¨wek¦ †_‡K cÖwZwU GK‡Ki Z_¨ bv wb‡q cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj ÿz`ª Ask wb‡q Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni c×wZB n‡”Q
bgybv Rixc| Z_¨we‡k¦i cÖwZwU Dcv`vb n‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi c×wZ nj ïgvix Rixc|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| cÖkœ cÎ nIqv DwPZ|
K. eo AvKv‡ii L. mswÿß
M. RwUj N. A¯úó
2| cÖkœcÎ cÖYqbKvix n‡Z cv‡i
K. †h †KD L. `ÿ I AwfÁ M‡elK
M. cywjk evwnbx N. AvBb wel‡q AwfÁ

3| gvV Kg©x‡ì †Kvb bgybv Áv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
4| bgybvqb Qvov DcvË ev Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq|

5| cÖkœ cÎ me©`v I nIqv DwPZ|
6| gvV Kg©x I nIqv evÃbxq|
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
7| bgybv msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ †h Rixc Kvh© m¤úv`b Kiv K) msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z n‡e
nq|
8| bgybv Rix‡ci D‡Ïk¨ wba©vib K‡i Zv mwVK L) Zv wbw`©ó Kivi ci cÖkœcÎ ˆZwi Kiv nq
fv‡e
9| cÖkœ cÎ ˆZwi Ki‡Z wK ai‡bi Z_¨ cÖ‡qvRb M) Zv‡K bgybv Rixc e‡j

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
cvV-8.4 bgybvqb I Abgybvqb wePz¨wZ (Sampling and Non-Sampling Error)

f~wgKv
bgybv nj Z_¨we‡k¦i cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj GKwU Ask| ZvB bgybv †_‡K †h cÖvK&Kj‡bi gvb †ei Kiv nq Zv
memgq mwVK cwigvc cvIqv hvq bv| wKQy cv_©K¨ †_‡K hvq| G cv_©K¨‡K bgybv wePz¨wZ ejv nq| eZ©gvb
cv‡V bgybvqb wePz¨wZ I Abgybvqb wePz¨wZ m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
D‡Ïk¨
bgybvqb wePz¨wZi msÁv
Abbybvqb wePz¨wZi msÁv
bgybvqb wePz¨wZ (Sampling Error):

bgybv Rix‡c Z_¨we‡k¦i mKj GK‡Ki cwie‡Z© cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix wKQy GKK n‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn
Kiv nq| ZvB Z_¨we‡k¦i mKj êwk‡óï gvb cvIqv hvq bv| G‡ÿ‡Î ïaygvÎ wbiƒcK ev
wbiƒwcZ gvb cvIqv hvq| D³ gvb Z_¨we‡k¦i êwk‡óï gv‡bi cv_©K¨ nj bgybvqb wePz¨wZ| aiv hvK,
Z_¨we‡k¦i GKwU êwk‡ó¨ x-Gi Mo x | GB x Gi wbiƒcK nj x | GLv‡b x, x Gi mgvb nq bv ZvB
(x- x ) nj bgybvqb wePz¨wZ| G wePz¨wZi cwigvc nj, cwiwgZ wePz¨wZ v( x ) | bgybvqb wePz¨wZ wewfbœ
Kvi‡b n‡Z cv‡i, KviY¸‡jv wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
• bgybv Pqb c×wZ mwVK bv n‡j bgybvqb wePz¨wZ NU‡Z cv‡i|
• †Kvb wbw`©ó bgybv GKK msMÖ‡n RwUjZv †`Lv w`‡j ev cvIqv bv †M‡j ev GKwU êwk‡óï cwie‡Z©
Ab¨ êwk‡óï GKK wb‡q Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡j bgybvqb ÎæwU ev wePz¨wZ N‡U _v‡K|
Abygybvqb ÎæwU ev wePz¨wZ (Non-Sampling Error): Z_¨wek¦ n‡Z bgybv Pqb Kiv †_‡K Z_¨ we‡kølY
ch©šÍ wewfbœ avc m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq| cÖwZ av‡cB wKQy bv wKQy wePz¨wZi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| G ai‡bi wePz¨wZ
mg~n‡K Abgybvqb wePz¨wZ e‡j| Abgybvqb wePz¨wZ ïgvix I bgybv Rix‡ci cwiKíbv I ev¯Íevq‡bi †ÿ‡Î
msMwVZ nq| Abgybvqb wePz¨wZ D™¢e nIqvi m¤¢ve¨ KviY¸‡jv wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
• ÎæwUc~Y© cwiKíbvi †_‡K wePz¨wZi D™¢e nq|
• Rix‡ci D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_ msMwZnxb Z_¨ ms‡hvwRZ n‡j|
• Ae¯’vb, cwigv‡ci fyj, `~e©j cÖkœc‡Îi Kvi‡Y Abgybvqb wePz¨wZ NU‡Z cv‡i|
• `ÿ I †hvM¨ Z_¨ mieivnKvix Gi Afv‡e wePz¨wZ n‡Z cv‡i|
• DËi`vZvi fy‡ji Kvi‡Y A_©vr Awb”QvK…Z fy‡ji Kvi‡YI wePz¨wZi D™¢e nq|
• Z_¨ mieivnKvixi AZxZ †Kvb NUbv fy‡j hvIqvi d‡j mwVK Z_¨ cÖ`v‡b e¨_© n‡j wePz¨wZi D™¢e
n‡Z cv‡i|
†Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ msMÖnKvix wKQy bgybv GK‡Ki Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© aviYv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv A_ev Ae¯’vb
wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡jI hvZvqvZ eë¯’vi Kvi‡Y †Kvb †Kvb GK‡Ki Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| d‡j
Hme GK‡Ki DËi QvovB Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i wbiƒcK wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î wePz¨wZi D™¢e nq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
bgybvqb ÎæwU `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvqt

bgybvqb ÎæwU `~i Kivi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ c`‡ÿc MÖnb Kiv nq:
• mwVK bgybvqb c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i bgybv wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
• cÖkœ cÖYqb D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L wbf©yjfv‡e ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
• Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e mwVK cwigvc wjwce× K‡i|
• AwfÁ I `ÿ Rbej w`‡q Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e|
• Z_¨ cÖ`vbKvix I msMÖKvix‡K wbi‡cÿZv cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e|
Abgybvqb ÎæwU `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvq:

Abgybvqb ÎæwU `~i Ki‡Z n‡j wbgœwjwLZ c`‡ÿc †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb:
• AwfÁ I `ÿ Rbej wb‡qvM K‡i ÎæwU `~i Kiv hvq|
• mwVKfv‡e Z_¨ msMÖn n‡”Q wKbv Zv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ ZË¡veavqK wb‡qvM Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
• Am¤ú~Y© A_ev fyj Z_¨ hv‡Z msM„nxZ bv nq †m w`‡K †Lqvj ivLv|
• Z_¨ Dcv¯’vcb, we‡kølY m‡e©vcwi wi‡cvU© ˆZwi‡Z †Lqvj ivLv, cÖ‡qvR‡b h_vh_ gwbUwis Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb|
bg~bv wbe©vPb c×wZ:

‰è msL¨v mvibx eënvi K‡i bg~bv Pqb GKwU mvavib c×wZ| wU‡cU (1927) wdkvi Ges B‡qU
(1938) mvibx ˆZwi K‡ib, G mvibx eënvi K‡i bgybv wbe©vPb Kiv hvq| Z_¨we‡k¦i cÖwZ GKK †_‡K 1
GKwU msL¨v wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Z_¨ msL¨v N, 100 Gi †ewk bv n‡j 01, 02 ...... 99,00 msL¨v wPwýZ
Ki‡Z n‡e|
K) cÖ_‡g ˆè mvibx †_‡K †h †Kvb GKwU c„ôv eënvi K‡i ˆè Dcv‡q wbe©vPb K‡i Gi †h †Kvb mvwi
A_ev Kjvg ˆè Dcv‡qB we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
L) Z_¨we‡k¦i GKK¸‡jv hZ As‡Ki msL¨v Øviv wPwýZ n‡e wVK ZZ As‡Ki msL¨v GK GK K‡i wbe©vPb
Ki‡Z n‡e|
M) Z_¨we‡k¦i GKK¸‡jvi msL¨v Ges ˆè msL¨v mviwY †_‡K wbe©vPb msL¨v wgjv‡Z n‡e| Z_¨we‡k¦i †h
GKK ˆè msL¨v mviwYi mgvb msL¨v Øviv wPwýZ H GKKwU bgybvi AšÍfy©³ n‡e|
N) Z_¨we‡k¦i GK‡Ki wPwýZ msL¨v hw` ˆè msL¨v mviwYi msL¨vi †P‡q †ewk nq †m‡ÿ‡Î D³ msL¨v ev`
w`‡h c‡ii msL¨vq †h‡Z n‡e Avevi mviwY‡Z †Kvb msL¨v GKvwaKevi NU‡j †h †Kvb msL¨v‡K
GKevi we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY-1 t wb‡gœ 50wU ivwk wewkó Z_¨wek¦ †_‡K ˆè msL¨v mviwYi mvnv‡h¨ 5wU ivwk wewkó GKwU bgybv
wbe©vPb Kiæb|
18 33 25 27 30 31 33 26 28 29
20 26 28 33 37 22 39 32 33 52
32 34 32 9 38 29 25 49 30 27
26 23 36 38 27 32 34 23 34 29
34 38 25 40 58 29 36 27 34 31

