Introduction To Management

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BABOSTHAPONA NITY
BBS PROGRAMME
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Rvbyqvwi : 2007, 2015, 2016
GwcÖj : 2017
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18/24/4, ïKjvj `vm †jb,
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BABOSTHAPONA NITY, A 5 credit course book for the BBS Programme. Written by Dr. Md. Arshed Ali
Matubbar , Md. Motaharul Islam. Course Co-ordinator : Md. Motaharul Islam. This book has been
published by the recommendation of two referees who reviewed the book anonymously.
ISBN 984-34-3086-4
cvV wb‡`©kbv
G eBwU e¨v‡Pji Ae weR‡bm ÷vwWR (weweGm) †cÖvMÖv‡gi wkÿv_x©‡ì Rb¨ `~iwkÿ‡Yi Dc‡hvMx K‡i GK
we‡kl c×wZ‡Z †jLv n‡q‡Q| eBwU‡Z h_vm¤¢e mnR mij fvlvq eë¯’vcbv bxwZ welqe¯Íz Dc¯’vcb Kiv
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G eBwU‡Z `kwU BDwbU i‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU BDwbU Avevi K‡qKwU cv‡V wef³| cÖwZwU BDwb‡Ui ïiæ‡Z
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BDwbU GK t eë¯’vcbv cwiwPwZ 1-18
cvV 1 t eëmv‡qi msÁv, cwiwa Ges ¸iæZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ¡ ........................ 2
cvV 2 t eë¯’vcbvi DrcwË I µgweKvk ................................................. 6
cvV 3 t eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©vejx I eë¯’vcbv Pµ ......................................... 11
cvV 4 t eë¯’vcbvi bxwZgvjv .............................................................. 14
cvV 5 t eë¯’vcbvi D‡Ïk¨, `ÿZv, mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ I eë¯’vcbv weÁvb-bv Kjv 17
cvV 6 t eë¯’vcbv cwi‡ek .................................................................. 22
BDwbU `yB t cwiKíbv 27-52

cvV 1 t cwiKíbvi msÁv, cÖK…wZ, ¸iæZ¡ I c`‡ÿcmg~n ............................ 28
cvV 2 t cwiKíbvi cÖKvi‡f`............................................................... 32
cvV 3 t DËg cwiKíbvi êwkó¨mg~n .................................................... 35
cvV 4 t bxwZ, †KŠkj I jwRwó· .......................................................... 37
cvV 5 t wm×všÍ MÖnY Ges cwiKíbv Kvh©KiY............................................ 48
BDwbU wZb t msMVb 53-84

cvV 1 t msMV‡bi msÁv I ¸iæZ¡ .......................................................... 54
cvV 2 t msMV‡bi cÖKvi‡f` ............................................................... 56
cvV 3 t msMVb KvVv‡gv, msMVb PvU© I msMVb bxwZgvjv ............................. 67
cvV 4 t wefvMxKiY, KZ©„Z¡vc©b Ges ZË¡veavb cwiwa ................................. 72
cvV 5 t †K›`ªxqKiY I we‡K›`ªxKiY ....................................................... 79
BDwbU Pvi t ÷vwds 85-92

cvV 1 t ÷vwds Gi msÁv I ¸iæZ¡ ........................................................ 86
cvV 2 t Kgx©msMÖn, wbe©vPb, wb‡qvM I cÖwkÿY ......................................... 88
BDwbU cuvP t wb‡`©kbv 95-102

cvV 1 t wb‡`©kbvi msÁv .................................................................... 94
cvV 2 t civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbv .............................................................. 96
cvV 3 t wb‡`©kbvi bxwZ I c×wZmg~n .................................................... 99
BDwbU Qq t †bZ…Z¡ 103-118

cvV 1 t †bZ…‡Z¡i msÁv I ¸iæZ¡ ............................................................ 104
cvV 2 t †bZ…‡Z¡i ZË¡ ......................................................................... 106
cvV 3 t Kvh©Ki †bZ…‡Z¡ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi f‚wgKv ............................................ 114
cvV 4 t †bZvi ¸Yvejx I †bZ…‡Z¡i Av`k©mg~n .......................................... 116
BDwbU mvZ t †cÖlYv 119-130
cvV 1 t †cÖlYvi msÁv ....................................................................... 120
cvV 2 t Kgx©‡ì †cÖlYv`v‡bi Dcvq ....................................................... 123
cvV 3 t †cÖlYvi ZË¡mg~n ................................................................... 127
BDwbU AvU t mgb¦qmvab 131-136

cvV 1 t mgb¦‡qi msÁv, cÖK…wZ Ges ¸iæZ¡ ............................................... 132
cvV 2 t mgb¦‡qi †KŠkj ev c×wZ Ges c~e©kZ© ........................................ 134
BDwbU bq t wbqš¿Y 137-148

cvV 1 t wbqš¿Y ej‡Z wK eySvq ............................................................ 138
cvV 2 t wbqš¿‡Yi êwkó¨ I ¸iæZ¡ ........................................................ 139
cvV 3 t wbqš¿‡Yi c`‡ÿcmg~n ............................................................ 142
cvV 4 t ev‡RUxq I Aev‡RUxq wbqš¿Y .................................................... 145
BDwbU `k t eë¯’vcbvq AvaywbK c×wZ I cÖhyw³ 149-159

cvV 1 t eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ c×wZ .............................................................. 150
cvV 2 t mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbv............................................................... 153
cvV 3 t B›Uvi‡bU, B-Kgvm©, B-weR‡bm .................................................. 156
bgybv cÖkœ t .........................................................................................................160
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1
eë¯’vcbv cwiwPwZ
(Introduction to Management)
f~wgKv
mgMÖ wek¦ RM‡Zi †h w`‡KB ZvKvBbv †Kb meLv‡bB GBwU my¯’ wbqgbxwZ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| A_©vr m~‡h©i
MwZwewa wKsev c„w_exi AveZ©b hv wKQyB Avgiv †`LwQ Zv wKšÍz m„wó KZ©vi GKwU we‡kl wbqgvejxi g‡a¨B
Pj‡Q| wVK †Zgwb gvbe mf¨Zvi ïiæ n‡Z GLb ch©šÍ mewKQy Pj‡Q GKwU wbqgbxwZi g‡a¨ †_‡KB myZivs
Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, gvbe mf¨Zvi ïiæ †_‡KB eë¯’vcbvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| gvbe mf¨Zvi weKvk
I eë¯’vcbvi Dbœqb ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| mf¨Zvi weKvk jvf I eë¯’vcbvi Dbœqb‡K †hgb wew”Qbœ
fv‡e wPšÍv Kiv hvq bv wVK †Zgwb †Kvb cÖwZôvb myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †h welqwU cÖ_‡gB we‡ePbv
Ki‡Z nq Zv n‡jv eë¯’vcbv| eë¯’vcbv Qvov †Kvb cÖwZôvb, †Kvb eëmvqx ev †Kvb AeëmvqxB Pj‡Z
cv‡i bv| eë¯’vcbv n‡jv †Kvb we‡kl GKwU jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Kvh©vejx‡K cwiPvjbv Kiv|
Kv‡ji weeZ©‡bi avivq eZ©gvb mgv‡Ri e¨w³, cÖwZôvb mKj ch©v‡qB eë¯’vcbv GKwU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb
wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 1 eë¯’vcbvi msÁv, cwiwa Ges ¸iæZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Difinition,

Scope and Importance of Management)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb-
5 eë¯’vcbvi msÁv m¤ú‡K©
5 eë¯’vcbvi cwiwa m¤ú‡K© Ges
5 eë¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K©|
eë¯’vcbvi msÁv (Definition of Management) t

mvaviYfv‡e ejv n‡q _v‡K †h, Ab¨‡ì Øviv Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi cÖwµqvB n‡jv eë¯’vcbv, A_©vr
Management is getting things done through others. wKšÍz eë¯’vcbvi msÁv AviI e¨vcK|
wewfbœ gbxlx G‡K wewfbœfv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| gbxlx‡ì g‡Z eë¯’vcbvi Bs‡iRx 'Management'
kãwU BZvjxq 'Managgiare' ev 'Manage' I 'Manager' kã mg~n n‡Z DrcwË jvf K‡i‡Q|
Managgiare k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q Ak¦ cwiPvjbv Kiv| Z‡e Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b GUv g~jZ gvbe RvwZ‡K
cwiPvjbvi A‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q| c‡ii kã `y'wU A_©vr Manage I Manager Gi A_© n‡jv h_vµ‡g c_
cÖ`k©K I cwiPvjK hvi mv‡_I eë¯’vcbvi h‡_ó wgj i‡q‡Q| eë¯’vcbv‡K wewfbœ Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ Zvi
Aaxb¯’‡ì †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb I c_ cÖ`k©‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq| Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †evSv hv‡”Q †h
eë¯’vcbv‡K GKK_vq cÖKvk Kiv †ek KwVb| ZvB eë¯’vcbvi cÖK…Z Zvrch© I A_© †evSvi Rb¨ wewfbœ
gbxlx KZ©„K cÖ`Ë wKQy msÁv D‡jøL¨ Kiv n‡jvt
†nbix †dq‡ji g‡Z, Òeë¯’vcbv n‡jv c~e©vbygvb, cwiKíbv, msMVb, wb‡`©kb, mgb¦q mvab I wbqš¿Y
Kiv|Ó (To manage is to forcast and plan, to organise, to command, to coordinate
and control).
f¨vÝ Gi g‡Z, Òeë¯’vcbv n‡jv wm×všÍ MÖnY Ges my¯úófv‡e c~e© wba©vwiZ jÿ¨mg~n AR©‡bi wbwg‡Ë gvbe
m¤úvw`Z Kvh©vejxi wbqš¿‡Yi cÖwµqv gvÎ| (Management is simply the process of decision-
making and control over the action of human beings for the express purpose of
attaining predetermined goals).
B. Gd. Gj †eª‡Ki g‡Z, Òeë¯’vcbv n‡”Q `ÿZvi mv‡_ Kvh© m¤úvw`Z n‡”Q wKbv Zv ch©‡eÿY KivÓ
(Management is concern with seeing that the job gets done efficiently)
†Wwf‡m©i g‡Z, Ò†h †Kvb ¯’v‡bi wbe©vnx †bZ…‡Z¡i Kvh©B n‡jv eë¯’vcbv, (Management is the
function of executive leadership any where).
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq †h, c~e© wba©vwiZ jÿ¨ AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ wewfbœ DcKiY Z_v gvbe m¤ú`,
hš¿cvwZ, c×wZ BZ¨vw` Kvg¨ eënvi K‡í Kgx©e„‡›ì †hŠ_ cÖ‡Póvq eëüZ cwiKíbv, msMVb, wb‡`©kbv,
†cÖlYv, mgb¦q I wbqš¿‡Yi my¯úó mvgvwRK cÖwµqv‡K eë¯’vcbv e‡j|
eë¯’vcbvi cwiwa (Scope or fields of Management)
wb‡P wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K eë¯’vcbvi cwiwa eY©bv Kiv nj t
1. e¨w³ I msMV‡bi wfwË‡Z cwiwa
†Kvb D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ GK`j HKë× †jvK †_‡K msMV‡bi Rb¥ nq| gybvdv ev Agyvbvdv wfwËK Dfq
msMV‡bi †ÿ‡ÎB eë¯’vcbv cwie¨ß| wb‡æ Zv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jvt
BDwbU GK c„ôv-2
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
(K) e¨w³ Rxeb t †h‡Kvb e¨w³ Rxe‡bi jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ myôzfv‡e Rxeb‡K Pvjv‡Z ev cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z
nq| G‡ÿ‡Î eë¯’vcKxq Áv‡bi cÖ‡qvM Acwinvh©|
(L) cvwievwiK Rxeb t GKwU cwievi‡K we‡kl K‡i †hŠ_ cwiev‡i M„nKZ©v ev KZx©‡K eë¯’vcbvi
me©Rbxb Kvh©vejx cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|
(M) mvgvwRK msMVb t wewfbœ ai‡bi Kj¨vYgyLx mvgvwRK msMVb †hgb, wkÿv cÖwZôvb, agx©q cÖwZôvb,
K¬ve, mwgwZ, `vZe¨ wPwKrmvjq BZ¨vw` myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ eë¯’vcbvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|
(N) ivóª ev miKvi t †h †Kvb ivóª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ eë¯’vcbvi cÖ‡qvM AZ¨vek¨Kxq welq GRb¨
†cÖwm‡W›U iæR‡fë e‡j‡Qb, Òfvj eë¯’vcbv Qvov GKUv fvj miKvi evwji Dci ˆZix evwoi gZ
(A good Government without good Management is a house built on sand")
(O) eëmvq msMVb t AvaywbK we‡k¦i cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i eëmvq msMVwbK Kv‡h©i cÖwZUv ¯Í‡iB myôz
eë¯’vcbvi cÖ‡qvM Ab¯^xKvh©|
2. Kv‡Ri wfwË‡Z eë¯’vcbvi cwiwa
weL¨vZ eë¯’vcbvwe` wcUvi &Gd. WªvKv‡ii g‡Z, wb‡æv³ wZb ai‡bi KvR eë¯’vcbv m¤úv`b K‡i|
K. cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv
cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvi A_© n‡”P GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq hveZxq Kvh© myôzfv‡e m¤úv`b Kiv| Gi g~j
D‡Ïk¨ n‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ g~‡j¨ cY¨ I †mev cwi‡ekb Kiv Ges m¤¢ve¨ m‡e©v”P gybvdv AR©b Kiv| G j‡ÿ¨
M„nxZ mKj Kvh©B eë¯’vcbvi AšÍf©y³|
L. eë¯’vc‡Ki eë¯’vcbv
cÖwZôv‡bi mvwe©K eë¯’vcKxq Kv‡h© wb‡qvwRZ mKj wbe©vnx ev eë¯’vcK‡ì g‡a¨ mgb¦q mvab I fvimvg¨
iÿv Kiv eë¯’vcbvi KvR| GRb¨ eë¯’vcbv cÖ‡Z¨K wbe©vnxi Rb¨ jÿ¨gvÎv wba©viY, †bZ…Z¡, wb‡`©kbv I
civgk© cÖ`vbmn Zv‡ì Kv‡h©i Z`viK I wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K|
M. kªwgK Kgx© eë¯’vcbv
cÖ‡Z¨K kªwgK-Kgx©‡K GKRb gvbyl I GKwU m¤ú` GB `yB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z nq| ZvB †`Lv
hvq †h, Zv‡ì mv‡_ DuPy ¯Í‡ii eë¯’vcKMY‡K †gvU Kvh©mg‡qi kZKiv 60 n‡Z 80 fvM mgq Avjvc
Av‡jvPbv I †hvMv‡hvM mva‡b e¨q Ki‡Z nq| GQvov Kg©x‡ì wb‡qvM, cÖwkÿY, c‡`vbœwZ, †bZ…Z¡ `vb,
†cÖlYv, Kgx© cwiPvjbv, e`wj, eiLv¯Í, QuvUvB, Aemi MÖnY I wbqš¿‡Yi gZ †gŠwjK Kvh© eë¯’vcbvi
AvIZvaxb|
3. †KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡Mi wfwË‡Z cwiwa

eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi eûgyLx Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi †KŠkj MÖnY Ki‡Z nq, hv
eë¯’vcbvi AvIZvaxb| Giƒc †KŠkj MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Z_¨ msMÖn I we‡kølY, wewfbœ ai‡bi cwjwm, ev‡RU,
Dc‡`óv bxwZ wba©viY, wefvMxq KiY, KwgwU MVb, cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i †K›`ªxq KiY I we‡K›`ªxKiY `vwqZ¡ I
KZ©e¨ e›Ub †bZ…Z¡ I †cÖlYv`vb, cwi`k©b BZ¨vw` Kg©m~Px MÖnY Ki‡Z nq|
4. Kvh©wefv‡Mi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K eë¯’vcbv cwiwa

cÖwZôv‡b myôzfv‡e Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ eë¯’vcbv‡K wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv nq; †hgb- Drcv` eë¯’vcbv,
µq, weµq I wecYb eë¯’vcbv, A_© eë¯’vcbv, Rb-ms‡hvM I kªwgK-Kgx© eë¯’vcbv, Awdm eë¯’vcbv
BZ¨vw`| Gme †ÿ‡ÎB eë¯’vcbv cwie¨ß|
5. ¯Íi‡f‡` eë¯’vcbvi cwiwa

mvgwMÖKfv‡e cÖwZôv‡bi eë¯’vcbv‡K wZbwU ¯Í‡i wef³ Kiv hvq| G wZbwU ¯Í‡ii eë¯’vcK‡ì Kvh©vejxi
BDwbU GK c„ôv-3
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
g‡a¨ wKQyUv wfbœZv _vK‡jI GmeB eë¯’vcbvi mxgvbvi g‡a¨ MY¨ nq|
m‡e©v”P ¯Íi
ga¨g ¯Íi
wb¤œ ¯Íi
(K) m‡e©v”P ¯Íi
mvaviYZ G ¯Í‡i cwiPvjbv cl©`, †Kv¤úvbxi mfvcwZ, mn-mfvcwZ, eë¯’vcbv cwiPvjK I gnv
eë¯’vcKMY wewfbœ ai‡bi eë¯’vcbv Kvh©, †hgb- cwiKíbv cÖYqb, bxwZ (cwjwm) wba©viY, Kg©m~Px MÖnY,
†bZ…Z¡, wb‡`©kbv I Dc‡`k cÖ`vb `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ e›Ub, †cÖlYv `vb, wbqš¿Y BZ¨vw` Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i
_v‡Kb|
(L) ga¨g ¯Íi
G ¯Í‡i wewfbœ wefvM I kvLvi eë¯’vcKMY, wbe©vnx Ges AwdmviMY m‡e©v”P ¯Íi wba©vwiZ hveZxq cwiKíbv,
cwjwm, bxwZ I wb‡`©kbvi Av‡jv‡K wbæ ¯Í‡ii Kgx©‡ì mnvqZvq KvR m¤úv`b K‡ib|
(M) wbæ ¯Íi
G ¯Í‡i †dvig¨vb I mycvifvBRviMY Dc‡ii wb‡`©k Abyhvqx mivmwi kªwgK‡ì KvR Z`viKxi mv‡_ RwoZ
_v‡Kb|
eë¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ (Importance of Management)

wb‡P eë¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiv njt
1. jÿ¨ AR©b t (Achievement of goal)
cÖ‡Z¨K cÖwZôv‡bi GKUv wbw`©ó jÿ¨ ev D‡Ïk¨ _v‡K| GB D‡Ïk¨‡K eë¯’vcbvi wewfbœ Kvh©vejxi mvnv‡h¨
ev¯ÍevwqZ Kiv nq| myZivs eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk ev jÿ¨ AR©‡b eë¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
2. `ÿZv e„w× (Increase of efficiency)

D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi ms‡M ms‡M cÖwkÿYI myôz cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi `ÿZv e„w× Kivi Rb¨ eë¯’vcbvi
¸iæZ¡ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
3. eëmvi DcKiYvwì Dbœqb (Development of Business Components) t

eëmv-evwY‡R¨ QqwU DcKiY i‡q‡Q| h_v- gvbyl, KuvPvgvj, hš¿cvwZ, A_©, c×wZ I wecbY (Man,
Material, Machine, Money, Method & Marketing)| `ÿ eë¯’vcbvi gva¨‡gB GB DcKiYvw` msM„nxZ,
GKwÎZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq|
4. Drcv`‡bi DcKiYvwì myôz eënvi (Proper Utilization of Production factors)

aiæb GKwU cÖwZôv‡b kªwgK Kgx©i msL¨v h‡_ó, g~ja‡biI mgm¨v †bB, DbœZgv‡bi hš¿cvwZ Ges we¯Í„Z
evRviI i‡q‡Q| GLb G¸‡jv mwVK fv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡eb bv hZÿY bv G¸‡jvi †cQ‡b `ÿ eë¯’vcbv
wµqvkxj n‡e| ZvB Drcv`‡bi DcKiY mg~‡ni mwVK eënv‡ii Rb¨ `ÿ eë¯’vcbv cÖ‡qvRb|
5. gvbe I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb (Human & Economic Development)

eë¯’vcbvi mvnv‡h¨ gvby‡li cÖ‡Póv mgwb¦Z nh Ges Kv‡Ri Drmvn cvIqv hv| G‡Z ¯^Ztù‚Z© Kv‡Ri
cwi‡ek m„wó nq hv A_©bxwZi AbyK‚j cwieZ©b mvab n‡e|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-4
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
6. AcPq n«vm (Reduction of Wastage)

eZ©gvbKv‡j eë¯’vcbvi †køvMvb nj, ÔKg Li‡P †ekx Drcv`b|' GR‡b¨ eZ©gvb eë¯’vcbv eë¯’vcK I
kªwgK‡ì Kv‡h©i gvb I `ÿZv e„w× K‡i, Drcv`b ˆkwíK cwi‡ek wbwðZ K‡i Ges mg¯Í DcKiY mg~‡ni
mwVK eënvi wbwðZ K‡i Kvievi cÖwZôv‡bi AcPq n«vm K‡i|
7. k„•Ljv cÖwZôv (Establishment of Discipline)

k„sLjv †h †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi mvgwMÖK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GRb¨ †`Lv hvq †h, eë¯’vcK Zuvi †h
cÖwZôv‡bi ev Gi †Kvb wefv‡Mi mKj Kgx© DcKi‡Yi g‡a¨ mgb¦q mvab I fvimvg¨ ¯’vcb K‡ib Ges
k„sLjv cÖwZôvi Øviv G‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Kvh©Ki eënvi wbwðZ K‡ib|
8. m¤úK© Dbœqb (Development of Relationship)

eë¯’vcbv gvwjK I kªwgK A_©vr cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z mKj c‡ÿi g‡a¨ DËg m¤úK© m„wó I Dbœq‡b
m‡Pó _v‡K| ïay ZvB bq mwVK eë¯’vcbv †µZv ev †fv³v Ges we‡`kx D‡`¨v³v‡ì mv‡_ m¤úK© m„wó K‡i
AvšÍRv©wZK m¤ú‡K©i †ÿ‡ÎI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L|
9. †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb (Leading)

DËg eë¯’vcbv n‡”Q †bZ…‡Z¡i MfxiZv I cÖmviZvi ewntcÖKvk| eë¯’vcbv e¨ZxZ †Kvb gZev`, `jxq
Kvh©vejx Drcv`b e„w×i mnvqK nq bv|
10. Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó (Creation of Employment Opportunity)

`ÿ eë¯’vcbv †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi m¤úªmviY I bZzb bZzb cÖwZôvb Mo‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| ZvB †`Lv hvq,
c„w_exi †h †`k wkí †ÿ‡Î hZ AMÖMwZ jvf K‡i‡Q, †m‡`‡kB ZZ †ekx bZzb bZzb Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM
m„wó n‡q‡Q|
11. M‡elYv I Dbœqb (Research & Development)

weÁvbxiv AK¬všÍ cwikªg K‡i †h Ávb Avwe®‹vi K‡i `ÿ eë¯’vcbvi Kvi‡YB Zv‡K ev¯Í‡e iƒc`vb I Gi
mydj RbM‡Yi Øv‡i †cŠu‡Q †`qv m¤¢e n‡”Q|
12. mvgvwRK Dbœqb (Social Development)

eë¯’vcbv mgv‡R GK`j `ÿ †jvK m„wó K‡i| Gfv‡e wewfbœ wkÿv, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK cÖwZôvb‡K
c„ô‡cvlZv cÖ`vbK‡i mvgvwRK AMÖMwZ‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L|
13. Rxeb hvÎvi gvb Dbœqb (Raising the Living Standard)

gvby‡li gv_vwcQy Avq I †fv‡Mi Dci RxebhÎvi gvb wbf©i K‡i| GRb¨ Kg©ms¯’vb, c‡bvbœwZ, Avw_©K
Dbœqb, myj‡f cY¨ e›Ub, Drcv`b e„w×, Kgg~‡j¨ DbœZ gv‡bi cY¨ mieivn I Zv mnR cÖvwßi eë¯’v K‡i
eë¯’vcbv gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv ivL‡Q|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-5
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 2 eë¯’vcbvi DrcwË I µgweKvk

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
5 eë¯’vcbvi DrcwË I µgweKvk m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
eë¯’vcbvi DrcwË I µgweKvk

eë¯’vcbvi DrcwË I µgweKvk| hwÌ Dbwesk kZvãxi †kl fv‡e eë¯’vcbvi ZË¡ (Management Theory)
I weÁv‡bi D™¢e N‡U Ges eë¯’vcbv mvwn‡Zï me©vwaK Dbœqb mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e mf¨Zvi cÖv_wgK
Ae¯’vqB eë¯’vcbvi DrcwË N‡U| ZvB gvbyl hLb mse× n‡q‡Q, Kv‡Ri Rb¨ A‡bï mnvqZv MÖnY Ki‡Z
ïiæ K‡i‡Q, †ckv Aej¤^b K‡i‡Q, ZLb †_‡KB eë¯’vcbvi µgweeZ©b ïiæ n‡q‡Q| Gici mgv‡Ri
weeZ©b Ges A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi †ÿ‡Î RwUjZv e„w×i d‡j eë¯’vcbvi ixwZbxwZ I Kjv‡KŠk‡ji †ÿ‡Î
cwieZ©b NU‡Z _v‡K| wb‡æ eë¯’vcbvi µgweZ©‡bi BwZnvm Zz‡j aiv njt
cÖvPxb hy‡M eë¯’vcbv (wLª‡÷i R‡b¥i c~e© ch©šÍ) (Management in Ancient Period)
cÖvPxb hy‡M eë¯’vcbv cÖavbZt e¨w³ Z_v †bZ…Z¡ `v‡bi g‡a¨ mxgve× wQj| mf¨Zvi m~Pbv‡ZB wewfbœ †`‡ki
gvbyl eë¯’vcbvi DbœwZ‡Z Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ †g‡mvc‡Uvwgqv, wgmi, Pxb, †ivg, MÖxm, †ewejb,
fviZ cÖf…wZ †`‡k eë¯’vcbvi AMÖMwZi wb`k©b cvIqv hvq|
†g‡mvc‡Uvwgqvq e¨w³ †bZ…Z¡ †_‡K eë¯’vcbvi m~ÎcvZ N‡U| BD‡d«wUm DcZ¨Kvq emwZ ¯’vcbKvix
hvhveiMY K…wlKvR, g„rwkí I e¯¿ wk‡íi Rb¨ Avq-e¨‡qi wnmve ˆZixKiY, bw_ msiÿY, cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb
BZ¨vwì cÖPjb K‡i|
wLªóc~e© 5000-525 Aã ch©šÍ mg‡q wbwg©Z wgm‡ii wcivwgW DbœZ eë¯’vcbvi ¯^vÿi enb Ki‡Q| cÖvPxb
wgmixq ivRvMY we‡K›`ªxKiY, kªg wefvM, †iKW© msiÿY, Dc‡`óv eënvi BZ¨vwì cÖPjb K‡i| G mg‡q
nRiZ gymv (Av) Zuvi Abymvix‡ì †fZi †_‡K mvg_© I †hvM¨ e¨w³‡ì `jcwZ wbe©vPb Ki‡Zb| `jcwZ
wbe©vP‡bi G ixwZ AvRI mgvbfv‡e mgv`„Z|
cvPxb Px‡b jvI-Ry (Lau-Tzu) bvgK GK agx©q †bZv Kgx© wb‡qvM I g~j¨vqb, c‡`vbœwZ, kvw¯Í weavb
BZ¨vwì cÖPjb K‡ib| wLªóc~e© Aóv`k kZvãx‡ZI Px‡bi ivóªxq Kv‡R Dc‡`óv eënvi, kªg wefvM,
cwiKíbv wbqš¿Y BZ¨vwì cÖPjb wQj|
†iv‡gi K¨v_wjK wMR©v cÖ_g AvbyôvwbK msMV‡bi ¯^xK…wZ cvq Ges MxR©vi †cv‡ci †bZ…‡Z¡ Kvh© we‡klvqb,
Kvh©wfwËK msMVb BZ¨vwì cÖPjb N‡U| GQvov cÖvPxb †iv‡gi weKwkZ e¯¿ wk‡íi myôz cwiPvbvi Rb¨ †RvU
I †Kv¤úvbx RvZxq msMVb †e‡o I‡V|
cÖvPxb MÖx‡m `vk©wbK †cø‡Uv kªg wefvM I we‡klvq‡bi Ici we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib| `vk©wbK m‡µwUm
Zuvi †jLbx I e³‡e¨ cÖKvk K‡ib †h, eë¯’vcbv GKwU mve©Rbxb welq Ges GwU GKwU ¯^Zš¿ I c„_K
KvR|
1800 Lªx÷c~e© e¨vwej‡bi ivRv nv¤§yivex (Humurabi) ivR¨ cwiPvjvi Rb¨ we‡kl weavb Pvjy K‡ib hv "The
code of Hummurabi" bv‡g L¨vZ wQj| GB mf¨Zv †_‡K Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q †h AvBb¸‡jv G‡m‡Q †m¸‡jv
n‡jv- eëmvq-evwYR¨ msµvšÍ AvBb, weµq, FY Pyw³, Askx`vixZ¡ m¤§wZ, Pyw³e× †bvU BZ¨vw`|
wLª÷c~e© 3000 †_‡K 2500 Aã ch©šÍ fvi‡Zi wmÜz AeevwnKvq wkí evwY‡Rï DbœwZi d‡j eë¯’vcbvi I
BDwbU GK c„ôv-6
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
DbœwZ N‡U| niàv, g‡n‡Äv`v‡ov, e¸ovi gnv¯’vbMo, ivRkvnxi cvnvocy‡i, cÖZœZvwË¡K wb`k©b `ÿ
eë¯’vcbvi cwiPq enb K‡i|
wLª÷c~e© 325 A‡ã iwPZ †KŠwU‡jï A_©kv‡¯¿ iv‡óªi ivRbxwZ, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK wewfbœ w`‡Ki wek`
Av‡jvPbv i‡q‡Q| gš¿xi ¸Yvejx, †bZv, wbe©vPb, iv‡Rï cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv BZ¨vwì wek` e¨vL¨v
†KŠwU‡jï Av‡jvPbvq ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q|
ga¨hy‡Mi (wLª‡÷i R‡b¥i ci n‡Z wkí wecø‡ei c~e©Kvj) eë¯’vcbv

(Management in Middle Stage) :
G hy‡Mi cÖwZôvbmg~n mvgšÍev`x KvVv‡gvi Dci cÖwZwôZ n‡jI G hy‡Mi gvbyl mvsMVb I eë¯’vcbv ch©v‡q
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ I ¸iæZ¡c~© c`‡ÿcmg~n MÖnY Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡iwQj| ga¨hy‡M hviv eë¯’vcbv kv‡¯¿i Dbœq‡b
Ae`vb iv‡Lb Zv‡ì m¤ú‡K© bx‡P ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv njt
Avj dvivwe t 900 wLª÷v‡ã Avj dvivex wjwLZfv‡e ivóª eë¯’vcbv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ib| †bZvi
¸Yvejxi eY©bv w`‡Z wM‡q wZwb GKRb †bZvi cÖPyi eyw×gË, cÖLi ¯§„wZkw³, `„pZv, b¨vqcivqbZv, mZ¨
wbôvevb, wgZe¨vqx, Aaëmvqx, m¤ú‡` Abvmw³ cÖf…wZ ¸Y _vKv ìKvi e‡j g‡‡b K‡ib|
Bgvg Mv¾vjx t 1100 wLª÷v‡ã Bgvg Mv¾vjx ÒbwmnvZ Avj gyjKÓ bvgK MÖš’ cÖYqb K‡ib| wZwb
kvmK‡kªYxi Rb¨ b¨vq wePvi, eyw×gËv, âh© I mshg GB PviwU ¸Y Acwinvh© e‡j D‡jøL K‡ib| Aciw`‡K
wZwb wnsmv, J×Zv, msKxY©Zv I kÎæZv GB PviwU †`vl cwiZ¨vR¨ e‡j eY©bv K‡ib|
PZz_©`k kZvãxi gvSvgvwS †_‡K †lvok kZvãxi ga¨fvM ch©šÍ Kvievi eë¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î we‡kl AMÖMwZ
mvwaZ nq|
jyKv c¨vwmIwj 1494 mv‡j BZvwj‡Z `-Zidv wnmveiÿY c×wZ (Double Entry System) cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
GUv eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©vejx‡Z h‡_ó mnvqK nq|
cÂ`k kZvãx‡Z †fwb‡m wnmveiÿY eë¯’vi †ek DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| G mg‡q BZvwj‡Z Askx`vix I †hŠ_
D‡`¨vM Kviev‡ii cÖmvi N‡U|
_gvm gyi t 1500 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb ÒBD‡UvwcqvÓ bvgK MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| wZwb we‡klvqb Ges gvbe kw³i
m‡e©v”P eënv‡ii Ici ¸iæZ¡ w`b| wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb eë¯’vcbvi Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g AcPq †iva K‡i
Drcv`bkxjZv e„w× Kiv m¤¢e|
wkí wecø‡ei hy‡M eë¯’vcbv (1750-1870 wLª÷vã)

[Management in the Industrial Revolution period] :
GB my`xN© kZvwaK ermi mg‡q †MÖU weª‡U‡b wkí wecøe msNwUZ nq| G mg‡q Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ KvwqK
cwikª‡gi ¯’‡j Awfbe hš¿cvwZi Avwef©ve N‡U| cvwievwiK eë¯’v †_‡K eo eo wkí KviLvbvq Drcv`b
†ekx cwigv‡Y ïiæ nq| GB wecø‡ei d‡j Drcv`b eë¯’vq †hgb e¨vcK cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq Zvi mv‡_ Zvj
wgwj‡q eë¯’vcbv kv‡¯¿I h‡_ó AMÖMwZ N‡U| G hy‡M hviv eë¯’vcbvi Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb
Zv‡ì m¤ú‡K© wb‡æ mswÿß eY©bv †Ìqv njt
†Rg&m ÷zqvU© t 1757 mv‡j m¨vi †Rg&m ÷zqvU© Zuvi cÖKvwkZ GKwU MÖ‡š’ ÿgZvi Drm m¤ú‡K© ZË¡ cÖ`vb
K‡ib Ges wk‡ívrcv`‡b hš¿ cÖeZ©‡bi c‡ÿ †Rviv‡jv e³e¨ Zz‡j a‡ib|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-7
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
G¨vWvg w¯§_ t G¨vWvg w¯§_‡K A_©bxwZi RbK ejv nq| wZwb 1776 mv‡j Zuvi wjwLZ The wealth of
Nations MÖ‡š’ Drcv`b e„w×i Rb¨ kªgwefv‡Mi Dci ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib| GLv‡b wZwb kªgwefv‡Mi c‡ÿ
wb‡æv³ wZbwU †gŠwjK myweavi K_v D‡jøL K‡ib|
1. kªg wefvRb kªwgK‡ì `ÿZv evovq|
2. GUv kªwgK‡ì mgq euvPvq|
3. bZzb bZzb hš¿cvwZ D™¢ve‡b GUv kªwgK‡ì m„Rbx cÖwZfvi weKvk mvab K‡i|
myZivs eë¯’vcbvi Drcv`b msµvšÍ wel‡q G gbxlxi Ae`vb AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
†evëb I †Rg&m IqvU t GB `yB weÁvbx Zv‡ì D™¢vebx Kv‡h©i cvkvcvwk eë¯’vcbvi †hme †ÿ‡Î Ae`vb
iv‡Lb Zb¥‡a¨ evRvi M‡elYv I c~e©vbygvb, Kvh© cÖevn I cÖ‡qvR‡bi wbwi‡L cwiKwíZ hš¿cvwZ web¨vm,
Drcv`b cwiKíbv, Drcv`b cÖwµqvi Av`k©gvb wbY©q BZ¨vw` D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
ievU© I‡qb t wZwb 1800 n‡Z 1828 mvj ch©šÍ ¯‹Uj¨v‡Ûi wewfbœ e¯¿wk‡í eë¯’vcK wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡
cvjbKv‡j GK M‡elYv Pvjvb hv ZLbKvi w`‡b Af‚Zc~e© e‡j L¨vZ wQj|
wkí wecø‡ei †m hy‡M kªwgK‡ì‡K hLb h‡š¿i gZ g‡b Kiv nZ †m mg‡q I‡qb Zuvi KviLvbvq Kvh©
cwi‡e‡ki Dbœqb mvab K‡ib| KviLvbvq Kg©iZ evjK-evwjKv‡ì Rb¨ me©wbæ Kvh© eqtmxgv e„w× K‡ib,
Kg©Pvix‡ì Rb¨ Kvh© N›Uv n«vm K‡ib, KviLvbvq kªwgK‡ì Avnvi cwi‡ek‡bi eë¯’v K‡ib, Kg©Pvix‡ì
Rb¨ Drcv`b LiPvq `ªe¨mvgMÖx mieiv‡ni j‡ÿ¨ †÷v‡ii eë¯’v K‡ib Ges Kg©Pvix‡ì Rb¨ evm¯’vb I
iv¯ÍNvU wbg©vY K‡i KviLvbv Rxeb‡K AvKl©Yxq Ki‡Z h_vh_ eë¯’v MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi G †MŠi‡ev¾j
f‚wgKvi Rb¨ Zv‡K ÒAvaywbK kªwgK-Kgx© eë¯’vcbvi RbKÓ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
Pvj©m e¨v‡eR t weªwUk MwYZkv¯¿ we` Aa¨vcK Pvj©m e¨v‡eR Drcv`b †ÿ‡Î kªg wefvR‡bi ¸iæZ¡ ¯^xKvi
K‡ib| wZwb A¨vWvg ¯§x_ KZ©„K D‡jøwLZ kªg wefvR‡bi myweavmg~‡ni mv‡_ cvwikªwgK wba©vi‡Yi wfwË
wn‡m‡e mxgve× `ÿZv bxwZI †hvM K‡ib|
wZwb kªwgK‡ì Rb¨ gybvdv e›Ub cÖ_vi mycvwik K‡ib| D‡jøL¨ †h, Drcv`b cÖ‡KŠkj, cÖ‡Yv`bvg~jK gRyix
BZ¨vwì Dci e¨v‡e‡Ri Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©|
AvaywbK hy‡M eë¯’vcbv (1870 mv‡ji ci †_‡K eZ©gvb mgq chšÍ)

[Manament in the Modern age]
g~jZ wkí wecø‡ei hyM †k‡lB AvaywbK eë¯’vcbvi DrcwË nq| G mg‡q eë¯’vcbv †ÿ‡Î myk„sLj I
avivevwnK c×wZ, ixwZ-bxwZ I Áv‡bi D‡b¥l N‡U|
AvaywbK hy‡MB me‡P‡q †ekx msL¨K gbxlx Zuv‡ì g~jëvb wPšÍvaviv I ZË¡ w`‡q eë¯’vcbv kv¯¿‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
I mg„× K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| wb‡¤œ cÖavb cÖavb gbxlx m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt
†d«WwiK DBb‡¯øv †Uji (Frederic winslow Taylor) [1855-1912 ] t

1856 mv‡j gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi GK wbæga¨weË N‡i Rb¥ †bqv G cÖwZfvai e¨w³B êÁvwbK eë¯’vcbvi
RbK| wZwb Zvi `xN© Kg©Rxe‡b (1870-1912) mvaviY kªwgK †_‡K eo KviLvbvi kxl©c` jvf
K‡iwQ‡jb| Kg©ve¯’vq wZwb jÿ¨ K‡ib †h, kªwgK I eë¯’vcK †KDB GKwU wbw`©ó Kg© wè‡m evwÃZ Kv‡h©i
cwigvY m¤ú‡K© AewnZ bq| Drcv`‡bi †Kvb myk„sLj c×wZ wQj bv| KvR m¤úv`‡bi DËg c×wZi Rb¨
wZwb cÖ‡Z¨K Kv‡Ri Rb¨ mgq wbixÿY, MwZ wbixÿv I K¬vwšÍ wbixÿY Gi Dci †Rvi †`b| 1911 mv‡j
cÖKvwkZ Zuvi weL¨vZ MÖš’ Principles of Scientific Management'- G wb‡æv³ PviwU bxwZi K_v D‡jøL K‡ibt
BDwbU GK c„ôv-8
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
1. cÖ‡Z¨K Kvh© m¤úv`‡b mbvZbx c×wZi cwie‡Z© weÁvb wfwËK c×wZi cÖeZ©b;
2. êÁvwbK c×wZ‡Z kªwgK Kgx© wbe©vPb, cÖwkÿY I Dbœqb;
3. eë¯’vcbv I kªwgK Kgx©‡ì g‡a¨ †mŠnv`©¨c~Y© m¤úK© m„wó; I
4. eë¯’vcbv I kªwgK-Kgx©‡ì g‡a¨ `vwqZ¡ I KZ©‡eï mylg e›Ub, hv‡Z Zviv wbR wbR KvR myôzfv‡e
m¤úv`b Ki‡Z n‡e|
GQvovI wZwb cwiKíbv cÖYqb‡K wbe©vnx Kvh© n‡Z Avjv`v fv‡e †`Lvb| Kvh© m¤úv`‡b Drmvn cÖ`v‡bi
D‡Ï‡k¨ wZwb kªwgK‡ì Rb¨ cv_©K¨g~jK gRyix cÖ_vi I cÖeZ©b K‡ib| wZwb êÁvwbK eë¯’vcbvi
bxwZ¸‡jv h_vh_ fv‡e ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ kªwgK I eë¯’vcbvi g‡a¨ gvbwmK wecø‡ei Dci we‡kl ¸iæZ¡
Av‡ivc K‡ib|
†nbix †dqj [Henri Fayol] (1841-1925) t
†nbix †dqj‡K AvaywbK eë¯’vcbvi RbK ejv nq| wZwb g~jZt wkícwZ wQ‡jb Ges 1888 †_‡K 1918
mvj ch©šÍ GKwU e„nr Kqjv I B¯úvZ wk‡íi gnv cwiPvjK wQ‡jb| wZwb Kvh©wfwËK eë¯’vcbv ¯‹z‡ji
cÖe³v wn‡m‡eI L¨vZ| †KD †KD Zv‡K mve©Rbxbwe` (Universalist) e‡j _v‡Kb|
1916 mv‡j divmx fvlvq wjwLZ weL¨vZ "General and Industrial Administration"- kxl©K MÖ‡š’ wZwb
eë¯’vc‡Ki QqwU Kv‡Ri K_v D‡jøL K‡ib| h_vt
c~e©vbygvb, cwiKíbv, msMVb, wb‡`©kbv, mgb¦qmvab I wbqš¿Y| e¯ÍzZt GUvB eë¯’vcbv Kvh©vejxi me©cÖ_g
myk„•Lj I my¯úó msÁv †dqj wkí cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©KvÛ‡K wb‡æv³ QqwU ¯^Zš¿ As‡k fvM K‡ib|
1. KvwiMix Kvh©vejx (Drcv`b msµvšÍ);
2. evwYwR¨K Kvh©vejx (µq-weµq msµvšÍ);
3. Avw_©K Kvh©vejx (g~jab msMÖn I Gi h_vh_ eënvi);
4. wbivcËvg~jK Kvh©µg (m¤ú` I e¨w³i wbivcËv);
5. wnmveiÿY (Rgv-LiP, cwimsL¨vb, g~j) I
6. eë¯’vcbv Kvh© (c~e©vbygvb, cwiKíbv, msMVb, wb‡`©kbv, mgb¦qmvab I wbqš¿Y)
†dqj g‡b Ki‡Zb †h eë¯’vcK‡K 14wU bxwZ AbymiY Ki‡Z nq hv me©ÎB cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨| †dq‡ji G
bxwZ¸‡jv AvRI me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~© g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv nq| G bxwZ¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Avgiv GB BDwb‡Ui
PZz_© cv‡V we¯ÍvwiZ fv‡e Rvbe|
†nbix Gj, M¨v›U (1861-1919) [Henry L. Gantt]
‡nbix Gj. M¨v›U wQ‡jb †gKvwbK¨vj BwÄwbqvi| †Ujv‡ii mnKgx© wn‡m‡e wZwb Abyaveb K‡iwQ‡jb †h
eë¯’vcbvi hveZxq Dcv`‡bi g‡a¨ gvbwmK Dcv`vbB me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| M¨v›U Zuvi Avwe¯‹…Z M¨v›U PvU© Gi
Rb¨ †ekx cÖwmw× AR©b K‡ib| GUv cwiKíbv I wbqš¿Y Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ LyeB Dc‡hvMx| eZ©gvb Kv‡ji
(PERT) I (CPM) †KŠkjØ‡qi c~e©m~ix n‡”P GB M¨v›U PvU©|
GQvovI eë¯’vcbv kv‡¯¿ Zvi Ab¨vb¨ Ae`vb n‡”Q KvR I †evbvm eë¯’vi cÖPjb, kªwgK cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨
eë¯’vcbvi `vwq‡Z¡i cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc BZ¨vw`|
d«v¼ wjj‡eª_ I wjwjqvb wMj‡eª_ t (1886-1924) (1878-1972)
(Frank and Lillian Gilbreth)
d«v¼ wMj‡eª_ I Zuvi ¯¿x wjwjqvb wMj‡eª_ êÁvwbK eë¯’vcbvi mgq wbixÿY I MwZ wbixÿ‡Y Awe¯§iYxq
Ae`vb iv‡Lb| 1915 mv‡j wkí g‡bvweÁv‡b wc, GBP, wW wWMÖx cÖvß wjwjqvb wej‡eª_ wQ‡jb eë¯’vcbv
BDwbU GK c„ôv-9
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
RM‡Z me©cÖ_g ¯^v_©K gwnjv| d«v¼ wMj‡eª‡_i wPšÍv †PZbv wQj Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi m‡e©vËg c×wZ Avi wjwjqvb
wej‡eª‡_i mvabv wQj gvbweK Dcv`vb msµvšÍ|
û‡Mv gyb÷vievM (Hugo Munsterberg) [1863-1916]

wZwb wkí g‡bvweÁv‡bi RbK wn‡m‡e L¨vZ| Zuvi cÖavb Ae`vb n‡”Q eë¯’vcbv I kªwgK‡ì †ÿ‡Î
g‡bvweÁvb cÖ‡qvM|
GjUb †g‡qv [ Elton Mayo] (1880-1949)

wZwb gvbweK m¤úK© Av‡›`vj‡b me©vwaK Ae`vb iv‡Lb| Zvi Ae`vb n‡”Q †Mvôx mgvRZvwË¡K gZev` I
Kgx© `ÿZvi Ici KviLvbvi cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© M‡elYv|
†gwi cvK©vi d‡ë (Mary Parker Follet)

G gnxqwm gwnjv 1941 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Zuvi (Dynamic Administration) MÖ‡š’ eë¯’vcbv †ÿ‡Î †bZ…Z¡, KZ©„Z¡,
msNvZ, msnwZ, I mgb¦qmvab BZ¨vwì Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib|
†P÷vi AvB. evb©vW (Chester I. Barnard) [1886-1961]

wZwb eë¯’vcbvi AvaywbK wmm‡Ug gZev‡ì cÖe³v| Zvi Ae`vb n‡”Q msMVb ZË¡ t eë¯’vcbvi
mgvRZvwš¿K w`K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mgvRZvwË¡K, †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv BZ¨vw`|
g¨v· DBevi t Rvg©vb GB gbxlx eë¯’vcbvi mvgvwRK c×wZ ¯‹z‡ji Ab¨Zg cÖe³v|
fMjvm g¨vK †MÖMvi t g¨vK‡MMv‡ii I y ZË¡ eë¯’vcbv †ÿ‡Î GKwU eo Ae`vb| Zuvi Z‡Ë¡i Ici
x
wfwË K‡i MYZvwš¿K eë¯’vcbv cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q|
RR Avi †Uwi (Jorge R. Terry)
GB weL¨vZ eë¯’vcbvwe` eë¯’vcbvi wewfbœ gZev` ev ¯‹zj m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`b| DcwiD³ gbxlxMY QvovI
Av‡iv A‡bK gbxlx eë¯’vcbv kv‡¯¿ Zuv‡ì wbR wbR Ae`vb iv‡Lb|
me‡k‡l ejv hvq, gvbe m„wói ïiæ †_‡K AvR ch©šÍ cwievi, mgvR, ivóª, eëmvq-evwY‡Rï Dbœq‡bi avivi
mv‡_ msMwZ †i‡L eë¯’vcbv wel‡qi weeZ©b ev µgweKvk N‡U‡Q| Gi d‡jB AvR mviv c„w_ex‡Z †h †Kvb
cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ me©cÖ_g eë¯’vcbvi Dci ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-10
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©vejx I eë¯’vcbv Pµ

cvV 3
(Functions and Cycles of Management)
D‡Ïk¨
5 eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©vejx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
5 eë¯’vcbv Pµ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©vejx (Functions of Management)

wewfbœ †jLK wewfbœ Dcv‡q eë¯’vcbv Kv‡h©i eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| Zv‡ì gZvg‡Zi g‡a¨ wKQyUv cv_©K¨ †`Lv
†M‡jI g~j welq¸‡jvi e¨vcv‡i Zviv mevB GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib| eë¯’vcbvi †gŠwjK Kvh©vejx n‡”Q-
cwiKíbv, msMVb, Kgx© ms¯’vb, wb‡`©kbv I †bZ…Z¡, †cÖlYv Ges wbqš¿Y|
wb‡æ eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©vejxmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv njt
cwiKíbv (Planning)
aiæb, Avcbv‡ì K‡qKRb wkÿv_x©‡ì‡K GKwU wkí cÖwZôv‡b wkÿv md‡i cvVv‡bv n‡”Q| G‡ÿ‡Î †Kvb
wkí cÖwZôvb hvIqv n‡e, KLb, wKfv‡e Ges KZ mg‡qi Rb¨ hvIqv n‡e Zv c~‡e©B wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e|
Avi GUvB n‡”Q cwiKíbv| GB cwiKíbv n‡”Q eë¯’vcbvi cÖ_g I cÖavb KvR| g~jZ cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨ I
D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ fwel¨‡Z †K, KLb, †Kv_vq, wKfv‡e Ges KZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ †Kvb KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡e
Zv c~‡e©B wba©viY Kivi bvgB cwiKíbv| cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨ I bxwZ wba©viY, cÖKí MÖnY, †KŠkj, cwjwm I
Kg©m~Px wba©viY, ev‡RU cÖYqb cÖf…wZ cwiKíbv AvIZvfz³|
cwiKíbv MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZôvb Zvi AZxZ AwfÁZv, eZ©gvb cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v Ges Gi mvg_©I `ye©jZvi
Dci wfwË K‡i wewfbœ weKímg~n n‡Z m‡e©vËg †e‡Q †bq|
msMVb (Organising)
msMVb n‡”Q M„nxZ cwiKíbv‡K ev¯ÍevwqZ Kivi †KŠkj| ZvB ejv hvq †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi c~e© wba©vwiZ
D‡Ïkvejx ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Kvh© wbw`©ó K‡i wewfbœ cÖK…wZi Kvh©vejx‡K wewfbœ wefv‡M fvM Kiv,
AZtci Kvh© m¤úv`‡b wefv‡Mi mswkøó e¨w³e‡M©i `vwqZ¡ wK n‡e, Zv‡ì‡K KZUzKz KZ©„Z¡ I ÿgZv w`‡Z
n‡e Zv wba©viY Kiv, Ae‡k‡l †h me e¨w³, wefvM A_ev DcwefvM _vK‡e Zv‡ì g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©
wK n‡e Zv wba©viY KivB n‡”Q msMVb| G mg¯Í Kvh©‡K hLb †Kvb KvVv‡gv ev iƒc‡iLvq cÖKvk Kiv nq
ZLb Zv‡K msMVb KvVv‡gv e‡j|
msMVb‡K g~jZ 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv nq|
1. mij îwLK msMVb,
2. Dc‡`óv msMVb|
G e¨vcv‡i BDwbU 11 †Z we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-11
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
Kg©ms¯’vb (Staffing)
eë¯’vcbvq msMVb Kvh©µ‡gi cieZx© Kvh©µg n‡”P Kgx©ms¯’vb| mwVK Kgx©‡K mwVK ¯’v‡b wb‡qvM Kiv Kgx©
eë¯’vcbvi GKwU cÖavb welq| Kgx©ms¯’vb n‡”Q †mB cÏwZ hvi gva¨‡g wewfbœ c‡` Kgx© wb‡qvM, cÖwkÿY
`vb, c‡`vbœwZ cÖ`vb, Aemi MÖnY BZ¨vw`‡K eySvq|
wb‡`©kbv (Directing)
Kgx©ms¯’v‡bi ci eë¯’vcbvi Ab¨Zg KvR nj mwVK mg‡q mwVK KvR m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Kgx©‡ì wb‡`©k
cÖ`vb I ZË¡veavb Kiv| wb‡`©kbv ej‡Z Kviev‡ii wbæ ¯Í‡ii Kgx©‡ì‡K cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi mv‡_
m¤ú„³ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ Zv‡ì‡K hveZxq Av‡`k, wb‡`©k, Dc‡`k, Aby‡iva, civgk© `vb I ZË¡veavb Kiv‡K
eySvq|
GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, Kg©Pvix‡ì †evaMg¨Zvi Rb¨ mnR mij fvlvq wb‡`©kbvi wek` e¨vL¨v
cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq|
†cÖlYv (Motivation)
Kgx©‡ì g‡a¨ Kv‡Ri cÖwZ AvMÖn I Drmvn ˆZix Kivi cÖwµqv‡KB †cÖlYv e‡j| Kg©Pvix‡ì Kg©ÿgZvi c~Y©
eënvi Kivi j‡ÿ¨ Zv‡ì †fZi Drmvn-DÏxcbv m„wó Kiv, AbycÖvwYZ ev cÖ‡ivwPZ Kiv, ¯^Ztù‚Z© B”Qv,
ˆbwZKZv, g‡bvej BZ¨vw` e„w× Kivi cÖwµqvB nj †cÖlYv|
‡cÖlYv m„wói Rb¨ eë¯’vcK wewfbœ ai‡bi Avw_©K I Kj¨vYg~jK Kg©m~Px †hgb, †evbvm, gybvdv e›Ub,
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM, we‡bv`b BZ¨vwì eë¯’v K‡i _v‡K|
wbqš¿Y (Controlling)
wbqš¿Y nj eë¯’vcbv cÖwµqvi me©‡kl KvR| cwiKíbv gvwdK cÖwZôv‡bi hveZxq Kvh©vejx mwVKfv‡e
m¤úbœ n‡”Q wKbv Zv cixÿv ev ch©‡eÿY Kiv nq Ges †Kvb ÎæwU _vK‡j Zv wPwýZ K‡i ms‡kva‡bi eë¯’v
†bqvB n‡”Q wbqš¿Y| G Kv‡Ri PviwU we‡kl avc Av‡Q| h_v-
1. gvb wba©viY Kiv,
2. Kv‡Ri djvdj cwigvc Kiv|
3. Kvh©dj‡K cÖwZwôZ gv‡bi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv, Ges
4. gvb †_‡K Kg©d‡ji †Kvb cv_©K¨ _vK‡j Zv ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ Dchy³ eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv|
Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ cÖ‡Z¨KUv Kvh© m¤ú‡K© cieZx© BDwbU mg~‡n wel`fv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
eë¯’vcbv Pµ (Management Cycle)

mvaviY ÔPµ' ej‡Z †Kvb wKQyi avivevwnK Kg© cÖwµqv‡KB eySv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| eë¯’vcbv Pµ ej‡Z
eë¯’vcbv Kv‡h©i PµvKv‡i AvewZ©Z nIqv‡K eySvq| eë¯’vcbv Kvh©vejx GKwU wbw`©ó cÖwµqv hv µg
Abymv‡i m¤úv`b Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GB P‡µi me©‡kl KvR Avevi cieZx© cÖ_g c`‡ÿ‡ci wfwË wn‡m‡e MY¨
nq| cÖwZôvb hZw`b P‡j GB PµvKvi AveZ©b ZZw`b Aweivgfv‡e ch©vqµ‡g Pj‡Z _v‡K|
eë¯’vcbv Kvh©vejxi cÖ_g KvR cwiKíbv GKUv wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ ev jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ †bqv nq| Gi
Av‡jv‡K msMVb cÖwZôv, Kgx©ms¯’vb, wb‡`©k cÖ`vb, †cÖlYv`vb Ges cwiKíbv Abyhvqx wbw`©ó KvR †k‡l
BDwbU GK c„ôv-12
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
wbqš¿Y eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv nq| wbqš¿Y Kv‡h© wePy¨wZ wbiæcb I ms‡kvabxg~jK eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
wbqš¿Y Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g †h cieZx© wb‡`©kbv ev mycvwikgvjv cvIqv hvq Zvi Av‡jv‡K Avevi bZzb cwiKíbv
†bqv nq|
hw` wbqš¿Y Kv‡R wePy¨wZ bv cvIqv hvq Zvn‡jI wbqš¿‡Yi ci Avevi cwiKíbvi KvR ïiæ nq|
Gfv‡e cÖwZôvb hZw`b P‡j eë¯’vcbv cÖwµqv ev Kvh©PµI ZZw`b ¯^vfvweK wbq‡gB AvewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K|
wb‡æ eë¯’vcbv PµwU wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ cÖ`wk©Z nj t
cwiKíbv
msMVb
wbqš¿Y
eë¯’vcbv
Pµ
†cÖlYv Kg©x ms¯’vb
wb‡`©kbv
wPÎ t eë¯’vcbv Pµ
BDwbU GK c„ôv-13
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 4 eë¯’vcbvi bxwZgvjv

(Principles of Management)
D‡Ïk¨
5 eë¯’vcbvi bxwZgvjv mg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
eë¯’vcbvi bxwZgvjv (Principles of Management)

eë¯’vcbv bxwZgvjv n‡”Q eë¯’vcKxq Kvh©vejx myôzf‡e m¤úv`‡bi wb‡`©wkKv ¯îƒc| bxwZ ev Av`k©
Abymi‡Yi gva¨‡g eë¯’vcK Zvi cÖwZôv‡bi †h †Kvb Kvh© myôzfv‡e mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
eë¯’vcbv cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’vi Øviv me mgq cÖfvweZ nIqvq A`ëwa G‡ÿ‡Î †Kvb aiv euvav wbqg-bxwZ
wbw`©ó Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| Z‡e AvaywbK eë¯’vcbvi RbK †nbix †dqj (Henry Fayol) 1916 mv‡j d«v‡Ý Zuvi
hyMvšÍKvix cy¯ÍK (General and Industrial Management) G 14wU eë¯’vcbv bxwZ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| G
bxwZ¸‡jv A`¨vewa me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e me© gn‡jB MÖnY Kiv nq| wb‡æ G bxwZ¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡jvt
1. Kvh©wefvM (Division of work)

†nbix †dqj G bxwZ‡K cÖwZôv‡bi hveZxq eë¯’vcKxq I KvwiMix msµvšÍ Kvh©vejxi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM Kivi
K_v e‡j‡Qb| G bxwZ Abyhvqx cÖ‡Z¨K Kgx©i Kv‡Ri AvIZv wbw`©ó nIqv evÃbxq ev Riæix hv‡Z `ÿZv
mnKv‡i kªg eënvi Kiv hvq| G bxwZi d‡j cÖ‡Z¨K Kgx© I wbe©vnx Zv‡ì wbR wbR Kg©‡ÿ‡Î we‡klvwqZ
Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2. KZ©„Z¡ I `vwqZ¡ (Authority and Responsibility)
GB bxwZ‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q †h, KZ©„Z¡ I `vwqZ¡ ci¯úi wbweo fv‡e m¤úwK©Z| †Kvb Kgx©‡K Kvh© m¤úv`b Kivi
Rb¨ KZ©„Z¡ Ac©b Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ cÖ‡qvRbxq `vwqZ¡ I cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| Avevi Giƒc KZ©„Z¡ I `vwq‡Z¡i
g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ _vKv DwPZ Ab¨_vq Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î mgm¨v †`Lv †`q|
3. k„•Ljv ev wbqgvbyewZ©Zv (Discipline)
†dq‡ji fvlvq k„•Ljv n‡”Q gvb¨Zv, cÖ‡qvM, kw³ I kª×vi mswgkªY| cÖwZôv‡bi cÖ‡Z¨K †ÿ‡ÎB k„•Ljv
Acwinvh©| ms‡ÿ‡c k„•Ljv n‡”Q DaŸ©Zb KZ©„cÿ Zvi Aaxb¯’ Kg©Pvix‡ì n‡Z wK cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib Zv mswkøó
mKj‡K AeMZ Kiv‡bv Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Dchy³ Z`viwKi eë¯’v Kiv Ges Hme KvR m¤úvw`Z bv n‡j
cÖ‡qvRbxq kvw¯Íg~jK eë¯’v †bqv|
4. Av‡`‡ki HK¨ (Unity of Command)
G bxwZi g~j K_v nj, cÖwZôv‡bi cÖ‡Z¨K Kgx© ïaygvÎ GKRb DciIqvjv ev em Gi Aax‡b _vK‡e Ges
Zvi Av‡`k MÖnY Ki‡e| KviY `yBRb e‡mi Aax‡b GKRb Kgx© myôzfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G‡ÿ‡Î
wek„•Ljv Ges mgm¨vB †`Lv †`q|
5. wb‡`©kbvi HK¨ (Unity of Direction)
G bxwZi g~j A_© n‡”Q, msMV‡bi cÖwZwU D‡Ï‡kï Rb¨ ïaygvÎ GKRb cÖavb I GKwU gvÎ cwiKíbv
_vK‡e| A_©vr GKB D‡Ïk¨ wewkó Kvh©vejxi Rb¨ GKwUgvÎ cwiKíbv _vK‡e Ges H mKj Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi
wb‡`©k cÖ`vb Ki‡eb I GKRb Kg©KZ©v|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-14
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
6. mvaviY ¯^v‡_©i Rb¨ wb‡Ri ¯^v_© Z¨vM

(Subordination of individual to general interest)
cÖvwZôvwbK e„nr ¯^v_©‡K e¨w³¯^v‡_©i D‡aŸ© ¯’vb w`‡Z n‡e| AwaKšÍz mvsMVwbK D‡Ïk¨ I e¨w³i D‡Ï‡kï
g‡a¨ hv‡Z †Kvb AmsMwZ ev msNvZ bv _v‡K Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. cvwikªwgK (Remuneration)
myôz I b¨vh¨ †eZb Ges gRyix KvVv‡gvi cÖeZ©b K‡i kªwgK-Kgx©‡ì‡K me©vwaK mšÍzwó cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡Z
n‡e| †dqj e‡jb †h, cvwikªwgK b¨vh¨ n‡Z n‡e Ges GUv cÖ`vb Kivi hyw³msMZ ev mwVK cš’v _vK‡Z
n‡e|
8. †K›`ªxKiY (Centralisation)
cÖwZôv‡bi †Kvb ai‡bi wm×všÍ Gi †Kvb ch©v‡qi eë¯’vcKMY wb‡e †mUv wba©viY KivB n‡”P †K›`ªxKi‡Yi
D‡Ïk¨| mvaviYZ cÖwZôv‡b D”P ch©v‡qi wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ÿgZv †K›`ªxf‚Z _v‡K Ges wbæ¯Í‡ii wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi
ÿgZv we‡Kw›`ªf‚Z _v‡K| †dqj e‡jb, KZ…©‡Z¡i †K›`ªxKiY I we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi cwigvY cÖwZôv‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b
êÁvwbK we‡køl‡Yi Øviv wbiæwcZ nIqv DwPZ|
9. †Rvov-gB-wkKj (Scalar Chain)
cÖwZôv‡bi m‡e©v”P ¯Íi †_‡K me©wbæ ¯Íi ch©šÍ KZ©„Z¡ cÖev‡ni GKwU wkKj ev †PBb _vK‡e| GB wkKj
KZ©„‡Z¡i cÖevn I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi DaŸ©MwZ ev wb¤œMwZ wb‡`©k K‡i| Z‡e Riæix Kv‡R msMV‡bi bxPy ¯Í‡ii g‡a¨
mivmwi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi eë¯’v _vK‡e|
†Rvov-gB-wkKj bxwZwU wb‡æ wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv t
10. web¨vm (Order)

†dqj G web¨vm‡K `yB fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| h_vt (K) gvbe web¨vm Ges (L) e¯ÍzMZ web¨vm
gvbe web¨vm n‡jv cÖ‡Z¨KwU c‡` mwVK I †hvM¨ e¨w³i Ae¯’vb Ges e¯ÍzMZ web¨vm n‡jv †h ¯’v‡b †h e¯Íz
ivLvi Dchy³ †m ¯’v‡b †mwU‡K ivKv| G bxwZi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q cÖ‡Z¨K Kgx© I Dcv`vb hv‡Z Zv‡ì ¯^-¯^
¯’v‡b †_‡K myôz wbiew”Qbœ fv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi eë¯’v Kiv|
11. mvg¨Zv (Equity)

G bxwZi g~j K_v nj, Kgx©‡ì mv‡_ AvPiY eë¯’vcK‡ì DwPZ mevB‡K mgvbfv‡e †`Lv Ges
b¨vqcivqYZv I †øn cÖ`k©b Kiv hv‡Z Zuviv Kg©Pvix‡ì wbKU n‡Z AvbyMZ¨ I KZ©e¨wbô g‡bvfve Av`vq
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-15
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
12. PvKwii ¯’vwqZ¡ (Stability of tenure)

AKvi‡Y Kg©x‡ì NbNb e`jx ev QuvUvB Kiv eë¯’vcbviB AK…ZKvh©Zvi jÿY Ges LiP I e„w× cvq| ZvB
wbe©vnx I mvaviY Kgx©evwnbxi PvKixKv‡ji w¯’wZkxjZv iÿv K‡i Zv‡ì `ÿZv e„w× Kiv eë¯’vcbvi
Ab¨Zg bxwZ|
13. D‡`¨vM (Initiative)

bZzb †Kvb cÏwZ ev Dcvq D™¢veb I Avwe¯‹vi Kivi Rb¨ Kgx©‡ì‡K DrmvwnZ, AbycÖvwYZ I h‡_vchy³
my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ Zv‡ì AvMÖn ev‡o Ges DbœZ Kg©‰bcyb¨ cÖ`k©b Kiv Zv‡ì
c‡ÿ m¤¢e nq|
14. GKZvB ej (Esprit de corps)

†hLv‡b GKZv †mLv‡bB kw³, eë¯’vcK‡K Zvi Aaxb¯’ Kg©Pvix‡ì UxgIqvK, GKZv I åvZ…Z¡ †ev‡a DØy×
Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Gfv‡eB cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ AR©b Kiv m¤¢e|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-16
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
eë¯’vcbvi D‡Ïk¨, `ÿZv, mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ I eë¯’vcbv weÁvb-bv Kjv

cvV 5
(Objectives, Skills, Social responsibilities of Management, Is
Management Science or Arts)
D‡Ïk¨
5 eë¯’vcbvi D‡Ïk¨
5 eë¯’vcKxq `ÿZv
5 eë¯’vcbv weÁvb bv Kjv Ges
5 eë¯’vcbvi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K©
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b eë¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K©
eë¯’vcbvi D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives of Management)

eë¯’vcbvi AvIZv I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Rvbvi ci Avcbvi g‡b GB cÖkœ Avmv ¯^vfvweK †h, wK D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi
Rb¨ eë¯’vcbv Kvh©vejx cwiPvwjZ nq| eë¯’vcbvi bvbv iKg D‡Ïk¨ i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi h_vh_ cÖKvk,
cwiKíbv I ev¯Íevq‡bi DciB cÖwZôv‡bi mdjZv wbf©i K‡i| wewfbœ w`K we‡ePbv K‡i eë¯’vcbvi
D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv‡K A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I gvbweK GB wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| eë¯’vcbvq wb‡æi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv
mvaviYZ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq t
(1) eë¯’vcbvi cÖv_wgK Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y© D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Zxeª cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi g‡a¨ cÖwZôvb‡K iÿv Kiv|
(2) jvf ev gybvdv AR©b Kiv eëmv‡qi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© D‡Ïk¨| Kv‡RB eë¯’vcbvi Avi GKwU D‡Ïk¨
n‡jv eëmv‡qi Aw¯ÍZ¡ eRvq †i‡LB cÖwZôv‡bi gybvdv AR©b I e„w×‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv|
(3) eë¯’vcbvi Ab¨ GKwU D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv †µZv ev †fv³v‡ì Pvwn`v †gvZv‡eK cY¨ I †mevi †hvMvb
†`qv|
(4) Drcv`‡bi cÖwZwU ¯Í‡i `ÿZv eRvq ivLvI eë¯’vcbvi GKwU D‡Ïk¨|
(5) †fv³v ev †µZv mvaviY hv‡Z Kgg~‡j¨ Zv‡ì wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨ wKb‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ e¨q Kwg‡q
wgZe¨qxZvi mv‡_ Drcv`b KivI eë¯’vcbvi GKwU D‡Ïk¨|
(6) eë¯’vcbvi Ab¨ GKwU D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv wewfbœ m¤ú` Z_v gvbem¤ú`, hš¿cvwZ, A_© BZ¨vwì myôz
eënvi wbwðZ Kiv|
(7) cÖwZôv‡bi kªwgK‡ì gvbyl wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i Zv‡ì mKj cÖKvi my‡hvM myweav cÖ`vb KivI
eë¯’vcbvi GKwU D‡Ïk¨|
(8) eë¯’vcbvi Ab¨Zg GKwU D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv bZzb cÖhyw³, †KŠkj I Kvh©vejxi cÖeZ©b K‡i Drcv`b
cÖwµqvi Dbœqb mvab Kiv|
(9) †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †eKvi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ eë¯’vcbv Rbmvavi‡Yi Kg© ms¯’v‡bi
eë¯’v K‡i|
(10) eë¯’vcbvi Avi GKwU D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv cÖkvmb KZ©„K wba©vwiZ j‡ÿ¨ †cŠuQvi Rb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi mKj
wefv‡Mi myôz wbqš¿YI cwiPvjbv eRvq ivLv|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-17
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
eë¯’vcbv weÁvb bv Kjv?

(Is Management Science or Arts?)
eë¯’vcbv weÁvb bv Kjv G cÖkœ cÖvqB DÌvwcZ n‡q _v‡K Ges G m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ gZvgZ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
†Kvb †Kvb †jLK G‡K cÖvK…wZK weÁv‡bi b¨vq weÁvb e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| †Kvb †Kvb †jLK G‡K Kjv
we`¨v e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| Avevi †KD †KD G‡K weÁvb I Kjvi mwbœcvZ e‡jI AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| wKQy
ejvi Av‡MB Avgiv †R‡b †bB weÁvb I Kjv ej‡Z wK eySvq|
mvaviYZt mve©Rbxb cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨ g~jbxwZgvjv m‡gZ mymsMwVZ Ávb‡K weÁvb e‡j| Ab¨w`‡K Kjv ej‡Z
eySvq †Kvb mywbw`©ó djvdj AR©‡bi c×wZ ev †KŠkj‡K| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, weMZ cÖvq GK
kZvãx a‡i eë¯’vcbv †ÿ‡Î †nbix †dq‡ji PZz`©k g~jbxwZ mn eû bxwZgvjv D™¢vweZ n‡q‡Q Ges G¸‡jv
Kg‡ekx mve©Rbxb fv‡e cÖ‡qvM n‡q Avm‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K eë¯’vcbvi msÁvmg~n we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h
GwU n‡”Q Acivci †jv‡Ki gva¨‡g hyw³hyw³ cÖvqvm Øviv KvR Kwi‡q †bqvi †KŠkj ev Kjv|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z eë¯’vcbv‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c weÁvb ev Kjv e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv hvq bv| Dnv weÁvb
Ges Kjv Df‡qi mswgkªY| wewfbœ DcKi‡Yi g‡a¨ KZUzKz ˆbcy‡Yï mv‡_ GKRb eë¯’vcK wewfbœ iKg
wewagvjv cÖ‡qv‡M mÿg Zvi Dci cÖwZôv‡bi mvdj¨ A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj| GB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K eë¯’vcbv‡K
Kjvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Kiv hvq| eë¯’vcbv weÁvb cÖwµqvi mv‡_I m¤ú„³| weÁv‡bi Abykxjb, wbf©yj m‡Zï
m¤§vb †`q| Bnvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g GKRb eë¯’vc‡Ki cwiKíbv Kvh© mnRZi nq| Giƒc wewfbœ Kvi‡Y
eë¯’vcbv‡K Kjv I weÁv‡bi mymgwb¦Z welq e‡j we‡ewPZ Kiv hvq|
myZivs Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GwU my¯úó †h, eë¯’vcbv g~jZt Kjv I weÁvb `yB-B| e¯ÍzZ Kjv I
weÁvb ci¯úi weiæ× bq| eis GKwU AciwUi cwicyiK Ges G Kvi‡Y weÁv‡bi Dbœqb NU‡j mv‡_ mv‡_
Kjvi I Dbœqb N‡U| A_©vr †kl K_v n‡jv eë¯’vcbv GKw`‡K weÁv‡bi AšÍf©y³ Ges Ab¨w`‡K Bnv
KjviI AšÍf©y³|
eë¯’vcKxq `ÿZv (Managerial Skills)

mdjfv‡e cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GKRb eë¯’vcK‡K bvbviKg `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z nq| eë¯’vcbvi
wewfbœ ¯Í‡i wewfbœ iKg `vq-`vwqZ¡ `ÿZvi mv‡_ cvjb Kivi Rb¨ eë¯’vcK‡K cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx| wewfbœ
`ÿZvi AwaKvwi n‡Z nq| GB w`‡K `„wó †i‡L eë¯’vcKxq `ÿZv‡K wb‡æi wZbwU w`K †_‡K Av‡jvPbv Kiv
hvq t
(1) aviYvMZ `ÿZv (Conceptual Skill) t aviYvMZ `ÿZv n‡jv cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri g‡a¨
k„•Ljv m„wó Ges mgb¦qmvab Kivi ÿgZv| mnR fvlvq Gfv‡e ejv hvq †h, GUv n‡jv msMV‡bi mKj
Kv‡Ri MwZ GKwU gvÎ wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`Lvi ÿgZv| Kxfv‡e GKwU cÖwZôv‡b wewfbœ Kv‡Ri wewfbœ Ask
GKÎxf‚Z Kiv hvq A_ev †Kvb GKwU As‡ki cwieZ©b n‡j Zv Ab¨vb¨ Ask‡K Kxfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i
BZ¨vw` Rvbvi ÿgZv| eëë¯’vbvi D”P ¯Í‡ii eë¯’vcK‡K we‡kl fv‡e GB ÿgZvi AwaKvix n‡Z nq|
(2) KvwiMix `ÿZv (Technical Skill) t KvwiMix `ÿZv ej‡Z eySvq cÖwZôv‡bi KvR¸‡jv myPviæiƒ‡c
m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ wbw`©ó Ávb, c×wZ Ges cÖhyw³ MZ `ÿZv eënv‡ii ÿgZv‡K| GB ai‡bi `ÿZv
we‡klZ GKRb mycvifvBRv‡ii Rb¨ we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb whwb wKbv Kgx©‡ì cÖvZ¨vwnK wewfbœ iæwUb KvR ¸‡jv
Z`viKx K‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î mycvifvBRvi me mgq †Lqvj †Kv_vI †Kvb mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z| GB `ÿZv
AR©‡bi Rb¨ eë¯’vcK‡K Rvb‡Z nq M‡elYv I Dbœqb KvR cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z, Rvb‡Z nq wKfv‡e êÁvwbK
M‡elYvi cwiKíbv Ki‡Z nq, wKfv‡e `j‡K msMwVZ Ki‡Z nq, wKfv‡e weÁvb wfwËK K‡g©i g~j¨vqb Kiv
hvq BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K©|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-18
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
(3) gvbweq `ÿZv (Human Skill) t gvbexq `ÿZv n‡jv `‡ji wfZi cvi¯úwiK gvbexq `ÿZv
e„w×i Rb¨ gvbyl‡K cÖ‡Yv`bv cÖ`vb Kiv, gvbexq m¤úK© Dcjwä Kiv Ges †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb Kivi ÿgZv|
GKRb eë¯’vcK‡K Zvi mnKgx© A_ev Aaxb¯Í‡ì KZUzKz †hvM¨Zv Av‡Q Zv‡ì‡K wKfv‡e AbycÖvwYZ Kiv
hvq BZ¨vw` Rvb‡Z nq| †hgb, hLb Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡a¨ `vex `vIqv wb‡q Am‡šÍvl P‡j Ges †m gyn‚‡Z© hw`
Avcwb eë¯’vcK wn‡m‡e †Kvb Kgx©i kvw¯Í †NvlYv K‡ib- Z‡e wKšÍz Zv Am‡šÍvl‡K AviI evwo‡q w`‡Z
cv‡i| ZvB †Lqvj Ki‡Z n‡e †h, kvw¯Í hw` w`‡ZB nq Z‡e Am‡šÍvl K‡g Avm‡jB †m kvw¯Íi †NvlYv
†Ìqv DwPZ|
eë¯’vcbvi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ (Social Responsilities of Management)

eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ cÿ ev †Mvôx hv‡ì cÖwZ eë¯’vcbvi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q Zviv
n‡”Q miKvi, gvwjK, Kg©Pvix, mieivnKvix, cÖwZ‡ekx I mvaviY †fv³v| myZivs G‡ì cÖwZ wewea `vwqZ¡B
n‡”Q eë¯’vcbvi mvwe©K mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡| mPivPi eë¯’vcbv †h me mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i †m¸‡jv
n‡jvt
(1) eë¯’vcbv msMV‡bi gvwjK c‡ÿi ¯^v_© msiÿY K‡i, Zv‡ì m¤úwËi mwVK eënvi Ges AwR©Z
gybvdvi mylg eÈb wbwðZ K‡i|
(2) kªwgK Kg©Pvix‡ì †Lqvj Lywki mv‡_ eëmv‡qi DbœwZ-AebwZ cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e m¤ú„³| kªwgKiv
mgv‡RiB †jvK| myZivs Zv‡ì Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ wewnZ eë¯’v MÖnY KivI eë¯’vcbvi Ab¨Zg
mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡|
(3) cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ cÖf‚Z¡ g~jK g‡bvfve cwinvi K‡i kªwgK I eë¯’vcbvi g‡a¨ mym¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv
eë¯’vcbvi AviI GKwU mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡|
(4) Ab¨ GKwU `vwqZ¡ n‡jv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Drcv`bkxjZv e„w× Kiv Ges ivR¯^ Lv‡Z
AvqKi cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g RvZxq Avq e„w×‡Z AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv|
(5) eë¯’vcbv AviI GKwU KvR K‡i Zv n‡jv, RbMY Z_v †fv³v †kªYxi Pvwn`vi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_
†mB Pvwn`v cyi‡Yi †Póv Kiv|
(6) cvwicvwk¦©K mgv‡Ri cÖwZI eë¯’vcbvi `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q| cÖwZôv‡bi Pvwiw`‡Ki RbMY cÖwZôvb n‡Z
A‡bK mgvR Kj¨vYg~jK †mev I Kvh©v`x Avkv K‡i| ZvB eë¯’vcbv cvwicvwk¦©K mgv‡Ri Rb¨
iv¯ÍvNvU, ¯‹zj, K‡jR, wPwKrmvjq BZ¨vw` cÖwZôvb mn wewfbœ Dbœqbg~jK KvR K‡i _v‡K|
(7) eë¯’vcbv mgv‡R wewfbœ Kj¨vYgyLx KvR K‡i, †hgb wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b Aby`vb †`qv, †gavex QvÎ‡ì
covïbvi Rb¨ e„wËi eë¯’v Kiv, wewfbœ iKg †`kx we‡`kx †Ljvi ¯úbmi wn‡m‡e KvR Kiv BZ¨vw`|
(8) eë¯’vcbv AvaywbK cÖhyw³ Avg`vwb K‡i RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœq‡b †Póv K‡i|
(9) eë¯’vcbv Kvh©`ÿZvi mv‡_ cwiPvwjZ †nvK eë¯’vcbv msN cÖwZôvwbK eë¯’vcbv n‡Z ZvB Kvgbv
K‡i| myZivs †ckvMZ gvb DbœqbI eë¯’vcbvi Ab¨Zg mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡|
(10) †`‡ki RbM‡Yi Rb¨ bZzb bZzb Kg©ms¯’v‡bi eë¯’v Kiv AvaywbK eë¯’vcbvi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨
mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡| A_©vr eë¯’vcbv cÖÁvc~Y© bxwZ wba©viY K‡i bZzb bZzb wkí KviLvbv, cÖwZôvb
BZ¨vw` ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g †`‡ki Z_v mgv‡Ri †eKvi mgm¨v n«vm Ki‡Z cv‡i|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-19
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BDwbU GK c„ôv-20
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b eë¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡y

(Importance of Management in Economic Development of Bangladesh)
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK AeKvVv‡gv LyeB bvRyK| ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq eû wkí-KviLvbv, e¨vsK-exgv
BZ¨vw`| ¯^vaxbZv-DËiKv‡jI cwijwÿZ nqwb A_©bxwZ Z_v wk‡ívbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb ewjô D‡`¨vM| d‡j
wkí †ÿ‡Î †`kwU AbybœZB †_‡K hvq| miKvwi ev †emiKvwi †Kvb Lv‡ZB D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †Kvb e„n`vqZb wkí
M‡o D‡Vwb| GZ`&m‡Ë¡I wek¦ evRv‡ii Pvwn`vgvwdK †h ˆZwi †cvkvK wkí M‡o D‡V‡Q hv e¨vsK-exgvmn †h
mKj Kvievwi cÖwZôvb Avgv‡ì myL-¯^v”Q›`¨ weavb Ki‡Q †m¸‡jv‡Z eë¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ ev f‚wgKv A¯^xKvi
Kivi Dcvq †bB| †`kx we‡`kx wWMÖx I cÖwkÿY wb‡q A‡bK `ÿ eë¯’vcK G mKj cÖwZôv‡bi kªxe„w×‡Z
wb‡qvwRZ| G cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z eë¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1| wkívqb (Industrialization) t
wkívqb A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi GKwU eo gvcKvwV| G Kvi‡YB †h †`k wk‡í DbœZ †m †`k A_©‰bwZK w`K
†_‡K Aek¨B DbœZ| Acic‡ÿ wk‡í cðvrc` †`‡ki A_©bxwZI cðvrc`| Z‡e wkívq‡bi MwZ a‡i ivLvi
Rb¨ eë¯’vcbvi †P‡q DËg nvwZqvi Avi †bB| eë¯’vcbvq cðvrc` e‡jB †mŠw` Avi‡ei gZ †Zj mg„×
†`‡kI wkívqb m¤¢e nqwb| Avgv‡ì wkívqbI eë¯’vcbvi DciB wbf©ikxj|
2| m¤ú‡ì Kvh©Ki eënvi wbwðZKiY (Ensuring proper utilization of resources) t

gvbe m¤ú` I e¯ÍzMZ m¤ú‡ì mgb¦‡qB M‡o D‡V KviLvbv, M‡o D‡V †`‡ki A_©bxwZ| Avgv‡ì G
m¤ú‡ì †hvMvb †h‡nZz mxgve× ZvB Gi Kvh©Ki eënvi wbwðZKi‡Y eë¯’vcbvi f‚wgKvB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| g‡b
ivL‡Z n‡e, Rvcv‡bi eë¯’vcbv †m †`‡ki AwZ mxwgZ m¤ú‡ì h_vh_ eënvi wbwðZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g
†`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z GK AmvaviY f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|
3| Drcv`bkxjZv e„w× (Increasing productiveity) t

wkíxq `ÿZv e„w×i gva¨‡g Drcv`bkxjZv e„w× eë¯’vcbvi GKwU eo `vwqZ¡| Avgv‡ì wkí KviLvbv¸‡jvi
Drcvw`Kv kw³ ïay †h wek¦ gv‡bi Zzjbvq LyeB Kg ZvB bq, µg n«vmgvbI e‡U| G cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Avgv‡ì
eë¯’vcbvi mvg‡b me‡P‡q eo P¨v‡jÄB n‡”Q Drcvw`Kv kw³ e„w× Ges Gi Dc‡iB g~jZ wbf©i Ki‡Q
†`‡ki A_©‰bwZK fwel¨r|
4| mvgvwRK AMÖMwZ‡Z Ae`vb (Contribution in social development) t

†h †Kvb cÖwZôv‡biB GKwU mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q| Avi G `vwqZ¡ cvjb wbwðZ K‡i eë¯’vcbv| AvaywbK
eë¯’vcbv ZvB ïay eë¯’vcK ev gvwjK †kªYxi ¯^v_©B †`‡L bv| kªwgK, MÖvnK, mieivnKvix, cÖwZ‡ekx,
miKvi G mKj c‡ÿi cÖwZB h_vh_ `„wó w`‡q _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK AMÖMwZ hwÌ `ytmva¨ e‡jB
g‡b nq, `ÿ eë¯’vcK †kªYxB cv‡i Gi PvKv mPj Ki‡Z| `wi`ª RbmvaviY‡K w`‡Z cv‡i Avkvi Av‡jv|
5| ˆbwZKZvi gvb Dbœqb (Improving ethical standard) t

ˆbwZKZvi Aeÿq †hb Avgv‡ì mvgvwRK êwk‡ó¨ cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| G e¨vwa `~ixKi‡Y eë¯’vcbv‡K MÖnY
Ki‡Z n‡e GK ewjô c`‡ÿc| kªwgK, gvwjK, cÖwZ‡ekx ev miKvi †KD hv‡Z eÂbvi wkKv‡i cwiYZ bv
nq Zv eë¯’vcbv‡KB wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-21
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
6| Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó I †eKvi mgm¨v n«vm

(Generating employment and reducing unemployment) t
Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii GKwU mvsweavwbK `vwqZ¡| Z‡e miKvi G `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b mdjKvg
nqwb| †`‡k †eKvi mgm¨v ZvB cÖKU iƒc aviY Ki‡Q| G mgm¨v †_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ eë¯’vcbv‡K
cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e GK AMÖYx f‚wgKv| `vwqZ¡kxj eë¯’vcbv †`kx-we‡`kx cyuwR-wewb‡qvM Drmvn †hvMv‡bi
gva¨‡g Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó‡Z †h c‡ivÿ Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i ZvB †eKvi mgm¨v `~ixKi‡Y cv‡e cÖZ¨ÿ Ae`vb
ivL‡Z|
7| Rxebavi‡Yi gvb Dbœqb (Improving standard of living) t

A_©‰bwZK w`K †_‡K AwZ Kg DbœZ †`k wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvbI LyeB AbybœZ|
gv_vwcQy Avq ev K¨vjwi †fv‡Mi cwigv‡c Avgv‡ì Ae¯’vb c„w_exi me‡P‡q `wi`ª K‡qKwU †`‡ki g‡a¨| G
j¾vKi Ae¯’vb †_‡K cwiÎvY †c‡Z n‡j eë¯’vcbv‡K `ÿ K‡i M‡o †Zvjvi †Kvb weKí †bB|
8| AcPq n«vm (Reduction of wastage) t
Avgv‡ì A_©bxwZi GKwU eo êwkó¨B n‡”Q AcPq| GKw`‡K `vwi`ª¨ Ges Ab¨w`‡K AcPq| G êcixZ¨
`~i Kivi g~j `vwqZ¡ eë¯’vcbvi Dc‡iB eZ©vq| cwievi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i KviLvbv, Awdm-Av`vjZ me©ÎB G
`vwqZ¡ we¯Í„Z|
9| †fv³v ¯^v_© msiÿY (Protecting rights of consumers) t
b¨vh¨ g~‡j¨ gvbm¤úbœ cY¨ / †mev mieiv‡ni gva¨‡g †fv³v ¯^v_© msiÿY m¤¢e| eë¯’vcbv‡K hZœmnKv‡i G
`vwqZ¡wUI cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq †fv³v wn‡m‡e RbM‡Yi `y`©kv †e‡oB Pj‡e|
10| kªwgK-eë¯’vcbv m¤úK© Dbœqb (Improving labour-management relations) t
ag©NU I Zvjve×RwbZ Kvi‡Y hv‡Z †`‡ki A_©bxwZ ÿwZMÖ¯Í bv nq †m e¨vcv‡i mKj cÖwZôv‡bi mKj
¯Í‡ii eë¯’vcbv‡K kªwgK-eë¯’vcbv m¤ú‡K© Dbœq‡b mZK© `„wó w`‡Z n‡e|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-22
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
cvV 6 eë¯’vcbv cwi‡ek