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
mgvavb:
GLv‡b Z_¨we‡k¦i GK‡Ki msL¨v N=50<100| G‡ÿ‡Î GKK¸‡jv wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ msL¨v¸‡jv
h_vµ‡g n‡e 01, 02, 03, .......... 50|
bgybv wbe©vPb Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv GKwU ˆè msL¨v mviwYi †h †Kvb c„ôv Ges †h †Kvb mvwi A_ev Kjvg
we‡ePbv Ki‡Z cvwi| aiv hvK, ˆè msL¨v mviwYi †Kvb c„ôvi GKwU mvwi wbgœiƒc| 0357, 5276,
3999, 0261, 9256, 5728, 0032 GLv‡b `yB msL¨v wewkó msL¨v (AvovAvwofv‡e) h_vµ‡g 03, 57,
52, 76, 39, 99, 02, 61, 92, 56, 57, 28, 00, 32|
N=50 nIqvq 50 Gi Dc‡ii msL¨v¸‡jv we‡ewPZ n‡e bv| AZGe, bgybv‡Z 5wU msL¨v nj 03, 39,
02, 28 I 32| D`vni‡Y GB 5wU GK‡Ki gvb nj h_vµ‡g- 25, 34, 33, 49 I 23|
mvims‡ÿc
Z_¨ msMÖn, Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb, Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi cÖwZ †ÿ‡ÎB ÎæwU n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z
bgybvqb c×wZ I Abgybvqb c×wZ †h †Kvb c×wZ bgybvqb wePz¨wZ n‡j Zv‡K Avgiv bgybvq I
Abgybvqb ÎæwU eje| mwVKfv‡e bgybvqb c×wZ eënv‡i I AwfÁ I `ÿ Z_¨ msMÖnKvix wb‡qvM
Ki‡j Gme `~i Kiv mnR|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| Z_¨we‡k¦i AvKvi †QvU n‡j †Kvb Rixc eënvi Kiv evÃbxq|
K. bgybv Rixc L. ïgvix Rixc
M. mij bgybvqb N. ¯ÍwiZ bgybvqb
2| bgybvqb mvaviYZ Kq ai‡bi
K. 5 L. 2
M. 4 N. 6

3| Z_¨wek¦ Amxg n‡j bgybv Rixc c×wZ‡Z bgybvqb Rixc Kiv DwPZ|
4| Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ `ÿ Z_¨ msMÖnKvix wb‡qv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|

5| c×wZ mwVK bv n‡j bgybvqb fyj Z_¨ w`‡Z cv‡i|
6| Z_¨wek¦ n‡j bgybv Rixc c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv DwPZ|
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
7| AwfÁ I `ÿ Rbej wb‡qvM Ki‡j K) Z_¨ wePz¨wZ nq bv|
8| mwVK bgybv c×wZ wbe©vPb K‡i Z_¨ msMÖn L) bgybvqb ÎæwU N‡U|
9| bgybvqb RwbZ ÎæwUi Kvi‡YB gyjZ M) wbfy©j nq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-8.5 bgybvqb web¨vm (Sampling Distribution)
f~wgKv
wkí I eëmv †ÿ‡Î bgybv m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbv I wm×všÍ MÖnY e¨vcKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| bgybv n‡Z
Z_¨we‡k¦i wewfbœ civgvb wbiƒcb Kiv nq wewfbœ bgybvR Z_¨Rgv‡bi wfwË‡Z| ZvB bgybvR Z_¨RgvbI
wfbœ nq| Z‡e me bgybvqb web¨v‡mi GKwU mvaviY Abygvb mZ¨ wnmv‡e a‡i †bIqv nq| mZ¨wU nj bgybv
Z_¨ cwiwgZ web¨vm n‡Z ˆè c×wZ‡Z †bIqv n‡e| eZ©gv‡b cv‡V wewfbœ bgybvqb web¨vm wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
Kiv nj|
D‡Ïk¨
bgybvqb web¨v‡mi msÁv
wewfbœ ai‡bi bgybvqb web¨vm
bgybvqb web¨vm:
‰è PwqZ bgybvi Mo I †f`v‡¼i †Kvb dvskb‡K bgybvR Z_¨Rgvb e‡j| Z_¨Rgv‡bi
web¨vm‡K bgybvqb web¨vm e‡j| A_©vr bgybv Mo¸‡jv A_ev bgybv †f`v¼ ¸‡jvi web¨vm‡K
bgybvqb web¨vm e‡j|
aiv hvK, Z_¨we‡k¦i AvKvi N| D³ N AvKvi †_‡K n AvKv‡ii †gvU N C bgybv †bIqv hvq| cÖwZ bgybv
n
Mo cvIqv hvq, y i Ges bgybv †f`v¼ cvIqv hvq Si; i=1,2 ....... N C ev G ¸‡jvi †Kvb dvskb| GLv‡b
n
y i ev Si ev Zv‡ì †Kvb dvskb n‡j Zv‡K ejv nq bgybvR Z_¨Rgvb (Sample Statistic)| GB Z_¨R
2
gv‡bi web¨vm‡K bgybvqb web¨vm e‡j (Sampling distribution) e‡j|

¸iæZ¡c~Y© K‡qKwU bgybvqb web¨vm wb‡gœ †Ìqv njÑ
• t- web¨vm
• χ2 web¨vm
• F web¨vm
• t- web¨vm: hw` †Kvb bgybvi Z_¨ gvb yi, y2, ....... yn nq Ges hw` G¸‡jvi web¨vm cwiwgZ nq hvi
Mo µ Ges †f`v¼ σ2 nq A_©vr N(µ,σ2) nq, Zv n‡j N(µ,σ2) n‡Z ˆè c×wZ‡Z Ab‡cÿfv‡e
bgybv¸‡jv wba©viY Kiv n‡j bgybvR Z_¨ gvb:
yi − y
t= ~ t − web¨vm hvi ¯^vaxbZvi gvÎv (n-1)
s/ n
1 n 1 n
GLv‡b y = ∑ y i Ges s 2
= ∑ (y i − y ) 2
n i =1 n − 1 i =1
t- web¨vm me©cÖ_g D™¢veb K‡i W.S gosset (1908) Student QÙbv‡g| ZvB G web¨v‡mi bvg Student
t- web¨vm| t- web¨vm mvaviYZ bgybv msL¨v †QvU ev Kg n‡j eënvi Ki‡Z nq| bgybvq msL¨v eo n‡j

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
A_©vr n→30 n‡j t- web¨vm cwiwgZ web¨v‡m iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| t- web¨vm cÖwZmg web¨vm| G web¨v‡mi
6
β1=o Ges β2= 3 + ; γ > 4 t- web¨v‡mi wPÎwU †`Lyb:
γ −4
wPÎt t- web¨vm
χ2 web¨vm: 1975 mv‡j Helmeart me©cÖ_g G web¨v‡mi D™¢veb K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z 1900 mv‡j k-
pearson Ab‡cÿfv‡e Avevi G web¨vm D™¢veb K‡ib| χ2- web¨v‡mi Z_¨R gvb-
(n − 1)s 2 2
χ2 = ~χ - web¨vm hvi ¯^vaxbZvi gvÎv v;v=n-1|
σ2
GLv‡b y1, y2 ..... yn n‡j N(µ,σ2) n‡Z Ab‡cÿfv‡e cÖvß n AvKv‡ii bgybv Z_¨ gvbmg~n| χ2- web¨vm
†Kvb civgv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj bq| G web¨v‡mi Mo n Ges †f`v¼ 2n. χ2 web¨vm GKwU ew¼g web¨vm|
¯^vaxbZvi gvÎv e„w× Ki‡j cÖwZmg web¨v‡m iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|
χ2- web¨v‡mi wPÎwU †`Lyb
wPÎt χ2- web¨vm
F- web¨vm: F- web¨vm‡K †f`v¼ AbycvZ web¨vm ejv nq| F- web¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î bgybvR Z_¨Rgvb
s12
F= 2 ~ F ; web¨vm hvi ¯^vaxbZvi gvÎv (n1-1), (n2-1)
s2
GLv‡b,
1  n1 
2
s =
2
1 (
∑ y 1i − yi
n 1 − 1  i =1
)


weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
1  n2 
2
s =
2
2 ( )
∑ y 2 i − y 2 
n 2 − 1  i =1 
1 n1
y 1 = ∑ y1i/n 1
n i =1
1 n2
y2 = ∑ y 2i/n 2
n i =1
y11 y12 .......... y1n1 Ab‡cÿfv‡e N(µ1,σ2) Ges y21 y22 .......... y2n2 Ab‡cÿfA‡e N(µ2,σ2) n‡Z
wba©viY Kiv bgybv DcvË|
λ2
F- web¨vm civgvb Ab‡cÿ web¨vm| G web¨v‡mi Mo= , γ2 > 2
γ2 − 2
2γ 2 (λλ + γ2 − 2)
†f`v¼= , γ2 > 8, γ2 > 2
γ1(γ1 − 2)(γ) − 8)
γ 1 Ges γ 2 e„w× †c‡Z _vK‡j F- web¨vm cwiwgZ web¨v‡mi w`‡K avwbZ nq| F- web¨v‡mi wPÎwU †`Lyb:
wPÎ F- web¨vm
mvims‡ÿc
bgybvqb web¨vm eëmv wkÿvq eûj eëüZ nq| bgybvqb web¨v‡mi AšÍf~©³ web¨vm¸wj nj t- web¨vm
χ2- web¨vm I F- web¨vm| m¤¢vebv hvPvB‡q Gme web¨v‡mi mvn‡h¨ †bIqv nq|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| t- web¨vm D™¢veb K‡ib
K. Fisher L. W.S. Gosset
M. Dunkun N. G.M Shahe
2| χ2- web¨vm‡K D™¢veb K‡ib-
K. Dunken L. W.S gossetf
M. Helmart N. B.K. Sinha
3| F- web¨v‡mi Mo-
γ2 γ1
K. , γ2 > 2 L.
γ2 - 2 γ2 − 2
γ1
M. γ2 N. , γ1 > 2
γ1 − 2

4| 1975 mv‡j Gosset χ2- web¨vm D™¢veb K‡ib|
5| F- web¨vvm‡K †f`v¼ AbycvZ web¨vm e‡j|
6| χ2- web¨v‡mi Mo n|

7| F- web¨vm‡K web¨vm ejv nq|
8| W.S Gosset Gi QÙbvg wQj |
9| t- web¨vm web¨vm|
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
10| χ2- web¨v‡mi †f`v¼ K) cwiwgZ web¨v‡m cwibZ nq|
11| γ1 I γ2 e„w× †c‡j F- web¨vm L) B 2 = 3 +
6
,γ > 4
12| t- web¨v‡mi B1=o Ges γ−4
M) 2n

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-8
1| bgybvq‡bi msÁv wjLyb| ïgvix Rixc I bgybv Rix‡ci cv_©K¨ wjLyb|

2| ‰è bgybvq‡bi msÁv wjLyb| mij ˆè bgybvqb Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3| mij ˆè bgybvqb I D‡Ïk¨g~jK bgybvq‡bi m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4| bgybvqb ÎæwU I Abygbvqb ÎæwUi msÁv wjLyb| wKfv‡e bgybvqb ÎæwU D™¢e nq Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
5| bgybv Rix‡ci msÁv wjLyb| cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡bi wewfbœ avc Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
6| bgybvq‡bi msÁv wjLyb ¯ÍwiZ I avivevwnK bgybvqb c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
7| wUKv wjLyb: χ2- web¨vm, F- web¨vm, t- web¨vm|

BDwbU
evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb
9 (Published Statistics of Bangladesh)
f~wgKv
Z‡_ï Drm ej‡Z cwimsL¨vwbK c×wZmg~n myweb¨¯Ífv‡e cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z_¨ cÖvwßi Dchy³ †ÿÎ‡K eySvq|
Z_¨ cÖvwßi †ÿÎ †h †Kvb wbe©vwPZ ¯’v‡b wewfbœ êwkóï Dci wfwË K‡i wbe©vwPZ Kiv hvq| Z_¨ cÖvwßi
†ÿÎ n‡Z cv‡i miKvix, †emiKvix, M‡elYvg~jK ms¯’v, wek¦we`¨vj‡qi M‡elYvcÎ Z_v cÖKvwkZ
AcÖKvwkZ mKj wi‡cvU©| GQvov Avgiv Z_¨ AbymÜvb K‡i _vwK wkÿv, K…wl, wkí, eëmv evwYR¨, †jvK
msL¨vi Z_¨ BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î| ZvB Z_¨ cÖvwßi †ÿÎmg~n n‡Z cv‡i wewfbœ †`k, GjvKv, ewn:wek¦ BZ¨vw`|
eZ©gvb Aa¨v‡q Avgiv evsjv‡`‡ki †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kwi| evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ Ae¯’vi Z_¨
myweb¨¯Ífv‡e cÖKvwkZ Kiv n‡j Zv‡K ejv hvq evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb| Z_¨ n‡Z cv‡i miKvix ev
AvavmiKvix cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ Z_¨| ZvQvov wek¦we`¨vjq M‡elbv cÖwZôvb, wkí-evwYR¨, K…wl
†ÿ‡Î A_©‰bwZK †cÖÿvcU, evwYwR¨K BZ¨vw` cÖwZôvbI cwimsL¨vbMZ Z_¨ cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K|
D‡Ïk¨
evsjv‡`‡k cwimsL¨vb Z‡_ï Drm;
cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi †kªYx wefvM;
Rwic I Av`g ïgvixi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨;
DrKl©Zv I DrKl©Zv weKv‡ki KwZcq mycvwik;
evsjv‡`‡ki me©‡kl Av`g ïgvix|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-9.1 evsjv‡`‡k cwimsL¨vb Z‡_ï Drm (Source of Published statistics in

Bangladesh)
f~wgKv
cwimsL¨vb eë¯’vcbvq MwZkxjZv Avbvi Rb¨ 1975 mv‡j evsjv‡`k miKvi Òevsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv
MVb K‡i| G wefvMwU cwimsL¨v‡bi wewfbœ Kvh© †hgb- Z_¨vw` msMÖn I cÖKvk K‡i| ZvQvov RvZxq
ch©v‡q cwimsL¨vbMZ M‡elYv, bxwZ cÖYq‡bi I Dbœq‡bi wbwg‡Ë 1977 mv‡j miKvi A_© I cwiKíbv
gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b RvZxq cwimsL¨vb KvDwÝj MVb K‡i| GQvov evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii wewfbœ `ßi I
gš¿Yvjq miKvix wewfbœ Z_¨ cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| eZ©gvb cv‡V Avgiv cwimsL¨vb Z‡_ï Drm I wewfbœ
miKvix Kvh©µg, cÖKvwkZ wi‡cvU© c×wZ BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|
D‡Ïk¨
cwimsL¨vb Z‡_ï Drm;
cwimsL¨vbMZ Z_¨ wKfv‡e cÖKvwkZ nq;
gva¨wgK Z_¨ I cÖv_wgK Z_¨ m¤ú‡K©|
evsjv‡`‡k cwimsL¨vb Z‡_ï Drm: evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ Ae¯’vi w`‡K jÿ¨ †i‡L M‡elYv
cÖwZôvb ev miKvix DbœqY Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ †h me miKvix cÖwZôvb ZrmsjMœ cwimsL¨vwbK
Z_¨vw` msKjb I cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K †mB me cÖwZôvbB evsjv‡`‡ki cwimsL¨vwbK Z‡_ï Drm
wnmv‡e a‡i †bqv hvq|
cwimsL¨vb Z‡_ï Drm cÖavbZ `yÕwU
K) miKvix cwimsL¨vb I
L) †emiKvix cwimsL¨vb|
mivKvix cwimsL¨vb t evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii c‡ÿ †hme `ßi ev gš¿Yvjq cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ msMÖn I cÖKvk
K‡i †mB me cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb nj miKvix cwimsL¨vb| Zv‡ì g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU `ßi I
gš¿Yvj‡qi bvg wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
i) evsjv‡`‡ki cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv
ii) K…wl `ßi
iii) A_© I cwiKíYv gš¿Yvjq
iv) wkÿv `ßi
v) ¯^v¯’¨ I cwievi cwiKíYv `ßi
vi) evsjv‡`k e¨vsK
vii) wkí I evwYR¨ `ßi
viii) †hvMv‡hvM `ßi
ix) cÖwZiÿv `ßi
x) kªg I Rbkw³ gš¿Yvjq
xi) cwiKíYv Kwgkb
cwimsL¨vwbK DcµwgKv c„ôv: 194

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
evsjv‡`‡ki cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv

evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi 1975 mv‡j Òevsjv‡`‡ki cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivÓ bv‡g GKwU ms¯’v MVb K‡i hvi g~j
D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q miKvix cwimsL¨vb Kvh©¨µg ev¯Íevqb| GwU A_© I cwiKíYv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b GKwU c„_K
wefvM wnmv‡e cwimsL¨vbMZ Z_¨vejx msMÖn I cÖKvk K‡i| GQvov: Av`gïgvix, K…wl ïgvix, RvZxq Avq,
g~j¨ eë¯’vi wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK M‡elbv cwiPvjbv K‡i| wewfbœ wel‡qi gvwmK ey‡jwUbmn evwl©K WvB‡R÷
I cÖKvk K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki miKvix cwimsL¨vb eë¯’v evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨bv ey¨‡ivi nv‡Z †K›`ªxf~Z|
evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivi cÖkvmwbK web¨vmwU wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii gvbbxq ivóªcwZ
A_© I cwiKíbv `ß‡ii