(Management Environment)
D‡Ïk¨
5 cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb,
5 cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ eë¯’vcbvi m¤úK© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, Ges
5 eë¯’vcbvi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f‚wgKv
cwi‡ek ej‡Z cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v‡K eySv‡bv nq| eë¯’vcbv‡K G cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’viB GK Ask wnmv‡e,
Ab¨vb¨ As‡ki mv‡_ GKwU cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq| Gi g‡a¨ Af¨šÍixY cwi‡ekMZ Dcv`vb
Ges evwn¨K cwi‡ekMZ Dcv`vbI i‡q‡Q| eë¯’vcbv GKwU mvgvwRK KvVv‡gvi Ask wnmv‡e mgv‡Ri cÖwZI
Gi i‡q‡Q A‡bK `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨|
eë¯’vcbvq cwi‡ek
cwi‡ek ej‡Z cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v‡K eySv‡bv nq| GLb Avcbvi g‡b cÖkœ Avm‡Z cv‡i, eë¯’vcbvi mv‡_
cwi‡e‡ki m¤úK© Kx? m¤úK© Aek¨B Av‡Q| eë¯’vcbv Dbœq‡bi cÖ_g w`‡K, eë¯’vcbv wPšÍvwe`MY
eë¯’vcbv ïaygvÎ Hme wel‡qi Dci `„wó w`‡Zb-†h me wel‡qi Dci eë¯’vcK‡ì mivmwi cÖfve wQj|
GB welq¸‡jv g~jZ eë¯’vcbvi Af¨šÍixY cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vbmg~n| †hgb Z`viKx cwimi, eë¯’vcbv ¯Íi,
Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek BZ¨vw`| wKšÍz Zviv evwn¨K cwi‡ekMZ w`K †hgb, ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v A_ev Rbmvavi‡Yi
wPšÍv-fvebv Gm‡ei Dci ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Zb bv|
GUv Aek¨ GKw`K w`‡q Lvivc wQj bv| KviY hLb msMVb GKUv w¯’i cvwicvwk©K Ae¯’vq KvR K‡i ZLb
eë¯’vcK‡K evwn¨K cwi‡e‡ki Dci mvgvb¨ g‡bv‡hvM w`‡jB P‡j| wKšÍz mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ evwn¨K cwi‡ek
`ªæZ cwiewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K- hvi cÖfve c‡i eëmvq| Avi Zvi GB cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ‡K †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRb eë¯’vcbvi wewfbœ †KŠkj MÖnY| A_©bxwZi IVvbvgv, †µZv‡ì gvbwmKZvi cwieZ©b, miKvix
ms¯’vmg~‡ni wbqg bxwZ, LwbR m¤ú`, KuvPvgvj Ges kª‡gi ewa©Z g~j¨- G meB msMVb Ges Gi eë¯’vcbvi
Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| ev¯Í‡e Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨ msMVb‡K cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z
nq| †hgb, KuvPvgvj mieivnKvix KuvPvgv‡ji g~j¨ e„w× Ki‡j Drcvw`Z c‡Yï LiP †e‡o hv‡e|
djkªæwZ‡Z cY¨ g~j¨ †e‡o wM‡q †µZv‡ì Amyweav m„wó Ki‡e| †µZv‡ì GB Amyweav `~i Kivi Rb¨ ZvB
eë¯’vcK‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq †KŠkj MÖnY Ki‡Z nq|
GK mgq eëmv‡qi gvwjK‡ì †KŠkj wQj, eëmvq hZ †ewk m¤¢e gybvdv e„w× Kiv hvq ZZB Zv‡ì Rb¨
fvj| wKšÍz GLb msMV‡bi cÖwZwU Kv‡RB wPšÍv Ki‡Z nq- wbw`©ó Kv‡Ri cÖfve RxebhvÎvq Kxfv‡e co‡e|
eë¯’vcKMY ïay gvwjK‡ì Kv‡QB `vqx _v‡Kb bv| Zviv `vqx _v‡Kb mgv‡Ri mswkøó e¨w³ ev e¨w³e‡M©i
Kv‡Q, hviv c‡ivÿ ev cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e msMV‡bi Kv‡Ri Øviv cÖfvweZ nb| GLv‡b `y'ai‡bi ¯^v_© mswkøó `j
RwoZ _v‡K| cÖ_gZ, cÖwZ‡hvMx, cÖwZev`x `j, miKvix ms¯’v BZ¨vw`| †hgb, Avcwb hw` AwaK gybvdvi
Rb¨ kªwgK‡ì gRyix Kwg‡q †`b, Zvn‡j kªwgK BDwbqb Av‡›`vjb ïiæ Ki‡e| d‡j Drcv`b e× n‡q
Avcbvi gybvdv K‡g †h‡Z cv‡i|
wb‡Pi wP‡Î msMV‡bi mv‡_ Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K wewfbœ cÿmg~‡ni m¤úK© †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-
BDwbU GK c„ôv-23
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vbmg~n‡K `y'fv‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq| cÖ_gZ, cwi‡e‡ki †h me Dcv`vb msMVb Ges
eë¯’vcbvi Dci mivmwi cÖfve †d‡j- hv g~jZ cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍixY cwi‡e‡ki AvIZvfz³| wØZxqZ, †h
me Dcv`vb c‡ivÿfv‡e cÖfve †d‡j| G welq¸‡jv g~jZ evwn¨K cwi‡e‡ki AvIZvfz³|
mivmwi cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vbmg~n
g‡b Kiæb Avcwb GKwU Mv‡g©›Um wkí ¯’vcb Ki‡Z Pvb| GKUz wPšÍv K‡i †`Lyb G‡ÿ‡Î wK wK Dcv`vb
Avcbvi wkí‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i-
1| cÖ_‡gB Avcwb wPšÍv Ki‡eb Avcbvi wk‡íi cÖ‡qvRbxq KuvPvgvj, kªwgK, cÖhyw³ BZ¨vw` †Kv_vq Ges
Kxfv‡e cvIqv hv‡e| A_©vr Gm‡ei mieivnKvix Kviv| Kv‡ì KvQ †_‡K Avcwb ¯^í `v‡g `ªæZ
mieivn †c‡Z cv‡eb| KviY mwVK mgq I mwVK g~‡j¨ gvjvgvj mieivn wbwðZ bv n‡j, Avcbvi
Drcv`b e¨vnZ n‡e| †hgb, kx‡Zi Kvco evbv‡bvi Rb¨ D‡ji mieivn kxZ ïiæ nIqvi c~‡e© wbwðZ
bv Ki‡j, Kvco Drcv`b K‡i kx‡Zi g‡a¨ evRv‡i †cÖiY Kiv m¤¢e n‡e bv|
2| Avcbvi kªwgK mieivnI wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Kxfv‡e mnR g~‡j¨ Avcwb `ÿ kªwgK cv‡eb Zvi
wbðqZv †c‡Z n‡e| †hgb- cvUK‡ji kªwgK Av`gRx‡Z hZ mn‡R cv‡eb- MvRxcy‡i ZZUv mn‡R
cv‡eb bv|
3| Avcbvi Drcvw`Z c‡Yï †µZvmvaviY LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †µZvivB Avcbvi eëmv‡qi mvdj¨ G‡b
†`‡e| Avcbv‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e- Kviv Avcbvi †µZv, Zviv wK cQ›` K‡i BZ¨vw`| †mfv‡eB Avcbvi
Kv‡Ri m¤úªmviY YwwZ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| †µZv‡ì cQ›`gZ `ª‡eï gvb, g~j¨, †mev BZ¨vw`
h_vh_fv‡e eRvq †i‡L, Zv‡ì Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb Avcbvi †µZv hw` ZiæY †kªYxi nq-
Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e Zviv AvaywbK d¨vkb m‡PZb| Kv‡RB d¨vkb e`‡ji mv‡_ mv‡_, Avcbvi
Drcvw`Z c‡Yï gvbI e`j Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq evRv‡i Avcbvi cY¨ weµq n‡e bv|
4| eëmvq me mgqB cÖwZ‡hvMxiv Zrci _v‡K| Avcwb Avcbvi eëmv evwYR¨ Ges AwaK gybvdvi Rb¨
cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì †P‡q fvj cY¨ I †mev cÖ`v‡bi †Póv Ki‡eb| Kv‡RB Avcbv‡K AwaK †µZv mšÍzwói
w`‡K g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ we‡kl K‡i evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z cÖwZ‡hvwMZv AZ¨šÍ cÖKU|
5| A_©jMœxKvix cÖwZôvbI Avcbvi eëmvi Dci mivmwi cÖfve †d‡j| we‡kl K‡i Avcwb hLb Avg`vwb-
BDwbU GK c„ôv-24
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
ißvbx Ki‡eb ZLb - e¨vsK, exgv BZ¨vwì mvnvh¨ Avcbv‡K wb‡ZB n‡e| ZvQvovI Avcbvi F‡Yi
cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| mnRk‡Z© I ¯^í my‡` FY bv †c‡j cY¨ g~j¨ †e‡o †h‡Z cv‡i| KviY AwZwi³
my‡ì Rb¨ Drcv`b LiP †e‡o hvq|
6| miKvix ms¯’v eëmvq wewfbœfv‡e cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| †hgb, †`‡k wK wK ai‡bi eëmv Kiv hv‡e
A_ev hv‡e bv, AvqKi nvi, g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki BZ¨vw` wba©viY Ges wbqš¿Y K‡i miKvix ms¯’vmg~n|
Kv‡RB cÖwZwbqZ Avcbvi eëmv miKvix wewfbœ wm×všÍ Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡e| †hgb, miKvi hw`
Avg`vbx ïé evwo‡q †`q Zvn‡jI cY¨ g~j¨ †e‡o †hZ cv‡i| KviY hw` KuvPvgvj Avg`vwb Ki‡Z nh
Zvn‡j AwZwi³ g~j¨ Drcv`b LiP evwo‡q w`‡e|
7| m‡e©vcwi †kqvi †nvìviMY Zv‡ì †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g cwiPvjK cl©`‡K mivmwi cÖfvweZ
Kivi ÿgZv iv‡L| hw` Avcbvi eëmv wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb nq Zvn‡j †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi †nvìviMY
eëmv‡qi Dci mivmwi cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡i|
evwn¨K cwi‡ek
evwn¨K cwi‡ek ej‡Z msMV‡bi evB‡ii Hme Dcv`vb‡K eySvq hv msMV‡bi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖvmw½K|
msMVb¸‡jv KLbB ¯^wbf©i bq| Zv‡ì‡K Aw¯ÍZ¡ eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ cwi‡e‡ki Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| Zviv
cwi‡ek †_‡K KuvPvgvj, A_©, kªg, msMÖn K‡i K‡i cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g P~ovšÍ cY¨ A_ev †mevi AvKv‡i cybivq
evwn¨K cwi‡e‡k mieivn K‡i|
evwn¨K cwi‡e‡k mivmwi cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Ges c‡ivÿfv‡e cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dfq cÖKvi Dcv`vbB Av‡Q|
mivmwi cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv †fv³v, kªwgK, BDwbqb, mieivnKvix Ges Avw_©K
cÖwZôvbmg~n| G¸‡jv msMV‡bi mv‡_ ¯^v_© mswkøóI e‡U|
c‡ivÿfv‡e cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv cÖhyw³, A_©bxwZ Ges mgv‡Ri ivRbxwZ| c‡ivÿ
Dcv`vb¸‡jv msMVb †h cwiw¯’wZ‡Z KvR Ki‡Q Zv‡Z cÖfvweZ K‡i Ges cieZx©‡Z mivmwi cÖfve LvUv‡bvi
ÿgZv AR©b K‡i|
c‡ivÿ cÖfve we¯ÍvKvix Dcv`vb
Avcwb Av‡MB †R‡b‡Qb †h, msMV‡bi mv‡_ mivmwi mswkøó bq Ggb Dcv`vb cÖfv‡ei gva¨‡g msMVb‡K
cÖfvweZ KivB n‡jv c‡ivÿ cÖfve| †hgb, wb‡Pi Dcv`vb¸‡jv jÿ¨ Kiæb-
* cÖhyw³ * A_©‰bwZK * mvs¯‹…wZK * ivR‰bwZK BZ¨vw`|
Dc‡ii Dcv`vb¸‡jv Avcbvi eëmv‡K mivmwi cÖfvweZ bv Ki‡jI, c‡ivÿfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i|
D`vniY¯îƒc ejv hvq †h, ms¯‹…wZMZ Ges cÖhyw³MZ cwieZ©b| GB cwieZ©b Avcbvi †µZv‡ì cÖfvweZ
Ki‡e †Kvb GKwU we‡kl d¨vk‡bi Kvco cwiav‡bi Rb¨| d‡j †µZvi Pvwn`v wbiƒcb K‡i, AvcwbI †m
ai‡bi †cvkvK cÖ¯Íz‡Zi mKj eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡eb| †hgb- mg‡qi mv‡_ cvðv‡Zï RxebhvÎvi cwieZ©b
n‡”Q, hv cÖfve †dj‡Q GLvbKvi RxebhvÎvq| d‡j eëmv‡qi mivmwi cÖfvweZ bv n‡qI c‡Yï aib
cvëv‡Z eva¨ n‡”Qb| †Zgb ivR‰bwZK Ges A_©‰bwZK Dcv`vb¸‡jvI GKB fv‡e Avcbvi msMVb‡K
cÖfvweZ Ki‡e| wek¦ ivRbxwZ Ges A_©‰bwZK cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve G‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z Ges A_©bxwZ‡Z
co‡eB| d‡j eëmvq cÖwZôvbmg~n‡KI cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z evRv‡i wU‡K †_‡K gybvdv Av‡qi Rb¨
†mfv‡eB cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-25
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
mvi-ms‡ÿc
* eë¯’vcbv ev Management kãwU BZvjxq Managgiare kãwU n‡Z G‡m‡Q hvi A_© cwiPvjv Kiv|
* mvaviYfv‡e eë¯’vcbv n‡jv Aci †jv‡Ki cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡K KvR Kwi‡q †bIqv (Getting things done
through the effort of other peoples).
* cÖ‡Z¨K kªwgK-Kgx©‡K GKRb gvbyl I GKwU m¤ú` GB `yB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K gyj¨vqb Ki‡Z nh|
* ¯Íi‡f‡` eë¯’vcbv wZb fv‡M wef³- m‡e©v”P ¯Íi, ga¨g ¯Íi, I wbæ¯Íi|
* m‡e©v”P ¯Í‡ii eë¯’vcKMY cwiKíbv cÖYqb, bxwZ wba©viY, wm×všÍ MÖnY, wbqš¿Y BZ¨vw` Kvh© m¤úv`b
K‡i _v‡Kb|
* ga¨g ¯Í‡ii eë¯’vcKMY wbæ ¯Í‡ii Kgx©‡ì mnvqZvq KvR m¤úv`b K‡ib|
* cÖvPxb hy‡M (Lªx‡ôi R‡b¥i c~e© n‡ZB) eë¯’vcbvi DrcwË N‡U|
* †iv‡gi K¨v_wjK MxR©v cÖ_g AvbyôvwbK msMV‡bi ¯^xK…wZ cvq|
* cÖvPxb MÖx‡m `vk©wbK †cø‡Uv kªg wefvM I we‡klvq‡bi Dci we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib|
* ga¨ hy‡M eë¯’vcbvi Dbœq‡b cÖavb f‚wgKv iv‡Lb- Avj dvivhx, Bgvg Mv¾vjx, jyKv c¨vwmIwj, _gvm
gyi cÖgyL|
* wkí wecø‡ei hy‡M eë¯’vcbvi Dbœq‡b we‡kl Ae`vb iv‡Lb- †Rgm& ÷zqvU©, G¨vWvg w¯§_, ievU© I‡qb,
Pvj©m e¨v‡eR, cÖgyL|
* êÁvwbK eë¯’vcbvi RbK †d«WwiK DBb‡¯øv †Uji|
* †nbix †dqj‡K AvaywbK eë¯’vcbvi RbK ejv nq|
* û‡Mv gyb÷vievM© wkí g‡bvweÁv‡bi RbK wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
* eë¯’vcbv GKwU cÖwµqv|
* cwiKíbv eë¯’vcbv Kvh©vejxi cÖ_g Ges cÖavb DcKiY|
* GKUv msMVb eZ©gv‡b wK Ae¯’v‡b Av‡Q, Ges fwel¨‡Z wK Ki‡Z Pvq Zvi †mZzeÜb cwiKíbv ˆZix
K‡i (Planning bridges the gap between where we are & what we want to be)|
* msMVb‡K cÖavbZt `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq- mij îwLK (Line) Ges Dc‡`óv (staff) msMVb|
* †cÖlYv ej‡Z eySvq cÖvYxi Ggb GKwU Ae¯’v, hv Zv‡K †Kvb AvPiY ev Kv‡R DØy× ev PvwjZ K‡i|
†cÖlYv gvby‡li Kg©kw³ †hvMvq|
* eë¯’vcbvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kv‡h©i g‡a¨ mgb¦q mvab (Co-ordination), we`¨gvb hv AZ¨vek¨K|
* wbqš¿b eë¯’vcbvi †kl KvR| GB Ae¯’vq †Kvb wePy¨wZ †`Lv w`‡j (ev bv w`‡jI) cieZx© KvR A_©vr
cwiKíbv Avi¤¢ nq|
* eë¯’vcbvi bxwZgvjv cÖeZ©K AvaywbK eë¯’vcbvi RbK †nbix †dqj|
* eë¯’vcbvi †gvU bxwZgvjv 14wU|
* †nbix †dqj 1916 mv‡j d«v‡Ý Zuvi †jLv cy¯Í‡K me©cÖ_g bxwZgvjv¸‡jv D‡jøL K‡ib wKšÍz G¸‡jv
Zuvi RxeÏkvq Aby`&NvwUZ †_‡K hvq Ges Zuvi g„Zzï ci G¸‡jv eë¯’vcbvi bxwZgvjv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ
cvq|
* KZ©„Z¡ (Authority) Ac©b Kiv hvq wKšÍz `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y Kiv hvq bv| whwb KZ©„Z¡ A‡bï wbKU Ac©b K‡ib
Zv‡KB `vwq‡Z¡i Rb¨ Revew`wn Ki‡Z nq|
* Av‡`‡ki H‡Kï g~j K_v n‡jv cÖ‡Z¨K Kgx© GKRb Dci¸‡jvi Aax‡b _vK‡e|
* wb‡`©kbvi HK¨ ej‡Z eySvq GKRb cÖavb e¨w³ _vK‡e Ges ïaygvÎ Zvi KvQ †_‡KB wb‡`©kbv
Avm‡e|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-26
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx
1| eë¯’vcbv wK? eë¯’vcbvi cwiwa eY©bv Kiæb|
2| eë¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb|
3| eë¯’vcbvi DrcwË I µgweKvk eY©bv K‡ib|
4| eë¯’vcbvi bxwZgvjv¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
5| eë¯’vcbv weÁvb bv Kjv? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
6| eë¯’vcKxq wewfbœ `ÿZvi eY©bv w`b|
7| eë¯’vcbvi wewfbœ ai‡bi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
8| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b eë¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
9| eë¯’vcbv cwi‡e‡ki Dci mivmwi cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vbmg~n e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
mswÿß cÖkœvejx
1| eë¯’vcbvi msÁv w`b|
2| eë¯’vcbvi Pµ eY©bv Kiæb|
3| eë¯’vcbvi D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Kiæb|
4| eë¯’vcbvi 14wU bxwZ D‡jøL Kiæb|
5| eë¯’vcbv cwi‡ek ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb?
BDwbU GK c„ôv-27
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BDwbU
2
cwiKíbv (Planning)
f~wgKv
eë¯’vcbv Kvh©vejxi †fZi cwiKíbv n‡”Q me©cÖ_g I me©cÖavb KvR| GUv e¨ZxZ Kviev‡ii jÿ¨
my›ìfv‡e AwR©Z n‡Z cv‡i bv| g~jZ cwiKíbv n‡”Q eë¯’vcbvi Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©vejxi wfwË ¯îƒc| GUv
eë¯’vcbvi mKj ¯Í‡i e¨vß| cÖvPxbKv‡ji wewfbœ mf¨Zvi hyM †_‡K cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvM jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| ga¨
hy‡M Ges wkí wecø‡ei hy‡M Gi cÖ‡qvM RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i|
AvaywbK eë¯’vcbvi RbK †nbix †dqj (Henry Fayol) me©cÖ_g cwiKíbv‡K eë¯’vcbvi GKwU ¯^Zš¿ Kvh©
wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡ib|
GB GDwb‡U Avcwb cwiKíbv Kv‡K e‡j, Gi cÖYq‡bi c`‡ÿc mg~n, cÖKvi‡f` Ges DËg cwiKíbvi
êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
BDwbU `yB c„ôv-27

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 1 cwiKíbvi msÁv, cÖK…wZ, ¸iæZ¡ I c`‡ÿcmg~n

(Definition, Nature, Importance and Steps of Planning)
D‡Ïk¨
5 cwiKíbv ej‡Z wK †evSvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
5 cwiKíbvi cÖK…wZ I ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
5 cwiKíbvi c`‡ÿc eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cwiKíbvi msÁv (Definition of Planning)

GKRb QvÎ Zvi wkÿv Rxe‡bi ïiæ‡Z g‡b g‡b Kíbv K‡i †bq Kg©Rxe‡b †m †Kvb †ckv MÖnY Ki‡e Ges
Zvi cQ›`mB †ckv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡K wK ai‡bi †jLvcvov Ki‡Z n‡e, †Kgb cwikªg Ki‡Zn‡e, LiP
†Kv_v †_‡K Avm‡e,Gi Rb¨ †m †Kvb& †Kvb& wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b Zvi cov‡jLv mgvß Ki‡e BZ¨vw`| Zv‡K
Av‡M‡_‡KB Kíbv K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| Ges GB me Kg© c×wZ †Kvb cÖwµqvq m¤úv`b Ki‡e Zv c~‡e©B wVK
Kiv n‡”Q cwiKíbv|
ZvB ejv hvq, fwel¨‡Z GKwU jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ wK wK KvR Ki‡Z n‡e, wKfv‡e, †Kv_vq, KLb Ges KZ
mg‡q GB KvR †kl Ki‡Z n‡e BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© AwMÖg wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi GKwU cÖwµqvB n‡”Q cwiKíbv|
wewfbœ gwblx cwiKíbv‡K wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K msÁvwqZ Kivi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| wb‡æ K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨
msÁv cÖ`Ë njt
†nbwi †dqj- Zuvi General and Industrial Management MÖ‡š’ e‡jb, ÒcwiKíbv nj fwel¨Z wba©viY Kiv
Ges Zvi Rb¨ eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv|Ó
†Uix Ges d«vsKwjb- Gi g‡Z cwiKíbv n‡jv cÖvwZôvwbK D‡Ïk¨vejx AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR wK
Ki‡Z n‡e G m¤ú‡K© aviYv ˆZix I welqe¯Íz wbw`©ó Kiv|Ó
KzÄ Ges DBwiP Gi g‡Z Òjÿ¨ Ges D‡Ïk¨vejx wbY©qGes Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ KiYxq KvR wba©vi‡Yi mv‡_
cwiKíbv RwoZ| GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi A_©vr fwel¨Z GKvwaK weKí Kg©aviv †_‡K GKwU‡K
evQvB Kiv|Ó
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z ejv hvq, cwiKíbv GKwU MwZkxj, hyw³MÖvn¨, gvbwmK Ges eyw×`xß
GKwU cÖwµqv hv †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨ w¯’i Ges H jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ fwel¨‡Z KiYxq me‡P‡q m¤¢ve¨
Dchy³ Kg©m~Px cÖYqb K‡i|
cwiKíbvi cÖK…wZ (Nature of Planning)

cwiKíbvi wKQy ¯^KxqZv i‡q‡Q| wb‡æv³ welqv`x Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Avgiv cwiKíbvi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K©
aviYv jvf Kivi †Póv Ki‡ev t
(1) jÿ¨ AR©‡b mnvqZv t cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv nq cÖwZôv‡bi †Kvb we‡kl jÿ¨ AR©‡b mnvqZv Kivi
Rb¨| †hgb, aiæb Avcwb GKwU dv‡g©i eë¯’vcK wn‡m‡e wVK Ki‡jb †h G eQi 10,000 UvKv jvf
Ki‡eb| G jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ Avcwb Ggbfv‡e Drcv`‡bi cwiKíbv Ki‡eb †hb jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨ mwVK mg‡q Drcv`b Kiv hvq| cvkvcvwk weµq cwiKíbv Ggb fv‡e Ki‡eb hv‡Z mwVK
cwigvY cY¨ weµq K‡i jÿ¨ AR©b Kiv hvq| GQvov Avcwb jÿ¨ AR©‡b e¨_© n‡eb|
(2) cwiKíbvi AMÖMY¨Zv t eë¯’vcbv Kvh©vejxi g‡a¨ cwiKíbv n‡jv GKwU †gŠwjK I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kvh©|
cwiKíbvi Dci wfwË K‡iB Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©vejx †hgb, msMVb, wb‡`©kbv, wbqš¿Y BZ¨vwì cÖK…wZ wba©vwiZ
nq| cwiKíbv Qvov Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©vejxi cÖkœB I‡V bv| AZGe cwiKíbv n‡jv eë¯’vcbvi me©cÖ_g Kvh©|
(3) cwiKíbvi me©¯Íixq eënvi t cwiKíbvi ïaygvÎ cÖwZôv‡bi m‡e©v”P ¯Í‡ii eë¯’vcK‡ìB `vwqZ¡ bq
eis msMV‡bi cÖ‡Z¨K ¯Í‡ii eë¯’vcK‡ìB G `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq| ZvB cwiKíbvi eënvi cÖwZôv‡bi
me©¯Í‡i jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
(4) D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b Ae`vb t cwiKíbv D‡Ï‡kï Dci Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i| cÖ‡Z¨K cwiKíbvi g~L¨ jÿ¨
n‡jv mvsMVwbK D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b mnvqZv Kiv| cwiKíbv D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi wbwg‡Ë GKwU me©v½xb mgwb¦Z I
m½wZc~Y© Kv‡h©i KvVv‡gv m„wó K‡i|
(5) cwiKíbvi `ÿZv t cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e AZ¨šÍ `ÿZvi mv‡_| GKwU cwiKíbv‡K ZLbB `ÿ
ejv hvq, hLb Zv wgZe¨vqxZvi mv‡_ D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i| ZvB myôz I `ÿ cwiKíbv‡K Ggb n‡Z
n‡e hv‡Z mswkøó mK‡ji ¯^v_© iÿvi gva¨‡g ¯^í Zg e¨‡q AwaK dj jvf Kiv m¤¢e nq Ges mdjZv jvf
Kiv hvq|
(6) cwiKíbvi wbiew”QbœZv t eë¯’vcbvq cwiKíbvi e¨wß weivgnxb| cÖwZwU cÖkvmwbK Kv‡h©i †Kvb bv
†Kvb ¯’v‡b †Kvb bv †Kvb cÖKvi cwiKíbvi eënvi Kiv nq| KviY eëmvq cwi‡ek me©`vB cwiewZ©Z
n‡”Q| GB `„wó‡KvY †_‡KI cwiKíbv‡K GKwU wbiew”Qbœ cÖwµqv e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv hvq|
(7) cwiKíbvi †hŠw³KZv t cwiKíbv n‡Z n‡e ev¯Íe wfwËK Ges hyw³m½Z| cwiKíbv KLbI Av‡eM ev
Kíbv cÖm~Z n‡e bv| †KvbB Aev¯Íe wPšÍv‡K cwiKíbv ejv hvq bv| A_©vr cwiKíbv †mB jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨
cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e, †h jÿ¨ AR©b Kiv m¤¢e|
cwiKíbvi ¸iæZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

(Importance of Planning)
cÖvwZôvwbK mvdj¨ A‡bKvs‡kB cwiKíbvi mvdjZvi Dci wbf©ikxj| myôz cwiKíbv Qvov †Kvb Kv‡RB
mvdjZv Av‡m bv| wK e¨w³ Rxe‡b, wK mgvR Rxe‡b, wK eëmvq, wK ivóªxq Kv‡R me©‡ÿ‡ÎB cwiKíbvi
¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| cwiKíbv cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g eë¯’vcK fwel¨r Kg©KvÐ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| cwiKíbv mwVK
mg‡q mwVKfv‡e cÖYqb Ki‡j fwel¨‡Zi wewfbœ NUbv wbi‡e †g‡b †bIqv Qvov Avi Dcvq _v‡K bv|
GKgvÎ mwVK cwiKíbvi gva¨‡gB eëë¯’vcKMY BwáZ jÿ¨ AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| wb‡æ wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY
†_‡K cwiKíbvi ¸iæZ¡‡K Zz‡j aiv n‡jv t
(1) cwiKíbv w`K wb‡`©kbv †`q t A_©vr cwiKíbv e‡j †`q †h, D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ wKfv‡e †Kvb w`‡K
Ges KLb wK Kvh©vejx cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
(2) cwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vi †gvKvwejv Kiv t eëmvq cÖwZwbqZ cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q| GB cwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vi mv‡_
Lvc LvB‡q Pjvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mwVK cwiKíbv| RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y
bvbviKg mgm¨v †`Lv hvq| myôz cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi gva¨‡g G mg¯Í mgm¨vi †gvKvwejv Kiv hvq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
(3) mgb¦‡qi myweav t cÖwZôv‡bi wefvM, Dc wefvM I Abywefv‡Mi cwiKíbv mg~‡ni mgb¦‡q cÖvwZôvwbK
cwiKíbv cÖ¯ÍzZ Kiv nq| cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZwU wefv‡Mi Kg©KvÐ cwiKíbv gvwdK cwiPvwjZ nq| G‡Z
¯^qswµq fv‡e mymgwb¦Z djvdj jvf Kiv mnRZi nq|
(4) wgZe¨wqZv AR©‡b mnvqZv t myôz I m½wZc~Y© Kvh©vejxi Dci ¸iæZ¡v‡iv‡ci gva¨‡g cwiKíbv
wgZe¨wqZv AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i| A_©vr cwiKíbvi d‡j `ÿZvi mv‡_ KvR Kiv hvq hv wgZë¨wqZv AR©‡b
mvnvh¨ K‡i|
(5) D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi nvwZqvi t cwiKíbv g~jZt D‡Ïk¨ †K›`ªvbyM| cÖvwZôvwbK D‡Ïk¨ wVK gZ
ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv nq Ges Bnv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki c`‡ÿc †bqv nq|
(6) wbqš¿‡Y mnvqZv Kiv t wbqš¿‡Yi †gŠj wfwË n‡jv cwiKíbv| myôz cwiKíbv e¨wZZ wbqš¿Y KLbB myôz
n‡Z cv‡i bv| †h ¯Íi ch©šÍ cwiKíbv cÖYqb m¤¢e wVK †mB ¯Íi ch©šÍ wbqš¿Y cÖwµqv Kvh©Ki Kiv m¤¢e nq
A_©vr cwiKíbvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z wKQy‡ZB wbqš¿Y Kvh© Pvjv‡bv m¤¢e bq|
cwiKíbvi c`‡ÿcmg~n (Steps of Planning)

cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi c`‡ÿcmg~n| wb‡P cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi c`‡ÿcmg~n eY©bv Kiv n‡jvt
1. my‡hvM-myweav m¤ú‡K© mZK©Zv (Being awar of opportunity)
GUv cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi me© cÖ_g c`‡ÿc| hwÌ GUv g~j cwiKíbvi c~‡e©B wPšÍv Ki‡Z nq| fwel¨‡Z
cwiKíbv n‡Z wK wK myweav cvIqv hv‡e, eZ©gv‡b cÖwZôv‡bi kw³ I `ye©jZvmg~n Ges Ab¨vb¨ mgm¨vw`
m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nIqv| G ¯ÍiwU cÖavbZt gb¯ÍvwZ¡K|
2. D‡Ïk¨ ev jÿ¨ wba©vib (Setting objectives or goals)
cwiKíbvi cieZx© c`‡ÿc nj cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ wba©viY Kiv Ges GB gyL¨ ev †gŠwjK D‡Ïk¨
ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ mnvqK D‡Ïk¨vejx cÖwZôv Kiv| GLv‡b Aek¨B jÿŸxq welq n‡”Q cÖwZwôZ
D‡Ïk¨ Aek¨B ev¯Íevagx©, Av`k© wfwËK I ¯úó n‡Z n‡e| D‡Ïkëvjx AR©‡b mnvqK hveZxq Z_¨ I
DcvË msMÖn I we‡kølY AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
3. cwiKíbv cUf‚wg we‡ePbv Kiv (Considering Planning premises)
cwiKíbv Avw½bv ej‡Z fwel¨‡Zi cÖZ¨vwkZ cwiw¯’wZ m¤^Üxq Abygvb‡KB eySvq| cwiKíbv msµvšÍ
hveZxq Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ KZ¸‡jv w¯’i cÖK…wZi Avi KZ¸‡jv cwieZ©bkxj| w¯’i cÖK…wZi Dcv`vbmg~n
Abgbxq _v‡K e‡j G‡ì †Zgb ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv nq bv| Aciw`‡K cwiKí‡bi cUf‚wg‡Z RbmsL¨vi MwZ,
Drcv`b e¨q, miKvix wbqš¿Y, g~jabI KuvPvgv‡ji mnR cÖvc¨Zv, Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR©vwZK A_©bxwZ BZ¨vw`
cwieZ©bkxj Dcv`vb mg~‡ni c~e©vbygv‡b h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv nq|
4. weKí Kvh©c×wZ wba©viY (Indentifying alternatives)
GB c`‡ÿ‡c cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡b mv¤¢ve¨ wewfbœ weKí Kvh© c×wZmg~n AbymÜvb, M‡elYv, wPšÍv-fvebv K‡i
G‡ì g‡a¨ kw³kvjx I `ye©j weKí¸‡jv mbv³ Ki‡Z nq| Koontz Gi g‡Z, e¯ÍzZ Ggb †Kvb cwiKíbv
†bB hvi Rb¨ Dchy³ weKímg~n we`¨gvb _v‡K bv|
5. weKí Kg©c¯’vmg~‡ni g~j¨vqb (Comparing Alternative Courses of Action)
weKí Kg©cš’v¸wji `ye©j I mej w`K wba©vi‡Yi ci GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi c~‡e© wba©vwiZ D‡ÏkÏ fwel¨Z
cwieZ©bkxj cvwicvwk¦©KZv we‡ePbvq cÖ‡Z¨K weKí we‡klfv‡e g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z nq| mvaviYZt g~j¨vqb `ywU
c×wZ‡Z Kiv nq| h_v, ¸YMZ I msL¨vMZ we‡kølY|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
6. m‡e©vËg Kg©cš’v wba©viY (Choosing the best alternative)

GB c`‡ÿc cÖ‡Z¨KwU weKí h_vh_ fv‡e g~j¨vwqZ nevi ci wePÿYZv, ˆbcyb¨ I cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a mnKgx©‡ì
wbKU †_‡K civgk© MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g m‡e©vËgwU †e‡Q wb‡Z nq| GB c×wZ‡Z M„nxZ wm×všÍ ev cQ›` Kiv
weKíB n‡”Q P~ovšÍ cwiKíbv|
7. mnvqK cwiKíbv cÖYqb (Formulating Supporting Plans)
gyL¨ cwiKíbv mnR I my›ì fv‡e ev¯Íevq‡bi mywev‡_© KZ¸‡jv ÿz`ª ÿz`ª mnvqK cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z
nq| Gi d‡j gyL¨ cwiKíbv mdjZv jvf K‡i| D`vniY¯îƒc, GKwU wkí cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨
wm×všÍ †bIqv n‡j †m cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ K‡qKwU mnvqK cwiKíbv (†hgb- Kgx© wb‡qvM hš¿cvwZ
µq, g~jab msMÖn, Rwg msMÖn, BZ¨vwì cwiKíbv) MÖnY Ki‡Z nq|
8. ev‡RU KiY (Budgeting)
cwiKíbvi msL¨vZ¥K cÖKvkB n‡jv ev‡RU| †h‡nZz cwiKíbvi Rbkw³ I Ab¨vb¨ DcKiYvwì LiPcÎ
AšÍf©y³ _v‡K ZvB A_©ms¯’v‡bi Drm I e¨‡qi LvZ¸wj I wba©viY Kiv ìKvi| ev‡R‡Ui Dci Kg©m~Pxi
AvK…wZ wbf©i K‡i| GUv wewfbœ wefvMxq n‡Z cv‡i| ev‡RU Avw_©K Ges Abvw_©K G `yB ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i|
†hgbt †Kvb GKU we‡qi Abyôv‡bi Rb¨ 40,000 UvKvi cÖ‡qvRb| GUv Avw_©K ev‡RU| Avi GB Abyôv‡bi
Rb¨ 200wU †Pqvi, 20wU †Uwej, 100wU gyiMx, 1 gb Pvj BZ¨vw` cÖ‡qvRb| GUv n‡”Q Abvw_©K ev‡R‡Ui
D`vniY|
wb‡¤œi wP‡Î cwiKíbvi c`‡ÿcmg~n cÖ`wk©Z n‡jv-
my‡hvM myweav m¤ú‡K© mZK©Zv weKí Kg©cš’v mg~‡ni g~j¨vqb
evRvi Kg e¨‡q I me©vwaK jv‡f †h
cÖwZ‡hvMxZv weKíwU me‡P‡q †ekx my‡hvM
Pvwn`v †`‡e|
Avgv‡ì kw³ I `ye©jZv mg~n
m‡e©vËg Kg©cš’v wba©viY
D‡Ïk¨ ev jÿ¨ wba©viY †kªô Kg©m~Px Avgv‡ì cÖ‡qvM
†Kv_vq †h‡Z PvB Kivi Rb¨ †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e|
wK Ges KLb †kl Ki‡Z PvB|
mnvqK cwiKíbv cÖYqb
cwiKíbvi cUf‚wg we‡ePbv Kiv †hgb-
†Kvb cwi‡e‡k (Af¨šÍixY A_ev KjKâv µq
KuvPvgvj msMÖn
ewnt¯’) Kgx© wbe©vPb I cÖwkÿY
Avgv‡ì cwiKíbv ev¯ÍevwqZ bZzb cY¨ Dbœqb
n‡e?
ev‡RUKiY
weKíbv Kvh©c×wZ wba©viY †hgb- weµ‡qi cwigvY I g~j¨
†Kvb¸‡jv Avgv‡ì D‡Ï‡kï cwiPvjb e¨q
mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© me©vwaK cwiKíbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb
Ae`v‡b mÿg weKí? g~jab RvZxq miÄvgvwì Rb¨
e¨q|
Drm t Koontz Ges Weihrich Gi Management, 10 th Edition, Page–131 †_‡K msM„nxZ|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 2 cwiKíbvi cÖKvi‡f`

(Types of Planning)
D‡Ïk¨
5 wewfbœ cÖKvi cwiKíbv m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cwiKíbvi cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Planning)

cwiKíbvi‡K Zvi cÖK…wZ ev êwk‡óï wfwË‡Z wb‡æv³ wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvqt
(K) D”Pµ‡gi wfwË‡Z cwiKíbv (Hierarchical Plan)
(L) eënv‡ii gvÎvi wfwË‡Z cwiKíbv (Frequency of use of plan)
(M) mgqwfwËK cwiKíbv (On the basis of time period)
(K) D”PµgwfwËK cwiKíbv (On the basis of Hierarchy)

D”Pµg Abymv‡i GKUv cÖwZôv‡b wZbwU cÖavb ¯Íi _v‡K| G¸‡jv n‡”Q
(1) DuPy ¯Íi (2) ga¨ ¯Íi Ges (3) wbæ ¯Íi| GB ¯Íi¸‡jvi wfwË‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi cwiKíbv eë¯’vcKMY
MÖnY K‡ib| wb‡æ G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt
1. †KŠkjMZ cwiKíbv (Strategic plan)
GB cwiKíbv¸‡jv mvaviYZt cÖwZôv‡bi DuPy ¯Í‡ii mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| †KŠkjMZ cwiKíbv cÖwZôv‡bi
`xN©‡gqv`x `„wó ev Kíbv‡K wbw`©ó K‡i| GKUv cÖwZôvb †Kvb eëmv‡q Av‡Q, Ges wK Kivi wPšÍvfvebv
Ki‡Q Ges wKfv‡e GKUv cÖwZôvb Zvi `„wófw½‡K ev¯Í‡e iƒcvwqZ Ki‡e Zv GB †KŠkjMZ cwiKíbv wbw`©ó
K‡i| AviI e¨vcKfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j ejv hvq †h, GKUv cÖwZôvb wKfv‡e Zvi Kvh© cwi‡e‡k wb‡Ri
Ae¯’v‡K wbw`©ó Ki‡e Zv wVK KivB n‡”Q †KŠkjMZ cwiKíbvi KvR|
2. cÖkvmwbK cwiKíbv (Administrative Plan)
GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi m¤ú‡ì Drmg~n wb‡`©wkZ Kiv Ges cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍixY Dc-wefvM¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mgb¦q
mvab Kivi Rb¨ eë¯’vcKMY cÖkvmwbK cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| G R‡b¨ G cwiKíbv¸‡jvi Rb¨
cÖwZôv‡bi ga¨ ¯Í‡ii e¨vcK `vqe×|
3. Kvh©Ki cwiKíbv (Operating Plan)
cÖwZôv‡bi ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©µg¸‡jv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GB cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv nq| †hgb- cÖwZôv‡bi wbæ ¯Í‡ii
Kvh©vejx cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ A‡bK Kvh©Ki cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv nq|
(L) eënv‡ii gvÎvi wfwË‡Z cwiKíbv (Frequency of use of plan)
cwiKíbvi †kªYxwefv‡Mi AviI GKwU wfwË n‡”Q eënv‡ii gvÎvi wfwË| GB wfwË‡Z cwiKíbv‡K `yBwU
fv‡M fvM Kiv hv|
h_v- (i) ¯’vqx cwiKíbv (Standing plan)
(ii) GKv_©K cwiKíbv (Single use plan)
(i) ¯’vqx cwiKíbv (Standing plan)

†h cwiKíbv cÖwZôv‡b GKevi M„nxZ nIqvi ci bZzb †Kvb Ae¯’v m„wó bv nIqv ch©šÍ Kvievi cÖwZôv‡b

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
eëüZ nq Zv‡K ¯’vqx cwiKíbv e‡j| Ricky W. Griffin Gi g‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó mgq ch©šÍ ev‡i ev‡i N‡U
Ggb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ˆZixK…Z cwiKíbvB n‡jv ¯’vqx cwiKíbvÓ (Standing plan is developed for activities that
regularly over a period of time) Giƒc cwiKíbv wb‡æv³ K‡qK ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡it
1. bxwZ (Policy)
bxwZ nj GKwU mvaviYZ wee„wZ hv Kvh© m¤úv`b I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y mnvqZv K‡i| GUv wjwLZ ev †gŠwLK `yB
ai‡biB n‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZt evisevi (Repetitive) eënv‡ii †ÿ‡Î GB ai‡bi cwiKíbv wb‡`©wkKv
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GUv wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿÎ‡K wbw`©ó K‡i †`q Ges mswkøó wm×všÍ hv‡Z mvgÄm¨c~Y© nq I
D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b mnvqK nq Zv wbwðZ K‡i|
GUv mgRvZxq †ÿ‡Î ev mgm¨vi mgq ZvrÿwYK mgvavb cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ mgq
Kg bó nq| †hgbt †Kvb cÖwZôvb bM` weµ‡qi bxwZ ev †R¨ô‡Z¡i wfwË‡Z c‡`vbœwZi bxwZ MÖnY Ki‡j
weµq Ges c‡`vbœwZi Rb¨ evievi cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡Z nq bv| bxwZ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î bgbxqZv cÖ`k©b Kiv
hvq|
2. cÖwµqv (Procedure)
bxwZ ev D‡Ï‡kï Av‡jv‡K Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z †h we‡kl µg ev cÖYvjx AbymiY Kiv nh Zv‡K cÖwµqv
(Procedure) e‡j| A_©vr GKwU we‡kl KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡Z wK wK c`‡ÿc KLb I wKfv‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z nq|
cÖwµqv Zv wb‡`©k K‡i| bxwZi AvIZvfz³ GjvKvi g‡a¨B wbw`©ó c_ a‡i cÖwµqv weivR K‡i| Z‡e bxwZi
b¨vq cÖwµqv bgbxq bq| GLv‡b ¯§iYxq †h, D”P ¯Íi n‡Z wbæ ¯Í‡iB cÖwµqv MÖn‡Yi cwigvY †ekx| KviY
†mLv‡b mveavbZvg~jK wbqš¿‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb A‡bK †ekx| D`vniY¯îƒc, †Kv¤úvbxi bxwZ ev¯Íevqb Kivi
Rb¨ †h cÖwµqv w¯’i Kiv n‡q‡Q, Zv Øviv †K KLb `ywU cv‡e QywUKvjxb †eZb ev gRyixi nvi wK n‡e
BZ¨vw` wba©vwiZ nq|
3. wewa (Rule)
cÖwZôv‡bi †fZi †Kvb we‡kl cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wK Ki‡Z n‡e ev bv n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© eë¯’vcbv KZ©„K M„nxZ
wm×všÍ‡KB wewa ejv nq| GUv me‡P‡q mnR ai‡bi cwiKíbv| cÖwµqv I wewai g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ _vK‡jI
G‡ì g‡a¨ g~j cv_©K¨ n‡”Q cÖwµqv‡Z mg‡qi D‡jøL _v‡K Avi wewai g‡a¨ †Zgb †Kvb mgq mxgvi D‡jøL
_v‡K bv| Aciw`‡K bxwZ I wewai g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ n‡”Q, bxwZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î wePvi we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq,
Aciw`‡K wewa cÖ‡qv‡M †Kvb cÖKvi wePvi we‡ePbvi my‡hvM †bB|
(ii) GKevi eënvh© cwiKíbv (Single-use-plan)
†h cwiKíbv cÖwZôv‡b cybt cybt eëüZ bv nq ïaygvÎ GKevi eënv‡ii Rb¨ ev GKwUgvÎ D‡Ïk¨
mva‡biRb¨ cÖYqb Kiv nq Zv‡K GKevi eënvh© cwiKíbv e‡j| G cwiKíbvmg~n GKK cwiw¯’wZ ev
mgm¨vi †ÿ‡Î cÖYqb Kiv nq Ges mvaviYZ GKevi eënv‡ii ci GUv‡K cwieZ©b Kiv nq|
eë¯’vcKiv mvaviYZ wZb ai‡bi GKv_©K cwiKíbv eënvi K‡ib| wb‡æ Zv D‡jøL Kiv njt
1. Kg©m~Px (Programme)
Kg©m~Px nj †mB me GKevi eënvh© cwiKíbv hv wewfbœ cÖKvi cwiKíbvi mswgkª‡Y MwVZ GKwU mwVK
Kvh©µg| G‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi cwiKíbv‡K bxwZ I Kvh©cÖYvjxi AvKv‡i Ggbfv‡e GKwÎZ Kiv nq hv‡Z
cÖwZôv‡bi c~e© wba©vwiZ D‡Ïk¨vejx AR©‡bi Rb¨ Giv Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i| ms‡ÿ‡c Kg©m~Px n‡”Q jÿ¨,
bxwZ, wewa BZ¨vwì ev¯Íevq‡b cÖ‡qvRbxqZ Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vbmg~n wb‡q MwVZ GKwU mvgwMÖK Kvh©µg|
†cÖvMÖvg ev Kg©m~Px Avevi †gŠwjK I †MŠb G `yB ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbt GKwU cwienb ms¯’vi †gŠwjK

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
†cÖvMÖvg nj 3 †KvwU UvKv e¨‡q 10wU bZzb wejvmeûj hvÎxevnx evm µq Kiv| Gi Rb¨ WªvBfvi,
mycvifvBRvi wb‡qvM I G‡ì cÖwkÿY, iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi eë¯’v, mgqm~Pxi cybtweb¨vm BZ¨vw` hveZxq M„nxZ
Kg©m~PxB n‡”Q †MŠY Kg©m~Px|
2. cÖ‡R± (project)
†cÖvMÖvg ev Kg©m~Pxi gZ cÖ‡R± GiI GKB êwk÷ i‡q‡Q wKšÍz Giv mvaviYZt Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î A‡cÿvK…Z msKxY©
Ges Kg RwUj| mvavibZt Kg„m~Px‡K mv‡cvU© †`qvi Rb¨ cÖ‡R± ˆZix Kiv nq|
cÖ‡R± n‡”Q AwØZxq GKevi eënvh© GKwU Kvh©µg, †hLv‡b KwZcq D‡Ïk¨vejx mgqmxgvi g‡a¨| Gi
m¤¢ve¨ LiP c~e© wba©vwiZ _v‡K|
3. ev‡RU (Budget)
cwiKíbv‡K hLb msL¨vi Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K ev‡RU e‡j| G‡K msL¨vwqZ Kg©m~PxI ejv nq|
cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©vejx‡K kªg-N›Uv, Drcv`b GKK, UvKv BZ¨vw` msL¨vq cÖKvk Kiv nq| GUv wewfbœ ai‡bi
n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbt bM`vb ev‡RU, µq ev‡RU, g~jabx ev‡RU, BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi mswkøó Kvh©vejxi
msL¨vwqZ iƒc m¤ú‡K© cye©vbygvb Kiv nq| ev‡RU Ab¨vb¨ cwiKíbv‡K mywbw`©ó Ges ev¯ÍegyLx Ki‡Z
mnvqZv K‡i|
(M) †gqv`wfwËK cwiKíbv