RvZxq cwimsL¨vb
gwš¿ I RvZxq cwimsL¨vb
KvDwÝj
KvDwÝ‡ji †Pqvig¨vb
mwPe, cwimsL¨vb wefvM I

gnv-cwiPvjK evsjv‡`k
cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv
cwiPvjK cwiPvjK cwiPvjK cwiPvjK cwiPvjK

RbmsL¨v I RbweÁvb K…wl cwimsL¨vb wkí, evwYR¨, kªg M‡elYv, cÖwk¶Y, bgybv Rwic Kw¤úDUvi I cÖKvkbv
cwimsL¨vb
hyM¥ cwiPvjK hyM¥ cwiPvjK hyM¥ hyM¥ cwiPvjK hyM¥ cwiPvjK hyM¥ cwiPvjK
RbmsL¨v I RbweÁvb cwiPvjK Kw¤úDUvi cÖKvkbv
†Rjv cwimsL¨vb
Kvh©vjq
_vbv cwimsL¨vb
Kvh©vjq
wPÎ: cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivi Kvh©µg
ii) K…wl `ßi: K…wlRvZ c‡Yï Drcv`b, g~j¨, evRviRvZKiY BZ¨vw` wel‡qi Z_¨ msMÖn I cÖKvk K‡i
K…wl `ßi| G Qvov K…wl cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv, K…wl ïgvix wefvM, K…wl cwimsL¨vb wefvM, cïcvjb wefvM,
grmcvjb wefvM, eb wefvM, K…wlcb¨ wecbb I Z_¨ †K›`ª, K…wl DbœqY K‡c©v‡ikb, K…wl M‡elYv cwil`
BZ¨vw` cÖwZôvb K…wl welqK Z_¨ msMÖn I cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
iii) A_© I cwiKíYv gš¿Yvjq: evsjv‡`‡ki mvwe©K A_©bxwZ m¤^wjZ Z_¨ †hgb RvZxq Avq, g~j¨gvb,
miKvix A_© eë¯’v, e¨v¼, †kqvi, AvqKi BZ¨vw` Z_¨ msMÖn I cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K|
iv) wkÿv `ßi: wkÿv welqK wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖn I cÖKvk K‡i wkÿv `ßi| ZvQvov wkÿv ey¨‡iv,
we,AvB,wW,Gm, wek¦we`¨vjq gyÄyix Kwgkb, e¨vb‡eBm BZ¨vw` cÖwZôvb I wkÿv welq Z_¨ msMÖn I cÖKvk
K‡i|
v) ¯^v¯’¨ I cwievi cwiKíYv `ßi: ¯^v¯’¨ I RbmsL¨v welq wewfbœ Z_¨ †hgb Rb¥, g„Zz¨, †ivM wPwKrmv
RbmsL¨v wbqš¿b Kvh©µg I Zvi AMÖMwZ BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn I cÖKvk K‡i|
vi) evsjv‡`k e¨vsK: e¨vw¼s kvLvi gy`ªv I A_©msµvšÍ †h †Kvb Z_¨ †hgb, gy`ªvgvb, miKvix Fb, †jb‡`b,
†jb‡`‡bi fvimvg¨, BZ¨vw` wel‡qi evsjv‡`k e¨v¼ Z_¨ msMÖn I cÖKvk K‡i| GQvov M‡elYv kvLv
A_©‰bwZK wbY©vqK mg~‡ni Dci mvßvwnK ey‡jwUb cÖKvk K‡i|
vii) wkí I evwYR¨ `ßi: wkí I evwYR¨ `ß‡ii Aax‡b wkí wefvM, evwYR¨ wefvM, ewn: m¤ú` wefvM,
idZvbx DbœqY ey¨‡iv, Pv †evW© BZ¨vw` wefvM mg~n evwYR¨ msµvšÍ wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖn I cÖKvwkZ K‡i|
viii) †hvMv‡hvM `ßi: †hvMv‡hvM `ß‡ii Aax‡b B.R.T.A; BIWTA: †ijI‡q: wkwcs wefvM BZ¨vw`
†hvMv‡hvM msµvšÍ wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖn I cÖKvk K‡i|
ix) cÖwZiÿv `ßi: cÖwZiÿv evwnbx msµvšÍ wewfbœ Z_¨ cÖKvk K‡i|
x) kªg I Rbkw³ gš¿Yvjq: kªg I Rb kw³ gš¿Yvjq Rbkw³, kªwgK I kªgwelqK wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖn I
cÖKvk K‡i|
xi) cwiKíbv Kwgkb: cwiKíbv Kwgkb A_©bxwZ I A_©eë¯’v msµvšÍ cwimsL¨vb Z_¨ cÖKvkbvi †ÿ‡Î
me©v‡cÿv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| cwiKíbv Kwgkb, evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ evwl©K,
wØevwl©K, cÂevwl©K I Ab¨vb¨ cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i| cwiKíbv Kwgkb cÖavbZ; gva¨wgK Z_¨ we‡kl K‡i
evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv KZ©„K msM„nxZ I cÖKvwkZ Z‡_ï Dci wfwË K‡i cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ges
M‡elYv cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ cwimsL¨vb cÖKvk K‡i|
G Qvov evsjv‡`k wegvb, AvenvIqv wefvM, ch©Ub K‡c©v‡ikb BZ¨vw` wefvM Zv‡ì wefvMxq wewfbœ Z_¨
msMÖn I cÖKvk K‡i| Qvov evsjv‡`‡k Aew¯’Z wewfbœ AvšÍ©RvwZK cÖwZôvb †hgb, Gwkq-cÖkvšÍ gnv mvMixq
A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Kwgkb (ESCAP), K…wl I Lv`¨ ms¯’v (FAO), wek¦-e¨vsK (World Bank),
AvšÍR©vwZK kªg msMVb (ILO), AvšÍ©RvwZK A_© Znwej (IMF), RvwZmsN evwYR¨ ms¯’v (UNCTAD),
UNESCO, RvwZ msN cwi‡ek msiÿY Kg©m~Px (UNEP), RvwZmsN wkï Znwej (UNFPA), Ges wek¦
¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v (WHO)| G Qvov I ê‡`wkK miKvi cwiPvwjZ DbœqY ms¯’v †hgb, USAID, DANIDA,
NORAD cÖf„wZ evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ cÖPzi cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ msMÖn I cÖKvk K‡i|
mvims‡ÿc
cwimsL¨v‡bi g~j Drm nj miKv‡ii wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Ûi wewfbœ cÖKvwkZ Z_¨| evsjv‡`k miKvi 1975
mv‡j evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv bv‡g GKwU ms¯’v MVb K‡i †hLv‡b miKvix cwimsL¨vb Kvh©µg
ev¯Íevqb Ges cÖwZ eQi Z_¨ AvKv‡i cÖKvk K‡i|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
2| evsjv‡`k miKvi Òevsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivÓ MVb K‡ib|
K. 1995 mv‡j L. 1975 mv‡j
M. 2000 mv‡j N. 1965 mv‡j
1| RvZxq cwimsL¨vb KvDwÝj MwVZ nq-
K. 1947 mv‡j L. 1960 mv‡j
M. 1977 mv‡j N. 1990 mv‡j
3| cwims¨Lv‡bi Drm KqwU

K. 3wU L. 2wU
M. 5wU N. 10wU
mZ¨/wg_¨v wbY©q
4| evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivi cÖavb KvR n‡”Q miKvix cwimsL¨vb Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb Ges wi‡cvU©
AvKv‡i cÖvKvk Kiv|
5| K…wlRvZ c‡Yï Z_¨ msMÖn I cÖKvk K‡i K…wl `ßi|
ïb¨¯’vb c~iY:
7| wkÿv welqK wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖn I cÖKvk K‡i |
8| I gš¿Yvjq Rbkw³ kªwgK I kªg welqK wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖn I cÖKvk K‡i|
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
8| UNESCO evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ cÖPzi K) †hvMv‡hvM msµvšÍ wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖn I cÖKvk
9| †hvMv‡hvM `ß‡ii Aax‡b BRTA. K‡i|
10| K…wl M‡elbv cwil` L) K…wl welqK Z_¨ msMÖn I cÖKvk K‡i
M) cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ cÖKvk K‡i