(Planning on the basis of time period)
wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡b †gqv‡ì wfwË‡Z I cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| Giƒc cwiKíbv‡K wb‡æv³ fv‡M fvM
Kiv hvq|
1. ¯^í‡gqv`x cwiKíbv (Short -term plan)

mvaviYZ GK eQi ev Zvi Kg mg‡qi Rb¨ M„nxZ cwiKíbv‡K ¯^í‡gqv`x cwiKíbv e‡j|
2. ga¨ †gqv`x cwiKíbv (Middle-term plan)

GK eQ‡ii AwaK wKšÍz m‡e©v”P cuvP eQi mg‡qi Rb¨ M„nxZ cwiKíbv‡K ga¨‡gqv`x cwiKíbv e‡j|
3. `xN© †gqv`x cwiKíbv (Long-term plan)

cuvP eQ‡ii AwaK †h‡Kvb mg‡qi Rb¨ G ai‡bi cwiKíbv M„nxZ nq|
cÖ‡Z¨KUv eëmvq cÖwZôvb‡K Dc‡iv³ wewfbœ ai‡bi cwiKíbv MÖnY I ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g Zvi jÿ¨ AR©b
Ki‡Z n‡e|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
cvV 3 DËg cwiKíbvi êwkó¨mg~n

(Characteristics of Effective Planning)
D‡Ïk¨
5 DËg cwiKíbvi êwkó¨¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
DËg cwiKíbvi êwkó¨

(Characteristics of Effective Planning)
cwiKíbvi Dci wbf©i K‡iB eë¯’vcbvi Ab¨vb¨ KvR m¤úvw`Z nq| ZvB cwiKíbv fvj bv n‡j Ab¨vb¨
KvR n‡ZI cÖZ¨vwkZ mvdj¨ Avkv Kiv hvq bv| GKwU Av`k© cwiKíbvi wbæwjwLZ êwkó¨ _vKv DwPZt
1. wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ (Clear objective)
mwVK cwiKíbvi wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| KviY D‡Ïk¨ w¯’i I wbw`©ó bv _vK‡j cwiKíbvi Kvh©vejx
mwVKfv‡e m¤úvw`Z n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB Av`k© cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z †M‡j cÖ_‡g D‡Ïk¨ w¯’i Ki‡Z nq|
Zvici H D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Dchy³ avivevwnK Kg©cš’v w¯’i Ki‡Z nq|
2. HK¨ (Unity)
cÖwZôv‡bi GKwU mvgwMÖK cwiKíbvi AvIZvq wewfbœ LÛ LÛ cwiKíbv _vK‡Z cv‡i| GB mKj LÛ LÛ
cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi mvgwMÖK cwiKíbv mdjZv wbf©i K‡i| ZvB GB mKj cwiKíbvi
†fZi mwVK mg‡SvZv Ges ci¯úi m¤úK© I HK¨ _vK‡Z n‡e|
3. mnR‡eva¨Zv (Easy to understand)
cwiKíbv h_vm¤¢e mnRv‡eva¨ I mnRmva¨ nIqv DwPZ| KviY cwiKíbv mnR mij fvlvq cÖKvk Kiv n‡j
Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi m‡½ m¤ú„³ cÖwZwU Kgx© GUv Abyave‡bi mÿg n‡e| Ab¨_vq cwiKíbv wbe©vnx‡ì wbKU
†evaMg¨ bv n‡j Gi Kvh©KvwiZv n«vm cvq|
4. wbiew”QbœZv (Continuity)
cwiKíbvi Abycw¯’wZ eë¯’vcbvi Acivci mKj Kvh© cÖwµqvq RwUjZvi m„wó K‡i| ZvB cwiKíbv
Ggbfv‡e cÖYxZ nIqv DwPZ hv‡Z KLbB Zvi Abycw¯’wZ bv N‡U| D`vniY¯îƒc, GKUv Drcv`bKvix
cÖwZôv‡b Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ 1 gv‡mi hveZxq cwiKíbv †bqv Av‡Q| GLb Drcv`b cÖwµqv‡K mPj ivLvi Rb¨
c~e© gv‡mi cwiKíbv †kl nIqvi c~‡e©B bZzb gv‡mi cwiKíbv ˆZix I cÖ¯ÍzZ ivL‡Z n‡e|
5. mvsMVwbK m¤ú‡K©i cÖwZdjb (Reflection of organisational relation)
DËg cwiKíbvq cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ wefvM I Dc-wefv‡Mi m¤ú‡K©i cÖwZdjb NUv DwPZ| cwiKíbvi †Kvb
w`K †Kvb wefvM KZ©„K m¤úbœ n‡e Zv cwiKíbvq ewY©Z bv _vK‡j Gi ev¯Íevq‡b mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|
6. wbf©yjZv (Accuracy)
cwiKíbv hZ`yi m¤¢e wbf©i nIqv evÃbxq| Avi Gi Rb¨ mwVK mg‡q mwVK c~e©vbygvb Acwinvh©| cwiKíbv
wbf©yj bv n‡j cÖwZôv‡bi A_©, kªg I m¤ú‡ì AcPq e„w× cvq| GRb¨ AZxZ AwfÁZv cwiw¯’wZ Ges
Z_¨vewji we‡køl‡Yi Dci wfwË K‡i cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv n‡j cwiKíbv wbf©yj nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
7. bgbxqZv (Flexibility)
bgbxqZv Av`k© cwiKíbvi GKwU Acwinvh© êwkó¨| cwiKíbv cUf‚wgi cwieZ©‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z cwiKíbvq
bgbxqZvi eë¯’v ivLv ìKvi| KviY bgbxqZvi eë¯’v bv _vK‡j cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cwiKíbvi jÿ¨
AR©b Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|
8. Z_¨ wbf©ikxjZv (Based on Information)

GKwU DËg cwiKíbv Aek¨qB Z_¨ I AwfÁZv wbf©i nIqv DwPZ| Aev¯Íe aviYv ev †Lqvjxi Dci wbf©i
K‡i cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv n‡j Zv ev¯Í‡e mydj cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †h Z‡_ï Dci wbf©i Kiv n‡e Zv
h_v_© wKbv ZvI we‡ePbv Kiv DwPZ|
9. m¤ú‡ì c~Y© eënvi (Proper use of resources)

cwiKíbv Ggbfv‡e cÖYqb Kiv DwPZ hv‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi †h me m¤ú` I my‡hv‡M myweav Av‡Q Zvi c~Y©
mØënvi nq| cwiKíbv Ggb nIqv DwPZ bq hv‡Z m¤ú‡ì AcPq nq|
10. ev¯ÍegyLx cwiKíbv (Realistic plan)

cwiKíbv me©`v ev¯ÍegyLx n‡Z n‡e| cwiKíbvi g‡a¨ ev¯ÍegyLx D‡Ïk¨ _vK‡Z n‡e Ges GB D‡Ïk¨
AR©‡bi Rb¨ ev¯ÍegyLx Kg©m~Px _vK‡Z n‡e|
11. Dcvq mg~‡ni c~Y© mØënvi (Proper utilisation of means)

GKwU Av`k© cwiKíbvq cÖwZôv‡b wb‡qvwRZ mKj Dcvq mg~‡ni c~Y© mØënv‡ii wbðqZv _vKv DwPZ|
cwiKíbvi mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y hw` Dcvqmg~n AeëüZ _v‡K Z‡e djvd‡ji we‡ePbvq Zv †bwZevPK n‡Z
eva¨|
12. MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv (Acceptability)

DËg cwiKíbv Aek¨qB cÖwZôv‡bi me©‡kªYxi Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvix KZ©„K mv`‡i M„nxZ n‡e| mvaviYZt
cwiKíbvi KvR cÖwZôv‡bi kxl©¯Íi †_‡K ïiæ Kiv nq| Z‡e Gi m‡½ Aa©¯Í‡Z¡ii Kg©Pvix‡ì m¤ú„³ Kiv
n‡j cwiKíbvi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv e„w× cvq|
cwi‡k‡l Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, GKwU Av`k© I DËg cwiKíbv‡K Aek¨qB Dc‡iv³ êwkó¨ mg„× n‡Z
n‡e| Ab¨_vq GUv ïay KíbvB †_‡K hv‡e|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
bxwZ, †KŠkj I jwRwó·

cvV 4
(Policy, Strategy and Logistics)
D‡Ïk¨
5 bxwZ, †KŠkj I jwRw÷‡·i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
5 eëmv‡q KLb, †Kvb †KŠkj I bxwZ cÖ‡qvRb Zv wba©viY I Dbœqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
5 cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡b Kx cwigvY jwRw÷· cÖ‡qvRb Zv wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f‚wgKv
D‡Ïk¨ I jÿ¨ KZUzKz AR©b m¤¢e Zv wbf©i K‡i g~jZ bxwZ, †KŠkj Ges jwRw÷· eë¯’vcbvi Dci|
bxwZ, †KŠkj I jwRw÷· cwiKíbvi †ÿ‡Î AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| hw` G‡ì GKwU Dcv`v‡biI NvUwZ
nq- Zvn‡jI cwiKíbvi myôz ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e nq bv| GKwU Kvievi cÖwZôv‡b wewfbœ †KŠkj I bxwZ i‡q‡Q|
msMV‡bi aib I cwiw¯’wZ ey‡S G‡ì Dbœqb Ges cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| GKwU Kviev‡ii wewfbœ †ÿÎ †hgb-
cY¨ I †mev, wecYb, A_©msµvšÍ BZ¨vw`| wewfbœ †ÿ‡Îi Rb¨ g~j D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L wewfbœ †KŠkj I
bxwZi myôz Dbœqb I cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| m‡e©vcwi cwiKíbvi myôz ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ mwVK mg‡q, mwVK ¯’v‡b,
mwVK m¤ú` mieivn A_ev jwRw÷‡·i eë¯’v Ki‡Z nq|
bxwZ (Policy)
bxwZ n‡jv wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ wb‡`©k‡Ki GKwU weeiY| A_©vr bxwZ †Kvb wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi wPšÍv-fvebv‡K
cwiPvwjZ K‡i| †hgb- Kg©Pvix‡ì PvKzixi ïiæ‡ZB GK eQi wkÿvbexm _vK‡Z n‡e- GUv n‡jv GKwU
bxwZ|
†KŠkj (Strategy)
†KŠkj n‡j fwel¨Z Kvh©vejxi GKwU mvaviY Kg©m~Px Ges msMV‡bi mvwe©K D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq
m¤ú` I cÖ‡Póvi cÖ‡qvM I eënvi| A_©vr D‡Ï‡k¨ †cŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ mwVK c_B n‡jv †KŠkj| †hgb, weµq
evov‡bvi Rb¨ weµq Kgx©‡ì GKwU wbw`©ó nv‡i Kwgkb cÖ`vb GKwU †KŠkj|
cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© (Mutual relationship)
evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq, eë¯’vcbv wkÿv Kg©m~Pxi gva¨‡g †`‡k †hvM¨ eë¯’vcK ˆZwi Ki‡e| G
j‡ÿ¨ wek¦we`¨vjq wm×všÍ wbj- GKwU †cÖvMvg Pvjy K‡i †`‡ki AwfÁ wkÿK Ges eë¯’vcK‡ì gva¨‡g
wkÿv`vb Ki‡e| cvV¨m~wP‡Z G wel‡q me©‡kl Ges bZzb welq¸‡jv ms‡hvRb Ki‡e| m¤ú~Y© welqwU we‡kølY
Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq-
* †hvM¨ eë¯’vcK ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ eë¯’vcbv wkÿv Kg©m~wP Pvjy Kivi wm×všÍ GKwU bxwZ| A_©vr GLv‡b
GKwU w`K wb‡`©kbv †`qv n‡”Q|
* AwfÁ wkÿK Øviv wkÿv`vb Ges bZzb wel‡qi ms‡hvRb n‡jv †KŠkj| A_©vr jÿ¨ AR©‡bi GKwU
mvaviY Kg©m~Px|
†KŠkj I bxwZi Drmmg~n
†KŠki I bxwZi Drmmg~n n‡jv-
1. DwÌZ (Originated)

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
2. Av‡e`b RwbZ (Appealed)

3. Aby³ (Implied)
4. evwn¨K Av‡ivwcZ (Enternally imposed)
1. DwÌZ t
msMV‡bi †KŠkj I bxwZi Drm n‡jv D”P eë¯’vcbv| G‡ÿ‡Î D”P eë¯’vc‡Kiv msMV‡bi D‡Ïk¨
djcÖmyfv‡e AR©‡bi Rb¨ Awab¯Í‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbv w`‡q _v‡Kb| d‡j Kg©Pvixiv Zv‡ì wbqwgZ
ˆ`bw›`b wVKfv‡e Ki‡Z cv‡i| aiæb Avcwb GKRb Drcv`b eë¯’vcK| Avcwb wm×všÍ wb‡jb †h, cÖwZw`b
1000 BDwbU cY¨ Drcv`b Ki‡eb| Avcwb ¸`vg iÿK‡K wb‡`©k w`‡q w`‡jb †h 1000 BDwbU Drcv`‡bi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq KuvPvgvj cÖwZw`b †hb KviLvbvi †dvig¨vb‡K w`‡q †`qv nq| KviY welqwU wbZ¨w`‡bi
wbqwgZ KvR wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e| cÖwZw`bB hw` G wel‡q wm×všÍ w`‡Z nq Zvn‡j Drcv`b e¨nZ n‡Z
cv‡i| G ai‡bi wm×všÍwU n‡jv DwÌZ| GUv A‡bKUv D”P n‡Z wbægyLx ai‡bi| GLv‡b wm×všÍ Dci n‡Z
wb‡P Pvwc‡q †`qv n‡q _v‡K| welqwU wPÎ w`‡q †evSvb hvq-
2. Av‡e`b RwbZ t
A‡bK mgq †Kvb we‡kl cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Kx wm×všÍ wb‡Z n‡e A_ev GKRb Aa¯Íb Kg©KZ©vi wK wm×všÍ †bqvi
ÿgZv Av‡Q- Zv wb‡q †`vUvbvq co‡Z nq| G me cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wm×všÍ †èvi Rb¨ D”P c`¯’‡ji Kv‡Q
Av‡e`b Rvbv‡bv nq Ges Dci †_‡K wm×všÍwU †bqv nq| GKwU cÖ_v Ges GwU fwel¨Z wb‡`©kbv wnmv‡e
KvR K‡i| ZvB Gme cwiw¯’wZ‡Z AZ¨šÍ mveavbZv Aej¤^b K‡i wm×všÍ w`‡Z nq| Ab¨_vq fwel¨Z
Kvh©vejx‡Z wecixZ cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯îƒc, g‡b Kiæb Avcwb GKRb †dvig¨vb| KviLvbvq
GKRb kªwgK GK mßvn a‡i Aby‡gvw`Zfv‡e Abycw¯’Z| G Ae¯’vq, Avcwb Kx Zv‡K ewn®‹vi Ki‡eb bv
†eZb †K‡U †`‡eb Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ Kx eë¯’vcK‡K Av‡e`b Rvbv‡eb| G cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z Kgx© eë¯’vcK †h
wm×všÍwU †`b Zv-B n‡jv Av‡e`bRwbZ bxwZ cÖYqb| wP‡Îi gva¨‡g welqwU †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-
3. Aby³ t
wKQy bxwZ ev †KŠkj AvPi‡Yi Øviv m„wó nq| †h me bxwZ wjwLZ _v‡K Zv me Kg©PvixivB Rv‡b Ges
†mfv‡e KvRK‡i| wKšÍz mgm¨v nj AwjwLZ bxwZi †ÿ‡Î| ZLb †Kvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Kx Ki‡Z n‡e Zv
AvPi‡Yi ØvivB cÖKvwkZ nq| †hgb aiæb, Avcwb hLb †Kvb ¯^‡M©i †`vKv‡b A_ev AwfRvZ †Kvb Kvc‡oi
†`vKv‡b †KbvKvUv Ki‡Z hvb ZLb Zviv Avcbv‡K wKQy Avc¨vqY Ki‡e hv †Kv_vI wjwLZ †bB| GUv
AwfRvZ †`vKvb¸‡jvi GKwU Aby³ bxwZ ev †KŠkj|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
4. evwn¨K Av‡ivwcZ t
Avcwb GKUz †Lqvj Ki‡jB †`L‡Z cv‡eb wmMv‡i‡Ui c¨v‡K‡UB †jLv _v‡K, a~gcvb ¯^v‡¯’ï Rb¨ ÿwZKi|
A_ev A‡bK c‡Y¨ †jLv _v‡K, Avcbvi cwi‡ek cwi®‹vi cwi”Qbœ ivLyb, `ywU mšÍvbB h‡_ó BZ¨vw`| Gme
†jLv nq miKv‡ii Av‡`‡k| Ab¨_vq H cY¨ evRviRvZ Kiv †hZ bv| A_©vr G‡ÿ‡Î †Kv¤úvwbi B”Qv wKsev
Awb”Qv †Kvb welq bq| miKv‡ii B”Qv‡ZB evRviRvZKi‡Yi mgq G bxwZ Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡”Q| GUvB
n‡jv evwn¨K Av‡ivwcZ bxwZ ev †KŠkj| †ZgbB A‡bK †Kv¤úvwbi A‡bK bxwZ ev †KŠkj Aej¤^b Ki‡Z
nq- wewfbœ ¯^v_© mswkøó `j †hgb- kªwgK BDwbqb, mgvR, ag©, †fv³v BZ¨vwì Pv‡c A_ev ìKlvKwl‡Z|
†hgb- G‡`‡ki mgv‡R gv`K `ªe¨ evRviRvZKiY wbwl×| GwU mgvR Av‡ivwcZ bxwZ| welqwU wP‡Î
†`Lv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i-
†KŠkj I bxwZi †gŠwjK cÖKvi‡f`

†KŠkj I bxwZ wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| †hgb- †h †Kvb GKwU evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki K_v wPšÍv Kiæb|
e¨vs‡Ki g~j D‡Ïk¨ wKšÍz †mev cÖ`vb Kiv| kvLv ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g MÖvnK †mev e„w× Kiv n‡jv e¨vs‡Ki bxwZ
Ges †KŠkj| Kxfv‡e AwaK MÖvnK †mev cÖ`vb Kiv hvq Zv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ e¨vsK‡K wKQy mnvqK bxwZ I
†KŠkj Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq, †hgb- M‡elYvg~jK Kg©| Gi mv‡_ RwoZ nq wKQy †QvU †QvU cwjwm †hgb-
kvLv ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ wK evox µq Ki‡e bvwK fvov †b‡e BZ¨vw`| GLb K_v n‡jv MÖvnK †mev Ki‡jB †Zv
ïay Pj‡e bv, e¨vs‡Ki gybvdvI AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| †m j‡ÿÏ wKQy bxwZ ev †KŠkj Aej¤^b Ki‡Znq|
†hgb- AvµgYvZ¥K weÁvcb| †h †Kvb eëmv‡ZB fwel¨Z m¤^‡Ü GKUv AwbðqZv _v‡K| KviY fwel¨r
AwbwðZ Ges cwieZ©bkxj| †m j‡ÿÏ wKQy bxwZ I †KŠkj _vK‡Z nq| †hgb K…lK‡ì we‡kl K…wl FY
cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g MÖvnK †mev ew„× Kiv|
welqwU we‡kølY Ki‡j Avcbviv wbæwjwLZ †gŠwjK bxwZ I †KŠkj¸‡jv cv‡eb-
* gyL¨ †KŠkj I bxwZ - Avmj D‡Ï‡k¨ †cŠuQvi Rb¨ †h bxwZ I †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv nq| †hgb- MÖvnK
†mevi Rb¨ AwaK kvLv ¯’vcb|
* mg_©bKvix †KŠkj I bxwZ - mwV I myôz bxwZ cÖYqb Ges cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ †h bxwZ cÖYxZ nq| †hgb-
M‡elYvg~jK Kg©|
* AcÖavb †KŠkj I bxwZ - †h †KŠkj ev bxwZ cÖavb bq wKšÍz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †hgb- evox µq bv fvov Ki‡e
GB bxwZ wba©viY|
* wbæ †KŠkj I bxwZ - †h †KŠkjmg~n ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq wKšÍz cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ ìKvi| †hgb-
MÖvnK †mevi cvkvcvwk gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ weÁvcb cÖ`vb|
* fwel¨Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z bxwZ I †KŠkj - †Kvb cÖKvi m¤úªmviY A_ev cwieZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î †h †KŠkj †bqv
nq| †hgb- cÖ‡qvR‡b K…wl FY cÖ`vb|
djcÖm~ †KŠkj Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ©mg~n t

Avcwb †Lqvj Lykx gZ msMV‡bi †KŠkj wba©viY I Dbœqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| Gi Rb¨ wKQy Dcv`vb
Avcbv‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| G mKj Dcv`vb ev kZ© Qvov cÖwZôv‡bi mvgwMÖK ev †KŠkjMZ cwiKíbv

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
g~j¨nxb n‡q c‡o| Gme kZ©¸‡jv n‡jv-

1. cÖwZôv‡bi AvÍ g~j¨vqb t
me cÖwZôv‡biB GKwU wb‡R¯^ mËv _v‡K- †h cwiPq wb‡q H cÖwZôvb cwiwPZ n‡Z Pvq| †m Zvi
Kvh©Kjv‡cI GKB mËv‡K enb Ki‡Z Pvq| Kvievi msMV‡KiI †mB mËv Rvb‡Z n‡e| cÖavbZt `ywU cÖ‡kœi
Av‡jv‡K G mËv Rvb‡Z nq| †hgb-
* Avgv‡ì eëmv Kx?
* †Kvb ai‡bi eëmvi Kv‡R Avgiv wb‡qvwRZ?
AvcvZ `„wó‡Z cÖkœ `y'†Uvi DËi mnR g‡b n‡jI ev¯Í‡e KwVb| †hgb- evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q †ij eëmv‡q
RwoZ K_vwU mwVK n‡e bv| KviY evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q mwVK A‡_© cwienb eëmv‡q RwoZ|
2. fwel¨r cwi‡e‡ki g~j¨vqb t
†KŠkj g~jZ fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨B cÖYqb Kiv nq| ZvB Kviev‡ii fwel¨Z cwi‡e‡ki g~j¨vqb cÖ‡qvRb|
†Kbbv, †h †Kvb †ÿ‡Î GB cwieZ©b Avm‡Z cv‡i| msMVb †m cwiewZ©Z cwi‡e‡k wb‡Ri mvg_©‡K Kv‡R
jvwM‡q my‡hv‡Mi mØeënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e wK bv- Zvi g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z nq|
3. myôz msMVb KvVv‡gv t
mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv GKwU cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ Kgx©‡ì g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wbY©q K‡i| GB mvsMVwbK
KvVv‡gv cwiKíbvi ev¯Íevqb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ LyeB cÖ‡qvRbxq| †Kv_vq †Kvb we‡kl‡Ái cÖ‡qvRb, Kvi
Kx `vwqZ¡ I me wba©viY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †h wel‡q †KŠkj cÖYqb Kiv nq, †mB wel‡qi we‡kl‡Ái KvQ
†_‡K gZ †bqv cÖ‡qvRb| ìKvi n‡j G e¨vcv‡i GKwU KwgwUI MVb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
4. mvgÄ¨c~Y© †KŠk‡ji wbwðZKiY t
Avcwb wm×všÍ wb‡jb †h eënv‡ii weµq e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ †Rviv‡jv weµq Dbœqb Kg©m~Px MÖnY Ki‡eb|
Ab¨w`‡K Drcv`b jÿ¨gvÎv MZ eQ‡ii Zzjbvq Kwg‡q w`‡q‡Qb| GKUz jÿ¨ Ki‡jB eyS‡Z cvi‡eb, Dfq
†KŠkjB ci¯ú‡ii wecixZ Ges AmvgÄm¨c~Y©| KviY †Rvov‡jv weµq Dbœqb Kg©m~Pxi A_©B n‡jv weµq
e„w× cvIqvi m¤¢vebv| Kv‡RB AwaK weµ‡qi j‡ÿ¨ Drcv`b e„w×i †KŠkj †bqv hyw³hy³| wKšÍz Avcwb
wb‡q‡Qb Drcv`b Kgv‡bvi †KŠkj hv mvgÄ¨c~Y© bq| ZvB myôz cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K wefv‡Mi
†KŠkj¸‡jv mvgÄm¨c~Y© nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
5. cwiw¯ÍwZ †cÖwÿZ weKí †KŠk‡ji cÖ‡qvRbxqZv t
†KŠkj cÖYqb Kiv nq fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨| wKšÍz Avcwb Rv‡bb fwel¨r AwbwðZ Ges cwieZ©bkxj| ZvB
cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ †gvKvwejvi Rb¨ wKQy weKí †KŠk‡ji cÖ‡qvRb nq| †hgb- Avcbvi KviLvbvi
†gwkb¸‡jv we`y¨r PvwjZ| wKšÍz †h †Kvb mgq we`y¨r wech©‡q Avcbvi Drcv`b eÜ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| †m
Kvi‡Y Avcwb weKí cš’v wn‡m‡e KviLvbvq GKwU †Rbv‡iUi ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡ib, hv w`‡q we`y¨r
wech©qKvjxb mg‡q Drcv`b Pvjv‡bv hvq|
gyL¨ †KŠk‡ji †ÿÎmg~n
msMV‡bi KZ¸‡jv we‡kl †ÿ‡Î gyL¨ †KŠkj MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| †m¸‡jv wbæiƒc-
1. bZzb ev cwiewZ©Z cY¨ t
†µZv‡ì Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi gva¨‡gB GKwU msMVb wU‡K _v‡K| Kv‡RB †µZv‡ì Pvwn`v †gvZv‡eK bZzb Ges
cwiewZ©Z cY¨ Drcv`b Ges jv‡f weµq Kivi †KŠkj wba©viY Ki‡Z nq| †hgb- GK mgq K‡ji Mv‡bi

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
Lye cÖPjb wQj| Zvici Av‡m †iwWI, K¨v‡mU †cøqvi, †Uwjwfkb BZ¨vw`| Gi d‡j GKKv‡ji K‡ji Mvb
AvR BwZnvm| A_©vr wPË we‡bv`‡bi gva¨g wnmv‡e G‡m‡Q bZzb cY¨| ZvB GKRb eëmvqxi memgq
mg‡qi Pvwn`vi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z nq Ges Dchy³ †KŠkj Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq|
2. wecYb t
cY¨ Drcv`‡bi ci Zv †µZv‡ì wbKU †cŠu‡Q †`qv ch©šÍ hveZxq Kvh©vejx n‡jv wecYb| Kv‡RB G †ÿ‡ÎI
wKQy †KŠkj MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| G‡Z †µZviv Drcvw`Z cY¨ MÖn‡Y AvMÖnx nq| G‡ÿ‡Î †hme †KŠkj †bqv nq
†m¸‡jv n‡jv-
* cY¨ wbe©vPb| A_©vr Avcbv‡K H cY¨B Drcv`b Ki‡Zn‡e hv †µZvMY µq Ki‡Z AvMÖnx n‡eb|
* cY¨ Dbœqb †KŠkj I m¤úªmviY †KŠkj| †µZv‡ì cQ‡›ì mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q c‡Yï Dbœqb Ges
m¤úªmviY Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb- Uz_‡c‡÷i K_v| GK mgq wQj ïay Uz_‡c÷, Zvici G‡K G‡K G‡jv
†d¬vivBW, wbg Ges †Rj Uz_‡c÷| G¸‡jv wKšÍz meB †µZv‡ì cQ›` Abyhvqx cY¨ Dbœqb I m¤úªmviY
†KŠkj|
* g~j¨ wba©viY †KŠkj| †µZviv †hb b¨vh¨ g~‡j¨ cY¨ µq Ki‡Z cv‡i GRb¨ g~j¨ wba©vi‡Yi †KŠkj
Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq| g~j¨ Kx- Li‡Pi Dci GKwU wbw`©ó jvf a‡i Ki‡e, bv cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì b¨vq g~j¨
wba©viY Ki‡e Gme wm×všÍ|
* weµq cÖmvi g~jK †KŠkj| A_©vr Kxfv‡e weµq evov‡e| †Rvov‡jv weÁvcb w`‡q bv wK e¨w³MZfv‡e
weµ‡qi gva¨‡g, bv wK Ab¨ †Kvb e¨wZµgagx© c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i| Gme wm×všÍ †bqvB n‡jv weµq
cÖmvi †KŠkj|
* cY¨ weZiY msµvšÍ †KŠkj| cY¨ wK mivmwi †fv³v‡ì Kv‡Q weµx Ki‡e bv wK cvBKvi Ges LyPiv
eëmvqx‡ì Øviv, bv wK G‡R›U Øviv, Gme wm×všÍ G‡ÿ‡Î wb‡Z n‡e|
3 cÖe„w× t
GKwU †Kv¤úvwb A‡bK cY¨ Drcv`b I weµq Ki‡Z cv‡i †µZvi mšÍzwói Rb¨| wKšÍz me cY¨ mgvbfv‡e
jvfRbK bvI n‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î †KŠkj wVK Ki‡Znq- †Kvb& †Kvb& c‡Yï Drcv`‡bi Dci †ewk ¸iæZ¡
w`‡e Ges cÖe„w× wbwðZ Ki‡e| †hgb GKwU eB‡qi †`vKv‡bi K_vB aiæb| Avcwb Rv‡bb †h †Kvb GK
†jL‡Ki eB cvVKiv Lye cQ›` Ki‡Q| Kv‡RB †m cvV‡Ki eB Avcwb †ewk K‡i gRy` †i‡L Ab¨vb¨ eB wKQy
Kg K‡i ivL‡jb| KviY †m we‡kl †jL‡Ki eB wewµ K‡iB Avcbvi Avmj cÖe„w× Avm‡e|
4. A_© msµvšÍ t
A_© eëmv‡qi AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| eëmv‡qi †h †Kvb Kv‡RB A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb| Kv‡RB G msµvšÍ
mywbw`©ó bxwZ I †KŠkj _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| †hgb- GKwU cÖwZôvb wbæwjwLZ †KŠkj¸‡jv wVK K‡i ivL‡e-
* g~jab wKfv‡e msMÖn Ki‡e| e¨vsK n‡Z FY wb‡q, †kqvi weµq K‡i, bvwK m¤úwË weµq K‡i BZ¨vw`|
* gybvdvi bxwZgvjv wK n‡e| g~jab Abycv‡Z gybvdv eÈb, bvwK cÖwZ eQi GKwU wbw`©ó nv‡i gybvdv eÈb
Ki‡e BZ¨vw`|
* AcPq wKfv‡e wba©viY Ki‡e| m¤úwËi µqg~‡jï GKwU wbw`©ó nv‡i, bvwK g~j¨‡K m¤úwËi Rxeb w`‡q
fvM K‡i hv Av‡m- †m c×wZ‡Z BZ¨vw`|
* Ab¨vb¨ LiP wKfv‡e Ki‡e| †hgb- AvwZ‡_qZv, ågY, weÁvb BZ¨vw` LiP|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
5. mvsMVwbK t
eëmvq msMVbwU Kx ai‡bi n‡e Zv wVK Ki‡Z n‡e| KviY D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ msMVb Ges cvi¯úwiK
m¤úK© wba©viY LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Kv‡RB G msµvšÍ wb‡Pi †KŠkjmg~n wVK Ki‡Z nq-
* KZ©„Z¡ †K›`ªxKiY I we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi aib| Aaxb¯Í‡ì Av‡`Š †Kvb ÿgZv cÖ`vb Ki‡e- Kx Ki‡e bv,
Ki‡j wK cwigvY|
* wefvMxqKi‡Yi aib| Kv‡h©i Dci bv Drcvw`Z `ª‡eï Dci wfwË K‡i wefvMxqKiY Ki‡e BZ¨vw`|
* mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv| †K †Kvb `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡e Zv wVK K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|
* we‡klÁ Kgx©i cÖ‡qvRb| wKšÍz KvR †hgb- Kw¤úDUvi Pvjv‡bv mevi c‡ÿ m¤¢e bq| Gme †ÿ‡Î
we‡kl‡Ái cÖ‡qvRb| ZvB †Kvb †ÿ‡Î we‡klÁ wb‡qvM Ki‡e Zv wVK K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|
6. kªwgK Kgx© msµvšÍ t
kªwgK Kg©PvixivB GKwU msMV‡bi cÖvY| KviY my`ÿ Kgx©evwnbxB eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨ AR©b Ki‡Z mnvqZv
K‡i| Kv‡RB Kgx© msµvšÍ wbæwjwLZ †KŠkj cÖYqb LyeB evÂbxq-
* Kg©Pvix wba©viY
* Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM
* Kg©Pvix Dbœqb I cÖwkÿY
* †eZb, gRyix, †evbvm, ÿwZc~iY msµvšÍ bxwZ cÖYqb
* Kg©Pvix‡ì my‡hvM myweav cÖ`vb I g‡bvej Dbœqb
* kªwgK BDwbq‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK©
* KvR g~j¨vqb I †gav wba©viY
* c‡`vbœwZ, c`vebwZ, QvUvB msµvšÍ bxwZgvjv MÖnY|
7. µq msµvšÍ t
eëmvq µq welqwU LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviY cY¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ KuvPvgvj µq Ki‡Z nq, cÖ‡qvRbxq
hš¿cvwZ A_ev Ab¨vb¨ `ªe¨vw` µq Ki‡Z nq| Kv‡RB G msµvšÍ †KŠkjI wVK Ki‡Z nq| †hgb-
* KuvPvgvj Drcv`b Ki‡e bv µq Ki‡e
* mieivnKvix wbe©vPb BZ¨vw`
8. MY ms‡hvM t
eëmvq msMV‡bi eë¯’vcbv‡K mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †jvK I msMV‡bi †hvMv‡hvM ivL‡Z nq| GUvI eëmv‡qi
GKUv `vwqZ¡| Kv‡RB G msµvšÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq †KŠkj wVK Ki‡Z nq| †hgb-
* mvgvwRK wewfbœ Kvhµ‡g AskMÖnY msµvšÍ
* RbMY‡K c‡Yï ¸iæZ¡ I Kvh©KvwiZv m¤^‡Ü Rvbv‡bv
* cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ cÖ`vb BZ¨vw`|
gyL¨ †KŠkjmg~‡ni Dbœqb
GKwU cwiev‡i wZbwU mšÍvb| evev gv‡qi B‡”Q eo mšÍvb mvwnwZ¨K, †QvU mšÍvb eëmvqx Ges †g‡Sv mšÍvb
Wv³vi n‡e| †mB j‡ÿ¨ eo mšÍvb‡K gvbweK wel‡q, †QvU mšÍvb‡K evwYR¨ wel‡q Ges †g‡Sv mšÍvb‡K
weÁvb wel‡q covïbv Kiv‡”Q| GLv‡b wKšÍz cÖwZwU mšÍvb fwel¨‡Z Kx n‡e †mB jÿ¨ wba©viY K‡i Ges

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
wbw`©ó j‡ÿ¨ †cŠuQvi Rb¨ Dchy³ wel‡q covïbvi †KŠkj Dbœqb Ki‡Q|
†Zgwb eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡ÎI †KŠkj Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wKQy cÖ‡kœi DËi Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z nq| mwVK cÖkœB
eëmv‡qi †Kvb †ÿ‡Î Kx †KŠk‡ji cÖ‡qvRb Zv wVK K‡i †`‡e| eëmv‡qi gyL¨ †ÿÎ¸‡jv n‡”QÑ
1| bZzb cY¨ I †mev msµvšÍ
2| wecYb msµvšÍ
3| Drcv`b msµvšÍ Ges
4| Kg©Pvix msµvšÍ|
GLb Kxfv‡e gyL¨ †KŠkj¸wji K‡qKwUi Dbœqb Kiv m¤¢e- Zv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
cY¨ I †mevi †KŠkjmg~n t
cY¨ I †mevi †KŠkjmg~n Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ wKQy wel‡qi w`‡K Avcbv‡K `„wó w`‡Z n‡e| †mB we‡kl w`K¸‡jv
n‡jv-
1| eëmv‡qi aib wK? A_©vr Avcbv‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e Avcwb eëmvqx bv wkícwZ bv DfqB| A_©vr Avcwb
wK ïay eëmvi mv‡_ RwoZ bv wkí Drcv`‡bi mv‡_I RwoZ| hw` Avcbvi wkí _v‡K Z‡e GLv‡b wK
Avcwb GK, bv GKvwaK cY¨ Drcv`b Ki‡Qb? GUv wK GKUv cÖwµqvRvZKiY wkí? BZ¨vw` cÖkœ K‡i
Avcbvi eëmv‡qi iƒc Rvb‡Z n‡e|
2| Kviv †µZv? GLA‡b Avcbv‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e Kv‡ì Rb¨ Avcbvi cY¨ Drcv`b Ki‡Qb? D`vniY¯îƒc
Avcbvi wkí GKwU †cvkvK Drcv`bKvix cÖwZôvb| Kv‡ì †cvkvK evbv‡eb? gwnjv‡ì? †Kvb
eq‡mi? wK‡kvix, hyeZx bvwK e„×v BZ¨vw` cÖ‡kœi mwVK DËi Avcbv‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e|
3| †µZviv Kx Pvq? Avcbv‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e †µZviv wK ¸YMZ cY¨ Pvq bvwK d¨vkb cY¨ Pvq A_ev
DfqB Pvq? †µZv‡ì Pvwn`v‡K jÿ¨ wnmv‡e a‡i Zvici Avcbv‡K Drcv`‡bi wm×všÍ wb‡Z n‡e|
4| †µZviv Kx `v‡g Kx cwigvY cY¨ µq Ki‡e? Avcwb †h †Kvb `v‡g evRv‡i cY¨ Qvo‡jB Pj‡e bv|
Avcbv‡K †`L‡Z n‡e †µZviv Kx `v‡g Kx cwigvY cY¨ wKb‡Z B”QzK| Zvi DciB wbf©i Ki‡e Avcwb
Kx ai‡bi cY¨ Drcv`b Ki‡eb| A_©vr †µZv‡ì A_©‰bwZK mvg_©¨ Avcbv‡K cY¨ Drcv`‡bi †KŠkj
cÖYq‡b we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z n‡e|
5| bZzb cY¨ Dbœq‡b Avcwb KZUv AvMÖnx? Avcwb wK wbR aviYv n‡Z cY¨ Drcv`b Ki‡Z Pvb bvwK
cÖwZ‡hvwMiv †h cY¨ Drcv`b Ki‡e AvcwbI ZvB Ki‡eb? Aek¨ GUv wbf©i Ki‡e cY¨ Dbœqb M‡elYv
Kivi ÿgZv Avcbvi KZUzKz Av‡Q Gi Dci|
6| †µZv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z wK wK myweav Av‡Q Ges Avcwb Kx ai‡bi e¨Zxµgagx© myweav w`‡Z
cv‡ib| †hgb- Avcwb Ab¨vb¨‡ì PvB‡Z AvaywbK hš¿cvwZ, cÖhyw³ BZ¨vw` eënvi K‡i‡Qb| hvi d‡j
cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì PvB‡Z †µZviv Avcbvi cY¨ †ewk cQ›` Ki‡e| A_ev Avcwb c‡Yï weµ‡qvËi †mev
cÖ`vb Ki‡Qb hvi d‡j †µZviv Avcbvi cY¨ MÖn‡Y †ewk AvMÖnx n‡eb|
7| eZ©gvb I fwel¨‡Z cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Kx ai‡bi n‡e? Avaywb we‡k¦ cÖwZ‡hvMxZv GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
welq| KviY AvR †h cY¨ Avcwb GKvB weµq Ki‡Qb Kvj Zv bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| †m †ÿ‡Î c~e©vYygvb
†_‡K wewfbœ cY¨ Drcv`‡bi †KŠkj wVK K‡i ivLv cÖ‡qvRb|
8| †µZv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z mvg_©¨ KZUzKz? ïay hš¿cvwZ _vK‡jB †µZv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z Avcwb
mÿg n‡eb Ggb K_v †bB| Avcbv‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e h‡_ó Avw_©K mvg_©¨ Ges my`ÿ eë¯’vcbvi
mnRjfvZv Avcbvi Av‡Q wKbv|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
9| Kx cwigvY gybvdv Avkv Kiv hvq? Avcwb †jvKmvb K‡i †µZv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡eb? wbðqB bv|
Kv‡RB Avcbv‡K Ggb †KŠkj wb‡Z n‡e †hb †µZv‡ì mšÍzó I Kiv hvq Avevi gybvdvI Avq Kiv
hvq|
10| †KŠk‡ji †gŠwjK AvKvi Kx ai‡bi n‡e? A_©vr Avcbv‡K wVK Ki‡Z n‡e c‡Yï wewPÎKiY †KŠkj
m¤^‡Ü| Avcwb wK GKwU gvÎ cY¨ Drcv`‡b mxwgZ _vK‡eb bv bZzb bZzb cY¨ Dbbqb I m¤úªmviY
A_ev evRvi m¤úªmviY Ki‡eb BZ¨vw`|
wecYb msµvšÍ †KŠkj Dbœqb
cY¨ Drcv`‡bi ci †m cY¨ Kx cwigvY weµx n‡e Zv A‡bKvs‡kB wbf©i K‡i wecYb †KŠk‡ji Dci| ZvB
wecYb †KŠkjmg~‡ni Dbœqb Ki‡Z nq Lye mveav‡b| G‡ÿ‡Î †h me cÖ‡kœi DËi Rvb‡Z nq Zvn‡jv-
1| c‡Yï †µZv Kviv Ges Zviv †Kb cY¨ µq K‡i? aiæb Avcwb GKwU cvDiæwUi KviLvbv K‡i‡Qb|
GLb Avcbv‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e Kviv G cY¨ µq Ki‡e| Drcvw`Z cY¨ †nv‡Uj, †i‡¯Íviv ev nvmcvZv‡j
mieiv‡ni Rb¨ bvwK †`vKv‡b weµqi Rb¨? †µZv‡ì Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq BZ¨vw`|
2| †µZviv Kxfv‡e µq Ki‡e? mivmwi, G‡R›U‡ì gva¨‡g, †kv-iæg †_‡K bvwK cvBKvix A_ev LyPiv
eëmvqx‡ì KvQ †_‡K?
3| Kxfv‡e weµq cÖfvweZ Kiv DËg? GUv AvaywbK weÁvcb Øviv †µZv‡ì cÖfvweZ K‡iI n‡Z cv‡i
Avevi mivmwi †fv³v‡ì Kv‡QI Aí `v‡g weµq Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
4| Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì †P‡q AwZwi³ Kx myweav cÖ`vb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i? †hgb, weµ‡qvËi †mevi
wbðqZv cÖ`vb, e„n`vKvi weZiY eë¯’v BZ¨vw`|
5| g~j¨ wba©vi‡Yi m‡e©vËg cwjwm †KvbwU? G cÖkœwU LyeB¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviY g~‡jï Dci A‡bK mgq weµq
wbf©i K‡i| gyj¨ wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ mvaviYZ c‡Yï gvb, Pvwn`v I †µZv‡ì µq ÿgZvi Dci wbf©i
Kiv nq|
‡KŠkjmg~‡ni myôz ev¯Íevqb

Avcwb GKwU †KŠkj cÖYqb Ki‡jb| †KŠkjwU n‡jv, Avcbvi cY¨ †h cÖwZw`b GKwU wbw`©ó cwigvY A_ev
Zvi †ewk weµq Ki‡e Zv‡K wbw`©ó nv‡i Kwgkb †`‡eb| wKšÍz G †KŠkjwUi K_v weµq wefvM Rv‡bb bv,
wnmve †ZgwbI Rv‡bb bv| d‡j †KŠkjwUi ev¯Íevqb nqwb| GwU‡K †Kvb djcÖm~ †KŠkj ejv hv‡e wK?
wbðq ejv hv‡e bv| Kv‡RB G‡ÿ‡Î †KŠkjwU †hb ev¯ÍevwqZ nq †m c`‡ÿc Avcbvi †bqv DwPZ| †hgb-
1| †KŠkjmg~n ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ mswkøó `vwqZ¡ cÖvß e¨w³‡ì †KŠkjwU we¯ÍvwiZ Rvwb‡q †`qv DwPZ|
2| wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Dchy³ cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv DwPZ| †hgb- †KŠkjwU †hgbB †nvK bv †Kb Zv
mevB‡K MÖnY Kivi gvbwmKZv _vK‡Z n‡e, Dchy³ †jvKRb wb‡qvM w`‡Z n‡e BZ¨vw`|
3| eëmvq cwieZ©bkxj| ZvB cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †KŠkjmg~n ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i Dchy³ †KŠkj cÖYqb
Ki‡Z n‡e|
4| †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Kvi Kx `vwqZ¡ Zv wVK ivL‡Z n‡e| A_©vr Dchy³ msMVb KvVv‡gv ˆZwi
Ki‡Z nq|
jwRw÷· (Logistics)
Avcbv‡K hw` †Kvb cÖKvi LvIqv`vIqv I wekªvg Qvov GKUvbv KvR Ki‡Z ejv nq, Avcwb wK cvi‡eb?
wbðqB bq| KviY kix‡i kw³ mÂ‡qi Rb ¨mgh gZ Lv`¨ †L‡Z nq| Avi ZviciB m¤¢e nq AwaK

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
cwikªg Kiv| Ab¨_vq bq| A_ev Avcbv‡K ejv n‡jv cÖZww`b 1000 BDwbU Drcv`b Ki‡Z| wKšÍz 1000
BDwbU Drcv`b Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq KuvPvgvj A_ev †jvKej mieivn Kiv nqwb| Zv‡j wK m¤¢e Avcbvi
c‡ÿ cÖwZw`b 1000 BDwbU Drcv`b Kiv? wbðqB bv| Zvn‡j welqwU GB ùvov‡”Q †h †Kvb KvR
m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Dchy³ mg‡q, Dchy³ ¯’v‡b, Dchy³ m¤ú` mieivn wbwðZ Ki‡Z nq| Avi GUvB n‡jv
jwRw÷·| jwRw÷· cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq| KviY cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡b KLb Kx cwigvY
m¤ú‡ì †hvMvb †`qv n‡e Zv Av‡M †_‡KB we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq|
jwRw÷‡·i ¸iæZ¡ (Importance of Logistics)

Avcwb GKwU cwiev‡ii K_vB wPšÍv Kiæb| cwievi‡K myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb GKwU Ni,
m`m¨‡ì †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Lv`¨, cwiav‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb e¯¿, my¯’ _vKvi cÖ‡qvRb wPwKrmv I
Jla, N‡i cÖ‡qRb AvmevcÎ, hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb hvbevnb BZ¨vw`| GKUz †Lqvj K‡i †`Lyb, G‡ì
†Kvb GKwUi Afve _vK‡jB cwievi ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB cwiev‡ii cwiKíbvq Gme welq
we‡ePbv Ki‡Znq| †Zgwb GKwU eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î jwRw÷‡·i i‡q‡Q A‡bK ¸iæZ¡| GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôvb
Pvjv‡Z Ni, AvmevecÎ, †_‡K ïiæ K‡i KuvPvgvj I Ab¨vb¨ `ªe¨ mieiv‡ni eë¯’v wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
Z‡eB eëmv‡qi mdjZv Avm‡Z cv‡i? Ab¨_vq eëmv‡qi Avmj D‡Ïk¨ AR©b m¤¢e n‡e bv|
jwRw÷· wba©vi‡Yi wewfbœ c`‡ÿcmg~n

g‡b g‡b GKwU ev¯Íe wPÎ Kíbv Kiæb| Avcwb GKwU †cvkvK wk‡íi gvwjK| G wk‡í †Q‡j‡ì †cvkvK
ˆZwi Kiv nq| cÖwZ A_© eQ‡i Drcvw`Z mKj cY¨ weµq K‡i cieZx© eQ‡i bZzb K‡i cwiKíbv Kiv nq|
G eQi 1,00,000 BDwbU kvU© ˆZwi Ges weµq Kivi cwiKíbv †bqv n‡q‡Q hv MZ eQ‡ii Zzjbvq wØ¸Y|
GLb G D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ †h KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z n‡e Zvn‡jv-
1| 1,00,000 BDwbU‡K mgqIqvix fvM K‡i wb‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq KuvPvgvj †hgb- Kvco,myZv, BZ¨vw`
mieiv‡ni cwiKíbv †bqv| A‡_©i †hvMvb †`qv, cÖ‡qvR‡b AwZwi³ †gwkb ¯’vcb Kiv, AviI †jvKej
wb‡qvM Kiv, weµq cÖmvi Kiv, AwZwi³ cwien‡bi eë¯’v BZ¨vw`|
2| Kvh©mg~n wba©viY Kivi ci G‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU avivevwnKZv ¯’vcb Ki‡Z Ges †hb †evSv hvq †KvbwU
Av‡M Ges †KvbwU c‡i Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb- †gwkb ¯’vc‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Av‡M Zv Ki‡Z n‡e, Gici
†gwkb Pvjv‡bv Rb¨ Dchy³ †jvK wb‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|
3| Kv‡Ri avivevwnKZv ¯’vcb Kivq GKwU wel‡q cwi®‹vi nq †h, †Kvb ¯Í‡i Kx cwigvY m¤ú` A_©vr
jwRw÷‡·i cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| †hgb- Drcv`‡bi ïiæ‡Z AwaK m¤ú` A_©vr A_©, hš¿cvwZ, KuvPvgvj
BZ¨vwì cÖ‡qvRb nq| wKšÍz Drcv`‡bi †k‡l AwaK m¤ú‡ì cÖ‡qvRb nq cY¨ weZiY Ges weµq
cÖmvi Kg©m~Px‡Z| Kv‡RB G welqwU GLv‡b wba©viY Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j cÖwZwU ¯Í‡i Dchy³ jwRw÷‡·i
eë¯’v Kiv hvq bv| d‡j cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡b Amyweav n‡Z cv‡i|
4| cÖwZwU c`‡ÿc Kx cwigvY m¤ú‡ì cÖ‡qvRb n‡e Zv wba©vi‡Yi ci, Avcbv‡K GKwU welq g‡b ivL‡Z
n‡e, me m¤ú` memgq mnRjf¨ bvI n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- Avcwb hw` myZv Drcv`b Ki‡Z Pvb Zvn‡j
cÖ‡qvRbxq KuvPvgvj A_©vr Zzjv eQ‡ii GKwU we‡kl mg‡q msMÖn K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| KviY, Zzjv mviv
eQi Drcvw`Z nq bv| Kv‡RB mwVK mg‡q mwVK m¤ú` msMÖ‡ni eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
5| Gici cÖwZwU Kv‡h©i mgqKvj wVK Ki‡Z nq| †hgb- Avcwb w¯’i Ki‡jb 1000 BDwbU kvU© Drcv`b
Ki‡eb| Zvn‡j Avcbv‡K wVK Ki‡Z n‡e Kvco KvU‡Z KZw`b, †mjvB‡Z KZw`b, wdwbwks Kv‡R
KZw`b jvM‡e Zv wVK K‡i †bqv| d‡j Avcwb wVK mg‡q mwVK m¤ú` mieivn Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GLb
Kvco KvUvi mgq cvi n‡q hvevi ci Kvco mieivn Kivi A_©B n‡jv Drcv`b e¨vnZ nIqv|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
6| mgqKvj wba©viY Ki‡jB Pj‡e bv| mwVK mgqm~Px wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb, Rvbyqvwii 1 ZvwiL
Kvco KvUv ïiæ n‡e †kl n‡e 10 ZvwiL, 11 ZvwiL †mjvB ïiæ n‡j †kl n‡e 20 ZvwiL, 21 ZvwiL
wdwbwks KvR ïiæ n‡j †kl n‡e 30 ZvwiL BZ¨vw`, Zvn‡j Dchy³ m¤ú‡ì mieivn eRvq ivLv
m¤¢e|
†KŠkj I jwRw÷‡·i Zzjbv

†KŠkj I jwRwó· DfqB cwiKíbvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| †Kvb GKwUi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z cwiKíbvi ev¯Íevqb
m¤¢e bq| c~‡e©i D`vni‡Y Avcwb G eQ‡ii jÿ¨ gvÎv wØ¸Y K‡i‡Qb| Avcwb wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Qb weÁvc‡bi
gva¨‡g weµq evov‡eb| †m j‡ÿ¨ weÁvcb w`‡”Qb Ges LiP enb Ki‡Qb UvKvi †hvMvb w`‡q| G‡ÿ‡Î
Avcwb weÁvc‡bi gva¨‡g weµq evov‡bvi wm×všÍwU GKwU †KŠkj Ges weÁvcb Li‡Pi Rb¨ †h cÖ‡qvRbxq
A‡_©i †hvMvb w`‡”Qb Zv n‡jv jwRwó·| Zvn‡j Df‡qi Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY GB ùvovq †h,
* jwRwó· n‡jv cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq m¤ú` mieiv‡ni wbðqZv weavb| cÿvšÍ‡i
†KŠkj n‡jv cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ wbivcËvg~jK Dcvq|
* cwiKíbvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z jwRwó‡·i eë¯’v Kiv nq| wKšÍz cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi †Kvb Amyweav †`Lv
w`‡j Zvi wec‡ÿ MÖnY‡hvM¨ †KŠkj †bqv nq|
* cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi KvR ïiæi c~‡e©B jwRwó‡·i eë¯’v Ki‡Z nq| wKšÍz †KŠkj cwiKíbvi
ev¯Íevq‡bi mgq †bqv nq|
* jwRwó· †Kvb ¯’vqx cwiKíbv bq| wKšÍz †KŠkj we‡kl cwiw¯’wZi Rb¨ ¯’vqx Dcvq wnmv‡e MY¨ Kiv
nq|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
cvV 5 wm×všÍ MÖnY Ges cwiKíbv Kvh©KiY

(Dicision Making and Implimentation of Planning)
D‡Ïk¨
5 wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi msÁv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
5 wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi we‡eP¨ welq¸‡jv mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
5 Kx Kvi‡Y gvbyl cwiKíbvq e¨_© nq - Zv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, I
5 cwiKíbv Kvh©Ki Kivi eë¯’v wb‡Z cvi‡eb|
f‚wgKv
wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwZôvb Z_v gvby‡li Rxe‡bi AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| KviY cÖwZw`bB e¨w³MZ ev eëmvq
cÖwZwU †ÿ‡ÎB Zv‡K wm×všÍ MÖnYKi‡Z nq| mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY bv Ki‡j †Kvb Kv‡R mdjZv Av‡m bv|
wm×všÍ MÖnYKvix‡K A‡K¸‡jv weKí †_‡K mwVK| wm×všÍwU †e‡Q wb‡Z nq| wm×všÍ hZ mwVKfv‡e MÖnY
m¤¢e n‡e eëmvq mdjZvI ZZUvB m¤¢e †e| ZvB cÖwZwU wm×všÍ‡K myôzfv‡e g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z nq| KviY H
wm×všÍwU‡K n‡Z n‡e hyw³m½Z, ev¯ÍewfwËK Ges MÖnY‡hvM¨|
wm×všÍ MÖnY Kx (What is Dicision Making)

wm×všÍ MÖnY gvby‡li Rxe‡bi GKwU Pjgvb welq| Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU †ÿ‡ÎB wm×všÍ wb‡Z nq| Avcwb GKwU
Kvco wKb‡eb| †`vKv‡b A‡bK Kvc‡oi g‡a¨ GKwU‡K †e‡Q †b‡eb Avcbvi d¨vk‡b I ¸YMZgv‡b,
¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z, †UKBm Ges m‡e©vcwi Avcbvi µq ÿgZvi g‡a¨ c‡o| Kv‡RB wm×všÍ MÖnY n‡jv GKvwaK
weKí wm×v‡šÍi †fZi †_‡K mwVK wm×všÍwU MÖnY Kivi cÖwµqv| GKwU welq we‡kl f‡e jÿ¨bxq †h, gvbyl
cwiKíbv cÖYqb K‡i eë¯’vcbvi AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR wnmv‡e| wKšÍz A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB eë¯’vcKMY cwiKí
cÖYq‡b e¨_© nb wm×všÍnxbZvi Kvi‡Y| ZvB wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y e¨_© nIqvi KviY¸‡jv Gwo‡q cwiKíbv cÖYqb
Ges Kvh©KiKi‡Yi AbyK‚j cwi‡ek m„wó K‡iB †h‡Kvb Kv‡R mdjZv jvf Kiv m¤¢e|
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi êwkó¨ (Characteristics of Dicision Making)

Dc‡ii msÁv †_‡K wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi êwkó¨ cvIqv hvq| G¸‡jv n‡”Q-
1| wfwË t mwVK wm×všÍwU wbe©vP‡b wKQy welq‡K wfwË wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| †hgb-
2| mgq t mwVK mg‡q mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY| G eQ‡i kx‡Zi †cvkvK Drcv`b Ki‡eb- G wm×všÍwU G eQ‡i
kxZ Avmvi Av‡MB wb‡Z n‡e| kxZ P‡j †M‡j G wm×všÍ wb‡q jvf †bB|
3| ¸iæZ¡ t wm×všÍwUi ¸iæZ¡ _vK‡Z n‡e|
4| KuvPvgv‡ji cÖvc¨Zv t wm×všÍ ev¯Íevq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmc‡Îi mnR cÖvc¨Zv n‡Z n‡e|
5| g‡bvfve t wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡eb- G g‡bvfvewU _vK‡Z n‡e|
6| GKvwaK weK‡íi Dcw¯’wZ- GKvwaK weKí n‡ZB wm×všÍ wb‡Z nq| GKwU gvÎ weKí †_‡K bq|
7| wePvieyw×i cÖ‡qvM - †Kvb weKíwU me‡P‡q DËg Zv h_vh_fv‡e wePvieyw× cÖ‡qvM K‡i †R‡b wb‡Z
nq|
wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqv (Process of dicision making)

wKQyw`b †_‡K Avcwb jÿ¨ Ki‡Qb †h Avcbvi Drcvw`Z cY¨ evRv‡i wVK Av‡Mi gZ weµq n‡”Q bv| †Kb

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
n‡”Q bv? mgm¨vwU †Kv_vq? G cÖkœ ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB RvM‡e Ges Avcbv‡K mwVK fv‡e mgm¨vwU wbY©q Ki‡Z
n‡e| weµq K‡g hvIqvi KviY n‡Z cv‡i Drcvw`Z c‡Yï gvb K‡g hvIqv, weµq cÖmvi Kg©m~Px mwVK
fv‡e cÖ‡qvM bv Kiv, c‡Yï mwVKfv‡e c¨v‡KU bv nIqv BZ¨vw`| Avcbv‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e g~j mgm¨vwU
†Kv_vq| KviY mwVK mgm¨vwU wbY©qB n‡jv A‡a©K mgvavb|
mwVKfv‡e mgm¨v wbYx©Z nIqvi ci Avcbv‡K wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| aiæb mgm¨vwU n‡jv, mwVK
weµq cÖmvi Kg©m~Px bv †bqv| G‡ÿ‡Î wm×v‡šÍ †cŠuQvi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K wKQy weKí mgvavb wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
†hgb- mvaviY gv‡bi weÁvcb e× K‡i AvaywbK weÁvc‡bi eë¯’v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, e¨w³MZ fv‡e weµq
Kg©m~wP †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i BZ¨vw`| weKí mgvavb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ GKRb eë¯’vcK mvaviYZ wKQy wbqg †g‡b
P‡jb| †hgb-
* AZx‡Zi AwfÁZv
* cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì Kg©c¯’v
* Ab¨vb¨‡ì Dc‡`k|
mgm¨v wbY©q Ges wewfbœ weKí mgvavb wVK Kivi ci cÖ‡qvRb mwVK mgvavbwU w¯’i Kiv| Avevi mgvavb
wbYq Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wewfbœ weK‡íi mwVK djvdj wbY©q Kiv| †hgb- AvaywbK weÁvcb Ges e¨w³MZ
ch©v‡q weµq Kg©m~Px GB `y'wUi g‡a¨ †KvbwU KZUv †ekx Kvh©Ki Zv wbY©q Kiv| GLb cÖkœ n‡jv †h- Kxfv‡e
djvdj wbY©q Kiv hvq| G ch©v‡q wb‡Pi cš’v¸‡jv Aej¤^b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i-
* cÖwZwU weKí mgvavb AR©‡bi Rb¨ eëmvq LiP Kx cwigvY e„w× cv‡e| †hgb- AvaywbK weÁvcbB
ejyb A_ev e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q weµ‡qi Kg©m~wPB ejyb bv †Kb- Avcbvi D‡Ïk¨ wKšÍz gybvdv AR©b| weµq
e„w×i Zzjbvq eëmvq LiP †e‡o †M‡j Zv D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b mnvqK n‡e bv|
* weKí mgvavb¸‡jvi m¤¢ve¨ Kvh©KvwiZv wbY©‡qi Rb¨ c~e©vbygv‡bi Avkªq MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| KviY †Kvb
GKwU mgvav‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv wewfbœ cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯Ívi Dci wbf©i K‡i| †hgb- cY¨g~j¨, evRv‡ii
cwi‡ek, miKvix wewawb‡la BZ¨vw`|
* A‡bK mgq mwVK djvdj wbY©h wbf©i K‡i msL¨vZvwZ¡K Z‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qv‡Mi Dci| A_©vr †Kvb mgvav‡bi
MvwYwZK cÖKvk| †hgb, Avcwb weµq cÖmvi Ki‡Z Pvb| GB Ae¯’vq evRv‡i cÖPwjZ GKB c‡Yï
weµq Kg©m~wPi Li‡Pi Ges jv‡fi MvwYwZKfv‡e Zzjbvg~jK wePv‡ii gva¨‡g wVK Ki‡Z cv‡ib †Kvb
ai‡bi cÖPvi Kg©m~Px Avcbvi c‡Yï weµq jvfRbK fv‡e evov‡Z cv‡i|
mgm¨v wbY©q, weKí mgvavb wba©viY Ges wewfbœ weKí mgvavb wVK Kivi ci GLb mwVK wm×všÍwU w¯’i
Ki‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †h, mwVK wm×všÍwU w¯’i Ki‡Z n‡j wewfbœ weK‡íi mwVK g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z
n‡e| GB g~j¨vqb Kiv Lye mnRmva¨ KvR bq| KviY me wKQy msL¨vq cÖKvk Kiv hvq bv| wKQy welq Av‡Q
hv ìv †Quvqv hvq bv| †hgb- g‡bvej, ivR‰bwZK ev A_©‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ cwi‡ek BZ¨vw`| ZviciI wewfbœ
ZË¡ cÖ‡qvM K‡i hZUv m¤¢e weKí wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î Kx cwigvY SzuwK MÖnY Kiv hv‡e
ZvI wVK K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| GiciB Avcwb m‡e©vËg wm×všÍwU MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqv‡K
wb‡æi ¯Í‡i mvRvb hvq-
* mgm¨v‡K mwVK fv‡e wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
* GKvwaK weKí mgvavb w¯’i Ki‡Z n‡e|
* wewfbœ weK‡íi djvdj wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
* g~j¨vq‡bi wfwË‡Z mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi mxgve×Zvmg~n (Limitations of Dicision Making)

mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| mwVK wm×všÍ †hgb- eëmv‡q mdjZv Avb‡Z cv‡i fzj wm×všÍI
†Zgwb eëmv‡q fivWzwe Avb‡Z n‡e| wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y gyj mgm¨v¸‡jv n‡jv-
1. mgm¨v wbY©q t
mgm¨v wbY©q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| Avevi mgm¨v wbY©q KivI LyeB KwVb e¨vcvi| †hgb-
aiæb Avcwb wPwýZ Ki‡jb †h, ¯^í gRyix Drcv`b K‡g hvIqvi KviY| gRyix evov‡jb wKšÍz Drcv`b
evo‡Q bv| Zvn‡j eySv hv‡”Q Avcbvi mgm¨v wbYq Kiv wVK nqwb| Avevi †hgb- †dvig¨vb kªwgK‡ì mv‡_
fvj AvPiY Ki‡Q bv| G mgm¨v wKšÍz AZ¨šÍ Mfx‡ii hv mn‡R wbY©q Kiv hvq bv|
2. Z_¨ msMÖn t
mgm¨vi e¨vcv‡i Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv GKwU mgm¨v| KviY G wel‡q mwVK Z_¨ cÖvqB cvIqv hvq bv, A_P hv
msM„nxZ bv n‡j mwVK wm×všÍ †bqvI hvq bv| †hgb- †dvig¨v‡bi mvg‡b hw` †Kvb kªwK‡K wR‡Ám K‡ib
mm¨vi K_v, Zvn‡j †dvig¨v‡bi Lvivc AvPi‡Yi welq nqZ G‡ÿ‡Î †KD wKQy ej‡e bv- wKQyUv f‡q, wKQyUv
msk‡q|
3. Abygv‡b †cŠuQv‡bv t
hwÌ wm×všÍ MÖnYKvix Zvi AwfÁZv I `yi`wk©Zvi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU Abygv‡b †cŠuQv‡bvi †Póv K‡ib Z_vwc
GB Abygvb mwVK bvI n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- Dc‡ii D`vniYwU †Lqvj Kiæb| †dvig¨v‡bi Lvivc eënvi
Drcv`b Kwg‡q †`‡e- G ai‡bi Abygvb nqZ cÖ_‡gB †KD Ki‡e bv|
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y we‡eP¨ welqmg~n (Factors to be considered in dicision making)

Avcbvi eëmv‡qi cY¨ weµq K‡g hv‡”Q G cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z Avcwb wm×všÍ wb‡jb †h, Ggb weÁvcb †`‡eb hv
eëmvq LiP A‡bK evwo‡q †`‡e wKšÍz †µZv‡ì D³ cY¨ µ‡q DrmvwnZ Ki‡e| weÁvc‡i LiP AZ¨šÍ
†ewk nIqvq cY¨ Drcv`b LiP e„w× cv‡”Q Ges G g~j¨ e„w× Kgv‡bvi j‡ÿ¨ Avcwb gRyix Kwg‡q †`qviI
wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Qb| G cwiw¯’wZ we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h wm×všÍwU A‡hŠw³K, AMÖnY‡hvM¨, AbwfÁZv I
Awe‡ePbv cÖm~Z- hv †Kvbfv‡eB eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i bv| Kv‡RB wm×v‡šÍi †ÿ‡Î
wbæwjwLZ welq¸‡jv‡K Aek¨B we‡ePbv Kiv DwPZ-
1| M„nxZ wm×všÍwU eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b mnvqK n‡Z n‡e|
2| c~‡e© GKB Kvi‡Y GKB ai‡bi wm×všÍ †bqv n‡q‡Q wK bv Zv †`L‡Z n‡e|
3| wm×všÍwU n‡Z n‡e ev¯Íe Ges hyw³hy³|
4| wm×všÍwU mKj ch©v‡q MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e|
4| mgq GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| mwVK mg‡qB mwVK wm×všÍ wb‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq e¨_©Zv Avm‡Z cv‡i|
†hgb- kx‡Zi †cvkvK evRv‡i Qvov wm×všÍ hw` MÖx‡®§ †bb Zvn‡j Zv mdj n‡Z cv‡i bv|
5| Avcwb †Lqvj K‡i †`L‡eb †h, A‡b‡KB cwieZ©b‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z Pvq bv| bZzb †Kvb wm×v‡šÍ
cwieZ©b AvmvUvB †ekx ¯^vfvweK| †hgb, †Kvb AvaywbK cÖhyw³ MÖnY Ki‡j A‡b‡KB aviYv Ki‡Z
cv‡i, †h H cÖhyw³ Zv‡ì PvKix‡Z ûgwK ¯îƒc| Avm‡j welqwU †h Zv bq GUv eySv‡Z n‡e Ges
Zv‡ì‡K cwiZ©b MÖn‡Yi gvbwmKZv m„wói Rb¨ AvMÖx K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e|
6| wm×všÍwU n‡Z n‡e bgbxq| Avcwb †h wm×všÍwU wb‡jb ZvB ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z n‡e Ggb †Kvb K_v †bB|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cwi‡ek cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wm×všÍ‡K ms‡kvabI Ki‡Z n‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍz Zv Aek¨B mg‡hvc‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e|
7| wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y †Kvb cÖKvi Av‡e‡Mi cÖkªq †`qv hv‡e bv|
cwiKíbv Kvh©KiKiY
GKwU Kvievi cÖwZôv‡b cwiKíbvi ¸iæZ¡ †KD A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| cwiKíbv Qvov cÖwZôv‡bi
mdjZvi †Kvb ¯’vb †bB| KviY cwiKíbv bv n‡j †KD Rvb‡ebv Zv‡ì MšÍe¨ †Kv_vq| ZviciI
cwiKíbvq e¨_©Zv Av‡m| cwiKíbvi Afv‡e A‡bK cÖwZôvb aŸsm n‡q †M‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k A‡bK wkí
cÖwZôvb e¨_© n‡q‡Q ïaygvÎ myôz cwiKíbvi Afv‡e| we‡kl fv‡e ivóª cwiPvwjZ A‡bK cvUKj, myZvKj,
wPwbKj BZ¨vw` AvR aŸs‡mi gy‡L ïay cwiKíbvi Afv‡e| Kv‡RB cwiKíbv‡K Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z n‡e, †hb
†Kvb cÖwZôvb e¨_© bv nq|
Kvh©Ki cwiKíbvi ¯Íimg~n

GLb `ywbqv‡Rvov cÖwZ‡hvwMZv| GB cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi g‡a¨B cwiKíbv Kvh©Ki Kivi cwi‡ek m„wó Ki‡Z nq|
wbæwjwLZ Dcv‡q Zv m¤¢e-
1| cÖwZwU eë¯’vcK‡KB cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi evavmg~n `~i Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi cwi‡ek
m„wói Rb¨ †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e| Kv‡RB G‡ÿ‡Î cÖwZwU ¯Íi eë¯’vcK‡ì Rb¨ jÿ¨ wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z
n‡e †hb, †h hvi ¯Í‡i cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2| cwiKíbv D”P ¯Í‡i †bqv fvj Ges †m g‡Z Zv wb‡æ evwnZ n‡e| Z‡e Aek¨B cÖ‡qvR‡b civgk© wnmv‡e
wKQy Z_¨ wbæ n‡Z D‡”P cÖevwnZ n‡Z cv‡i|
3| msMwVZ cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr mvsMVwbK fv‡e hvi †h †ÿ‡Î cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kivi
K_v †m Zv Ki‡e| †hgb, Drcv`K eë¯’vcK Drcv`b msµvšÍ, wecYb eë¯’vcK wecYb msµvšÍ
cwiKíbv Ki‡e| d‡j †KD Zvi `vq `vwqZ¡ Gwo‡q †h‡Z cvi‡e bv|
4| cwiKíbv n‡e my¯úó, cwi®‹vi Ges wbw`©ó| hwÌ †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î Zv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c m¤¢e nq bv, Z_vwc
hZUzKz m¤¢e ZZUzKz mywbw`©ó cwiKíbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †hgb, Drcv`b e„w× n‡e cwiKíbvwU my¯úó
bq| GUv nIqv cÖ‡qvRb- G eQi MZ eQ‡ii †gvU Drcv`‡bi PvB‡Z kZKiv 10 fvM Drcv`b e„w×
Kiv n‡e|
5| m‡e©vcwi D‡Ïk¨, bxwZ, †KŠkj BZ¨vw` cÖwZwU ¯Í‡i mwVKfv‡e Rvb‡Z n‡e †hb cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ges
ev¯Íevq‡b †Kvb Amyweav bv nq|
gvbyl Kx Kvi‡Y cwiKíbvq e¨_© nq

gvby‡li cwiKíbvq e¨_© nIqvi †cQ‡b A‡bK KviY Av‡Q| Avcwb evsjv‡`‡ki wPÎ, we‡kl K‡i †`‡ki
iv¯ÍvNv‡Ui w`‡K ZvKvb| †`L‡Z cv‡eb, †h KvR †kl nIqvi K_v GK eQ‡i Zv †kl n‡”Q wZb eQ‡i|
hwÌ GKwU wefvM iv¯Ív wbg©vY †kl Kij †Zv Ab¨ Av‡iKwU wefvM Ab¨ †Kvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ iv¯Ív Lyi‡Z ïiæ
K‡i w`j| eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI GKB Ae¯’v weivR Ki‡Q| GLb †h me KviY‡K cwiKíbvq e¨_©Zvi
Rb¨ `vqx Kiv hvq †m¸‡jv n‡jv-
1| me©¯Í‡iB cwiKíbvi cÖwZ `„pZvi Afve| hvi d‡j mwVK mg‡q cwiKíbv ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡”Q bv|
2| myôz †Kkj Dbœqb Ges ev¯Íevq‡b e¨_©Zv| myôz †KŠkj bv _vK‡j cwiKíbv fzj c‡_ hv‡e| hvi d‡j
GK eQ‡ii KvR †kl n‡”Q wZb ev Z‡ZvwaK eQ‡i|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
3| A_©c~Y© D‡Ï‡kï Afve| A_©vr D‡Ïk¨ hw` †evaMg¨ I AR©b‡hvM¨ bv nq Zvn‡j cwiKíbv e¨_© n‡e|
4| cwiKíbvi AvIZv m¤^‡Ü Acwi”Qbœ aviYv| A‡b‡KB cwiKíbvi g‡a¨ cwiKíbv wbY©‡qi †KŠkj ev
óª¨v‡URx Gme gv‡bb bv, hvi d‡j cwiKíbv e¨_© nb|
5| AwfÁZvi Dci AwZwi³ wbf©ikxjZv A‡bK mgq cwiKíbvq e¨_©Zvi Rb¨ `vqx n‡Z cv‡i| KviY
AZx‡Z †Kvb cwiKíbvi †ÿÎ eZ©gvb †ÿ‡Îi †P‡q wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB G‡ÿ‡Î AwfÁZvi cÖ‡qvM
wecixZ dj w`‡Z cv‡i|
6| A‡bK mgqB D”P eë¯’vcKMY‡K wek¦vm K‡ib bv Ges wbæ ¯Í‡i cwiKíbv cÖYqb‡K DrmvwnZ K‡ib
bv| hvi d‡j cwiKíbv e¨_© nq|
7| A‡bK mg‡qB Kg©Pvixiv Rv‡bbv Kx Zv‡ì KvR, Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri mv‡_ Ab¨ Kv‡Ri wK m¤úK© Ges
Zv‡ì KZUzKz wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ÿgZv BZ¨vw`| hvi d‡j cwiKíbv e¨_© nq|
Z‡e cwiKíbvi myôz Kvh©KvwiZvi Rb¨ Dc‡iv³ KviYmg~‡ni Dcw¯’wZ †`Lv †M‡j Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv hvq|
mvi-ms‡ÿc
* eë¯’vcbv Kvh©vejxi †fZi cwiKíbv n‡”Q me©cÖ_g I me©cÖavb KvR| g~jZt cwiKíbv n‡”Q
eë¯’vcbvi Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©vejxi wfwË¯îƒc|
* AvaywbK eë¯’vcbvi RbK †nbix †dqj me©cÖ_g cwiKíbv‡K eë¯’vcbvq GKwU ¯^Zš¿ Kvh© wn‡m‡e
¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡ib|
* cwiKíbv GKwU cÖwµqv hv †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨ w¯’i K‡i Ges H jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ fwel¨‡Z KiYxq
me‡P‡q m¤¢ve¨ Dchy³ Kg©m~Px cÖYqb K‡i|
* Aa¨vcK n¨viì KzÄ cwiKíbvi †gvU AvUwU avc eY©bv K‡ib|
* cwiKíbvi avcmg~n my‡hvM-myweav m¤ú‡K© mZK©Zvi gva¨‡g Avi¤¢ nq Ges ev‡RU Kivi gva¨‡g mgvß
nq|
* eë¯’vcbvq cwiKíbv‡K Dnvi êwk‡óï wfwË‡Z wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq, hLvt D”Pµ‡gi wfwË‡Z,
mg‡qi wfwË‡Z Ges eënv‡ii gvÎvi wfwË‡Z cwiKíbv|
* D”Pµg wfwËK cwiKíbv wZb ai‡bi- †KŠkjMZ, cÖkvmwbK I Kvh©Ki cwiKíbv|
* †hme cwiKíbv GKevi M„nxZ nevi ci evievi eëüZ nq, Zv‡K ¯’vqx cwiKíbv e‡j|
* †hme cwiKíbv ïaygvÎ GKevi ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ M„nxZ nq, Zv‡K GKevi-eënvh© cwiKíbv e‡j|
* DËg cwiKíbvi Dci wfwË K‡iB eë¯’vcbvi Ab¨vb¨ KvR m¤úvw`Z nq|
* DËg cwiKíbvi Aek¨B wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ _vK‡Z n‡e|
* Bnv Aek¨B mnR‡eva¨, wbiew”Qbœ, wbf©yj I bgbxq n‡e|
* GwU Aek¨B Z_¨ wbf©ikxj n‡e|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx
1| cwiKíbvq msÁv w`b| cwiKíbvi c`‡ÿcmg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
2| cwiKíbvq wewfbœ cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Kiæb|
3| DËg cwiKíbvi êwkó¨mg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
4| cwiKíbvi cÖK…wZ eY©bv Kiæb|
5| cwiKíbvi ¸iæZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Kiæb|
6| †KŠkj, bxwZ I jwRwó‡·i g‡a¨ Kx m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb?
7| †KŠkj I bxwZi Drmmg~n wK wK?
8| mvgÄm¨c~Y© †KŠkj ej‡Z wK eySvq?
9| jwRwó‡·i wewfbœ c`‡ÿcmg~n wK wK?
10| GKwU D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqvwU Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
11| gvbyl †Kvb& †Kvb& Kvi‡Y cwiKíbvq e¨_© nq? Gi mgvav‡bi Dcvq wK?
mswÿß cÖkœvejx
1| cwiKíbv wK?
2| wewfbœ iKg ¯’vqx cwiKíbvi eY©bv w`b|
3| GKevi eënvh© wewfbœ cwiKíbvi eY©bv w`b|
4| †KŠkj I jwRwó·-Gi Zzjbv Kiæb|
5| †KŠkj I jwRwó· ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb?
6| Òwm×všÍ MÖnY eë¯’vc‡Ki GKwU cÖv_wgK KvRÓ- gšÍe¨ Kiæb|
7| wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi mxgve×Z wK wK? 7wU mxgve×Zv wjLyb|
8| wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi 5wU we‡eP¨ welq wjLyb|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
BDwbU
3
msMVb (Organization)
f~wgKv
msMVb n‡”Q eë¯’vcbvi wØZxq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| cÖwZôv‡bi cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kivi ci eë¯’vc‡Ki Dci †h
`vwqZ¡wU c‡o †mUv n‡”Q GB cwiKíbv‡K Kvh©Kix Kiv| Avi GB cwiKíbv‡K Kvh©Kix ev ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨
wewfbœ ai‡bi e¯ÍzMZ I Ae¯’vMZ DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb nq| GB DcKiY¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e eënvi Kivi Rb¨
wewfbœ ai‡bi KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nh, hv GKR‡bi c‡ÿ m¤úv`b Kiv m¤¢e bq| GRb¨, cÖwZôv‡bi
cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡b †Kvb †Kvb KvR m¤úv`b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Zv mbv³ K‡i êwkó¨ Abymv‡i KvR¸‡jv wewfbœ
†kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv (†hgbt µq wefvM, weµq wefvM, wnmve wefvM, Rb m¤ú` BZ¨vw`) Ges wewfbœ
`ÿZvm¤úbœ †hvM¨ †jvK‡K GB wewfbœ wefv‡Mi KvR‡K eywS‡q w`‡q Zv‡ì g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© m„wó Kiv
Ges Zv‡ì‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq `vwqZ¡ I ÿgZv Ac©b Kivi cÖwµqv‡K eë¯’vcbv msMVb e‡j| ZvB ejv hvq †h,
GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi eë¯’vcbv cwiPvjK †_‡K ïiæ K‡i me©wb” ¯Í‡ii Kgx© ch©šÍ cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki KvR I `vwqZ¡ wK
n‡e, G‡ì †fZiKvi m¤úK©, KZUzKz, `vwqZ¡ I ÿgZv _vK‡e, Kvi wK c` ev c`gh©v`v n‡e Zv mewKQyB
wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ eë¯’vcbv msMV‡bi m„wó n‡q‡Q|
GB BDwb‡U eë¯’vcbv msMV‡bi msÁv, ¸iæZ¡, msMV‡bi cÖKvi‡f`, msMVb KvVv‡gv I PvU© Ges Gi
bxwZgvjv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
BDwbU wZb c„ôv-53

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 1 msMV‡bi msÁv I ¸iZ¡

(Definition & Importance of Organization)
D‡Ïk¨
5 eë¯’vcbv msMV‡bi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
5 eë¯’vcbv msMV‡bi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
msMV‡bi msÁv (Definition of Organization)

Organising kãwU "Organism" †_‡K G‡m‡Q| Gi AšÍwb©wnZ A_© n‡”Q KZ¸‡jv c„_K Ask‡K Ggbfv‡e
mgwb¦Z Kiv hvi Kvi‡Y cÖ‡Z¨KwU As‡ki cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i ga¨ w`‡q mvgwMÖKfv‡e †Kvb wKQyi m„wó nq|
mvaviYfv‡e `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i mn‡hvwMZvi wfwË‡Z KvR Kivi GKwU cÖYvjx‡K msMVb ejv hvq|
ZvB ejv hvq, cÖwZôv‡bi cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Kvh©vejx wPwýZKiY, Kvh©vejx †kªYxe×KiY
DcKiYmg~n GKÎxKiY, †kªYxe× cÖ‡Z¨K Kv‡Ri ev wefv‡Mi Rb¨ `vwqZ¡ I KZ©„e¨ wba©viY I cÖ‡Z¨K
wefvMxq e¨w³i g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wba©vi‡Yi cÖwµqv‡K eë¯’vcbv msMVb e‡j|
wb‡” eë¯’vcbv wekvi`‡ì wKQy D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv njt
1. KzÄ Ges DBwiP (Koontz and Weihrich) e‡jb, ÒmsMVb n‡”Q (1) cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR wPwšÍZKiY I
†kªYxwefvM Kiv, (2) KvR‡K D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq fv‡M fvM Kiv, (3) cÖ‡Z¨KwU fvM‡K GKRb
eë¯’vc‡Ki Aax‡b ZË¡veavb Kivi gZ KZ©„Z¡ mn‡hv‡M Ac©b Kiv I (4) msMVb KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ mgvšÍivj
I NvovLvwo fv‡e mgb¦‡qi eë¯’v Kiv|Ó
2. †Uwi I d«vsKwjb Gi g‡Z (Terry and Franklin) ÒmsMVb n‡jv cÖwZôv‡b wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³e‡M©i g‡a¨
DËg AvPiYMZ m¤úK© cÖwZôv Kiv, hv‡Z D³ e¨w³eM© wg‡j-wg‡k mšÍzwó mnKv‡i `ÿZvi m‡½ KwZcq
c~e©wba©vwiZ jÿ¨ ev D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|Ó
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K eiv hvq †h, msMVb nj eë¯’vcbv Kvh©vejxi g‡a¨ Ggb GKwU Kvh©cÖwµqv hv
cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ ev jÿ¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Kvh©vejx I DcKiYvw` mbv³KiY, Gme DcKiY I
KvR‡K wewfbœ wefv‡M wef³ KiY, D³ wewfbœ wefv‡Mi Kgx©‡ì Dci `vwqZ¡ ÿgZvI I KZ©„Z¡ Ac©b Ges
G‡ì g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wba©viY Kivi cÖwµqv‡K eySvq|
msMV‡bi ¸iæZ¡ (Importance of Organization)

wb‡P eë¯’vcbv msMV‡bi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiv nj t
1. D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b mn‡hvMxZv t msMV‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ Kvh©vejx G‡ì cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i
wewfbœ †kªYx‡Z fvM K‡i cÖwZ wefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡ GKRb Kg©KZ©v ev wbe©vnxi Ici Ac©b Kiv nq| ïay
wefvM bq, cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi cÖ‡Z¨K ¯Í‡i m„ó Dcwefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ I
c„_K K‡i †`qv nq| G‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi hveZxq Kvh©vejx I D‡Ïk¨ AR©b mnRZi nq|
2. we‡klxKi‡Y mnvqZv (Aid to specialisation) t GKwU cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨ I Kvh©Ki eë¯’vcbv msMVb
we‡klÁZv I kªgwefv‡Mi bxwZi Ici M‡o I‡V| Gi d‡j `ÿZv, wgZe¨wqZv I mdjZvi mv‡_
cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh© m¤úv`b Kiv m¤¢e nq| d‡j cÖ‡Z¨K wefvM, DcwefvM Ges Kgx© Zv‡ì Ici Awc©Z
`vwqZ¡ me mgqB cvjb K‡i _v‡K| G Kvi‡Y we‡klÁZvi ¸Y cÖ‡Z¨‡KB AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
3. wek„•Ljv `~ixKiY (Removal of indiscipline) t msMV‡bi gva¨‡g cÖ‡Z¨KwU KvR I `vwqZ¡‡K

msÁvwqZ Kiv nq| d‡j †KD KvR ev `vwhZ¡ Gwo‡q Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvQvovI wewfbœ wefvM, Kgx©,
Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ †hvMm~Î ¯’vcb Kiv nq| G‡Z Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ †Kvb wek„•Ljv _v‡K bv|
4. gvbe-kw³i h_vh_ eënvi (Effective utilisation of Human Resources) t Av`k© msMVb KvVv‡gv‡Z
cÖwZôv‡bi Rbkw³i Kvg¨ I h_vh_ eënv‡ii Dcvq wb‡`©k Kiv _v‡K| Gi gva¨‡g cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri
aiY wba©viY K‡i †h e¨w³ †h Kv‡Ri †hvM¨, Zv‡K †mB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wb‡qvM Kiv nq Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq
`vwqZ¡ I ÿgZv Ac©b K‡i Zvi Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Kiv nq| Gi d‡j Kgx©evwnbxi mvg_© cy‡ivcywi
eënvi K‡i cÖwZôv‡bi mvdj¨ AR©b Kiv m¤¢e nq|
5. m„RbkxjZvi weKvk (Development of creativity) t msMVb Kgx© I Kg©KZ©v‡ì cÖwZfv weKv‡ki
gva¨‡g bZzb bZzb cš’v c×wZ, m~Î, wbqg A_ev Drcv`b m¤úwK©Z welq Dbœq‡b I cÖ‡qv‡M h‡_ó
my‡hvM m„wó K‡i _v‡K| †hgbt Kg©xMY GKB KvR me mgq Kivi d‡j H KvR hv‡Z AviI mnRfv‡e
wKfv‡e Kiv hvq Zv Kgx©iv Zv‡ì D™¢vebx kw³i Øviv D™¢veb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avi msMVwbK KvVv‡gvi
Øviv Zv m¤¢e nq|
6. mnR mgb¦q (Easy co-ordination) t msMV‡bi GKwU KvR nj wewfbœ wefvM, KvRI Kgx©‡ì gv‡S
cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© m„wó| GRb¨ msMV‡b wb‡qvwRZ cÖ‡Z¨K Kgx© Zvi Kvh©, ÿgZv I `vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© c~Y©
m‡PZb _v‡K| GQvovI cÖ‡Z¨‡K Zvi DaŸ©Zb I Aa©¯Íb m¤ú‡K© Ges cvk¦©eZx© wewfbœ wefvM I Zv‡ì
KvR m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z wewfbœ Kgx© I wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ mgb¦q mvab m¤¢e nq|
7. KZ©„Z¡ I `vwqZ¡ e›Ub (Distribution of Authority and Responsibility) t msMVb m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ KZ©Z¡
I `vwqZ¡ myôzfv‡e e›Ub K‡i Kv‡h©i wbw`©óZv wbwðZ K‡i d‡j m‡nRB cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ AwR©Z nq|
8. cÖkvmwbK Kv‡h© mnvqZv (Help in Administrative task) t mymsNe× I kw³kvjx KvVv‡gv cÖkvm‡bi
wfZk³ K‡i| cÖkvmwbK `ye©jZv I wePy¨Z AcmvwiZ nq Ges KZ…©Z¡ mylgfv‡e ewÈZ nq| Gi d‡j
cÖkvmKMY wbqgZvwš¿Kfv‡e cÖkvmb‡K Dbœq‡bi w`‡K avweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
9. mnR wbqš¿Y (Easy control) t msMVb KvVv‡gv‡Z cÖwZwU wefvM I Kgx©i Kvh©, KZ©„Z¡, ÿgZv I
`vwq‡Z¡i ¯úó e¨vL¨v _Kvq Zv‡ì Kvh©vejx mn‡RB wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq| GQvov †K, Kv‡K, wKfv‡e
wbqš¿Y Ki‡e ZviI w`K wb‡`©kbv msMVb KvVv‡gv n‡ZB cvIqv hvq|
10. m¤úªmviY I cwieZ©‡b mnvqZv (Facilities in expansion and alteration) t cÖhyw³MZ cwieZ©‡bi m‡½
Lvc LvB‡q wb‡Z bv cvi‡j eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi mvdj¨ my`~i civnZ
nq| cÖwZôv‡bi m¤úªmviY I cwieZ©b msMVb KvVv‡gvi Dci wbf©ikxj| GRb¨ `~i `wk©Zv I cÖÁvi
m‡½ msMVb KvVv‡gv ˆZix Kiv n‡j fwel¨Z m¤¢ve¨ m¤úªmviY I cÖhyw³MZ Dbœq‡b GB msMVb
KvVv‡gvZ AZ¨šÍ mnvqK nq|
11. eëmv‡qi Dbœqb (Development of business) t eZ©gvb hy‡M bZzb cÖhyw³ I hš¿cvwZ D™¢veb Ges
AvaywbK Drcv`b I e›Ub c×wZi D™¢veb N‡U‡Q| G me bZzb cÖhyw³ I c×wZi mØënv‡ii gva¨‡g
eëmv‡qi Dbœqb mvab GKgvÎ DËg msMVb KvVv‡gvi gva¨‡gB m¤¢e| GRb¨B kw³kvjx eë¯’vcbv
msMVb cÖwZôvi Ici eZ©gvb Kv‡j GZ †ekx ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv nq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
2 msMV‡bi cÖKvi‡f`
cvV
(Types of Organization)
D‡Ïk¨
5 msMV‡bi cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
msMV‡bi cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Organization)

msMVb‡K cÖavbZ wZbfv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| h_v-
(K) AvbyôvwbK msMVb (Formal organization)
(L) AbvbyôvwbK msMVb (Informal organization)
(M) KwgwU (Committee)
(K) AvbyôvwbK msMVb (Formal organization) t

cÖwZôvwbK jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ wbw`©ó wbqgbxwZi MÛxi g‡a¨ Ave× †_‡K cÖwZôv‡bi wb”¯Íi †_‡K kxl©¯Íi
ch©šÍ KZ…©‡Z¡i ev Av‡`‡ki †h wkKj cÖ¯ÍzZ (chain of command) Kiv nh Zv‡KB AvbyôvwbK msMVb ejv nq|
GLv‡b Kgx©‡ì g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©, †K Kvi wbKU `vqx _vK‡e Ges Revew`wn Ki‡e Zvi iæc‡iLv, †K
Kvi mv‡_ wKfv‡e †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡e Zvi wbqgKvbyb, Kgx©‡ì `vwqZ¡ I ÿgZvi ¯Íiweb¨vm-G me wKQyB G
msMV‡b Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| GLv‡b GKRb Kgx© B”Qv Ki‡jB Zvi Dci¯’ wbe©vnx‡K ev` w`‡q Av‡iv Dc‡ii
¯Í‡ii wbe©vnxi mv‡_ Avjvc Ki‡Z ev wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡i bv| GB msMV‡b AšÍf©y³ mevB‡K wba©vwiZ `vwqZ¡
mevB‡K Aek¨B cvjb Ki‡Z nq| `vwq‡Z¡i Ae‡njvi Rb¨ kvw¯Íi weavb _v‡K| bvbviKg AvbyôvwbK
msMVb †hgb mij‰iwLK, Kvh©wfwËK, mij‰iwLK I Dc‡`óv msMVb BZ¨vw` GKwU cÖwZôv‡b †`Lv hvq|
(L) AbvbyôvwbK msMVb (Informal organization) t