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-9.2 cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi †kªYx wefvM (Classification of published statistics)

f~wgKv
evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb msMÖnKvix msMV‡bi wewfbœ êwkó¨ Abyhvqx KZ¸‡jv †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv
n‡q‡Q| M‡elYvi myweav‡Z© I wewfbœ êwk‡óï we‡køl‡bi myweav‡Z© cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi †kªYx wefvRb
cÖ‡qvRb| eZ©gvb cv‡V cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi †kªYxwefvM m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
D‡Ïk¨
evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi †kªYx wefvM;
†kªYx wefv‡Mi wewfbœ êwkó¨|
cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi †kªYx wefvM

evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb mg~‡ni Drm I msMÖnKvix msMVb I êwkó¨ Abyhvqx mvZwU
†kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| †kªYx¸wj wbgœiƒc:
1| K…wl cwimsL¨vb (Agricultural Statistics)
2| g~j¨ cwimsL¨vb (Price Statistics)
3| RbmsL¨v cwimsL¨vb (Demography)
4| evwYR¨ cwimsL¨vb (Business Statistics)
5| wkí cwimsL¨vb (Industrial Statistics)
6| wkÿv I mvgvwRK cwimsL¨vb (Educational and social statistics)
1| K…wl cwimsL¨vb: K…wl evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© LvZ| K…wl cwimsL¨vb, K…wl msµvšÍ
wewfbœ welq we‡kl K‡i K…wl m¤ú`, cï m¤ú`, ebR m¤ú`, grm m¤ú`, mvi, †mP BZ¨vw` wel‡qi
cwimsL¨vwbK Z_ëjx cÖ`vb K‡i| K…wl cwimsL¨vb, K…wl ey‡jwUb, cwimsL¨vb el©cÄx, K…wl el©cÄx
cÖKvwkZ æStatistical year book” I Ab¨vb¨ mgRvZxq cÖKvkbv cÖKvk K‡i| we‡klfv‡e FAO, WFP,
ESCAP cÖf„wZ ms¯’vmg~‡ni cÖKvkbvq AšÍf©y³ _v‡K| cwimsL¨v‡bi ¸bMZ gv‡bi I DrKl©Zv hvPvB‡qi
†ek wKQy mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q| ZvB cwimsL¨v‡bi h_v_©Zv I mwVKZvi e¨vcv‡i m‡›`n †`Lv †`q|
g~j¨ cwimsL¨vb: g~j¨ cwimsL¨vb ej‡Z Avgiv †`kxq gy`ªvi cb¨ wewbgq nvi ev cY¨ g~j¨ msµvšÍ
Z_¨vw`‡K eywS| `yÕai‡Yi g~j¨ cwimsL¨vb i‡q‡Q|
1| LyPiv g~j¨ cwimsL¨vb: Rxeb hvÎvi e¨‡qi cwieZ©b wb‡`©k K‡i|
2| cvBKvix g~j¨ cwimsL¨vb: `ªe¨g~jï MwZkxjZv wb‡`©k K‡i|
evsjv‡`‡k g~j¨ UvKvi Øviv wba©vwiZ Kiv nq| evsjv‡`k e¨vsK g~j¨ cwimsL¨vb ey‡jwUb cÖKvk K‡i|
GQvov g~j¨ msµvšÍ cwimsL¨vb evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv Ges wecbb wefvM cÖKvk K‡i|
evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ g~j¨ cwimsL¨v‡bi cwigvbMZ w`K ch©vß bq| we‡kl K‡i cvBKvix I LyPiv g~‡jï
cwimsL¨vb †gv‡UB m‡šÍvlRbK bq|
Avw_©K cwimsL¨vb: cwimsL¨vb nj, A_© I cwiKíbv gš¿Yvj‡qi ev‡RU Ges evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki Avw_©K
cÖKvwkZ †bvU mg~n| RvZxq Avq wewbgq nvi, gy`ªvi gvb, gy`ªvi wnmve, Avq Ki, my‡ì nvi, gy`ªvi cwigvb,
e¨vsKmg~‡ni Avw_©K wnmve †UªRvix wej miKvix wewfbœ Lv‡Zi Avq-e¨vq, exgv msµvšÍ Z_¨ BZ¨vw` Avw_©K
cwimsL¨v‡bi AšÍM©Z| G Qvov A_© Rwic wi‡cvU©, Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸wji Kvh©µg msµvšÍ cÖKvkbv Ges

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
evsjv‡`‡k AvMZ ewn:m¤ú‡ì wnmveI A_© cwimsL¨v‡bi AšÍ©f~³| evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivi cÖKvkbv
mg~‡ni †gvU RvZxq e¨q Ges †RjvwfwËK K…wl †ÿ‡Î ms‡hvwRZ Dc‡hvM A_© cwimsL¨v‡b we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e
AšÍf~©³ _v‡K|
RbmsL¨v cwimsL¨vb: RbmsL¨v msµvšÍ mKj Z_¨ †hgb †jvKmsL¨v, Rb¥, g„Zz¨, Rb¥ nvi, g„Zz¨ nvi,
RbmsL¨v e›Ub eë¯’v BZ¨vw` RbmsL¨v cwimsL¨v‡b AšÍf©~³| evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv RbmsL¨vi
hveZxq Z_¨ cÖKvk K‡i| †hgb 1974 I 1981 mv‡ji Av`g ïgvwii wi‡cvU© cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| cwievi
cwiKíYv welqK cwimsL¨vb, ¯^v¯’¨ I RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y wefv‡Mi RbmsL¨v cwimsL¨v‡bi Ask wnmv‡e
cwiMwYZ|
evwYR¨ cwimsL¨vb: eëmv-evwYR¨ m¤úwK©Z Z_¨vw` †hgb Avg`vbx ißvbxi wnmvemn Af¨šÍwib LvZ n‡Z
weµq wnmve evwYR¨ cwimsL¨v‡b AšÍ©MZ| RvZxq cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv Avg`vbx idZvbx ey¨‡iv, cvU †evW©, Pv
†evW©, Zzjv †evW© evwYR¨ cwimsL¨vb msMÖn K‡i I cÖKvk K‡i, Statistical ey‡jwUb I evwYR¨ cwimsL¨vb
bv‡g `yÕwU msKjb evsjv‡`k RvZxh cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| GQvov evsjv‡`k e¨vsK
cwimsL¨vb ey‡jwUb I A_©‰bwZK Dc‡`óv cwil‡ì Rwic wi‡c©vU cÖKvk K‡i| Z‡e Af¨šÍixb evwYR¨
cwimsL¨vb cÖKvkbvi e¨vcK D‡`¨vM †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
wkí I kªg cwimsL¨vb: wewfbœ wkí m¤ú‡ì wnmve wbKvk, kªwgK msL¨v, wewb‡qvM, eo-gvSvix-ÿz`ª wk‡íi
msL¨v, gyRywi Drcv`b, ißvbxi wnmve, Kg©ms¯’vb, †eKviZ¡ BZ¨vwì cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ wkí I kªg
cwimsL¨v‡b AšÍ©f~³ evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv Statistical ey‡jwUb I Statistial year book Gi
gva¨‡g cÖKvk K‡i, GQvov kªg WvB‡i±‡iU KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ Òevsjv‡`k †jevi †M‡RUÓ evsjv‡`k †UªW
BDwbqb Kvh©µg, kªwg‡Ki gyRywi BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ AšÍ©f~³ _v‡K| G cwimsL¨vwbK Z‡_¨
AšÍ©f~³ _v‡K †h cwigvb we`y¨r, LwbR m¤ú`, Kg©ms¯’vb †ckv wfwËK RbmsL¨vi Z‡_ï wnmve cvIqv
hvq|
wkÿv I mvgvwRK cwimsL¨vb: wkÿv welqK wewfbœ Z_¨ †hgb: wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi msL¨v, QvÎ/QvÎx msL¨v,
wkÿK msL¨v, wkwÿ‡Zi nvi, Aciva m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ BZ¨vw` wkÿv I mvgvwRK cwimsL¨v‡b AšÍf~©³| wkÿv
cwimsL¨vb wkÿv gš¿Yvjq cÖKvk K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K mvgvwRK cwimsL¨vb ¯îvóª `ßi, cywjk wefvM,
cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv m¤úv`bv I cÖKvk K‡i| G ch©šÍ Av‡jvwPZ cwimsL¨vb Z_¨ mg~‡ni †KvbwUB ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©
bq, ZeyI evsjv‡`‡ki cÖKvwkZ wewfbœ †kªYxi cwimsL¨vb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖv_wgK wPÎ me©mvavi‡Yi wbKU
Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb mg~‡ni Drm, msMVb I êwkó¨ Abymv‡i mvZwU †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q
K…wl, g~j¨, RbmsL¨v, evwYR¨, wkí, kªg I wkÿv|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb‡K KqwU †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq|
K. 5 wU L. 7 wU
M. 10 wU N. 15 wU
2| wb‡Pi †KvbwU AvšÍ©RvwZK cwimsL¨vb cÖKvkbv ms¯’v bq-
K. FAO L. WHO
M. WPF N. Bangladesh Buro of Statistics

3| K…wl cwimsL¨vb K…wl ey‡jwUb, cwimsL¨vb el© cyÄx, K…wl el©cywÄ cÖKvk K‡i|
4| cwimsL¨v‡bi ¸bMZ gv‡bi I DrKl©Zv hvPvB‡qi †ek wKQy mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q|

5| K…wl evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z GKwU |
6| evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl cwimsL¨vb RvwZms‡Ni I cÖKvkbv cÖKvk K‡i|
7| RbmsL¨vi hveZxq Z_¨ cÖKvk K‡i|
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
8| evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ g~j¨ cwimsL¨v‡bi K) RbmsL¨v cwimsL¨v‡b AšÍf~©³
9| RbmsL¨v m¤úwK©Z mKj Z_¨ L) evsjv‡`k †UªW BDwbqb Kvh©µg kªwg‡Ki gyRywi
BZ¨vw` cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ AšÍf~©³ _v‡K
10| kªg WvB‡i±‡iU KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ M) cwimsL¨vbMZ w`K ch©vß bq|
evsjv‡`k †jevi †M‡R‡U|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
cvV-9.3 cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi mxgve×Zv (Limitation of published statistics)

f~wgKv
evsjv‡`‡k cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡Î wb‡qvwRZ cÖwZôvb I c×wZ mg~‡ni wbf©i‡hvM¨Zvi †ÿ‡Î
h‡_ó m‡›`‡ni m„wó n‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i miKvix cwimsL¨vb msMÖ‡ni Kv‡Ri mv‡_ wb‡qvwRZ e¨vw³‡ì
Kv‡R h‡_ô AvšÍwiKZvi Afve i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov Dchy³ `ÿZviI Afve i‡q‡Q|
D‡Ïk¨
cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi mxgve×Zv wK;
wKfv‡e mwVK cwimsL¨vb wbY©q Kiv hvq;
cwimsL¨vb wbY©‡q c×wZMZ †Kvb ÎæwU Av‡Q wK bv|
evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vwbK Z‡_ï Ae¯’v: evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb AwaKvskB

cÖkvmwbK, eëmvi ˆ`bw›`b ¯^vfvweK KvR K‡g©i DcRvZ wnmv‡e msM„nxZ| ZvB miKvix
cwimsL¨v‡bi Z_¨ msMÖn, we‡kølY I cÖKvkbvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ cÖwZôvb I c×wZ mg~‡ni
wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv h_v_©Zv I ch©vßZvi e¨vcv‡i m‡›`‡ni m„wó nq| Z_¨ msMÖnKvix cÖwZôvb mg~‡ni Z_¨ msMÖn
I we‡køl‡bi †h me c×wZ eënvi Kiv nq †m¸wji h_v_© êÁvwbK c×wZ bv n‡j wbf©i‡hvM¨Zvi m¤ú‡K©
m‡›`‡ni AeKvk _v‡K| Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni wecyj e¨vqfv‡ii Kvi‡Y †emiKvix cÖwZôvb mg~n Ges e¨w³ we‡kl
KZ©„K msM„nxZ Z_¨ I cÖKvwkZ Z‡_ï cwigvb LyeB Kg| ZvB miKvix Z‡_ï Dci †ekx wbf©i Ki‡Z
nq| GQvov cÖKvwkZ Z_¨ A‡bK †`wi‡Z cÖKvk cvq weavq D³ Z_¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b A‡bK mgq Kv‡R jv‡M
bv| ZvB DrKl©Zv wePv‡ii †ÿ‡Î Avgiv miKvix AvavmiKvix cÖwZôv‡bi cwimsL¨vb mg~n‡KB wePvi Kwi|
DrKl©Zv e„w×
cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi DrKl© mva‡bi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv I cwimsL¨vb msMÖn I cÖKv‡ki
Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ ev RwoZ cÖwZôvb mg~‡ni Kg©ZrciZv `ÿZv I cÖmviZv e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e| wewfbœ `dZi
ev cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ cwimsL¨vb Kvh©vejxi mgš^q mvab Ki‡Z n‡e| Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni êÁvwbK c×wZi cÖ‡qvM
cwimsL¨v‡bi wewfbœ msÁv I Dnvi c×wZi h_v_©Zv wePvi Kivi Rb¨ AwaK cÖwZôvb I M‡elbv ms¯’v
cÖwZôv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| `ÿ cwimsL¨vbwe` ˆZwii gva¨‡g mwVK Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRb cÖwkÿY| GQvov msM„nxZ Z_¨ we‡kølY wi‡cvU© cÖKvk wejw¤^Z nIqv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡jB
cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi DrKl©Zv e„w× cv‡e|
evsjv‡`k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi mxgve×Zv

evsjv‡`k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi mxgve×Zv wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
1| Z‡_ï weï×Zv I wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv: cwimsL¨vb Z‡_ï weï×Zv I wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zvi gvÎv m¤ú‡K© cÖvqB
cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| †h cÖwZôvb Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i Dnvi Dci wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv _v‡K bv KviY me©Î †`Lv
hvq A`ÿ I AbwfÁ †jvK Øviv Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K †h Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni mgq †ekxifvM †ÿ‡ÎB
m¤¢ve¨ ¯’v‡b bv †h‡qB Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| †mB †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxb n‡Z
nq| Z‡e †Kvb †Kvb miKvix ev ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ cÖwZôvb †hgb; evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv I wek¦we`¨vjq
mswkøó `ÿ Rbmgwó wb‡q †h Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq Zv wbf©i‡hvM¨ I wek¦vm‡hvM¨|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni cÖwZKzjZv: wewfbœ cwimsL¨vb Z_¨ msMÖn I cÖKvkbvi †ÿ‡Î A‡bK cÖwZKzjZv cwijwÿZ
nq| wewfbœ cÖkvmwbK wefvM I cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ myôz mgš^‡qi Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y cÖwZKzjZvi m„wó nq| Z_¨
msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡Î A‰eÁvwbK c×wZi Kvi‡bI cÖwZKzjZvi m„wó nq| wewfbœ wefv‡Mi Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ mgš^q
mvab Ki‡Z cvi‡j Ges `ÿ Rbkw³ M‡o Zzj‡Z cvi‡jB cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi ¸bMZ DrKl©, weï×Zv
I wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv evov‡bv m¤¢e|
Z‡_ï Kvh©‡ÿ‡Îi mxgve×Zv: evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb Z‡_ï Kvh©‡ÿÎ LyeB mxgve×| cÖkvmwbK
Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g Ges cÖkvmwbK cÖ‡qvR‡b †h me Z_¨ msM„nxZ nq †mB me †ÿ‡Î G me RwUjZvi m„wó
nq| †h‡nZz mg¯Í Z_¨ cÖv_wgKfv‡e cÖkvmwbK cÖ‡qvR‡b msM„nxZ nq †m‡nZz G me Z‡_ï Kvh©‡ÿÎ LyeB
mxwgZ| ZvB Z‡_ï Kvh©‡ÿ‡Îi mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y G me Z_¨ cybt we‡køl‡bi Rb¨ Abyc‡hvMx|
‰eÁvwbK c×wZi Afve

Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡Î êÁvwbK c×wZ eënvi Kiv nq bv| êÁvwbK c×wZ m¤ú‡K© cwimsL¨vbwe`‡ì
AÁZv bq eis Z_¨ msMÖnKvix cÖwZôvb mg~‡ni Ae‡njvB gyjZ `vqx| AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq †h
cwimsL¨vb GK‡Ki msÁv wba©viY, †kªYx wefvM, Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni cÖwµqv Ges Ab¨vb¨ cwimsL¨v‡bi cÖwgZ
Ki‡Yi Afve|
Z‡_ï Am¤ú~b© Dc¯’vcb

evsjv‡`‡k AwaKvsk cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb Am¤ú~Y©fv‡e Dc¯’vcY Kiv nq| d‡j cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi
D‡Ïk¨, Zvrch©, Kvh©‡ÿÎ Z_¨ msMÖn Ges m¤úv`bvi eëüZ cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© †Kvb aviYv cvIqv hvq bv|
ZvB wi‡cv‡U© mwbœ‡ewkZ Z‡_ï weï×Zv I wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv hvPvB Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡o| Z‡e wek¦we`¨vjq
mg~n, M‡elbv cÖwZôvb mg~n Øviv cÖKvwkZ wi‡cvU© mg~‡ni ÎæwU Lye Kg †`Lv hvq|
cwimsL¨v‡bi wi‡cvU© cÖKv‡k wej¤^

cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ges weÁvb m¤§Z wm×všÍ MÖn‡bi D‡Ï¨‡k¨ cwimsL¨vb Z_¨ msM„nxZ nq wKš‘ cwimsL¨vb
wi‡cvU© †`wi‡Z cÖKvwkZ nIqvq Dnvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv A_©vr wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi cÖPzi e¨NvZ nq| Z_¨ cÖKvkbvq
wKQy wej¤^ n‡Z cv‡i Z‡e wej‡¤î gvÎv hw` Lye †ekx nq ZLb Zv AZ¨šÍ ÿwZKviK|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb mg~‡ni cÖavb ÎæwU¸wji cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡j Z_¨ msMÖn
I we‡køl‡bi Kv‡R êÁvwbK c×wZi eënvi Ges `ÿ cwimsL¨vbwe` wb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Ki‡Z n‡e| †m
†ÿ‡Î Z_¨ msMÖn I Dc¯’vc‡bi weï×Zv I wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv evo‡e|
mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ AwaKvsk Z_¨gvjv cÖkvmwbK, eëmvi ˆ`bw›`b KvR K‡g©i DcRvZ wnmv‡e
msM„nxZ| ZvB Z‡_ï weï×Zv I wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zvi gvÎv m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq|
cwimsL¨vb wbf©~j nIqv evÃbxq, †m‡ÿ‡Î Z_¨ msMÖn I Dc¯’vc‡bi weï×Zv I wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv evo‡e|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi Øviv msM„nxZ Z_¨ wbf©i‡hvM¨ I wek¦vm‡hvM¨|
K. cwÎKv L. †h †Kvb cÖKvwkZ cyw¯ÍKv
M. evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv N. ey‡jwUb