†Kvbiƒc AvbyôvwbK cÖ_v QvovB msMV‡bi Kgx© I wbe©vnx‡ì e¨w³MZ †gjv‡gkjv, †Lqvj-Lywk, B”Qv-Awb”Qv
ev cQ›`-AcQ›` †_‡K AbvbyôvwbK fv‡e †h m¤úK© ev hŠ_ D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi cÖeYZv m„wó nq Zv‡KB
AbvbyôvwbK msMVb ejv nq| GB AbvbyôvwbK m¤úK© wbe©vnx‡ì g‡a¨, kªwgK‡ì g‡a¨ wKsev kªwgK ms‡Ni
†bZ…e„‡›ì g‡a¨ m‡PZb ev Ae‡PZb fv‡e M‡o I‡V| e„n`vqZb cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z wewfbœ ch©v‡qi Kg©KZ©v ev
Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡a¨ Dc`j MV‡bi cÖeYZv †`Lv hvq| mvaviYZt AvÂwjK, mv¤úª`vwqK, agx©q, ivR‰bwZK
wPšÍvaviv ev Avw_©K Ae¯’vi wfwË‡Z AbvbyôvwbK msMVb M‡o I‡V| msMVwbK KvVv‡gv‡Z AbvbyôvwbK
m¤ú‡K©i D‡jøL bv _vK‡jI A‡bK mgq D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi e¨vcv‡i Ges A‡bK KwVb mgm¨vi mgvavb Kivi
e¨vcv‡iI AbvbyôvwbK msMVb LyeB mnvqK nq|
AbvbyôvwbK msMV‡bi cÖKvi‡f` t

cÖwZôv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi AbvbyôvwbK msMVb M‡o DV‡Z †`Lv hvq| †hgbt
(1) eÜzZ¡myjf AwbqgZvwš¿K msMVb;
(2) Kg© †MvÎfz³ AwbqgZvwš¿K msMVb; wb‡” G‡ì e¨vcv‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
(1) eÜzZ¡ myjf AwbqgZvwš¿K msMVb

cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ A‡bK Kg©xi g‡a¨ eÜzZ¡ M‡o I‡V| d‡j GmKj Kgx© G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ mn‡hvwMZv I

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
†hvMv‡hvM K‡i Ges G‡K Ac‡ii Kvh©Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| ZvB cÖwZôv‡b hLb Giƒc `‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ _v‡K ZLb
†`Lv hvq GKRb Kgx© Zvi eÜyKgx©i Kv‡Ri mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Q ev Zvi Kv‡R cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Q|
(2) Kg©-†MvÎfz³ AwbqgZvwš¿K msMVb t

Ab¨ GK cÖKvi AwbqgZvwš¿K msMVb †`Lv hvq †h¸‡jv cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ ¯Í‡i Kg©iZ Kgx©‡ì g‡a¨ M‡o
I‡V| mvaviYZt †h me Kgx© Lye Nwbôfv‡e GK‡Î Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i, Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Giƒc msMVb M‡o I‡V|
AvbyôvwbK msMVb‡K wb‡”v³ K‡qK fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
1. mij‰iwLK msMVb (Line organization)
2. mij‰iwLK I Dc‡`óv msMVb (Line and Staff organization)
3. Kvh©wfwËK msMVb (Functional organization)
4. KwgwU (Committee)
wb‡” wewfbœ cÖKvi AvbyôvwbK msMVb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt
eë¯’cbv msMVb
AbvbyôvwbK msMVb AvbyôvwbK msMVb
(1) mij‰iwLK msMVb

(1) eÜzZ¡ myjf AbvbyôvwbK msMVb
(2) mij‰iwLK I Dc‡`ôv msMVb
(2) Kg©-‡MvÎfy³ AbvbyôvwbK msMVb
(3) Kvh©wfwËK msMVb
(4) KwgwU
wPÎ t eë¯’vcbv msMV‡bi cÖKvi‡f`|
(1) mij‰iwLK msMVb (Line organization) t

ïaygvÎ mij‰iwLK Kg©KZ©v A_ev KZ©„Z¡ mnKv‡i †h msMVb KvVv‡gv MwVZ nq A_©vr †h msMVb KvVv‡gv‡Z
mij‰iwLK wbe©vnxi mv‡_ †Kvb mn‡hvMx ev Dc‡`óv Kgx© _v‡K bv Zv‡K mij‰iwLK msMVb e‡j| GB
msMVb KvVv‡gv mePvB‡Z mnR I cyivZb msMVb KvVv‡gv|
cÖK…Z A‡_©, †h msMVb c×wZ‡Z ÿgZv ev KZ©„Z¡ †iLv †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b eë¯’vcbvi m‡e©v”P ¯Íi n‡Z mij
†iLvi gZ Dci †_‡K wewfbœ ¯Íi AwZµg K‡i µgvb¦‡q wb‡Pi w`‡K †b‡g Av‡m Zv‡K mij îwLK msMVb
ejv nq| mvgwiK msMV‡b DaŸ©Z‡bi Av‡`k Aaxb¯’iv webv wØavq gvb‡Z †hfv‡e eva¨ _v‡K, mij‰iwLK
msMV‡b Av‡`k`vb Ges Zv cvj‡b Abyiƒc bxwZgvjv AbymiY Kiv nq e‡j G‡K mvgwiK msMVb I ejv
nq|
GB ai‡bi msMV‡b cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki `vwqZ¡ I KZ©„Z¡ my›ìfv‡e ewY©Z _v‡K Ges Av‡`k I wb‡`©k`v‡bi RbÏ
mywbw`©ó c_‡iLv _v‡K| GB wbw`©ó c_‡iLv Abymv‡i DaŸ©Zb KZ©„c‡ÿi hveZxq Av‡`k I wb‡`©k Aaxb¯’
Kg©Pvix‡ì w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq| îwLK Kg©KZ©v‡ì mvnv‡hï Rb¨ †Kvb Dc‡`óv ev we‡klÁ Kg©KZ©v _v‡K
bv|
mij‰iwLK msMV‡bi myweavi Rb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©vejx‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq K‡qKwU wefv‡M wef³ Kiv nq|
cÖwZwU wefv‡Mi Aax‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K DcwefvM ˆZix Kiv nq| Gme wefvM Ges Dc-wefv‡M GKRb

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
K‡i `vwqZ¡ cÖvß Kg©KZ©v _v‡Kb| GB Kg©KZ©v‡K Zvi wbqš¿Yvaxb hveZxq Kv‡Ri Rb¨ DaŸ©Zb KZ©„c‡ÿi
wbKU Revew`wn Ki‡Z nq| wZwb Zvi Aa©¯Íb‡ì Kv‡Ri w`‡K jÿ¨ iv‡Lb|
kxl© ch©v‡qi Kg©KZ©v Zvi Aaxb¯’ Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix‡ì‡K KZ©„Z¡ Ac©b K‡ib Avi Gfv‡eB msMV‡bi kxl©¯Íi
†_‡K wb”¯Íi ch©šÍ `vwqZ¡ I KZ©‡Z¡i j¤^ †iLvi m„wó nq| wb‡”i wP‡Î mij‰iwLK msMV‡bi GKwU KvíwbK
bgybv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv t
eë¯’vcbv cwiPvjK
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
µq eë¯’vcK Drcv`b eë¯’vcK Avw_©K eë¯’vcK wecYb eë¯’vcK
↓
↓ ↓ ↓
mycvifvBRvi mycifvBRvi mycifvBRvi
↓
↓ ↓ ↓
kÖwgKe„›` kÖwgKe„Ü kÖwgKe„›`
wPÎ t mij‰iwLK msMVb
cÖvPxbZg msMVb c×wZ wn‡m‡e mij‰iwLK msMVb Ggb wKQy êwk‡ói AwaKvix hvi Rb¨ wbw`©ó †ÿ‡Î AvR
ch©šÍI GwU GKwU MÖnY‡hvM¨ msMVb KvVv‡gv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| wb‡” Gi êwkó¨¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡jvt
1. GwU mePvB‡Z mij Ges mnR‡eva¨ msMVb KvVv‡gv|
2. G ai‡bi msMVb KvVv‡gv‡Z ÿgZv ev KZ©„Z¡ kxl© eë¯’vcbv ¯Íi †_‡K ch©vqµ‡g wb” ¯Í‡ii
eë¯’vcbvi w`‡K mij‡iLvi gZ †b‡g Av‡m| d‡j msMV‡b GKwU DaŸ©Zb-Aa¯Íb m¤ú‡K©i m„wó nq|
3. GB msMVb KvVv‡gv‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi hveZxq Kvh©vejx‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq wewfbœ wefv‡M wef³ Kiv nq Ges
Gi cÖwZwU wefvM ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© Ges c„_K fv‡e Zv‡ì hveZxq Kvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i|
4. GB cÖKvi msMVb KvVv‡gv‡Z Aat¯Íb wbe©vnx ïaygvÎ Zvi AeëwnZ DaŸ©Z‡bi Av‡`k gvb‡Z eva¨
_v‡K Ges Awc©Z Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ïaygvÎ Dc‡ii DaŸ©Z‡bi wbKU Revew`wn K‡i|
5. GB cÖKvi msMV‡b cÖ‡Z¨K wefv‡Mi Rb¨ GKRb wefvMxq `vwqZ¡kxj wb‡qvM Kiv nq Ges me wefvM
GKRb mvaviY eë¯’vc‡Ki Aax‡b b¨¯Í Kiv nq|
6. GB cÖKvi msMV‡bi AviI GKwU êwkó¨ nj msMV‡b GK wefvM Ab¨ wefv‡Mi mv‡_ mivmwi m¤úK©
cÖwZôv bv K‡i wefvMxq cÖav‡bi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i|
7. G ai‡bi msMV‡b DaŸ©Zb wbe©vnx Zvi wb‡Pi Aaxb‡¯’i Dci AwaK gvÎvq KZ©„Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i|
8. GB msMV‡bi †ÿ‡Î GKRb wbe©vnxi `ÿZv Zvi Aax‡b b¨¯Í wefvM ev msMVb‡K AwaK gvÎvq
cÖfvweZ K‡i|
9. GB cÖKvi msMV‡b cÖwZôv‡bi wbw`©ó jÿ¨ mwVK fv‡e AR©b Kivi Rb¨ GKRb wbe©vnx‡K AwaK gvÎvq
`wqZ¡kxjZvi cwiPq w`‡Z nq| GRb¨ `vwqZ¡ Ges KZ©„Z¡vc©‡b mgZv weavb mij‰iwLK Ges msMV‡bi
GKwU Acwinvh© êwkó¨|
10. Ab¨vb¨ msMV‡bi †P‡q GB ai‡bi msMV‡b AwaK k„•Ljv cÖwZôv Kiv hvq|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
Dc‡ii we‡kl we‡kl KZ¸‡jv êwk‡óï Kvi‡Y ÿz`ªvqZb I RwUjZvgy³ cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ GB msMVb
KvVv‡gv AwaKZi Dc‡hvMx nq|
mij‰iwLK msMV‡bi myweav t

mij‰iwLK msMV‡bi †hme myweav i‡q‡Q Zv wb‡” Av‡jvPbv Kiv njt
1. GB msMV‡b KZ©„Z¡ I `vwq‡Z¡i mywbw`©ó MwZ‡iLv wba©vwiZ _v‡K e‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kgx©B Zvi Dci Awc©Z
KZ©e¨ I `vwqZ¡ ¯úófv‡e Abyaveb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2. G ai‡bi msMV‡b DaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©vMY Zv‡ì Aaxb¯Í Kgx©‡ì‡K Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g ev mnKvix wn‡m‡e
cÖwkÿY w`‡Z cv‡ib| G‡Z Kgx©‡ì `ÿZv I †gav weKwkZ nIqvi my‡hvM m„wó nq|
3. msMV‡bi cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kgx©i `vwqZ¡ I KZ©„Z¡ mywbw`©ó I my›ìfv‡e msÁvwqZ _vKvq Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î wek„•Ljv
`~ixf‚Z nq Ges KZ©„‡Z¡i Aceënvi †iva Kiv hvh|
4. GB ai‡bi msMV‡b †Kvb we‡klÁ ev Dc‡`óvi civgk© MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv e‡j DaŸ©Zb Kg©
Kg©KZ©viv `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
5. mij‰iwLK msMV‡bi Avi GKwU myweav nj, cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kgx©B cieZx„ c` I Kvh© e›Ub m¤ú‡K© c~e©
†_‡KB ÁvZ ev IqvwKenvj _v‡K Ges c‡`vbœwZi Rb¨ mK‡jB m‡Pó _v‡K|
6. GB RvZxq msMV‡b `vwqZ¡ I KZ©„‡Z¡i my¯úó iƒc‡iLv, c‡`vbœwZ I cÖwkÿ‡Yi my‡hvM BZ¨vw`
Kgx©‡ì‡K wbR wbR KvR mwUKfv‡e m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e †cÖwlZ K‡i|
7. mvgwiK wbqgZvwš¿KZv Abymv‡i GB ai‡bi msMVb cwiPvwjZ nq e‡j cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ wefvM,
DcwifvM I kvLv I cÖkvLvi Kvh©vejxi g‡a¨ mn‡RB mgb¦q mvab Kiv m¤¢eci nq|
8. cÖwZôv‡bi Kgx©‡ì ÿgZv I `vwq‡Z¡i myôz e›Ub Ges Av‡`k I wb‡`©‡ki myôz MwZ‡iLv DaŸ©Zb
Kg©KZ©v‡ì Lye mn‡RB Aa¯Íb‡ì Kvh© wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
9. GB msMV‡bi Avi GKwU myweav nj †h, GUv GKwU ¯’vqx cÖK…wZ msMVb| Avi GRb¨ Gi wfZ LyeB
kw³kvjx nq|
10. Aaxb¯Í‡ì Dci Awc©Z Kv‡Ri djvdj e¨w³MZ ch©‡eÿY I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g mn‡RB wbY©q Kiv
hvq|
mij‰iwLK msMV‡bi Amyweav

GKwU mij‰iwLK msMV‡b †h me Amyweav †`Kv †`q wb‡” †m¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv
1. mij‰iwLK msMV‡b wbe©vnxiv †Kvb we‡kl‡Ái mvnvh¨ QvovB wb‡Riv hveZxq Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡ib e‡j
cÖwZwU Kv‡RB we‡klvq‡bi Afve cwijwÿZ nq|
2. GB msMV‡b `ÿ me©¸‡Y ¸Yvwb¦Z I mvwe©K A‡_© `ÿ Kgx©i AcÖZzjZvi Kvi‡Y msMV‡bi mvgwMÖK
Dbœqb Kg©KvÛ, cÖMwZ I mg„w× AR©b‡K e¨vcKfv‡e wewNœZ K‡i|
3. cÖwZôv‡bi wefvMxq cÖavb‡ì nv‡Z wbR wbR wefv‡Mi mvwe©K ÿgZv _vKvq G msMVb LyeB mn‡RB
ˆ¯îvPvix msMV‡b cwiYZ nq| we‡klÁ Áv‡bi Afv‡e îwLK Kg©KZ©viv cÖvqB hyw³‡K cvk KvwU‡q
wb‡Ri gZ‡K cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z e¨¯Í _v‡Kb| G‡Z Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ e¨nZ nq|
4. GB cÖKvi msMV‡b Kgx©i ¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y GK GK Rb Kgx©i Ici Awc©Z `vwqZ¡ A‡bK †ekx nq| d‡j
Kv‡Ri †fZi wek„•Ljv cwijwÿZnq|
5. GB msMV‡b Aa¯Íb Kgx©iv Rv‡b †h Zv‡ì DaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v‡ì †LqvjLywki IciB Zv‡ì DbœwZ
AebwZ wbf©i K‡i| G‡Z ¯^fveZtB Aa¯Í‡biv †Zvlv‡gv‡ì Avkªq MÖnb Ki‡Z cÖe„Ë nq Ges
DaŸ©Z‡bivI ¯^Rb-cÖxwZ‡Z Af¨¯Í n‡q c‡o|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
6. îwLK Kg©KZ©vMY K`vwPr wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y Aa¯Íb‡ì gZvgZ‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q _v‡K|
7. GB msMV‡b D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ eû msL¨K wbe©vnx wb‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| GQvovI AvšÍt wefvMxq
†hvMv‡hvM I mgb¦‡qi Kv‡RI A‡bK mgq jv‡M| d‡j LiP e„w× cvq|
(2) mij‰iwLK I Dc‡`óv msMVb (Line and Staff organization)

eZ©gvb e„n`vqZb eëmvq RM‡Z mvsMVwbK k„•Ljv I we‡klÁZv AR©b Ges mn‡hvwMZv jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨
mij‰iwLK Kg©KZ©v I we‡klÁ ev c`¯’ Kgx©‡ì wb‡q †h bZzb a‡bi msMVb KvVv‡gv M‡o D‡V‡Q Zv‡KB
mij‰iwLK I Dc‡`óv msMVb e‡j|
AviI mnRfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j GUv Ggb GK ai‡bi msMVb hv‡Z mij‰iwLK Kg©KZ©v‡K h‡_vchy³ civgk©
I Dc‡`k `v‡bi Rb¨ Dc‡`óv ev we‡klÁ wb‡qvM Kiv nq| Giƒc msMV‡b Dc‡`óvMY ïay Dc‡`k ev
civgk© w`‡q _v‡Kb wm×všÍ MÖnY ev Av‡`k wb‡`©k cÖ`v‡bi ÿgZv Zv‡ì _v‡K bv| G‡ÿ‡Î mij‰iwLK
Kg©KZ©vivB mg¯Í eë¯’vcKxq ÿgZvi AwaKvix Ges Dc‡`óv‡ì civgk© ev Dc‡`k Kvh©Kix Kiv ev bv
Kiv Zv‡ì B”Qvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| msMV‡bi RwUj †UKwbK¨vj wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ îwLK
Kg©KZ©vMY Dc‡`óv‡ì civg‡k©i Dci wbf©i K‡ib| îwLK Kg©KZ©vMY wbqgvbyewZ©Zv I k„•Ljv weavb
K‡ib Ges Dc‡`óvMY wK Kiv DwPZ †m e¨vcv‡i civgk© cÖ`vb K‡ib| GB ai‡bi msMV‡b îwLK
Kg©KZ©vMY cY¨ Drcv`b mywbwðZ K‡ib, Aci w`‡K we‡klÁ Kgx©MY M‡elYv, cwiKíbv, MYms‡hvM, wkí
m¤úK©, KvwiMwi cÖf…wZ Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡ib| GLv‡b we‡kÁMY îwLK Kg©KZ©v‡ì Dci †Kvbiƒc
wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| Aek¨ msMV‡b we‡klÁ Kgx©‡ì ¸iæZ¡ _vKvq îwLK Kg©KZ©vMY Zv‡ì
Dc‡`k I civgk© †g‡b P‡jb|
wb‡” †iLvwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ mij‰iwLK I Dc‡`óv msMVb KvVv‡gv cÖ`k©b Kiv nj|
cwiPvjK cl©`
AvBb Dc‡`óv mwPe
mvaviY eë¯’vcK
eë¯’vcK (Drcv`b) eë¯’vcK (µq) eë¯’vcK (weµq)
hš¿ Dc‡`óv gvb wbqš¿Y Dc‡`óv eë¯’vcK (A_©)
KviLvbv eë¯’vcK wbe©vnx mwPe

GLv‡b _____ mij‰iwLK wbe©vnx
............ Dc‡`óv
wPÎ t mij‰iwLK I Dc‡`óv msMVb
êwkó¨ t
mij‰iwLK I Dc‡`óv msMV‡bi wb” wjwLZ êwkó¨¸‡jv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq-
1. GB msMV‡b `yai‡bi Kgx© _v‡K, GK`j mij‰iwLK Kgx© ev wbe©vnx Ges Ab¨`j Dc‡`óv Kgx©|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
2. GB msMV‡bi KZ©„Z¡ †iLv eë¯’vcbvi kxl©¯Íi n‡Z µgk wb”¯Í‡i †b‡g Av‡m, Z‡e mij‰iwLK wbe©vnxi
cv‡k Dc‡`óv Kgx©MY cÖ‡qvRbxq Ae¯’vb I c` MÖnY K‡ib|
3. GB msMV‡b `yB ai‡bi Kgx© _vK‡jI mij‰iwLK Kg©KZ©vMYB eë¯’vcbvi g~j `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ
_v‡Kb|
4. GLv‡b Dc‡`óv Kgx©‡ì KvR nj mij‰iwLK Kg©KZ©v‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© I Dc‡`k cÖ`vb Ges
Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î mn‡hvMxZv Kiv|
5. Dc‡`óv ev we‡klÁ Kgx©‡ì †Ìqv Dc‡`k I civgk© msMV‡bi îwLK wbe©vnxMY gvb‡Z eva¨ _v‡K
bv Z‡e Dc‡`óv‡ì we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ _vKvq Zv †g‡b Pjv nq|
6. GB cÖKvi msMV‡b GKRb Aaxb¯’ wbe©vnx Zvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †KejgvÎ Zvi AeëwnZ Dc‡ii wbe©vnxi
wbKU `vqx nq Ges ZviB wb‡`©k cvj‡b eva¨ _v‡K|
7. Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e e„n`vqZb I RwUj eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b G ai‡bi msMVb KvVv‡gv eëüZ nq|
mij‰iwLK I Dc‡`óv msMV‡bi myweavmg~n

wb‡” mij‰iwLK I Dc‡`óv msMV‡bi myweav¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiv njt
1. GB msMV‡b Kgx©iv ˆbcy‡Yï mv‡_ me wel‡q my¯úó cwiKíbv cÖYqb K‡ib, myZivs GUv ev¯Íevq‡bi
mv‡_ RwoZ Kgx©iv AwfÁ I `ÿ n‡q I‡V|
2. we‡klÁ Kgx© we`¨gvb _vKvq mij‰iwLK Kgx©‡ì Kvh©fvi jvNe nq|
3. Gi d‡j mij‰iwLK msMV‡bi mv‡_ we‡klÁZv I kªg wefvRbRwbZ myweavw` jvf Kiv hvq|
4. me©¸‡Y ¸Yvwb¦Z e¨w³i Afv‡e wewfbœ Kvh© m¤úv`‡b mij‰iwLK msMV‡b †h mg‡qi A‡nZzK
Aceënvi n‡Zv, cÖhyw³i Áv‡bi eënv‡i GB ai‡bi msMV‡b †mB mgq †eu‡P hvq|
5. we‡klÁ Kgx©‡ì mv‡_ civgk© K‡i KvR m¤úv`‡bi d‡j jvBb Kg©KZ©vivI wewfbœ wel‡q cvi`kx© I
cÖwkÿYcÖvß n‡q I‡V|
6. Dc‡`óv‡ì mv‡_ civgk©µ‡g wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq e‡j M„wnZ wm×všÍ mwVK I h_v_©Zvi `vwe iv‡L|
mij‰iwLK I Dc‡`óv msMV‡bi Amyweav

wb‡” wewfbœ cÖKvi Amyweav¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv njt
1. mij‰iwLK I Dc‡`óv Kgx©‡ì g‡a¨ Kj‡ni m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| d‡j KvswLZ Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek AwbwðZ
n‡q co‡Z cv‡i|
2. evievi wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y we‡klÁ‡ì kiYvcbœ nIqv g~jZt wm×všÍ cÖwµqv‡K `xN©vwqZ K‡i|
3. GB cÖKvi msMVb eë¯’vcbvq mij‰iwLK Kgx© I we‡klÁ Kgx©‡ì cvwikªwgK QvovI KvwiMvwi I
cÖhyw³MZ e¨q mswkøó _v‡K, d‡j Drcv`b e¨q †ekx nq Ges Gi mv‡_ weµqg~jÏ †ekx c‡o|
4. mij‰iwLK Kg©KZ©v Dc‡`óv Kgx©‡ì Dci GZ †ekx wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡o †h, GUv cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨
A‡bK mgqB Kj¨vYKi nq bv|
5. we‡klÁ Kgx© Z_v Dc‡`óviv ïaygvÎ GKwU wel‡qB g‡bvwb‡ek K‡i cvi`wk©Zv AR©b K‡i| d‡j
Ab¨vb¨ w`‡K Zvi `ye©jZv †_‡KB hvq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
(3) Kvh©wfwËK msMVb (Functional Organization) t

†Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi †gvU Kvh©‡K mgRvZxqZvi wfwË‡Z wewfbœ wefv‡M wef³ K‡i GK GK wefv‡M GK GKRb
K‡i we‡klÁ e¨w³‡K kxl© c‡` wbhy³ Kiv n‡j Ges D³ wefvM cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ `vwqZ¡ I KZ©„Z¡ Ac©b Kiv
n‡j Zv‡K Kvh©wfwËK msMVb e‡j| GB ai‡bi msMV‡b we‡klÁ‡ì‡K Dc‡`óv wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM bv K‡i
mivmwi wbe©vnx wn‡m‡e we‡kl `vwq‡Z¡ Avmxb Kiv nq|
e¯ÍzZt c‡ÿ we‡klÁ‡ì‡K wewfbœ wefv‡Mi wefvMxq cÖavb wn‡m‡e mij‰iwLK Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi `vwqZ¡
cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡gB Kvh©wfwËK msMV‡bi Rb¥ nq, Kvh©wfwËK msMV‡b we‡klvqb I kªgwefv‡Mi bxwZi c~Y©
mØënvi N‡U| G‡ÿ‡Î weklÁ e¨w³MY wbR wbR Kg©‡ÿ‡Î KZ©„Z¡ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges wm×všÍ MÖnY I
ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î KZ©„Z¡ eë¯’vcbvi kxl©¯Íi †_‡K c~e© wba©vwiZ K‡g©i Kg©bvqK‡ì Dci
†b‡g Av‡m| cÖ‡Z¨K we‡klÁ Zv‡ì Dci Awc©Z GK GKwU we‡kl Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ gyL¨ Kvh©wbe©vnxi
Kv‡Q `vqx _v‡Kb| G ai‡bi msMV‡b kªwgK‡ì GKvaxK wbe©vnxi Aax‡b KvR Ki‡Z nq| g~jZ mij‰iwLK
msMV‡bi Amyweav¸‡jv `~i Kivi Rb¨ êÁvwbK e¨¯’vcbvi RbK Gd. WeøyB, †Uji Kvh©wfwËK msMV‡bi
cÖPjb K‡ib|
wb‡” †iLvwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Kvh©wfwËK msMV‡bi GKwU KvíwbK wPÎ cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv t
eë¯’vcK
mycvifvBRvi
mgq I e¨q K¬vK© wb‡`©kcÎ cÖ‡YZv Kv‡h©i k„•Ljv I iæU K¬vK© KviLvbvi wbqg wbqš¿K
`j KZ©v MwZ KZ©v ‡givgZ KZ©v cwi`k©K
kÖwgK e„›`
wPÎ t Gd. WweøD. †Uj‡ii Kvh©wfwËK msMVb

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
êwkó¨
Kvh©wfwËK msMV‡bi wb”wjwLZ êwkó¨¸‡jv Av‡Q t
1. GB cÖKvi msMV‡b Kv‡Ri aiY Abyhvqx cÖwZôv‡bi me KvR‡K wewfbœfv‡e wef³ Kiv hvq (†hgb,
Drcv`b, µq, weµq, weÁvcb, gvb wbqš¿Y BZ¨vw`)
2. GB msMV‡b cÖ‡Z¨KUv wefv‡Mi `vwq‡Z¡ GK GK Rb we‡klÁ wb‡qvwRZ _v‡Kb, GB we‡klÁ Zvi
D”P ¯Í‡i Kg©iZ jvBb Kg©KZ©vi wbKU †_‡K wewfbœ cÖKvi KZ©„Z¡ †fvM K‡ib|
3. GB msMV‡b KZ©„Z¡ I KZ©e¨ e›Ub we‡klvq‡bi wfwË‡Z Kiv nq|
4. GB ai‡bi msMV‡b GKRb kªwgK ev Kgx©‡K GKvaxK Kg©KZ©vi Aax‡b KvR Ki‡Z nq|
5. GB msMV‡bi KZ©„Z¡ Dci †_‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K †b‡g Av‡m| G‡ÿ‡Î eë¯’vcbvi me©wb” ¯Í‡i Aew¯’Z
†dvig¨vbMY wb‡R‡ì Kg©‡ÿÎ m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxbZv †fvM K‡ib|
6. GB ai‡bi msMV‡b Kg©‡ÿÎ mxwgZ n‡jI KZ©„‡Z¡i cwiwa Amxg|
7. G ai‡bi msMV‡b GKRb Kgx© †KejgvÎ GKwU we‡kl Kv‡R `ÿZv AR©b K‡ib|
8. AvaywbK e„nr I RwUj cÖwZôv‡b G ai‡bi msMV‡bi †ekx cÖ‡qvM †`Lv hvq|
Kvh©wfwËK msMV‡bi mwyeav

Kvh©wfwËK msMV‡bi myweav¸‡jv wb”iƒct
1. GB msMV‡b we‡klÁMY ¯^vaxbfv‡e Zv‡ì Ávb I `ÿZv Kv‡R jvwM‡q hveZxq Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b
Ki‡Z mÿg nq|
2. G ai‡bi msMVb we‡klÁ Øviv cwiPvwjZ nIqvq †h †Kvb cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ mn‡R †gvKvwejv Kiv
m¤¢e nq|
3. G msMV‡b Kgx©MY we‡klÁ Kg©KZ©v‡ì ZË¡veav‡b Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b K‡i e‡j Kgx©‡ì Kv‡Ri gvb I
`ÿZv e„w× cvq|
4. Gi gva¨‡g kª‡gi h_vh_ wefvRb mnRZi nq I e¨cK gvÎvq Drcv`b cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq|
5. wewfbœ Kvh©m¤úv`b I Z`vi‡Ki Rb¨ wewfbœ Kg©KZ©v‡K GKwU we‡kl wel‡q `ÿ I cvi`kx© n‡Z nq|
6. GB ai‡bi msMV‡b we‡klÁ wb‡qv‡Mi d‡j DaŸ©Zb KZ©„c‡ÿi Kvh©fvi jvNe nq| GQvov cÖwZôv‡bi
÷vd I cÖkvmwbK e¨q n«vm cvq|
7. we‡klÁZvi wfwË‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi wefvM¸‡jv msMwVZ nIqvq cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©vejx wbqš¿Y Kiv mnRZi
nq|
8. GB msMV‡bi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx Kv‡h©i †kªYxwefvM I we‡klÁ Øviv Kvh© m¤úv`b Kiv nq e‡j me©‡ÿ‡ÎB
myôz mgb¦q mvab m¤¢e nq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
Kvh©wfwËK msMV‡bi Abyweav

GKwU Kvh©wfwËK msMV‡bi wb”iƒc wewfbœ cÖKvi Amyweav †`Lv hvq-
1. wb” ¯Í‡i Kgx©MY GKB mg‡q wewfbœ Dc‡`óvi wbKU †_‡K Av‡`k-wb‡`©k jvf K‡i e‡j Zviv KviI
wb‡`©k wkw_j nq, k„•Ljv bó nq Ges mgb¦qmvab KóKi nq|
2. GB msMV‡b GKB mv‡_ GKvwaK Dc‡`óvi wbKU n‡Z wb‡`©k jvf K‡i _v‡K hvi d‡j Giƒc
Kg©Pvix‡ì Kvh©fvi gvÎvwZwi³fv‡i e„w× cvq|
3. Giƒc msMV‡b Kv‡h©i cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx Kvh©vejx AmsL¨ wefvM, DcwefvM cÖf…wZ ¯Í‡i fvM Kiv nq|
d‡j cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©cÖwµqvq RwUjZv e„w× cvq|
4. GKvwaK wefv‡Mi Av‡`k wb‡`©k cvjb Kivi Kvi‡Y †Kvb Kgx© ev wefvM B”Qv Ki‡j A‡bï †`vnvB
w`‡q Kv‡R duvwK w`‡Z cv‡i| Avi ˆØZ AaxbZvi Kvi‡Y G‡ÿ‡Î Aa¯Íb‡ì mwVKev‡e Revew`wnI
Kiv hvq bv|
5. we‡klÁMY wbe©vnx ÿgZvcÖvß n‡q mij‰iwLK Kg©KZ©v‡ì Gwo‡q Pjvi †Póv Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î
cÖwZôv‡bi wbqgvKvbyb Agvb¨ K‡i A‡bK‡ÿ‡Î Zviv wb‡R‡ì †¯^”QvPvwiZvi cwiPq w`‡q _v‡K|
6. cÖwZôvb‡K hveZxq Kvh©vejx wewfbœ wefv‡M wef³ _v‡K e‡j djvdj cwigvc I g~j¨vqb Ges Kvh©Kix
wbqš¿Y Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡o|
(M) KwgwU (Committee) t

KwgwU ev cl©` n‡”Q GKvwaK e¨w³ wb‡q MwVZ GKwU msMVb hvi Ici †Kvb we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨
cÖkvmwbK `vwqZ¡ ev †Kvb Kvh©fvi Awc©Z nq| eZ©gvb RM‡Z me ai‡bi mn‡hvwMZvg~jK Kg©Kv‡Û GUv
e¨vcK fv‡e eëüZ n‡”Q| e¯ÍzZt KwgwU‡K MYZ‡š¿i GKwU we‡kl w`K wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kivnq| KwgwU‡K
wewfbœ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q Zv‡K| wUg (Team), cl©` (Board), Uv¯‹ †dvm© (Task force), Kwgkb
(Commission) cwil` (Board) BZ¨vw` n‡”Q KwgwUi wewfbœ iƒct
cÖwm× eë¯’vcbv we‡klÁ‡ì `„wó‡Z KwgwUi K‡qKwU msÁv wb‡” †Ìqv nj t

cÖ‡dmi WweøD, GBP wbDg¨vb (W. H. Newman) Gi g‡Z, ÒKwgwU nj GK`j †jv‡Ki mgwó hv‡ì Ici
wbw`©ófv‡e cÖkvmwbK KvR m¤úv`‡bi fvi b¨¯Í Kiv nq|Ó
ABwiP I KzÄ (Weihrich and Koontz) e‡jb, ÔKwgwU nj KwZcq e¨w³ mgwó hv‡ì‡K `je×fv‡e Z_¨
mieivn civgk© cÖ`vb, aviYvi wewbgq A_ev wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ wKQy wbw`©ó wel‡q `vwqZ¡ Ac©b Kiv
nq|Ó
mvaviYZ †Kvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ KwZcq wewkó Kg©KZ©v‡K wb‡q KwgwU MwVZ nq| GUv
mwgwóMZfv‡e KvR K‡i Ges Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ m`m¨MY wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ gZvgZ wewbgq K‡ib| ïaygvÎ
KwgwUi `vwqZ¡ cvjb †Kvb m`‡mï gyL¨ KvR bq| cÖ‡Z¨K m`‡mïB wbR wbR `vwqZ¡ _v‡K hv Zv‡ì cÖavb
KvR e‡j MY¨ nq| Avi GB g~j `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi duv‡K duv‡K mmïv KwgwUi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| KwgwUi
Dci Awc©Z `vwqZ¡ myôzfv‡e cvj‡bi myweav‡_© m`m¨‡ì GKRb‡K mfvcwZ ev AvnŸvqK g‡bvwbZ K‡i
GKwU KwgwU MVb Kiv nq|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †k‡l Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, KwgwU n‡jv we‡klfv‡e wbe©vwPZ ev DaŸ©Zb KZ©„cÿ KZ©„K
g‡bvwbZ Ggb KwZcq e¨w³e‡M©i mgwó hv‡ì Ici we‡kl †Kvb cÖkvmwbK KvR ev `vwqZ¡fvi Ac©b Kiv
nq Ges hviv my-msMwVZ fv‡e wgwjZ n‡q Avjvc Av‡jvPbv Ges cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì
Ici Awc©Z `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i|
GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, GKwU KwgwU Aek¨B GKvaxK e¨w³ wb‡q MwVZ n‡e| wKšÍz A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq †h,
wewfbœ mgm¨v Z`‡šÍi Rb¨ ÒGK m`m¨ wewkó KwgwUÓ MVb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GUv eë¯’vcbvi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K
†Kvb cÖKvi KwgwUi AvIZvq c‡o bv|
êwkó¨
Dc‡ii msÁvmg~n Ges KwgwUi ¯^vfvweK cÖK…wZ we‡kølY Ki‡j †hme êwkó¨¸‡jv mvaviYfv‡e Avgv‡ì
wbKU jÿŸxq Zv wb”iƒct
1. KwgwU n‡jv mvaviYZ KwZcq (GKvwaK) e¨w³i mgb¦‡q MwVZ GK cÖKvi msMVb|
2. GKwU KwgwUi m`m¨MY mvsMVwbK wbq‡g wbe©vwPZ ev DaŸ©Zb KZ©„cÿ KZ©„K g‡bvbxZ n‡q _v‡Kb|
3. mvaviYZ GKwU KwgwU‡Z D”P ch©v‡qi e¨w³eM© AšÍf©y³ nb|
4. KwgwUi AšÍf©y³ m`m¨‡ì KwgwUi evB‡iI wba©vwiZ KvR _v‡K|
5. GKwU KwgwU ¯’vqx ev A¯’vqx †h‡Kvb ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i|
6. KwgwUi m`mïv G‡Z mggh©v`v †fvM K‡i Ges wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î MYZvwš¿K ixwZi AbymiY Kiv
nq|
KwgwUi myweav ev KwgwU eënv‡ii KviY

mvaviYZ wb‡”v³ myweavi Kvi‡YB GKwU KwgwU MVb Kiv nq|
1. Bs‡iRxi GKwU cÖPwjZ K_v n‡”Q "Two heads are better than one." ev¯Í‡e GKwU KwgwUi m`m¨MY
wewfbœ wel‡q mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †ÿ‡Î wPšÍv-fvebv, Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv I ¯^vaxb gZ wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g
mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| hvi d‡j cÖwZôvb DcK…Z n‡Z cv‡i|
2. GKwU KwgwU‡Z memgq MYZvwš¿K bxwZ AbymiY Kiv nq| KwgwU‡Z me m`m¨B mgvb g~j¨vqb jvf
K‡i Ges mevi ¸iæZ¡ mgvb| G‡ÿ‡Î m`m¨‡ì Aby‡gv`b mv‡c‡ÿ wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq hv DaŸ©Zb
wbe©vnx‡ì g‡a¨ MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva m„wó K‡i|
3. cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ wefv‡Mi Kvh©vejxi g‡a¨ mgb¦h mva‡b KwgwU we‡kl mnvqZv K‡i| wewfbœ wefvM
n‡Z AvMZ e¨w³‡ì mgb¦q MwVZ KwgwU‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K wefv‡Mi mgm¨v Dcw¯’Z nq Ges Zv‡ì mg‡eZ
cÖ‡Póv| AvšÍwiK mn‡hvwMZv I PgrKvi mg‡SvZvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì eyw×`xß aviYv I hveZxq Kvh©vejx
my›ìfv‡e mgwb¦Z nq|
4. cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb ev wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î KwgwUi me m`‡mï Kg‡ekx Ae`vb _v‡K| d‡j me
m`‡mï ¯^Ztù‚Z© mn‡hvwMZv jvf Kiv hvq|
5. we‡kl †ÿ‡Î KwgwU‡Z ewnivMZ we‡kl‡Ái AšÍf©yw³i Øviv Zv‡ì we‡klÁ RwbZ gZvgZ MÖnY Kiv
m¤¢e nq| Gi d‡j RwUj mgm¨v mgvavb I cÖvwZôvwbK m¤úªmvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
m¤¢e nq|
6. cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ ¯Í‡i Z_¨vw` cwi‡ek‡bi Rb¨ KwgwU AZ¨šÍ Dc‡hvMx| KwgwU wm×všÍ I wb‡`©kbvejx
e¨vL¨v mnKv‡i Dchy³ e¨w³‡ì wbKU cwi‡ekb K‡i hv mgq I A_© `yBwUB mvkªq K‡i|
7. KwgwU MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î ÿgZv †h‡nZz A‡b‡Ki Dci Awc©Z nq †m‡nZz DaŸ©Zb KZ©„c‡ÿi Kvh©fvi jvNe
nq| Gfv‡e we‡µ›`ªxKi‡Yi myweav AR©b Kiv hvq|
8. KwgwU MV‡bi d‡j mswkøó cÿmg~‡ni ¯^v_© mgybœZ _v‡K| G‡ZK‡i H cÖwZôv‡b GKwU fvimvg¨ Ae¯’v
weivR K‡i|
9. Aaxb¯’‡ì wb‡q MwVZ KwgwU‡Z Zv‡ì gZvg‡Zi Dci ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î KwgwU KZ©„K M„nxZ
wm×všÍ, cwiKíbv ev wb‡`©kbv ev¯Íevq‡bi KvR‡K Aat¯Íbiv Zv‡ì ˆbwZK KZ©e¨ e‡j g‡b K‡i hv
Zv‡ì Kg©¯ú„nv e„w× K‡i|
10. KwgwUi m`m¨‡ì h_v‡hvM¨ c`gh©v`v I m¤§vb `vb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨‡ì mvgvwRK
gh©v`v e„w× cvq| Avi Kgx©‡ì g‡bvejI †e‡o hvq|
KwgwUi Amyweav
GKwU KwgwUi wb”iƒc Amyweav †`Lv †`qt
1. KwgwUi m`m¨MY mvaviYZ wbR wbR iæwUb IqvK© m¤úv`‡bi ci KwgwUi Kv‡R GwM‡q Av‡mb| d‡j
Riæix cÖ‡qvR‡b Zv‡ì GKwÎZ Kiv KóKi n‡q c‡o Ges wm×všÍ MÖnb wejw¤^Z nq| GQvovI mK‡ji
gZvgZ †kvbvi ci wm×v‡šÍ †cŠQ‡Z nq hv mgq mv‡cÿ e¨vcvi|
2. A‡bK mgq KwgwUi cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ cÖwZwU wel‡q Zvi gZvgZ cÖ`v‡bi welq‡K AwaKvi e‡j g‡b
K‡i| G‡Z DaŸ©Zb wbe©vnx‡ì myôz wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y AšÍivq m„wó nq| d‡j KZ©„c‡ÿi ÿgZvi wPo ai‡Z
cv‡i|
3. cÖK…Zc‡ÿ KwgwU‡Z wKQy msL¨K cÖfvekvjx e¨w³‡Z¡i Avwef©ve N‡U hv‡ì mv‡_ hyw³-Z‡K© A_ev
Dcgvq msL¨v¸iæ mvaviY m`m¨MY weåvšÍ I nZvkv n‡q c‡o| d‡j KwZcq cÖfvekvjx m`mïvB
KwgwUi Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z mÿg nq|
4. KwgwUi Kvh©vejx cÖwZôv‡bi e¨q e„w× K‡i _v‡K| Avc¨vqb, m¤§vbx, Ab¨vb¨ fvZvw` BZ¨vw` eve` †h
A_© e¨q nq, KwgwUi wm×v‡šÍi Zzjbvq A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Zv †ewk n‡q _v‡K| GQvovI wgwUs G cÖ‡qvR‡bi
Zzjbvq AwaK cwigvY kªgN›Uv e¨q nq|
5. A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq †h KwgwU MV‡bi we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ mvwaZ nIqvi ciI wKQy wKQy KwgwU †_‡K hvq|
G‡ÿ‡Î KwgwUi m`mïv GB KwgwU‡K Zv‡ì ¯^v‡_© eënvi Kivi cÖqvm cvq|
6. GKwU KwgwU ivR‰bwZK `~wlZ AvenvIqv †_‡K gy³ _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| KwgwUi m`mïv wewfbœ wefvM,
cÖwZôvb ev `‡ji cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Zviv wb‡Ri `j, wefvM ev cÖwZôv‡bi ¯^v_©‡KB
eo K‡i †`‡Lb| Gi d‡j KwgwU‡Z M„wnZ wm×všÍ me©mvavi‡Yi AbyK‚‡j bv n‡q K‚U‰bwZK Pvj †_‡K
D™¢~Z nq|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
7. A‡bK mgqB KwgwU‡Z m„Rbkxj wPšÍvaviv evavMÖ¯’ nq| GLv‡b msL¨vMwiô m`m¨‡ì gZvgZ
†KvbcÖKvi wePvi we‡ePbv QvovB †fvUvfzwUi gva¨‡g we‡kl MYZvwš¿K ixwZi Kvi‡Y cvk nq| KLb
KLbI cÖfvekvjx m`‡mï K_vi evB‡i Abïv gyL Lyj‡Z Pvq bv Avevi `vwq‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi Kvi‡YI
A‡b‡K fvj civgk© †`q bv|
8. KwgwUi Avi GKwU eo Amyweav nj GUv cÖvqB wm×všÍnxbZvq †fv‡M| Av‡jvwPZ wel‡qi Dci mKj
m`m¨B gZvgZ e¨³ Ki‡Z wM‡q Av‡jvPbv AwaKZi `xN©¯’vqx nq| G‡Z A‡bK AevšÍi cÖm‡½i
AeZviYv N‡U| d‡j AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB †Kvb wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nIqv hvq bv|
9. KwgwUi Av‡jvPbvq gZvg‡Zi wfbœZv, msL¨vjNy m`m¨‡ì evovevwo QvovI mKj m`‡mï wm×v‡šÍi
c‡ÿ gZ jv‡fi cÖeYZv ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB Av‡cvlg~jK wm×v‡šÍi Rb¥ †`q| Avi Giƒc Av‡cvlgyjK
wm×všÍ †ekxifvM †ÿ‡ÎB fvj dj †`q bv|
10. GKwU KwgwUi m`¨‡ì g‡a¨ A‡bK mgq Dc`j MV‡bi cÖeYZv †`Lv hvq| GB cÖeYZvi d‡j gy³
eyw× I hyw³i Dc‡iI Dc`jxq ¯^v_© cÖvavb¨ we¯Ívi K‡i| G‡Z myôz wm×všÍMÖnY e¨nZ nq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 3 msMVb KvVv‡gv, msMVb PvU© I msMVb bxwZgvjv