2| `ÿ Rbkw³ M‡o Zzj‡Z cvi‡j cwimsL¨v‡bi ¸bMZ DrKl©, weï×Zv I wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv evo‡e|
3| cÖKvwkZ Z_¨ †`wi‡Z cÖKvwkZ n‡jI Z_¨ me mgqB Kv‡R jv‡M|

4| †ÿ‡Î êÁvwbK c×wZ eënvi Kiv nq bv|
5| DrKl©Zv wePv‡ii †ÿ‡Î cÖwZôv‡bi cwimsL¨vb mg~n‡K wePvi Kiv nq|
6| cwimsL¨vb I †ÿ‡Î A‡bK cÖwZKzjZv cwijwÿZ nq|
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
7| wbf©yj Z‡_ï Rb¨ miKvix Z‡_ï Dci K) wi‡cvU© cÖKv‡k Ôwej¤^ `~i Ki‡Z n‡e|
8| msM„nxZ Z_¨ we‡kølY L) cwimsL¨vb Z_¨ msM„nxZ nq
9| cwiKíbv cÖYqb I weÁvb m¤§Z wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi M) wbf©i Ki‡Z nq|
D‡Ï‡k¨

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-9.4 evsjv‡`‡ki me©‡kl Av`g ïgvix I Rwic (Last Census and Survey of
Bangladesh)
f~wgKv
Av`g ïgvix ej‡Z †Kvb GKwU †`‡ki ev ¯’v‡bi GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q mKj e¨w³i Avw_©K I mvgvwRK
Z_¨vwì msMÖn, msKjb I cÖKvkbvi mvgMÖxK cÖwµqv eySvq| ïgvixi wewfbœ êwk‡óï g‡a¨ ïay gvÎ
RbmsL¨v msµvšÍ Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni R‡b¨ bgybv Rixc n‡”Q GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c×wZ|
D‡Ïk¨
ïgvixi msÁv wK;
Av`g ïgvixi MYbvi êwkó¨;
ïgvix Z_¨ msMÖn c×wZ;
evsjv‡`‡k 1991 mv‡ji RvZxh ïgvix MYbv c×wZ|
evsjv‡`‡ki me©‡kl Av`g ïgvix I Rwic c×wZ

Av`gïgvix: Av`g ïgvixi AvÿwiK A‡_© RbMY Ges MYbv G `yÕwU k‡ãi mgš^‡q MwVZ|
Av`g ïgvix‡K Gfv‡e ejv hvq- ÒGKwU wbw`©ó mxgvbvhy³ †`‡ki ev GjvKvi mKj gvby‡li
RbZvwË¡K, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK Z_¨ msMÖn, msKjb, cÖKvk I mvRv‡bv m¤úwK©Z mvgwMÖK cÖwµqv|
mnRfv‡e ejv hvq Av`g ïgvix nj wbw`©ó mg‡q GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, †ckvMZ Rb¥ g„Zz¨
hveZxh Z_¨ msMÖn-cÖKvkbvKib c×wZ| Av`g ïgvix Kvh©µg we‡k¦ eZ©gv‡b 10 ermi AšÍi MÖnY Kiv
nq| evsjv‡`k Afy¨`‡qi ermi A_©vr 1971 mv‡ji Av`g ïgvix 1974 mv‡j m¤úv`b Kiv nq Ges
cieZ©x 1981 mv‡j Av`g ïgvix Kvh©µg m¤úv`b Kiv nq|
Av`g ïgvixi MYbvi êwkó¨:

evsjv‡`‡ki Av`g ïgvix nq Kvh©Z c×wZ Abymv‡i| †Kvb †jvK‡K Zvi ¯^vfvweK evm¯’vb wfwËK MYbv
Kiv nq e‡j H MYbv c×wZ nj b¨vq c×wZ| Av`g ïgvix MYbvi êwkó¨ ¸‡jv wb‡gœ †Ìqv nj:
1| Av`g ïgvix MYbv †`‡ki mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i| G Qvov †Kvb RvwZi
wbw`©ó mg‡q RbM‡bi eqm, †ckv, wj½, ¯’vbvšÍi BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© hveZxq Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i|
2| ïgvix Kvh©µg cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i m¤ú‡K© hveZxq Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i|
3| msM„nxZ Z_¨ ch©‡eÿb I we‡kølY †k‡l ïgvix Z_¨ cÖKvk K‡i|
4| Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni ci cwimsL¨vwbKfv‡e hvPvB K‡i ïgvix Z_¨ cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
ïgvix Z_¨ msMÖn c×wZ

ïgvix Kvh©µ‡gi Z_¨ `yÕwU c×wZ‡Z msMÖn Kiv hvq-
1| mivmwi c×wZ: G c×wZ‡Z MYbvKvix e¨w³i mvg‡b mivmwi nvwRi n‡q Zuvi m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn
K‡i|
2| c‡ivÿ c×wZ: G c×wZ‡Z MYbvKvix e¨w³ m¤ú‡K© cÖkœc‡Îi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i| G Qvov ïgvix
Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ cÖK…Z MYbv c×wZ I êa MYbv c×wZ bv‡g `yÕwU c×wZ i‡q‡Q|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
1991 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxh ïgvix MYbv c×wZ: we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki gZ evsjv‡`‡k 10 ermi ci
ci Av`g ïgvix Kvh©µg m¤úbœ Kiv nq| 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi cÖv°v‡j Av`g ïgvix MYbv
m¤¢e nqwb Z‡e 1974 mv‡ji 1jv gv‡P© 1971 mv‡ji ïgvix Kvh© m¤úYœ Kiv nq| Zvi ci 1981 mv‡ji
gvP© gv‡m Ges 1991 mv‡ji 12-15 B gvP© evsjv‡`‡k Av`g ïgvix Kvh©µg m¤úv`b Kiv nq| 2001
mv‡j me©‡kl Av`g ïgvix Kiv nq hvi we¯ÍvwiZ wi‡cvU© GLbI †ei nqwb| †K›`ªxq I we‡K›`ªxq ch©v‡q
cwiKíbv cÖYqb I ev¯Íevq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ fvÛvi ˆZwi KivB wQj ïgvixi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨| 1991
mv‡ji ïgvix wZbwU ch©v‡q AbywôZ nq-
1g ch©v‡q: cÖavb ïgvix OMR cÖkœ cÎ eënvi K‡i †`‡ki mKj RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK Z_¨vw` msMÖn Kiv|
2q ch©v‡q: bgybv Rix‡ci gva¨‡g cÖavb ïgvixi Kfv‡iR I RbM‡Yi gvb hvPvB Kiv|
3q ch©v‡q: bgybv Rix‡ci gva¨‡g evQvBK…Z GjvKvi we¯ÍvwiZ Av_© mvgvwRK Z_¨vw` msMÖn Kiv ïgvix
n‡Z cybive„wË‡Z I wePz¨wZ wbqš¿‡bi Rb¨ 1987 mvj †_‡K ïgvixi c~e©bvMv` mviv †`‡k gv‡ci gva¨‡g
208538 wU MYbv GjvKv Ges 39,712 wU mycvifvBR GjvKvq fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖkœ cÎ I wKQy ev¯Íe
wel‡q mycvwik cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ Z_¨ eënviKvix I we‡klÁM‡Yi mgš^‡q GKwU KwgwU MVb Kiv nq|
cÖkœc‡Îi Dchy³Zv I mwbœ‡ek I DËi `vZv‡ì cÖwZwµqv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ wcÖ-†Uó AbywôZ nq| ïgvix
mwVKfv‡e m¤úbœ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ GKwU cvBjU ïgvixI AbywôZ nq| ïgvixi Kv‡R ¯’vbxq miKvi I
RbM‡Yi mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q ïgvix KwgwU Kiv nq I ¯’vbxq wkwÿZ hyeK‡ì
MYbvKvix I mycvifvBRvi wb‡qvM Kiv nq| RbMY‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ †`‡ki wewfbœ gva¨g eënvi
Kiv nq| wbqgZvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z ïgvix Z_¨ cÖwµqv Ki‡Yi myweav‡_© G.D †KvW c×wZ bevqb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
h_vh_ ïgvix wi‡cvU© cÖYq‡bi myweav‡_© OMR I Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³i eë¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mvims‡ÿc
Av`g ïgvix ej‡Z †Kvb GKwU †`‡ki ev ¯’v‡bi GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q mKj e¨w³i Avw_©K I mvgvwRK
Z_¨vwì msMÖn‡K eySvq| ïgvixi wewfbœ êwk‡óï g‡a¨ bgybv Rwic GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c×wZ|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g KZ mv‡j Av`g ïgvixi KvR m¤úv`b Kiv nq
K. 1970 mv‡j L. 1974 mv‡j
M. 1976 mv‡j N. 1980 mv‡j