(Principles, Structure and Charts of Organization)
D‡Ïk¨
5 msMVb KvVv‡gv I msMVb PvU© m¤ú‡K© eY©bv cvi‡eb|
5 wewfbœ cÖKvi msMV‡bi bxwZgvjv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
msMVb KvVv‡gv (Organization Structure) t

GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi cÖ‡Z¨K Kgx©B wewfbœ Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K| cÖwZôv‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi c‡_ m¤¢ve¨
evav ev AšÍivq `~i Kivi Rb¨ Kgx©‡ì wewfbœ Kvh©vejxi g‡a¨ †hvMm~Î ev mgb¦q mvab Kiv A_©vr Kgx©‡ì
g‡¨ m¤úK© mywbw`©ó K‡i †Ìqv Avek¨K|
ZvB ejv hvq, cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ wefvM, Dc-wefvM I Kgx©‡ì g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wba©viY Kivi
D‡Ï‡k¨ †h cš’v ev nvwZqvi eënvi Kiv nq Zv‡K mvsMVwbK ev msMVb KvVv‡gv e‡j| cÖwZôv‡b †hme Kgx©
_v‡Kb Zv‡ì gv‡S †K Kvi wbKU Revew`wn Ki‡e, †K Kv‡K AvbyôvwbKfv‡e cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y Ki‡e- G
me wKQyB msMVb KvVv‡gv‡Z ewY©Z _v‡K|
msMVb KvVv‡gv †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi ÿgZvi mxgv wb‡`©k K‡i Ges GB wba©vwiZ mxgvi g‡a¨B eë¯’vcbv‡K
KvR Pvwj‡q †h‡Z nq| †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨, Kvh©vejx, me wefvM, Dc-wefvM I Kgx©‡ì `vwqZ¡, KZ©„Z¡
I evaëvaKZv G meB- msMVb KvVv‡gv AvIZvfz³|
msMVb PvU© (Organization Chart) t
†Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi msMVb KvV‡gv‡K hLb GKwU bK&kv PvU© ev wP‡Î Dc¯’vcb Kiv nh, ZLb H wPÎ ev PvU©‡K
msMVb ZvwjKv ev msMVb PvU© ejv nq| GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi msMVb KvVv‡gv‡Z DwjøwLZ wewfbœ c‡ì Dci
wb‡P m¤úK© GB msMVb Pv‡U©i gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq| msMVb PvU© †_‡K msMV‡bi wewfbœ c‡ì wefvM I
DcwefvM mg~n, msMV‡bi AvbyôvwbK KZ©„Z¡ †iLv¸‡jv Ges msMV‡bi mvgwMÖK KvVv‡gv m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv
hvq| †Kvb wefvM †Kvb ch©v‡q i‡q‡Q, cÖwZôv‡bi †Kvb ¯Í‡i KZRb wbe©vnx I Kgx© Kg©iZ i‡q‡Q, wbe©vnxMY
†Kvb& †Kvb& ¯Í‡i i‡q‡Q †K Kvi wbKU †_‡K ÿgZv cÖvß nq Ges Kvi Kv‡Q Revew`wn Ki‡e Gme welqB
msMVb PvU© †_‡K Rvbv hvq|
Zvn‡j Avgiv ej‡Z cwvi †h, msMVb ZvwjKv n‡jv cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ ai‡bi Kgx©‡ì cvi¯úwiK AvbyôvwbK
m¤ú‡K©i GKwU AswKZ iƒc ev wPÎ| cÖwZôv‡bi †fZ‡ii ev evB‡ii †h †KD cÖwZôv‡bi AvKvi GB
ZvwjKvi gva¨‡g GK bR‡i †`‡L H cÖwZôvb m¤ú‡K© GKUv aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i|
mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv I msMVb PvU© Gi g‡a¨ g~j cv_©K¨ nj KvVv‡gv Pvÿzl †`Lv hvq bv Avi GwU n‡”Q GKwU
nvwZqvi Aciw`‡K msMVb PvU© Gi gva¨‡g Avgiv mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvi AvKvi Pvÿzl †`L‡Z cvB|
msMVb ZvwjKvi cÖKvi‡f` t
msMVb KvVv‡gvi AvqZ‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i msMVb ZvwjKv‡K wb” wjwLZ K‡qK fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq t
(K) mgvšÍivj msMVb ZvwjKv (Horizontal Chart) t

cÖwZôv‡bi msMVb KvVv‡gv‡Z wewfbœ Kgx©‡ì‡K Zv‡ì c`gh©v`vi µgvbymv‡i mgvšÍivjfv‡e mvwR‡q bK&kv

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
AsKb Kiv nq ZLb H bK&kv ev PvU©‡K mgvšÍivj msMVb PvU© ev ZvwjKv e‡j|
wb‡” wP‡Îi gva¨‡g GB PvU© cÖ`k©b Kiv nj t
wPÎ t mgvšÍivj msMVb ZvwjKv / PvU©
(L) wcivwgW AvK…wZi msMVb ZvwjKvt

†h msMVb KvVv‡gv‡Z wewfbœ Kgx©i Ae¯’vb ev c` mvRv‡bvi ci wcivwg‡Wi AvKvi aviY K‡i ZLb Zv‡K
wcivwgW AvK…wZi PvU© e‡j| GB msMVb KvVv‡gv‡Z D”P ¯Íi †_‡K wb” ¯Íi ch©šÍ µgvb¦‡q †ekx Kgx© nq e‡j
GB PvU© wcivwgW AvK…wZ aviYv K‡i| KzÄ Ges ABwiP GB PvU© †K wcivwg‡Wi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡ib|
gvwjK
cwiPvjK gÐjx
↓
(Gg.wW)
↓ ↓ ↓
wR.Gg wR.Gg. wR.Gg.
Drcv`b wefvM weµq wefvM µq wefvM
↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Drcv`b Drcv`b weµq weµq µq µq
Kg©KZ©v 1 Kg©KZ©v 2 Kg©KZ©v 1 Kg©KZ©v 2 Kg©KZ©v 1 Kg©KZ©v
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Drcv`b Drcv`b Drcv`b weµq weµq weµq µq µq µq
Kgx© Kgx© Kgx© Kg©x Kgx© Kgx© Kgx© Kgx© Kgx©
wPÎ t wcivwgW AvK…wZi msMVb ZvwjKv / PvU©

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
(M) Dj¤^ msMVb ZvwjKv (Vertical Chart) t

GB ZvwjKv‡Z wewfbœ Kgx©‡K Zv‡ì c`gh©v`v Abyhvqx ci¯úi Dci bxP K‡i mvwR‡q Dc¯’vcb Kiv nh|
A_©vr mvRv‡bvUv LvovLvwo Kiv nh|
GB ZvwjKv wb”iƒc n‡q _v‡K|
↓ ↓ ↓
wPÎ t Dj¤^ msMVb ZvwjKv / PvU©
(N) e„ËvKvi / †MvjvK…wZ msMVb ZvwjKv (Circular Chart) t

†h msMVb ZvwjKvq mg gh©v`vi wewfbœ wefvMxq Kgx©‡K GKB e„‡Ë wbw`©ó `~i‡Z¡ mvRv‡bv nh Zv‡K e„ËvKvi
msMVb ZvwjKv e‡j| Rvcv‡bi Wv‡qU Gfv‡e mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
wb‡” e„ËvK…wZi msMVb PvU© cÖ`wk©Z nj t
msMV‡bi bxwZgvjv (Principles of Organization)

GKwU kw³kvjx msMVb Ges Gi MwZkxjZv KwZcq mywbw`©ó bxwZi Ici wbf©ikxj| GB bxwZgvjv mg~n
msMV‡bi mdjZv I djcÖ`Zvi Rb¨ wbqvgK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
eû gbxlx wewfbœ mg‡q M‡elYv I cixÿv-wbixÿv Pvwj‡q msMV‡bi eûbxwZ D`&NvUb K‡i‡Qb|
1938 mv‡j wewfbœ †jLK‡ì M‡elYvjä djvd‡ji wfwË‡Z urwick 8wU bxwZi K_v D‡jøL K‡ib|
GQvovI, Taylor, Fayol, wickesbery cÖgyL e¨w³eM© msMV‡bi wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bxwZi K_v D‡jøL K‡i| wb‡”
G¸‡jv ewY©Z nj t
1. D‡Ï‡kï bxwZ (Principle of goal) t

GKwU Kvh©Ki msMVb cÖwZôvi †ÿ‡Î GKRb msMVK‡K me©cÖ_‡gB cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ ev jÿ¨‡K we‡ePbv
Ki‡Z nq| cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨ †hgb n‡e msMVb‡KI †mfv‡eB M‡o †Zvjv DwPZ| GKUv Drcv`bKvix

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
cÖwZôv‡bi msMVb‡K †h fv‡e ˆZix Kiv cÖ‡qvRb nq GKUv eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi msMVb‡K †mfv‡e MVb
Ki‡j P‡j bv|
2. `ÿZvi bxwZ (Principle of effieiency) t

mvsMVwbK web¨vm Ggb nIqv DwPZ hv‡Z b~¨bZg Li‡P Ges Kg mg‡q cÖvwZôvwbK jÿ¨ AR©b m¤¢e nq|
3. mgZvi bxwZ (Prinicple of equity) t

GKwU kw³kvjx eë¯’vcbv msMVb M‡o †Zvjvi †ÿ‡Î eë¯’vcK‡ì KZ©„Z¡ I `vwq‡Z¡i g‡a¨ mgZv weavb
Kiv Acwinvh©| KZ©„Z¡ †ekx A_P `vq-`vwqZ¡ Kg _vK‡j wbe©vnxMY mvaviYZ ˆ¯îvPvix n‡q c‡o Avevi
`vwqZ¡ †ekx wKšÍz KZ©„Z¡ Kg n‡j mwVKfv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|
4. `vwq‡Z¡i bxwZ (Principle of responsibility) t

GKwU msMV‡b Kg©iZ cÖ‡Z¨K Kgx©i `vwqZ¡ wbw`©ó _vKv Avek¨K| cÖ‡Z¨K wbe©vnx I Kgx© †hb Rvb‡Z cv‡i
†h Zvi `vwqZ¡ wK I KZ©„‡Z¡ mxgv KZ`~i| mvaviYZ GKwU msMV‡bi D”P ¯Í‡ii wbe©vnxi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©„Z¡
†ekx nq Ges bx‡Pi w`‡K µgvb¦‡q Zv Kg‡Z _v‡K|
5. †Rvov gB wkK‡ji bxwZ (Principle of scalar-chain) t

GB bxwZi e¨vL¨v nj eë¯’vcbvi kxl© ¯Íi n‡Z wb” ¯Íi ch©šÍ GKB mij‡iLvi ga¨ w`‡q KZ©„Z¡ av‡c av‡c
cÖevwnZn‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K wefvM, Dc-wefvM Ges e¨w³‡K Ggb fv‡e G‡K A‡bï mv‡_ mshy³ K‡i
†Ìqv nq hv‡Z †KDB-Gi evB‡i bv _v‡K|
6. kªg wefvR‡bi bxwZ (Principle of division of labour) t

msMV‡bi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bxwZ n‡jv Gi cÖK…wZ I Kv‡Ri aviY Abyhvqx KvR¸‡jv‡K mwVKfv‡e wPwšÍZ I
wefvRb Kiv| GB wefvR‡bi Av‡jv‡KB cÖwZôv‡b wewfbœ wefvM I Dc-wefvM †Lvjv nq Ges `vwqZ¡ I KZ©„Z¡
wbiæwcZ nq| ZvB KvR¸‡jv‡K Ggbev‡e wefvRb Kiv DwPZ hv‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³B we‡kl Ávb cÖ‡qvM I
AR©‡bi my‡hvM cvq|
7. ZË¡veavb cwim‡ii bxwZ (Principle of span of supervision) t

msMV‡bi wewfbœ ¯Í‡i wb‡qvwRZ eë¯’vcKMY mivmwi KZRb Aa¯Í‡bi KvR ZË¡veavb Ki‡eb Zv msMVb
KvVv‡gv‡Z wbw`©ó Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î GKRb eë¯’vc‡Ki cÖZ¨ÿ ZË¡veaA‡b Kg©iZ Kgxi msL¨v Ggb Kvg¨
msL¨vq w¯’i Kiv DwPZ hv‡Z Zvi c‡ÿ Aaxb‡¯’i KvR mwVKfv‡e ZË¡veavb Kiv hvq|
8. fvimv‡gï bxwZ (Principle of balance) t

msMVb M‡o †Zvjvi †ÿ‡Î Gi cÖwZwU wefvM, DcwefvM Ges e¨w³i Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ weavb Kiv
AZ¨šÍ Riæix| †KD AwaK Kg©fviMÖ¯Í Avi KviI Kv‡Ri Pvc †bB Ggb hv‡Z bv nq †mw`‡K my`„wó ivL‡Z
n‡e| Aciw`‡K ÿgZv I KZ…‡Z¡i †K›`ªxKiY Ges we‡K›`ªxKi‡bi bxwZi g‡aÏ fvimvg¨ weavb Ki‡Z
n‡e|
9. †bZ…‡Z¡i bxwZ (Principle of leadership) t

msMVb‡K Ggbfv‡e web¨vm Ki‡Zn‡e hv‡Z Gi wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii wbe©vnxiv Kvh©Ki †bZ…Z¡ `v‡bi my‡hvM cvq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
mvaviYZ wcivwgW AvK…wZi msMVb KvVv‡gv‡Z eë¯’vcKMY ch©vqµ‡g †bZ…Z¡`v‡bi my‡hvM cvb|
10. Av‡`‡ki H‡Kï bxwZ (Principle of Unity of command) t

GB bxwZi g~j K_v nj GKRb Aaxb¯Í mivmwi GKRb e‡mi Aax‡b KvR Ki‡e| KviY GKvwaK em
_vK‡j ˆØZ AaxbZvi Rb¥ †`q Ges G‡ÿ‡Î Aa¯Íb †Kvb e‡mi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡e GB wØavØ‡›`¡ †fv‡M|
ZvB ˆØZ AaxbZv cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
11. bgbxqZvi bxwZ (Principle of flexibility) t

eë¯’vcbv msMV‡b bgbxqZv eRvq ivLv Avi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© g~jbxwZ| iæwP I Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b, Drcv`b
I e›Ub c×wZi cwieZ©b cÖf…wZ cwieZ©bkxj cwimw¯’wZ‡Z Lvc LvB‡q †bIqvi gZ cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v
msMVb MV‡bi ïiæ‡ZB _vKv DwPZ|
12. mijZv I ¯úóZvi bxwZ (Principle of Simplicity and clearity) t

GKwU msMVb ˆZixi mgq Gi KvVv‡gv Ggb ai‡bi nIqv DwPZ hv‡Z Zv mnR I mij nq Ges mK‡ji
wbKU mn‡R †evaMg© nq| A_©vr GKwU msMVb Ggbfv‡e ˆZix Kiv DwPZ hv‡Z cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kgx© Zvi DaŸ©Zb
I Aaxb¯Í‡ì m¤ú‡K© Ges G‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki `vq `vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© my ó aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i|
13. e¨wZµ‡gi bxwZ (Principle of exception)

msMV‡b KZ©e¨ I `vwqZ¡ e›U‡bi †ÿ‡Î e¨wZµ‡gi bxwZ AbymiY Kiv DwPZ| G‡ÿ‡Î iæwUb IqvK© Aa¯Íb
Kgx©‡ì nv‡Z Ac©Y Kiv DwPZ Avi e¨wZµgagx© RwUj welqvw` kxl© eë¯’vcbv ¯Í‡ii Rb¨ ivLv DwPZ|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
wefvMxKiY, KZ©„Z¡vc©b, †K›`ªxqKiY I we‡K›`ªxKiY Ges ZË¡veavb cwiwa

cvV 4 (Depertmentation, Delegation of Authority, Centralization &
Decentralization and Span of Supervision)
D‡Ïk¨
5 wefvMxqKiY, KZ©„Z¡vc©b, ZË¡veavb cwiwa Ges †QvU ebvg eo Z`viKx cwimi
wba©viY m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
wefvMxKiY (Departmentation)
cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨mg~n‡K ev¯Íevqb Kivi Rb¨ eë¯’vcbv‡K bvbv ai‡Yi I cÖK…wZi Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b Ki‡Z
nq| wefvMxKiY n‡jv Ggb GKwU mvsMVwbK cÖwµqv hv‡Z msMV‡bi wewfbœ Kvh©vejx‡K Zv‡ì cÖK…wZi
wfwË‡Z KwZcq Avjv`v Avjv`v GK‡K web¨vm Kiv nq| G‡Z mgRvZxq KvR¸‡jv‡K GK GKwU wefv‡Mi
AvIZvax‡b ivLv nq| wefvMxKi‡Yi wbw`©ó †Kvb c_ †bB hv me mgq Ges me msMV‡bi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx
bq| ev¯Íe Ae¯’v ch©‡eÿY Ki‡j Avgiv †`L‡Z cv‡ev †h, GK GK msMVb GK GK ai‡bi c×wZ MÖnY
K‡i mvdj¨ AR©b Ki‡Q| wefvMxKi‡Yi d‡j KvR Ges Kgx©‡K wewfbœ `‡j fvM K‡i msMVb‡K A‡bK `ÿ
Kiv hvq|
wefvMxKi‡Yi wewfbœ c×wZ ev cÖKvi‡f`

(Different methods of Departmentation or Types of Departmentation)
msMV‡bi mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ we‡klvwqZ KvR¸‡jv myPviæ I my›ìfv‡e m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ msMVb‡K
DcwefvR‡bi gva¨‡g †QvU †QvU wefv‡M wef³ Kiv‡K wefvMxqKiY e‡j| GKwU cÖwZôv‡b wefvMxKi‡Yi
Rb¨ bvbviKg c×wZ eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wefvMxKi‡Yi wewfbœ c×wZ ev wefvMxKi‡Yi wewfbœ cÖKvi‡f`
m¤ú‡K© wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
(1) msL¨vi wfwË‡Z wefvMxKiY t

GK mg‡q msL¨vi wfwË‡Z wefvMxKiY wQj GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c×wZ| GwU wefvMxKi‡Yi GKwU mnR I
mvaviY c×wZ| GB c×wZ‡Z GKB ai‡bi KvR Ki‡Z mÿg Ggb wbw`©ó msL¨vK e¨w³‡K GKRb
eë¯’vc‡Ki Aax‡b b¨v¯Í Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b GB c×wZi eënvi LyeB mxwgZ n‡q c‡i‡Q| KviY msL¨v
wfwËK wefvMxKi‡Yi eë¯’vwU ïiæ msMV‡bi wbPy ¯Í‡iB m¤¢e nq DPy ¯Í‡i bq|
(2) mgq wfwËK wefvMxKiY t

GUv wefvMxKi‡Yi cÖvPxbZg c×wZi GKwU| mvaviYZt msMV‡bi wbPy ¯Í‡iB G c×wZi eënvi †`Lv hvq|
†h mg¯Í cÖwZôvb ¯^vfvweK Kg©wè‡m Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Pvwn`v wgUv‡Z cv‡i bv †mLv‡b wkdU wn‡m‡e KvR Kiv
mgqwfwËK wefvMxKi‡Yi jÿY| A_©vr GLv‡b mg‡qi wfwË‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi hveZxq Kv‡h©i web¨vm Kiv nq|
(3) msMV‡bi Kvh©wfwËK wefvMxKiY t

cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©vejxi wfwË‡Z mvaviYZ GB ai‡bi wefvMxKiY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GwU me©vwaK I e¨vcK
AvKv‡i eëüZ GKwU c×wZ| GB eë¯’vq mgRvZxq mKj KvR‡K GK GKwU wefv‡Mi AvIZvaxb Kiv
nq| GB wefvMxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g DaŸ©Zb eë¯’vcK‡ì ÿgZv I gvb eRvq _v‡K| ZvQvov GB wefvMxKi‡Yi

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
Øviv †ckvMZ we‡klvq‡Yi bxwZ AbymiY Kiv nq e‡j Kgx©‡ì `ÿZvi †hvM¨ eënvi Kiv hvq|
(4) AÂjwfwËK wefvMxKiY t

†h mKj cÖwZôvb e„nr AvKv‡ii Ges hv‡ì Kvh©vejx wewfbœ GjvKvq m¤úv`b Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q
†mLvb AÂj wfwËK wefvMxKi‡Yi eënvi †`Lv hvq| GB c×wZ cÖwZôv‡bi mgMÖ eëmv AÂj‡K KwZcq
GjvKvq wef³ K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K GjvKvi Kvh©vejxi web¨vm Kiv nq| G‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K GjvKv‡Z Kvh©vejxi fvi
GK GKRb eë¯’vc‡Ki Dci Ac©Y Kiv nq|
(5) cY¨wfwËK wefvMxKiY

GB wefvMxKi‡Yi Øviv GKwU wbw`©ó cY¨ ev cY¨ †kªYx msµvšÍ, welq, Drcv`b, wecYb BZ¨vw` Kvh©vejx GK
GKwU Avjv`v wefv‡M eÈb Kiv nq| AvRKvj eo eo cÖwZôv‡b cY¨ ev c‡Yï jvBbwfwËK| wefvMxqKiY
†ekx gvÎvq ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q|
(6) †µZv wfwËK wefvMxKiY t

†µZv‡ì‡K me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡ †èvi Rb¨ †Kvb †Kvb cÖwZôvb ev msMVb †µZv wfwËK wefvMxKiY K‡i _v‡K|
G c×wZ‡Z †µZv‡ì êwkó¨ I Dcw¯’wZ Abymv‡i cÖvwZôvwbK Kvh©vejxi web¨vm Kiv nq| G‡Z wewfbœ
†kªYxi †µZv †hgb, ¯¿x, cyiæl, QvÎ, e„× BZ¨vw` cÖ‡Z¨K †kªYxi †µZv m¤^Üxq Kvh©vejxi fvi Avjv`v
Avjv`v wefv‡M GK GKRb Kg©KZ©vi Dci Awc©Z nq| e¯ÍzZt wewfbœ †kªYxi †µZvi mšÍzwó weavbB G
c×wZi g~j jÿ¨|
(7) evRvigyLx wefvMxKiY t

GUv bZzb GK ai‡bi wefvMxKiY c×wZ, AvRKvj cÖvq me cÖwZôv‡bB evRvigyLx wefvMxKiY c×wZ Pvjy
n‡q‡Q| G‡Z cY¨ †h evRv‡i weµq Kiv nq A_ev cY¨ weµ‡q †h ai‡bi P¨v‡jÄ eënvi Kiv nq ZviB
wfwË‡Z wefvMxKiY Kiv nq| GB wefvMxKi‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv evRviRvZKiY ev wecYb eë¯’v‡K Kvh©Kix
Kiv|
(8) hš¿cvwZ wfwËK wefvMxKiY t
hvwš¿K Drcv`b wfwËK msMVb¸‡jv Drcv`b c×wZ Ges Drcv`‡b wK ai‡Yi hš¿cvwZ eënvi Kiv nq †mB
wfwË‡Z wefvMxKiY K‡i _v‡K| GLv‡b GKwU wefv‡Mi hš¿cvwZI gvbyl‡K GKB wefv‡Mi GKK KvR
cwiPvjbvi AvIZvq wb‡Z Avmv nq| eZ©gv‡b cÖvq mKj †QvU ev eo cÖwZôv‡b Kw¤úDUvi wefvM Av‡Q, hv
hš¿cvwZ ev hš¿wfwËK wefvMxKi‡Yi GKwU D`vniY|
(9) †mevwfwËK wefvMxKiY t

msMV‡bi wKQy wKQy KvR Ggb Av‡Q hv mivmwi Drcv`b cÖwµqvi mv‡_ RwoZ bv n‡qI msMV‡bi AMÖMwZ‡Z
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡L Avm‡Q| †hgb, Kgx© eë¯’vcbv wefvM, wnmveiÿY, wefvM, cÖwkÿY I Dbœqb wefvM
BZ¨vw`| myZivs msMV‡bi wewfbœ †mev cÖ`vbKvix As‡ki gva¨‡g †h wefvMxKiY Kiv nq Zv‡KB †mevwfwËK
wefvMxKiY e‡j|
(10) †gwUª· wefvMxKiY t

†gwUª· wefvMxKiY n‡jv Kvh©wfwËK Ges cY¨ wfwËK wefvMxKi‡Yi wgkª‡Y m„ó wefvMxKiY c×wZ| eZ©gvb

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
mg‡q †h‡nZz msMVb I †fv³v mevB †kl djvd‡ji Rb¨ D`MÖxe †m Kvi‡Y cÖKíwfwËK ev¯Íevq‡bI
Kvh©wfwËK wefvMxKiY †mB D‡Ïk¨ c~i‡Yi Rb¨ KvR K‡i _v‡K|
KZ©„Z¡vc©Y ev ÿgZvc©b
(Delegation of Authority)
mvsMVwbK D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ bvbviKg Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq| GKwU msMV‡b GKvKx †KD me
KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Kv‡RB GKRb e¨w³i c‡ÿ msMV‡bi me iKg wm×všÍ †Ìqv m¤¢eci nq bv| Zv‡K
msMV‡bi Ab¨ KvD‡K wKQy wKQy wm×všÍ †èvi ÿgZv Ac©b Ki‡Z nq| AwaKšÍz cÖ‡Z¨K eë¯’vc‡KiB
eë¯’vcbv ev wbqš¿Y ev ZZ¡veav‡bi GKwU mywbw`©ó mxgv‡iLv Av‡Q| GB mxgv‡iLv AwZµg Kivi mv‡_
mv‡_B eë¯’vcK‡K KwZcq Kvh© I Zrm¤úwK©Z KZ©„Z¡ Zvi Aat¯Íb‡ì‡K Ac©b K‡Z nq| myZivs Avgiv
ej‡Z cvwi; hw` †Kvb DaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v Zvi Aat¯Íb Kg©KZ©v ev Kg©Pvix‡K †Kvb wel‡q wm×všÍ †bIqvi
ÿgZv cÖ`vb K‡ib ZLb Zv‡K KZ©„Z¡vc©b ev ÿgZvc©b e‡j|
ÿgZvc‡Y©i wbqgvejx / wKfv‡e ÿgZvc©b Kiv nq

(How Authority is Delegated)
ÿgZvc©b ev KZ©„Z¡vc©b Ki‡Z nq my¯úó Ges wbw`©ó| Zv bv n‡j msMV‡bi wbw`©ó jÿ¨ AR©b Kiv m¤¢e nq
bv| ÿgZvc©b wbw`©ó n‡Z cv‡i, wjwLZ ev AwjwLZ n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi KLbI ev mvaviYZ n‡Z cv‡i|
ÿgZvc©b hw` cwi®‹vi Ges ¯^”Q bv nq Z‡e GKRb eë¯’vcK, Zvi Kv‡Q wK djvdj PvIqv n‡”Q Zv bvI
ey‡S DV‡Z cv‡ib| ZvB hLb GKRb eë¯’vcK‡K wjwLZfv‡e wbw`©ó Kv‡Ri Rb¨ KZ…©‡Z¡i ÿgZv †e‡a
†Ìqv nq ZLb wZwb myózfv‡e KvRwU Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov †h mKj Kvh© Aat¯Í‡biv myózfv‡e m¤úv`b
Ki‡Z cv‡ib Zv‡ì‡K †m mKj Kvh©Ac©b Kiv DwPZ n‡e bv| GRb¨ ÿgZvc©‡bi wKQy wbw`©ó wbqgvbxwZ
i‡q‡Q| Pjyb GB wbqgbxwZ¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvK t
1| Kvw•LZ djvdj wba©viY t ÿgZvc©‡bi c~‡e© GKRb eë¯’vc‡Ki †Lqvj Kiv DwPZ †h, Kg©Pvix‡ì
n‡Z wZwb †Kvb& ai‡bi djvdj ev KvR Avkv K‡ib Ges Zv‡ì‡K Zv AewnZ Kiv|
2| Kvh© Ac©b t †h‡nZz †Kvb eë¯’vcK mKj welq GKvKx m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv †m‡nZz Zvi
Kvh©vejxi GKvsk Zvi Aat¯Íb‡ì‡K cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| G ai‡bi Kvh©eÈb cÖwµqv eë¯’vcK‡K wba©viY
Ki‡Z n‡e †h, †Kvb& †Kvb& Kvh© wZwb wbR¯^ AvIZvq ivL‡eb Ges †Kvb& †Kvb& Kvh© Aat¯Íb‡ì‡K cÖ`vb
Ki‡eb|
3| ÿgZv cÖ`vb t Kvh©vc©b Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv wVKgZ m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Aat¯Íb‡ì‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq ÿgZv
ev KZ©„Z¡ I cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v‡K D³ Awc©Z Kvh© wb‡R m¤úv`b Ki‡Z †h cwigvY ÿgZvi
cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zv Aat¯Íb‡ì‡KI wVK †mB cwigvY KZ©„Z¡ ev ÿgZv w`‡Z n‡e| Z‡e eë¯’vcK wbR cÖ‡qvR‡b
wKQy ÿgZv msiwÿZ ivL‡eb|
4| `vwqZ¡ wbw`©óKiY t ÿgZvc©b Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ Aat¯ÍbKgx©‡ì `vwqZ¡vejx m¤ú‡K©I mywbw`©ó
bxwZgvjv _vK‡Z n‡e| †Kvb e¨w³B Zvi gbg‡Zv `vwqZ¡ n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †ÿÎwe‡k‡l †Kvb Aat¯Íb
Zvi `vwq‡Z¡i wKQy Ask KLbI KLbI Zvi Aat¯Íb‡K Ac©bK i‡jI †m g~jZ DaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©vi Kv‡Q
Kv‡h©i Rb¨ `vwq _vK‡e| Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Aat¯Íb‡ì g‡b me©`v GKwU `vwqZ¡‡eva _vK‡Z n‡e|
ZZ¡veavb cwimi / Z`viKx cwimi

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
(Span of Supervision)
mvaviY fv‡e ejv hvq †h, GKRb wbe©vnx ev DaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v KZ©„K Z`viKK…Z Aat¯Íb‡ì msL¨vB n‡jv
Z`viKx cwimi ev ZË¡veavb cwimi| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, GKRb eë¯’vc‡Ki Aax‡b †h KqRb Kgx© _v‡K
Ges hviv Zvi Kv‡Ri mv‡_ mivmwi †hvMv‡hvM iÿv K‡i Zvi cwimi‡K ZË¡veavb cwimi e‡j|
GKRb eë¯’vcK wVK KZRb Kgx©i KvR †`Lvïbv Ki‡Z cvi‡e, Zv †mB Kv‡Ri aiY, cwiw¯’wZ Ges
eë¯’vc‡Ki `ÿZvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| mvaviYZ GKRb eë¯’vc‡Ki c‡ÿ GKwU wbw`©ó msL¨K Kgx©i †P‡q
†ekx Kgx©‡K `ÿZvi mv‡_ Ges mgvbfv‡e ZË¡veavb Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| hLb DaŸ©Zb eë¯’vcK Zvi Aax‡b
Kg©iZ e¨w³‡ì `ÿ I myôzfv‡e Z`viK Ki‡Z cv‡i ZLb Zv‡K Kvh©Ki ZZ¡veavb e‡j| wKšÍz GKRb
eë¯’vcK h_b Zvi Aax‡b Kg©iZ e¨w³‡ì ZË¡veavb Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq e¨q K‡i bv ev fvjfv‡e
†`Lvïbv K‡i bv †m‡ÿ‡Î ZË¡veavb †K AKvh©Ki e‡j|
Kvg¨ ZË¡veavb cwimi wba©vi‡Yi we‡eP¨ welq t

(Factors to be Considered in Determining Optimum Span of Supervision)
GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi Kvg¨ ZË¡veavb cwimi Ki‡Z †mB cwimi‡K eySvq †hLv‡b cÖvwZôvwbK `ÿZv m‡e©v”P
cwigv‡Y AR©b Kiv hvq| KZ msL¨K Kg©x‡K GKRb eë¯’vc‡Ki †bZ…Z¡vaxb ivLv DwPZ Zv bvbviKg
mvgvwRK A_©‰bwZK, cwi‡ewkK wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i| cwiw¯’wZ †f‡` Kvg¨ ZË¡veavb cwim‡ii cwieZ©b
n‡q _v‡K| A_©vr me©‡ÿ‡Î Kvg¨ ZË¡veavb cwimi GKiKg nq bv| Kvg¨ ZË¡veavb cwimi wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨
†h mg¯Í welq we‡ePbv Kiv nq Zv wb‡” eY©bv Kiv nj t
1| Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ t Kvg¨ ZË¡veavb cwimi wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ GUv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU welq| kªwg‡Ki
iæwUbevav Kvh© Z`viK Kivi Rb¨ wbe©vnxi Aí mgq e¨q Kiv nq| cÿvšÍ‡i RwUj, ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges g‡bv‡hvM
AvKl©YKvix Kv‡h©i Rb¨ GKRb wbe©vnx‡K AwaK mgq e¨q Ki‡Z nq| AwaKKšÍz Aat¯Íbì ˆbKU¨,
hš¿cvwZ I Ab¨vb¨ DcKiYv`xi cÖK…wZi DciI Kvg¨ cwiwa wbf©i K‡i|
2| ZË¡veav‡bi Rb¨ cÖvß mgq t eë¯’vc‡Ki nv‡Z ch©vß mgq _vK‡j AwaK msL¨K kªwgK-Kg©x‡K fvj
fv‡e cwiPvwjZ Kiv m¤¢e nq| A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq †h, eë¯’vcK Dch©y³ mg‡qi Afv‡e Kgx©‡ì Kv‡h©
ch©vß g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j cÖwZôv‡bi `ÿZv e„w×‡Z weiƒc cÖwZwµqvi m„wó nq| G mg¯Í Kvi‡Y
eë¯’vc‡Ki cÖvß mg‡qi welqwU ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq|
3| eë¯’vc‡Ki `ÿZv t eë¯’vc‡Ki `ÿZv ej‡Z Zvi †bZ…Z¡`vb I wbqš¿Y m¤úwK©Z `ÿZv‡KB eySvq|
GBiƒc `ÿZv mKj eë¯’vc‡Ki GKiƒc nq bv| myZivs eë¯’vc‡Ki `ÿZvi Dci wfwË K‡i GK GKRb
eë¯’vc‡Ki Kvg¨ Z`viKx cwimi GK GKai‡bi n‡q _v‡K|
4| Aat¯Íb‡ì Kg©ÿgZv t wkwÿZ, DbœZ, `ÿ I cÖwkÿYcÖvß Kgx©‡ì Kvh©vejx Z`viK Kiv mnR KviY
Zviv mn‡RB `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ eyS‡Z cv‡i Ges G Kvi‡Y Zviv fzjÎæwUI Kg K‡i| Aí ZË¡veav‡bB Zviv
Kvh©m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i, myZivs ejv hvq, †h cÖwZôv‡bi Kgx©iv `ÿ I †hvM¨ nq †m cÖwZôv‡b eë¯’vcK‡ì
Kvg¨ ZË¡veavb cwimiI eo nq|
5| wbqš¿Y c×wZi aiY t AvaywbK mg‡q weÁvb m¤§Z Dcv‡q eë¯’vcMY mivmwi †hvMv‡hvM e¨wZ‡i‡KB
GK‡Î A‡bK Aat¯Íb Kgx©‡ì KvR Z`viK Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB ejv hvq †h, wewfbœ iKg wbqš¿Y c×wZ I
†KŠk‡ji Dc‡i wfwË K‡i ZË¡veavb cwimi n«vm e„w× †c‡Z cv‡i|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
6| ¯’vqx cwiKíbvi eënvi t cÖwZôv‡b cwiKíbv hw` ¯’vqx nq Z‡e Kgx©MY mn‡RB wbR wbR `vwqZ¡
m¤^‡Ü AewnZ _vK‡Z cv‡i Ges Aí ZË¡veav‡bB Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| myZivs Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h
¯’vqx cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g eë¯’vc‡Ki ZË¡veav‡bi cwimi evov‡bv hvq| cÿvšÍ‡i cwiKíbv A¯’vqx n‡j
†m‡ÿ‡Î Aat¯Íb‡ì‡K cwiKíbv m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`‡ZB eë¯’vc‡Ki A‡bK mgq e¨q nq dj¯îƒc
ZË¡veavb cwimi †QvU n‡q _v‡K|
7| we‡K›`ªxKiY cwigvY t Kvg¨ ZË¡veavb cwimi wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ Kv‡h©i we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi gvÎvi welqwU
AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i wePvi we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| KZ©„Z¡ we‡K›`ªxKiY Kiv n‡j eë¯’vcK bvbviKg wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Yi Pvc †_‡K gy³ _vK‡Z cv‡i| d‡j ZË¡veavb cwimi evov‡bv hvq| cÿvšÍ‡i we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi gvÎv
Aí n‡j eë¯’vcKI AwaKgvÎvq fvivµvšÍ _v‡K Ges AwaKmsL¨K Kgx©i Z`viKx Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|
8| ZË¡veav‡bi e¨q t ZË¡veav‡bi cwiwa ev cwimi n«vmKi‡Yi ZË¡veav‡bi ¸YMZ DrKl© e„w× cvq wKšÍz
G‡Z eë¯’vcK ev wbe©vnx ev ZË¡veavq‡Ki msL¨v e„w× cvq Ges ZË¡veav‡bi LiP e„w× cvq| ZvB Kvg¨
ZË¡veavb cwiwa wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ ZË¡veav‡bi e¨q we‡kl fv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq|
†QvU ebvg eo Z`viwK cwimi

Z`viwK cwimi wKiƒc n‡e Zvi †h‡nZz †KvbI aiveuvav wbqg †bB ZvB cÖwZwU †ÿ‡ÎB ev¯ÍeZv I cÖ‡qvR‡bi
wbwe©‡NœB Z`viwK cwimi wba©viY Kiv nq| Z‡e †QvU I eo Dfq cÖKvi cwim‡iiB ¯^-¯^ myweav I Amyweav
i‡q‡Q| cwimi †QvU n‡j ZË¡veavb ¯Íi e„w× cv‡e Ges cwimi eo n‡j ¯Íi K‡g hv‡e| wPÎmn G‡ì
Dr‡mi myweav-Amyweav D‡jøL Kiv n‡jvt
(K) †QvU Z`viwK cwimi msewjZ msMVb (Organization with narrow span)
M
M=Manager A A A
A=Assitt.
Manager
S= Supervisor s s s s s s
W=Worker
w w w w w w w w w w w w
wPÎ t (K) †QvU Z`viwK cwimi msewjZ msMVb|
myweavmg~n t
1| wbwñ`ª ZË¡veavb
2| wbwñ`ª wbqš¿Y
3| DbœZ Drcvw`Kv kw³
4| EaŸ©Zb-Aa¯Í‡bi g‡a¨ `ªæZ †hvMv‡hvM
5| Aa¯Íb‡ì cÖwkÿY
Amyweavmg~n
1| Aat¯Í‡bi Kv‡R EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v‡ì gvÎvwZwi³ n¯Í‡ÿc|
2| eë¯’vcbvi ¯Íi msµvšÍ wecwË

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
3| ZË¡veavb e¨q e„w×

4| m‡e©v”P I me©wb” ¯Í‡ii g‡a¨ gvÎvwZwi³ `~iZ¡|
(L) eo Z`viwK cwimci msewjZ msMVb (Organization with wide span)
M
M=Manager
A=Assitt. A A A A A A A A A
Manager
S= Supervisor
W=Worker
w w w w w w w w w w w w
wPÎ t (L) eo Z`viwK cwimi msewjZ msMVb|
[m~Î : GBP.I‡qwiP I GBP.KzÄ c~‡e©v³, c„. 247]
myweavmg~n t
1| KZ©„Z¡vc©‡Yi my‡hvM ˆZwi
2| ¯^”Q bxwZ Aej¤^b
3| `ÿ Aa¯Íb wb‡qvM
4| e¨q n«vm
5| m‡e©v”P ¯Íi I me©wb” ¯Í‡ii g‡a¨ b~¨bZg `~iZ¡
Amyweavmg~n t
1| EaŸ©Zb‡ì ¸iæfviMÖ¯ÍZv
2| wbqš¿‡Y wX‡jwg
3| cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K `ÿ eë¯’vc‡Ki wb‡qvM wbwðZKiY Kómva¨
4| wb” Drcvw`Kv kw³
Z`viwK cwimi †QvU bv eo n‡e Zv †h mKj wel‡qi Dci wbf©ikxj Zv wb‡”v³ Q‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t
‡h mKj Kvi‡Y Z`viwK cwimi †QvU n‡q _v‡K t †h mKj Kvi‡Y Z`viwK cwimi eo n‡q _v‡K t
* cÖwkÿ‡Yi Abycw¯’wZ * Aa¯Íb‡ì e¨vcK cÖwkÿY
* AcÖZzj ev A¯^”Q KZ©„Z¡vc©Y * KZ©e¨ m¤úv`‡bi j‡ÿ¨ ch©vß I ¯^”Q KZ©„Z¡vc©Y
* A-cybive„Ë Kv‡R A¯^”Q cwiKíbv * cybive„Ë Kv‡R ¯^”Q cwiKíbv
* AhvPvB‡hvM¨ D‡Ïk¨ I gvcKvwV * gvcKvwV wn‡m‡e hvPvB‡hvM¨ D‡Ïk¨ eënvi
* evwn¨K I Af¨šÍixY cwi‡e‡k `ªæZ cwieZ©b * evwn¨K I Af¨šÍixY cwi‡e‡k axi cwieZ©b
* `ye©j I Ah‡_vwPZ †hvMv‡hvM †KŠkj Ges A¯úó * h_vh_ †hvMv‡hvM †KŠkj I msMVb KvVv‡gv
wb‡`©k cÖ‡qvM
* EaŸ©Zb-Aa¯Í‡b AKvh©Ki wg_w®Œqv * EaŸ©Zb-Aa¯Í‡b Kvh©Ki wgwWqv
* AKvh©Ki Av‡jvPbv / mfv * Kvh©Ki Av‡jvPbv / mfv
* wb” I ga¨g ch©v‡q eûmsL¨K we‡klÁ wb‡qvM * D”P ch©v‡q we‡klÁ (†h mKj D”P ¯Íixq wbe©vnx
evwn¨K cwi‡ek wb‡q e¨¯Í, Zv‡ì Rb¨)|
* Aÿg I A-cÖwkÿY cÖvß eë¯’vcK * mÿg I cÖwkÿYcÖvß eë¯’vcK
* RwUj KvR * mnR KvR
* `vwqZ¡ I †hŠw³K SzuwK MÖn‡Y Aa¯Íb‡ì Awb”Qv * `vwqZ¡ I †hŠw³K SzuwK MÖn‡Y Aa¯Íb‡ì B”Qv

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
* Acwic° / Avbvwo Aat¯Íb * cwic° Aa¯Íb

[m~Î t GBP.I‡qiwP I GBP.KzÄ, c~‡e©v³; c„. 250]
†MÖwKDbv‡mi m~Î
(Graicunas's Formula)
G m~‡Îi D™¢veK divmx gbxlx wf.G. †MÖwKDbv‡mi bvgvbymv‡i Gi bvgKiY n‡q‡Q| Kvg¨ Z`viwK cwimi
msµvšÍ G m~‡Î wZwb msMVb KvVv‡gv‡Z †h wZb ai‡bi DaŸ©Zb-Aat¯Íb m¤ú‡K©i K_v D‡jøL K‡ib †m¸‡jv
wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1| cÖZ¨ÿ GKK m¤úK© (Direct single relationship) t cÖ‡Z¨K Aa¯Íb Kg©xi mv‡_ EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©vi
†h cÖZ¨ÿ GKK m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq|
2| cÖZ¨ÿ `jMZ m¤úK© (Direct group relationship) t EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©vi mv‡_ Aa¯Íb‡ì
`jMZfv‡e †h m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq|
3| Aa¯Íb‡ì ga¨Kvi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© (Cross relationship) t wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii Aat¯Íb‡ì g‡a¨
cvi¯úwiK †h m¤úK© cÖwZwôZ nq|
†MÖwKDbv‡mi g‡Z †Kvb wbe©vnxi Aa¯Í‡bi msL¨v ev Z`viwK cwimi e„w×i mv‡_ Aat¯Íb‡ì GKK m¤úK©
AvbycvwZK nv‡i e„w× cvq Ges cÖZ¨ÿ `jMZ m¤úK© I Aat¯Íb‡ì ga¨Kvi cv¯úwiK m¤úK© AviI AwaK
nv‡i e„w× cvq| D‡jøL †h, Giƒc m¤úK© e„w×i Kvi‡YB wbe©vnx‡ì c‡ÿ GK‡Î eûmsL¨K Kgx©i KvR Z`viK
Kiv KóKi n‡q c‡o| myZivs †MÖwKDbv‡mi ZË¡ mwVK Z`viwK cwimi wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
†MÖwKDbvm Z`viwK cwim‡ii †ÿ‡Î †gvU m¤úK© wbY©‡qi Rb¨ †h MvwYwZK dg©~jv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb Zv wb”iƒc t
N=N 2n+n−1 N = †gvU m¤ú‡K©i msL¨v
2 
n = Aat¯Íb‡ì msL¨
c~‡e©v³ m~Î Abyhvqx GKRb wbe©vnxi hw` 5 Rb Aat¯Íb Kgx© _v‡K Zv n‡j †gvU m¤ú‡K©i msL¨v (N) n‡e-
N=n 2n+n−1
2 
25 
= 5 2 +5−1 = 5
 