3| ïgvix Kvh©µg cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i m¤ú‡ì hveZxq Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni D‡`¨vM †bq|
4| cÖavb ïgvix OMR cÖkœ cÎ eënvi K‡i †`‡ki mKj RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK Z_¨vw` msMÖn K‡i|

5| Av`g ïgvixi A_© Ges G `yBwU kã mgš^‡q MwVZ|
6| Av`g ïgvix MYbv †`‡ki , , m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
evK¨/kã wgjv‡bv
7| bgybv Rix‡ci gva¨‡g Av`g ïgvix K) myweav‡_© G.D †KvW c×wZ bevqb Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
8| wbqgZvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z ïgvix Z_¨ cÖwµqv Ki‡bi L) ïaygvÎ GKwU Ask ch©‡eÿb K‡i|
9| bgybv Rwi‡c mgMÖ‡Ki mg¯Í GKK ch©‡eÿb bv M) Kfv‡iR I RbM‡Yi gvb hvPvB K‡i|
K‡i
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-9
1| evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb Z‡_ï Drm¸wj wjLyb|

2| evsjv‡`k Òcwims¨Lvb ey¨‡iviÓ Kvh©µg¸wj wjLyb|
3| cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi †kªYx wefvMmn Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4| evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ Z‡_ï DrKl©Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb Ges DbœwZ K‡í mycvwik Kiæb|
5| Av`g ïgvixi msÁv wjLyb| Av`g ïgvwii MYbvi êwkó¨mn Z_¨ msMÖn c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
6| ïgvix I bgybv Rix‡ci g‡a¨ cv_©L¨¸wj wjLyb|

eëmvq cwimsL¨vb
mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
Avn‡g`, k: AvaywbK cwimsL¨vb|
f~Tv, †K.wm. I gwZb, Gg.G: †gŠwjK cwimsL¨vb, mvwnZ¨ cÖKvkbx|
‡Kke P›`ª f~uTv; bgybvqb c×wZ Ges Gi cÖ‡qvM (1, 2) evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1995
‡Kke P›`ª f~uTv; wbf©iY we‡kølb evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv|
wgqv, g. Av. I wgqvb, g. Av. : cwimsL¨vb cwiwPwZ| AvBwWqvj jvB‡eªix, XvKv-1985|
wU. GBP IbvKU, Av:†R, I bvKU; cwimsL¨vb cwiwPwZ
Abyev`K: gwZDi ingvb evsjv GKv‡Wgx XvKv 1989|
ivRKzgvi †mb; msL¨vZË¡ cwðge½ ivR¨ cy¯ÍK cl©` 1986
Bailey, Ti J.: Statistical Methods in Biology (3rd E.D) Cambridge University press.
Bhat. B.R.: Modern Probability Theory. 1981.
Brunk, H.: An Introduction to Mathematical Statistics. Girnl Co., Boston 1980.
Chow, Y.S.: Probability Theory, 1979.
Cochran, M.G. & Cox, M.G.: Experimental Design, New Youk, Wiley (1957).
Carmer, H.: Mathematical Methods of Statistics, Princhton University press.
Vikas publishing house pvt Itd 1973.
Eason, G.: Mathemitics and Statistics for Bio-Science, 1980.
Euglewood Cliff N.J.: General Statistics, Prentice-Hall Inc. 1967.
Fisher, r.A.: Statistical Methods, Experimental Design and Scientific inference, Oxford
University Press (1990).
Coulden, C.H.: Methods of Statistical Analysis, Modern Asia Edition John Wiley and
Sons. Inc. 1952.
Gupta, S.C. & Kapooer, V.K.: Fundamcatals of Mathematical Statistics. Sultan Chand
and Sons, Delhi, India.
Gupta, S.C: Statistical Methods Sultan Chand and Sons, Delhi, India.
Guilford, J.P. & Fruchter, B.: Fundamental Statistics in Psychology and Education, New
York, McGraw-Hill (1973).
Harnett, D.L.: Introductory Statistical Analysis 2nd edition 1980.
Horton, R.L.: The General Linear Model, New York, McGraw, Hill, International (1978).
Kendall, M.G and Stuart, A. The Advanced Theory of Statisties, Vol. 1, 2 and 3 charles,
Griffin and Co. Ltd.
Mood, A.M and Graybill, F.A: An Introduction to the Theory of Statistics. McGrow-Hill
Bood Com. 2nd edition, 1963.
Mostafa, M. G.: Methods of Statistics.
Peers, S.I.: Statistical Analysis for Educational and Psychology Researcher. The Falmer
press, London.
Williams, E.J.: Regression Analysis, Jhon Wiley and sons Inc. 1954.
Winner, B.J.: Statistical Principles in Experimental Desing (2nd E.D.), New York,
McGraw Hill (1971).
C.B Gupta, Gupta; An Introduction to statistical Methods.

Business Statistics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Business Statistics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

e¨emvq cwimsL¨vb

†Kvm© †KvW© : BBS 3503

e¨v‡Pji Ae weR‡bm ÷¨vwWR †cÖvMÖvg

evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

e¨v‡Pji Ae weR‡bm ÷¨vwWR †cÖvMÖvg

W. †gvt bvwmiæj Bmjvg

Av.m.g. wicb iDd

evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cÖKvk Kvj t A‡±vei 2009

 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-2: Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY I Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb ------------------------------------------------- 17

BDwbU-3: †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc ---------------------------------------------------------- 39

BDwbU-4: we¯Ívi cwigvc -------------------------------------------------------------------- 63

BDwbU-5: ms‡kølY I wbf©iY ---------------------------------------------------------------- 93

BDwbU-7: m~PK msL¨v -------------------------------------------------------------------- 145

BDwbU-8: bgybv c×wZ I bgybv Rwic ------------------------------------------------------- 173

BDwbU-9: evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb --------------------------------------------------- 193

cvV-1.1 cwimsL¨v‡bi aviYv

cwimsL¨vwbK DcµwgKv c„ôv : 2

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 1.1

ïY¨¯’vb c~iY Kiæb

mZ¨/wg_¨v wbY©q Kiæb

cwimsL¨vwbK DcµwgKv c„ôv : 4

cvV-1.2 cwimsL¨v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ I e¨envi (Importance and use of Statistics)

cwimsL¨vwbK DcµwgKv c„ôv : 6

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 1.2

1| mwVK cwimsL¨vb e¨env‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb-

3| cwimsL¨vb gvbe Rxe‡bi mv‡_ KZUzKz RwoZ|

ïb¨¯’vb c~ib Kiæb

mZ¨/wg_¨v wbY©q Kiæb

cwimsL¨vwbK DcµwgKv c„ôv : 8

cvV-1.3 cwimsL¨vb Z‡_¨i Drm I msMÖn c×wZ

ii) Awew”Qbœ PjK:

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 1.3

cwimsL¨vwbK DcµwgKv c„ôv : 10

ïY¨¯’vb c~iY Kiæb

mZ¨/wg_¨v wbY©q Kiæb

cvV-1.4 cÖkœcÎ ˆZwi KiY (Preparation of Questionnaire)

cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡b mZK©Zv

cwimsL¨vwbK DcµwgKv c„ôv : 12

G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡g †µZv Rwi‡ci D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv wVK Ki‡Z n‡e:

1| Avcbvi wK wUwf Av‡Q? n¨uv bv

Avcbvi ¯^vgx/¯¿x Avcbvi cÖwZôvb

Avcbvi mšÍv‡biv Avcbvi mnKg©x

Avcbvi wcZv/gvZv wUwf wWjvi

3| wUwf wKb‡Z †K ev‡RU wVK K‡i‡Qb? (wUK wPý w`b)

Avcbvi ¯^vgx/¯¿x Ab¨ †KD

4| wUwf †mU †Kv_v †_‡K wKb‡eb G wm×všÍ †K w`‡qwQj?

Avcbvi ¯^vgx/¯¿x Avcbvi cÖwZôvb

Avcbvi †Q‡j/†g‡q Avcbvi mnKg©x

Avcbvi evev/gv Ab¨ †KD

5| wUwf †kviƒg Avcbvi evmv †_‡K wK `~‡i? n¨uv bv

6| wKfv‡e Avcwb †kviƒg m¤ú‡K© †R‡b‡Qb?

wUwf weÁvc‡bi gva¨‡g wm‡bgv KvwUs †`‡L

mvBb‡evW© †_‡K cÖPvi KvM‡Ri gva¨‡g

g¨vMvwRb †_‡K †Kvb e¨w³ gvidZ

cwimsL¨vwbK DcµwgKv c„ôv : 14

Ab¨ †Kvb Dcv‡q

7| wUwf m¤ú‡K© †Kvb gZvgZ _vK‡j ejyb?

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 1.4

ïY¨¯’vb c~iY Kiæb

mZ¨/wg_¨v wbY©q Kiæb

cwimsL¨vwbK DcµwgKv c„ôv : 16

cvV-2.1 †kªwYe×KiY I Gi e¨envi †ÿÎ (Classification and its uses)