= 32+5−1
2 
= 5(16+5-1)
= 5(21−1)
= 5(20)
= 100
†MÖwKDbv‡mi Dc‡iv³ m~Î Abyhvqx wbe©vnx‡ì ZË¡veavb cwiwai Dci wbf©iKvix †gvU m¤ú‡K©i cwigvY
wbY©q Kiv hvq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
†K›`ªxKiY I we‡K›`ªxKiY
cvV 5 (Centralization and Decentralization)
D‡Ïk¨
5 †K›`ªxKiY I we‡K›`ªxKiY Kv‡K e‡j Zv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
5 †K›`ªxKiY I we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi wewfbœ bxwZgvjvi ms‡M cwiwPZ n‡Z cvi‡eb|
f‚wgKv
we‡K›`ªxKiY n‡jv ÿgZvc©Y cÖwµqvi GKwU AsM| ÿgZvc©Y bv Kivi A_© n‡jv, ÿgZv †K›`ªxKiY| msMVb
gvÎB wKQyUv ÿgZvc©Y _vK‡eB| msMV‡b mKj ÿgZv †hgb †K›`ªxf‚Z K‡i ivLv m¤¢e bq- †Zgwb mKj
ÿgZv we‡K›`ªxf‚Z KivI m¤¢eci bq| Avm‡j †K›`ªxKiY I we‡K›`ªxKiY cÖwµqv GKwU AwfcÖv‡qi e¨vcvi|
msMVb hZ eo nq, Zvi wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqv ZZ RwUj AvKvi aviY K‡i| †QvU msMV‡b wm×všÍ mn‡RB
†bIqv hvq|
†K›`ªxKiY I we‡K›`ªxKiY Kv‡K e‡j?

msMV‡b †ekxi fvM ÿgZv hLb EaŸ©Zb eë¯’vcK‡ì g‡a¨ mxwgZ _v‡K Ges D”P ch©v‡qB †ekxi fvM
wm×všÍ †bIqv nq, ZLb Zv‡K †K›`ªxKiY e‡j| Gi wVK wecixZwUB n‡jv we‡K›`ªxKiY|
m¤ú~Y© †K›`ªxKiY m¤ú~Y© we‡K›`ªxKiY
cÖ`Ë KZ©„Z¡
AcÖ`Ë KZ©„Z¡
†K›`ªxKiY Ges we‡K›`ªxKiY cÖwµqv
†gvUK_v GKwU msMV‡b we‡K›`ªxKiY †ekx K‡i n‡q‡Q GUv Avgiv ZLbB eyS‡ev hLb H msMV‡b-
* wb‡”i ¯Í‡ii eë¯’vcKiv †ekxi fvM wm×všÍ wb‡RivB MÖnY K‡ib|
* wb‡”i ¯Í‡ii eë¯’vcKiv hLb †ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ¸‡jv wb‡RivB wb‡Z cv‡ib|
* wb‡”i w`‡Ki wm×všÍ¸‡jv hLb KvR‡K †ekx iKg cÖfvevwb¦Z K‡i|
* wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y hLb EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v‡ì mv‡_ Kg Av‡jvPbv Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
eë¯’vcbv cwiPvjbv `k©‡biI msMwVZ Kivi GKwU cÖwZwe¤^ n‡jv we‡K›`ªxKiY| A_©vr msMV‡bi mg¯Í
wm×všÍ D”P¯Í‡i †bIqv nq, bvwK wb‡”i ¯Í‡ii Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvixiv I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y AskMÖnY K‡ib †mUv
†evSv hvq Ges msMV‡bi mevB‡K msMwVZ K‡i KvR Kivi m¤¢e nq we‡K›`ªxKiY cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g| G‡ÿ‡Î
†Kvb †Kvb wm×v‡šÍi KZ©„Z¡ wb‡”i w`‡K †Q‡o †Ìqv n‡e, Avi †Kvb¸‡jv Dc‡i ivLv n‡e Zv mywPwšÍZfv‡e
wba©viY Ki‡Z nq| †Kbbv, we‡K›`ªxKiY bxwZ eë¯’vcbvi mKj †ÿÎ‡KB ¯úk© K‡i|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
D`vniY¯îƒc ejv hvq, evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vj‡q mKj wel‡q DcvPvh© wm×všÍ †bb bv, wKQy wKQy wm×všÍ
†hgb, A_©welqK wm×všÍ A_© cwiPvjK ev wnmveiÿY wefv‡Mi Kg©KZ©viv MÖnY K‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î ejv hvq
ÿgZvi we‡K›`ªxKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
KZ…©Z¡ we‡K›`ªxKiY wba©vi‡Yi bxwZ

B‡”Q Ki‡jB †hgb †Kvb eë¯’vcK me ÿgZv I KZ©„Z¡ KzwÿMZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv, †Zgwb me KZ©„Z¡ I
ÿgZv we‡K›`ªxKiYI Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| msMV‡b KZLvwb we‡K›`ªxKiY m¤¢e Zv KZK¸wj wel‡qi Dci
wbf©i K‡i| Avmyb Gevi Gme welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvK|
1| wm×v‡šÍi D”Pg~j¨ t
we‡K›`ªxKiY bxwZi †ÿ‡Î †h welqwU mevi Av‡M we‡ePbv Kiv nq Zv n‡jv wm×v‡šÍi D”Pg~j¨| A_©vr
wm×všÍwUi djvdj msMVbwU‡K KZUzKz cÖfvweZ Ki‡e- Zvi cwigvcB nj wm×všÍwUi g~j¨| hZ g~jëvb
e¨vcv‡i wm×všÍ wb‡Znq, ZZ Dc‡ii w`‡K wm×všÍ †bIqvUvB mvaviY wbq‡gi AvIZvq c‡i| KLbI KLbI
wm×v‡šÍi g~j¨ A‡_©i gvcKvwV‡Z gvcv nq| Avevi KLbI Zv cÖwZôv‡bi mybvg, Kgx©‡ì g‡bvej A_ev
msMV‡bi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK Ae¯’v‡bi cwigv‡c gvcv nq| D`vniY¯îƒc ejv hvq †h, GKRb wkícwZ bZzb
KviLvbv ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Rwg µq Ki‡eb| G e¨vcv‡i wm×všÍ Dc‡ii ¯Í‡iB †bIqv n‡e| wKšÍz KviLvbv
¯’vc‡bi ci H KviLvbvq `ßi Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ KvMR, Kjg BZ¨vw` µ‡qi wm×všÍ bxPy ¯Í‡i †bqv n‡e|
2| bxwZi HK¨ t
†KD †KD msMV‡b GKB ai‡bi bxwZi cÿcvwZ| †m Kvi‡YB Zuviv †K›`ªxKiY bxwZ‡Z wek¦vm K‡ib|
msMV‡b GKB bxwZ hw` mevi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ nq Ges GKB mvaviY m~P‡Ki gva¨‡g me wKQy cwigvc Kiv
nq, Zvn‡j AvšÍtwefvMxq KvR Ges djvd‡ji Zzjbvg~jK wePvi Kiv mnR nq| Z‡e we‡K›`ªxKiY Ki‡Z
n‡j bxwZi H‡Kï e`‡j wewfbœZv cÖ‡qvRb| KviY, we‡K›`ªxKiY d‡j wewfbœ e¨w³ wewfbœ ai‡bi wm×všÍ
MÖnY Ki‡eb Ges me ai‡bi wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y GKB bxwZ cÖ‡qvR¨ bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e we‡K›`ªxKiY Ki‡Z
wM‡q cÖwZôv‡bi g~j bxwZi †hb †Kvb ÿwZ bv nq, †mB w`‡KI jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e|
3| msMV‡bi AvKvi t
msMV‡bi AvKvi †ekx eo n‡j A‡bK †ekx wm×všÍ †bevi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv hvq| ZvQvov Gme wm×všÍ
msMV‡bi wewfbœ ¯Í‡i wb‡Z nq| GB Kvi‡Y G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mgb¦q Kiv LyeB gykwKj n‡q c‡i| d‡j wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Y A‡bK †ekx mgq jv‡M| †m Kvi‡Y eo msMV‡b ÿgZv we‡K›`ªxKiY KivUv Riæix n‡q c‡i| wewfbœ
†fŠMwjK Ae¯’vb Ry‡o Aew¯’Z msMV‡b ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q wm×všÍ †bevi ÿgZv bv _vK‡j, Zv A‡bK mgq
msMV‡bi Rb¨ A_©‰bwZK ÿwZi KviY n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q wKQy PZz_© †kªYxi Kg©Pvix cÖ‡qvRb-
G‡ÿ‡Î †nW †KvqvU©vi hw` Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM K‡i Z‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î A‡bK mgq I A_© e¨q n‡e| wKšÍz †jvK
wb‡qvM hw` ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q Kiv nq, Z‡e msMV‡bi mgq I A_© `yB-B euvP‡e|
GRb¨ eo msMV‡bi GB mgm¨v KvUv‡bvi Rb¨ msMVb‡K †QvU †QvU GK‡K fvM Kiv cÖ‡hvRb| d‡j
msMV‡bi Kv‡Ri wbcyYZv †e‡o hvq| we‡K›`ªxKiY mdj n‡Z n‡j msMV‡bi mywbw`©ó AvKvi Ges A_©‰bwZK
eë¯’vcbvi ¯^wbf©iZv _vK‡Z n‡e|
4| msMV‡bi BwZnvm t
we‡K›`ªxKiY, msMV‡bi AZxZ BwZnvm I AwfÁZvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| †Kbbv, eë¯’vcKiv AZxZ AwfÁZvi
Av‡jv‡K †Kvb KZ©„Z¡ we‡K›`ªxKiY Ki‡eb Zvi wm×všÍ wb‡q _v‡Kb| we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi AwfÁZv hw` wZ³ nq,

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
Z‡e we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi wec‡ÿ gZvgZ M‡o DV‡e| Avi we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi dj hw` fvj nq, Z‡e Zvi ¯^c‡ÿ
†Rvov‡jv gZvgZ M‡o DV‡e, hv msMV‡bi †K›`ªxq bxwZ‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡e|
5| eë¯’vc‡Ki `k©b t
gvby‡li wbR¯^ ev¯Íe `k©b Zuvi, Kvh©aviv I AwfcÖvq‡K cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| GKBfv‡e msMV‡bi EaŸ©Zb
eë¯’vcK‡ì eë¯’vcbv `k©b Zuv‡ì bxwZ‡K cÖfvevwb¦Z K‡i| Kv‡RB we‡K›`ªxKiY bxwZI eë¯’vcbv
`k©‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj| KLbI †`Lv hvq, EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v GKbvqKZ¡ myjf g‡bvfv‡ei AwaKvix nb Ges
KZ©„‡Z¡i †ÿ‡Î †Kvb n¯Í‡ÿc mn¨ K‡ib bv| Avevi KLbI †`Lv hvq EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v D`vi `k©‡b wek¦vm
K‡ib Ges msMV‡bi KZ©„Z¡ we‡K›`ªxKiY g‡bv‡hvMx nb|
6| ¯^vaxbZvi AvKv•Lv t
¯^vaxbZvi AvKv•Lv Kg‡ekx mevi g‡a¨B weivR K‡i| msMV‡b †QvU LvU BDwbU¸‡jvI Pvq wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi
wKQyUv ¯^vaxbZv| †K›`ªxqfv‡e Pvwc‡q †Ìqv wbqg I bxwZ A‡b‡KB AcQ›` K‡ib| myZivs Kg©KZ©v‡ì
g‡bvfve ey‡S EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v‡ì ÿgZv we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi wm×všÍ †bIqv DwPZ|
7| †hvM¨ eë¯’vc‡Ki Afve t

†hvM¨ eë¯’vc‡Ki Afve A‡bK mgq msMV‡b KZ©„‡Z¡i we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi evav n‡q `vovq| msMV‡b †hvM¨
eë¯’vc‡Ki Afve bv _vK‡j we‡K›`ªxKiY mnR nq| †h‡nZz wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqv wb‡”i w`‡K †Q‡o †Ìqv
nq, †mLv‡b hw` Dchy³ I †hvM¨ eë¯’vcK bv _v‡Kb Zvn‡j Zviv mwVK wm×všÍ wb‡Z cvi‡eb bv| GKwU
mdj we‡K›`ªxKiY cÖwµqvq eë¯’vcK‡ì Dchy³ cÖwkÿ‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| Avevi we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi
gva¨‡gI eë¯’vcKiv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwkÿY †c‡Z cv‡ib|
8| we‡K›`ªxK…Z Kvh©m¤úv`b t
KLbI KLbI cÖwZôv‡bi eëmv, hš¿cvwZ, cÖK…wZ, kªg wefvRb, we‡klvqY Ges Kv‡Ri ai‡bi Dci wbf©i
K‡i msMV‡bi we‡K›`ªxKiY Kiv nq| Avevi KLbI msMV‡bi cÖK…wZ Ggb †h KvR m¤úv`b we‡K›`ªxKiY bv
K‡i Kivi Dcvq _v‡K bv, †hgb evsjv‡`k wegvb ms¯’v| mviv‡`k Ry‡o Qwo‡q Av‡Q Gi k„sLj Kg©KvÐ|
GLb, GB msMV‡b hLb KvR m¤úv`b we‡K›`ªxKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q, ZLb KZ©„Z¡I we‡K›`ªxK…Z n‡Z eva¨| KviY
cÖavb Kvh©vjq †_‡K G ai‡bi ms¯’vi myôz cwiPvjbv Kiv KóKi n‡q c‡o|
9| wbqš¿Y †KŠkjmg~n t
msMV‡b wbqš¿Y †KŠk‡ji Ae¯’v wK iKg Zvi Dci we‡K›`ªxKiY Kivi gvÎv wbf©ikxj| GKRb eë¯’vcK
ZLbB Zvi KZ©„Z¡ wb‡”i w`‡K †Q‡o w`‡Z ivRx nb hLb wb‡”i Kg©KZ©v‡ì Kv‡Ri cwigvc Kivi wbqš¿Y
†KŠkj¸‡jv Zvi nv‡Z _v‡K| GKwU D`vniY w`‡j e¨vcviwU ¯úó n‡e| GKRb eë¯’vcK hw` Zvi wb‡”i
Kg©KZ©v‡K GK jÿ UvKv ch©šÍe¨q Kivi KZ©„Z¡ †`b Z‡e, UvKvUv mwVK fv‡e LiP nj wK bv Zv wba©viY
Kivi wbqš¿Y †KŠkj Zvi Kv‡Q _vK‡j, wZwb ÿgZvc©‡Y †Kvb wØav bv K‡iB KZ©„Z¡wU wb‡”i Kg©KZ©vi nv‡Z
Zz‡j †`‡eb|
mvaviYZ eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ I DcvË msMÖn c×wZ hw` wbLyuZ nq, Avw_©K eë¯’vcbv I wnmveiÿY c×wZ Ges
Ab¨vb¨ wbqš¿Y †KŠkj hw` eZ©gvb _v‡K Zvn‡j, we‡K›`ªxiY cÖwµqv mnR mva¨ nq|
10| eëmv‡q cwieZ©b t

hw` †Kvb msMV‡b eëmvq `ªæZ cwieZ©b N‡U Z‡e Zv we‡K›`ªxKiY cÖwµqv‡K cÖfvevwb¦Z K‡i| hw` †Kvb
eëmv `ªæZ fv‡e †e‡o D‡V Z‡e †m Kvi‡Y H cÖwZôvb wewfbœ †QvU, eo ev RwUj mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nq| ZLb

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
†mB cÖwZôv‡bi EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©viv KZ©„Z¡ we‡K›`ªxKiY Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| †hgb, †ew·g‡Kv MÖæc Gi
A‡bK¸wj wkí cÖwZôvb i‡q‡Q Ges GB MÖæc bZzb bZzb eëmvq nvZ w`‡”Q - GB MÖæ‡ci mvd‡jï g~j
KviY n‡”Q myôz we‡K›`ªxKiY|
11| cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve t

msMV‡bi evB‡ii cwi‡ekI we‡K›`ªxKiY cÖwµqv‡K cÖfvevwb¦Z K‡i| †hgb, miKvix wbqš¿Y, RvZxq kªwgK
msMVbmg~n, Ki bxwZ BZ¨vwì Kvi‡Y msMVb Zvi bxwZi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| miKvix wbqš¿‡Yi
Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq msMV‡bi c‡ÿ we‡K›`ªxKiY Kiv G‡Kev‡iB Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o| †hgb, miKvi hw` g~j¨
wbqš¿Y K‡i, ZLb msMV‡bi c‡ÿ g~j¨ wba©viY KZ©„Z¡ we‡K›`ªxKiY Kiv m¤¢eci nq bv| RvZxq ch©v‡q M‡o
DVv kªwgK BDwbqb I †dWv‡ik‡bi Kvi‡YI A‡bK mgq msMVb‡K †K›`ªxf‚Z bxwZ wba©vi‡Y eva¨ n‡Z nq|
mvi-ms‡ÿc
* Organising kãwU 'Organism" n‡Z G‡m‡Q|
* mvaviYfv‡e `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i mn‡hvMxZvi wfwË‡Z KvR Kivi GKwU cÖYvjx‡K msMVb ejv hvq|
* GKwU cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨ I Kvh©Ki eë¯’vcbv msMVb we‡klÁZv I kªgwefv‡Mi bxwZi Dci M‡o I‡V|
* msMVb m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ KZ©„Z¡ I `vwqZ¡ myôzfv‡e e›Ub K‡i Kv‡h©i wbw`©óZv wbwðZ K‡i|
* msMVb‡K cÖavbZ wZbev‡e fvM Kiv hvq- AvbyôvwbK, AbvbyôvwbK I KwgwU|
* †h msMVb chain of command AbymiY K‡i Zv‡K AvbyôvwbK msMVb e‡j|
* AvbyôvwbK msMV‡bi †ÿ‡Î-Kgx©‡ì `vwq‡Z¡i Ae‡njvi Rb¨ kvw¯Íi weavb _v‡K|
* †Kvbiƒc AvbyôvwbK cÖ_v QvovB msMV‡bi Kgx© I wbe©vnx‡ì e¨w³MZ †gjv‡gkv, †Lqvj-Lykx, B”Qv-
Awb”Qv ev cQ›`-AcQ›` †_‡K AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e †h m¤úK© m„wó nq Zv‡K AbvbyôvwbK msMVb e‡j|
* AvbyôvwbK msMVb- mij‰iwLK, Kvh©wfwËK Ges mij‰iwLK I Dc‡`óv, GB wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
* KwgwU n‡jv GK`j †jv‡Ki mgwó hv‡ì Ici wbw`©ófv‡e cÖkvmwbK KvR m¤úv`‡bi fvi b¨¯Í Kiv nq|
* cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ wefvM, Dc-wefvM, I Kgx©‡ì g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wba©vi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h cš’v ev
nvwZqvi eënvi Kiv nq Zv‡K msMVb KvVv‡gv (structure) e‡j|
* msMVb KvVv‡gv †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi ÿgZvi mxgv wb‡`©k K‡i Ges GB wba©vwiZ mxgvi g‡a¨B eë¯’vcbv‡K
KvR Pvwj‡q †h‡Z nq|
* †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi msMVb KvVv‡gv‡K hLb GKwU bKkv ev wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K
msMVb PvU© e‡j|
* mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv I msMVb Pv‡U©i g‡a¨ g~j cv_©K¨ n‡jv- KvVv‡gv Pvÿzl †`Lv hvq bv wKšÍz PvU© Pvÿzl
†`Lv hvq|
* msMVb ZvwjKv‡K- mgvšÍivj, wcivwgWvK…wZi, Dj¤^ I e„ËvKvi-GB Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx
1| eë¯’vcbvq msMVb ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb? eë¯’vcbvq msMV‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| eë¯’vcbvq AvbyôvwbK msMVb wK wK ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i? mij îwLK msMV‡bi êwkó¨ I myweav¸‡jv
Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3| mij îwLK I Dc‡`óv msMVb Gi êwkó¨ I myweav¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4| Kvh©wfwËK msMV‡bi êwkó¨¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
5| KwgwU msMV‡bi msÁv w`b| KwgwU msMV‡bi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb| KwgwU msMV‡bi cÖavb cÖavb
Amyweav¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|
6| msMVb KvVv‡gv ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb? msMVb KvVv‡gvi cÖKvi‡f`¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
7| msMVb KvVv‡gvi bxwZgvjv¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
8| wefvMxKiY Kv‡K e‡j? wefvMxKi‡Yi wewfbœ iKg c×wZ ev cÖKvi‡f` ¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
9| ZË¡veavb cwimi ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb? Kvg¨ ZË¡veavb cwimi wba©vi‡Yi we‡eP¨ welqmg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
10| KZ©„Z¡ we‡K›`ªxKiY wba©vi‡Yi bxwZ mg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
mswÿß cÖkœvejx
1| KZ©„Ë¡vc©b wK?
2| wKfv‡e KZ©„Ë¡vc©b ev ÿgZvc©Y Kiv hvq?
3| †K›`ªxKiY I we‡K›`ªxKiY ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb?
4| AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK msMV‡bi msÁv w`b|
5| mij‰iwLK msMV‡bi msÁv w`b|

BDwbU
4
÷vwds (Staffing)
f~wgKv
cÖ‡Z¨K cÖwZôv‡b `ÿ Kgx©evwnbx ìKvi| Kgx©ms¯’vb ev ÷vwds eZ©gvb eë¯’vcbvq cÖwZôv‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq
Kgx© Pvwn`v Abyhvqx Zv c~iY K‡i| ÷vwds Gi aviYv AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK| Kgx© msMÖn Kiv n‡Z ïiæ K‡i, Kgx©
wbe©vPb, wb‡qvM, cÖwkÿY mewKQyB ÷vwds Gi AšÍf©y³| Rbm¤ú` n‡jv GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi g~j nvwZqvi ev
PvwjKvkw³| ZvB eë¯’vcKiv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ cÖwZôv‡bi Kgx© msµvšÍ welq we‡ePbv K‡ib| `ÿ Kgx©
wb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g cÖwZôvb Zvi jÿ¨vR©b Ki‡Z mÿg nq| Kgx©ms¯’vb cÖkœwU we‡klfv‡e AbybœZ †`‡ki Rb¨
GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨vcvi †hLv‡b †eKvi mgm¨v AZ¨šÍ cÖKU| †mBRb¨ eë¯’vcbv‡K AZ¨šÍ mwVK I
¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i Kgx© ms¯’v‡bi cÖwµqv m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 1 ÷vwds Gi msÁv I ¸iZ¡

(Definition of Staffing and Importance of Staffing)
D‡Ïk¨
5 ÷vwds Gi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
5 ÷vwds Gi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
÷vwds Gi msÁv (Definition of Staffing)

aiæY, DËiv gUm© wjt Zvi weµq e„w×i Rb¨ wKQy Staff Executive wb‡qvM Ki‡Z Pvq| G Rb¨ Zviv cwÎKvq
weÁvcb w`j Ges Zvi djkªæwZ‡Z †ek wKQy msL¨K Av‡e`bcÎ Rgv coj| G Av‡e`b c‡Îi ga¨ n‡Z
wKQy msL¨K Av‡e`bKvix‡K KvW© Bmy¨ Kiv n‡jv Ges mvÿvrKvi †bqv n‡jv Ges `yBRb‡K wb‡qvM †`qv
n‡jv| g~jZt DËiv †gvUim Gi GB hveZxq Kvh©¸‡jv ÷vwds Gi AšÍf©y³|
mvaviYfv‡e Kgx© ms¯’vb ej‡Z Kgx© msMÖn ev †hvMvo Kiv eySv‡jI eë¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î GwU e¨vcK A‡_©
eëüZ nq| cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ ch©v‡q wK ai‡bi KZ msL¨vK Kgx©i cÖ‡qvRb n‡e Zv wbw`©óKiY, †mB
Abyhvqx h_vh_ Drm evQvB K‡i Zv †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Kgx© msMÖn, wbe©vPb Ges Zv‡ì h_vh_fv‡e Kv‡R
jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Kvh© eë¯’v MÖn‡Yi cÖwµqv‡KB Kgx©ms¯’vb bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
wb‡æ Kgx©ms¯’v‡bi KwZcq RbwcÖq msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv t
1. Weihrich I Koontz– Gi g‡Z, ÒmvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvi wewfbœ ch©‡q Kgx©‡ì k~Y¨¯’vb c~iY I wb‡qvMK…Z
Kgx©‡ì h_v¯’v‡b msiÿY KivB n‡jv Kgx©ms¯’vb| hv m¤úvw`Z nq msMV‡bi cÖwZwU ch©v‡q wK cwigvY I
gv‡bi Kgx©i cÖ‡qvRb n‡e Zv wba©viY, cÖ‡qvRbxq Kgx© msMÖn, Kgx©‡ì ZvwjKvfz³KiY, h_ve¨w³‡K
h_v¯’v‡b wb‡qvM, cvwikªwgK I c‡`vbœwZ cÖ`vb, Kgx© g~j¨vqb, Kgx©‡ì e¨w³K Dbœq‡bi cwiKíbv MÖnY Ges
cÖwkÿY `vb hv‡Z Zviv `ÿZvi mv‡_ DËgfv‡e KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i|Ó
2. J. L. Massie- Gi g‡Z, ÒKgx©ms¯’vb n‡jv Ggb cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g eë¯’vcK Aaxb¯’‡ì wbe©vPb
K‡ib, cÖwkÿY †`b, c‡`vbœqb I Aemi cÖ`vb K‡ib|
Dc‡iv³ msÁv `ywU we‡kølY Ki‡j Kgx©ms¯’vb cÖwµqvq g‡a¨ wb‡æv³ welqmg~n AšÍf©y³ i‡q‡Q e‡j
cÖZxqgvb nq t
K. msMVb KvVv‡gvi wewfbœ ch©v‡q wK gv‡bi I †Kvb& cwigv‡Yi Kgx©i cÖ‡qvRb n‡e Zv wbiƒcY Kiv;
L. mwVK Drm evQvB K‡i Z_¨ n‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq Kgx© msMÖn I wbe©vPb Kiv;
M. wb‡qvMK…Z Kgx©‡ì Dchy³Zv hvPvB K‡i †hvM¨ e¨w³i‡ì h_v¯’v‡b Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi eë¯’v Kiv;
N. cÖwZôv‡bi mvg_©¨ I Kgx©‡ì cÖ‡qvRb we‡ePbv K‡i Dchy³ †eZb KvVv‡gv wba©viY Kiv;
O. Kgx©‡ì Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖwkÿY I c‡`vbœwZi eë¯’v Kiv;
P. Kgx©‡ì KvR †_‡K Aemi cÖ`vb ev cÖ‡qvR‡b ev` †`qv|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †k‡l ejv hvq †h, Kgx©ms¯’vb ïaygvÎ cÖwZôv‡b Kgx© msMÖ‡ni mv‡_B m¤ú„³ bq eis
msMV‡bi †Kvb& ch©v‡q †Kvb gv‡bi wK cwigvY Kgx© cÖ‡qvRb n‡e Zv wba©viY Kiv †_‡K Kgx© wb‡qvM, Kgx©
cÖwkÿY, Kgx© cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ Kv‡h©i meUvB Kgx©ms¯’v‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³|
÷vwds Gi ¸iæZ¡ (Importance of Staffing)

†h †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb n‡”Q gvbe Ges GB gvbe m¤ú`B cÖwZôv‡bi †gav, cÖÁv,
m„RbkxjZv, D`¨g BZ¨vwì †hvMvb †`q| ZvB cwiKíbv I msMV‡bi ci eë¯’vcbvi Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
KvR n‡jv Kgx©ms¯’vb| hwÌ Kgx©ms¯’v‡bi KvR‡K A‡b‡KB msMVb (Organising) Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ AšÍf©y³
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-86

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
K‡i‡Qb wKšÍz Weihrich I koontz Gi wb‡æv³ PviwU Kvi‡Y Kgx©ms¯’vb‡K wfbœ KvR wnmv‡e †`Lv‡b DwPZ|
1. msMV‡bi KvR Ggwb‡ZB A‡bK e¨vcK| ZvB Kgx©ms¯’vb‡K Gi AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡j Kgx©msMÖn I GZ`
mswkøó welqvwì ¸iæZ¡ K‡g hv‡e| G‡Z cÖwZôvb ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡e| Df‡q g‡b K‡ib, msMV‡bi KvR
mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv wba©viY, cÖ‡Z¨K wefvM I Dcwefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡-KZ©„Z¡ wbiƒcY I e›Ub Ges
wefvMmg~‡ni ga¨Kvi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wba©vi‡Yi cÖwµqvi g‡a¨B mxgve× ivLv DwPZ|
2. Kgx©ms¯’v‡bi KvR‡K Avjv`v Kiv n‡j ïaygvÎ Kgx© msMÖnB bq cÖ‡Z¨K ch©v‡q Kgx©‡ì h_vh_ gvb I
cwigvY wbiƒcY, Kgx©msMÖn I wbe©vPb, Kgx©‡ì e¨w³K Dbœqb, Kgx© g~j¨vqb-cwiKíbv MÖnY I wbe©vnx
Dbœq‡bi g‡Zv welq¸‡jv h_vh_ ¸iæZ¡ jvf Ki‡e|
3. Kgx©ms¯’vb msµvšÍ welqwU AwaK ¸iæZ¡ cvIqvi Kvi‡Y cÖwZôv‡bi ev DaŸ©Z‡bi G msµvšÍ Ávb,
AwfÁZv e„w× cvq|
4. Kgx©ms¯’vb‡K eë¯’vcbvi KvR wnmv‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡j D”P ch©v‡qi eë¯’vcKMY GKvRwU‡K kªwgK-Kgx©
wefv‡Mi Dci m¤ú~Y© †Q‡o bv w`‡q wb‡Riv ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv K‡i|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, Kgx©ms¯’vb ev ÷vwds AvaywbK eë¯’vcbvi GKwU AZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| wb‡æ Kgx©ms¯’v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt
K. `ÿ I †hvM¨ Kgx©evwnbx msMÖn I msiÿY (Recruitment and maintaimence of an efficient work force)
t Kgx©ms¯’v‡bi cÖavb KvR n‡jv `ÿ I †hvM¨ Kgx©evwnbx msMÖn I msiÿY| gvbem¤ú` n‡jv
cÖwZôv‡bi g~j nvwZqvi| ZvB G m¤ú` mwVKfv‡e msMÖn I Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Kgx©ms¯’vb|
Kgx©ms¯’v‡bi gva¨‡gB `ÿ evwnbx msMÖn I Gi Kvh©Ki eënvi wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e|
L. Ab¨vb¨ DciKiYvwì Kvh©Ki eënvi (Effective utilisation of other inspnt factors) t cÖwZôv‡b
wb‡qvwRZ KuvPvgvj, hš¿cvwZ, A_©, evRvi, c×wZ cÖf…wZ Agvbexq DcKi‡Yi Kvh©KvwiZv Rbkw³i
`ÿZvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| Kgx©ms¯’vb cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨vK Kvg¨ gv‡bi Kgx©msMÖn I msiÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g
Agvbexq DcKiYmg~‡ni Kvh©Ki eënvi wbwðZ K‡i|
M. gvbe m¤ú‡ì Kvh©Ki eënvi wbwðZKiY (Ensuring effective utilisation of human resources) t
eë¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î gvbe m¤ú` cÖwZôv‡b me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| gvbe m¤ú‡ì h_vh_ msMÖn I
Dbœq‡bi Dci cÖvwZôvwbK mvdj¨ wbf©ikxj| Kgx© ms¯’v‡bi KvR n‡”Q gvbe m¤ú‡ì Kvh©Ki eënvi
wbwðZKiY| Gw`K †_‡K cÖwZôvwbK mvd‡jï †ÿ‡Î Kgx©ms¯’v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
N. cÖvwZôvwbK mvdj¨ e„w× (Increase of organisation success) t cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ Rbm¤ú` cwiKíbv
Kgx©ms¯’v‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K| Kgx©ms¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi Kgx©‡ì Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv hvq| fwel¨‡Zi
Pvwn`vI cye©vbygvb Kiv hvq| hvi d‡j †hvM¨Zvi wfwË‡Z Kgx©‡ì wb‡qvMI †`qv nq| d‡j Kv‡Ri gvb
wbqwš¿Z nq Ges cÖvwZôvwbK mvdj¨ e„w× cvq|
O. eë¯’vcbvi Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡R mnvqZv `vb (Facilitate other managemet functions) t eë¯’vcbvi Ab¨vb¨
Kvh© †hgb cwiKíbv, wb‡`©kbv I †cÖlYvi mv‡_ Kgx©ms¯’vb Nwbôfv‡e RwoZ| cÖwZôv‡b wb‡qvwRZ
DcKibvwì Av‡jv‡K cwiKíbv Kiv nq Ges cÖYxZ cwiKíbvi ev¯Íevq‡bi g~j nvwZqvi n‡jv `ÿ
Rbkw³| wb‡`©kbvi h_v_©Zv I Gi ev¯Íevqb Kgx©‡ì Dci wbf©ikxj| Kgx©‡ì gvb I †hvM¨Zv
Kgx©msMÖn I wbe©vPbKv‡j wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e bv n‡j Zv‡ì †cÖlYv `v‡bi gva¨‡g GwM‡q †bqv m¤¢e nq
bv|
Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq †h gvbe m¤ú` me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| eZ©gv‡b Kv‡h© RwUjZv e„w× cvIqvq `ÿ
Rbej msMÖn I Zv‡ì Dbœqb LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ZvB Kgx©ms¯’vb Gi ¸iæZ¡ cÖwZwbqZ e„w× cv‡”Q|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 2 Kgx©msMÖn, wbe©vPb, wb‡qvM I cÖwkÿY

(Recruitment, Selection & Training)
D‡Ïk¨
5 Kgx© msMÖn mg‡Ü ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
5 Kgx© wbe©vPb m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
5 wb‡qvM c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
5 cÖwkÿ‡Yi myweav m¤^‡Ü Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
Kgx© msMÖn (Recruitment of employees)

Kgx© msMÖn n‡”P GKwU cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb I c~e© wbw`©ó gvb Abyhvqx †hvM¨Zvi Rbkw³
†Kvb Drm n‡Z msMÖn Kiv Ges D³ Drm n‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq Rbkw³‡K Kgx©wbe©vP‡bi myweav‡_© cÖwZôvb ch©šÍ
Avbvi eë¯’v Kiv| ms‡ÿ‡c ejv hvq, Kgx© msMÖn ej‡Z fwel¨Z Kgx© Ly‡R †ei Kivi cš’v‡K eySvq|
Kgx©msMÖ‡ni Drm (Sources of Recruitment)
Kgx© msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡Î Drm we‡ePbv LyeB ¸iæZ¡| †Kvb Drm n‡Z Kgx© msMÖn Kiv n‡e Zv wba©viY Kiv GKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ| Kgx©msMÖ‡ni Drm mvaviYZt `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
1. Avf¨šÍixY Drm (Internal Soruces)
2. evwn¨K Drm (External Sources)
1. Avf¨šÍixY Drm (Internal Source) t

cÖwZôvb A‡bK mgq Kg©iZ Kgx©‡ì ga¨ n‡Z Kgx© msMÖn K‡i _v‡K| G‡K Kgx© msMÖ‡ni Af¨šÍixY Drm
e‡j| Avf¨šÍixY Drmmg~n n‡jv-
K. c‡`vbœwZ (Promotion) t D”PZi I `vwqZ¡c~Y© c‡` †h‡ÿ‡Î A‡cÿvK…Z AwfÁZv m¤úbœ Kgx©i cÖ‡qvRb
nq †m‡ÿ‡Î- cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ Kgx©‡ì c‡`vbœwZ cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq Kgx© msMÖn Kiv n‡q
_v‡K|
L. wb‡qvwRZ Kgx©‡ì mycvwik (Recommendation of employed persons) t †Kvb †Kvb cÖwZôvb eZ©gvb
Kg©iZ Kgx©‡ì mycvwi‡ki wfwË‡Z I Kgx© msMÖn Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖv_©xi †hvM¨Zv m¤ú‡K©
mycvwikKvix Iqv‡Kenvj _v‡K| ZvB h_vh_ KZ©„cÿ mn‡RB we‡ePbv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
M. kªwgK msN (Union) t kªwgK msN Kgx© msMÖ‡ni Drm wnmv‡eI KvR K‡i| Zv‡ì cQ›`gZ cÖv_x©i
wb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ kªwgK msN KvR K‡i|
2. evwn¨K Drmg~n (External Sources) t

Avf¨šÍixY Drm Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb Drm n‡Z Kgx©msMÖn Ki‡j Zv‡K Kgx© msMÖ‡ni evwn¨K Drm e‡j|
cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍ‡i hLb †hvM¨ †jvK cvIqv hvq bv ev AwZwi³ bZzb †jv‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb nq ZLb evwn¨K
Drm n‡Z Kgx© msMÖn Kiv nq| evwn¨K Drmmg~‡ni eY©bv wb‡P †`qv n‡jv-
K. wkÿv cÖwZôvb (Education of Institute) t †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b bZzb Kgx©i cÖ‡qvRb n‡j H cÖwZôvb wewfbœ
wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi Aby‡gv`bµ‡g Zv‡ì weÁwß †ev‡W© Uvwb‡q _v‡K| †bvwUk †ev‡W© Uvwb‡q †`qv nq|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
L. weÁvcb (Advertisement) t k~b¨ c‡` †jvK wb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖwZôvb msev`cÎ, Rvb©vj, wUwf
BZ¨vw`‡Z weÁvcb cÖ`vb K‡i|
M. PvKwi wewb‡qvM †K›`ª (Employment change commission) t PvKzwi wewb‡qvM †K›`ª bv‡g A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB
¯^Zš¿ cÖwZôvb jÿ¨ Kiv hvq †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b bZzb Kgx©i cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Zviv Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wewb‡qvM
†K›`ª n‡Z bZzb Kgx© msMÖn K‡i|
N. e„wËg~jK cÖwkÿY †K›`ª (Vocational training institute) t Kgx© msMÖ‡ni Av‡iKwU Ab¨Zg Drm n‡jv
e„wËg~jK cÖwkÿY †K›`ªmg~n| miKvwi I †emiKvix wewfbœ e„wËg~jK cÖwkÿY †K›`ª n‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq
†hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ Kgx©msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Kgx© msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ Dr‡mi myweav Amyweav we‡ePbv K‡i †h †Kvb GKwU Dfq Drm n‡Z msMÖn Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i|
Kgx© wbe©vPb (Selection of Employee)

msÁv (Definition)
mvaviY A‡_© Kgx© wbe©vPb ej‡Z bZzb Kgx© wb‡qvM Kivi cÖwµqv‡K eySvq| G‡Z †Kej bZzb Kgx©
wbe©vPb‡KB eySvq bv eis cÖwZôv‡bi KZ©eïZ‡ì c‡`vbœwZ, e`wj, eiLv¯Í, c`vebwZ BZ¨vw` welq‡K
eySvq| GK K_vq wbe©vPb ej‡Z g‡bvqb `vb †K eySvq|
wb‡æ Kgx© wbe©vPb msµvšÍ wel‡q `ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jvt
1. R. M. Hodgetts- e‡jb Òwbe©vPb n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hvi GKwU cÖwZôvb Av‡e`bKvix‡ì ga¨
n‡Z wbw`©ó c‡ì Rb¨ me‡P‡q †hvM¨ e¨w³‡K evQvB K‡i|Ó
2. Dale Yoder-Gi g‡Z Òwbe©vPb n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv †hLv‡b PvKwi‡Z wb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ Kgx©‡ì `y‡Uv
fvM Kiv nq; Gi GK`j‡K PvKwii Rb¨ cÖ¯Íve †`qv nq Ges Ab¨ `j‡K Giƒc cÖ¯Íve †`qv nq bv|Ó
Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq, cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ GKwU my`ÿ I †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ Kgx©evwnbx MVb I cwiPvjbvi j‡ÿ¨
cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx wewfbœ c‡ì Rb¨ Av‡e`bKvix ev AvMZ cÖv_x©‡ì ga¨ †_‡K †hvM¨ Kgx©‡ì wb‡qvM ev
Af¨šÍixY Drm n‡Z †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ †jvK‡ì D”PZi c‡` wb‡qvM Kivi cÖwµqv‡K wbe©vPb e‡j|
Kgx© wbe©vPb / wb‡qvM c×wZ (Selection Process)

GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii Rb¨ Kgx© wbe©vPb c×wZ wK n‡e Zv †hgwb cÖwZôv‡bi wbR¯^ welq †ZgbwU Zv
c‡ì cÖK…wZi Ici wbf©ikxj| Avgv‡ì †`‡k e„n`vqZb cÖvq mKj Kvievix cÖwZôvb mvaviYZt wbæwjwLZ
wbe©vPb c`‡ÿcmg~n AbymiY K‡i _v‡K|
1. Av‡e`bcÎ MÖnY (Receipt of Appliction) t Bnv wbe©vPb cÖwµqvi cÖ_g c`‡ÿc| cÖ‡qvRbxq wbw`©ó
msL¨K c` c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Kgx©i wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv, `ÿZv, AwfÁZv BZ¨vwì D‡jøLc~e© cwÎKvq
weÁvcb ev Kgx©i Drmmg~‡n †hvMv‡hvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Gi d‡j cÖwZôvb PvKzix cÖv_x©‡ì wbKU †_‡K
cÖPyi cwigvY Av‡e`b cÎ †c‡q _v‡K| †hgb evsjv‡`k wmwfj-mvwf©m Gi weÁwß I Av‡e`bcÎ MÖnY|
2. cÖv_wgK mvÿvrKvi (Preliminary Interview) t Av‡e`bKvix‡ì Av‡e`b cÎ cÖvwßi ci cÖv_wgK
mvÿvZKvi ev wcÖwjwgbvix †U÷ †bqv nq| †hgb- we.wm.Gm.Gi Av‡eb`Kvix‡ì Av‡e`bcÎ †_‡K
evQvB K‡i Zv‡ì‡K Preliminary Test- Gi Rb¨ WvKv nq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
3. wjwLZ cixÿv (Wrttten Test) t Preliminary Test- G DËxY© cixÿv_x©‡ì‡K mvaviYZt wjwLZ
cixÿvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z nq| hvi †hgb we.wm.Gm-G wcÖwjwgbvix DËxY© cÖv_x©‡ì‡K wjwLZ cixÿvq
WvKv nq|
4. gb¯ÍvwZ¡K I eyw×gËv cixÿv t (Psychological Test) A‡bK mgq wewfbœ miKvix ev Avav miKvix
cÖwZôvb wjwLZ cixÿvq DËxY© cÖv_x©‡ì gb¯ÍvwË¡K I eyw×gËv cixÿv wb‡q _v‡K| †hgb we.wm.Gm-G
wjwLZ cixÿvq DËxY© cÖv_x©‡ì gb¯ÍvwË¡K I eyw×gËv cixÿv †Ìqv nq|
5. mvÿvrKvi (Interview) t gb¯ÍvwË¡K I eyw×gËv cixÿvi DËxY© cÖv_x©‡ì †K Interview Board Gi
gva¨‡g mvÿvrKv‡ii eë¯’v Kiv nq| †evW© cÖv_x©i wkÿv, AwfÁZv I e¨w³MZ welqvejx m¤ú‡©K
†gŠwLK cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g †R‡b †bq|
6. cÖv_wgK wbe©vPb (Preliminary Selection) t c~‡e©v³ wewfbœ c`‡ÿc K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ AwZµg Ki‡Z
cvi‡j Av‡e`bKvix‡K cÖv_wgK fv‡e wbe©vPb Kiv nq|
7. kvixwiK cixÿv (Physical Examination) t cÖv_wgKfv‡e wbe©vwPZ Av‡e`bKvix‡K kvixwiK cixÿvq
AskMÖnY Ki‡Z nq|
8. AZxZ BwZnvm AbymÜvb (Investing of Previous History) t P~ovšÍ wbe©vP‡bi Av‡M cÖv_x©i AZxZ
BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© Rvbv nq| mvaviYZt cywjk wefvM KZ©„K cÖv_x©i AZxZ BwZnvm AbymÜvb Kiv nq|
9. P~ovšÍ wbe©vPb (Final Selection) t wbe©vPb cÖwµqvi me avc K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ DËxY© Av‡e`bKvix‡K
P~ovšÍfv‡e wbe©vwPZ Kiv nq|
10. †hvM`vb (Placement) t P~ovšÍfv‡e wbe©vwPZ cÖv_x©‡K wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ Kv‡R †hvM`vb Ki‡Z ejv
nq| cÖv_x©‡K Kv‡R †hvM`vb msµvšÍ GKwU wjwLZ †hvM`vbcÎ wb‡qvMKvixi wbKU Rgv w`‡Z nq|
e¯ÍzZt Gfv‡eB wbe„vPb cÖwµqv m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K|
cÖwkÿY (Training)
cÖwkÿY n‡jv GK ai‡bi wkÿv, hv Kgx©‡ì‡K Zv‡ì Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î `ÿZv e„w× K‡i| Ab¨fv‡e
ejv hvq, cÖwkÿY n‡”Q Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g †Kvb GKwU Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Kgx©‡ì ¯^vfvweK
ÿgZv, `ÿZv, †hvM¨Zv BZ¨vwì Dbœqb mvab Kiv| cÖwkÿY †h †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi myô eë¯’vcbvi g~j
PvweKvwV| g~jZt cÖwkÿY GKwU eënvwiK welq hv PvKzix‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki ci Bnvi Kvh©µg ïiæ nq|
mvaviYZt cÖwkÿY ¯^í‡gqv`x Ges G‡Z `ªæZ djvdj cvIqv hvq|
cÖwkÿ‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Necessities of Training)

cÖwkÿY Kgx©‡ì ÁvbvR©b, `ÿZv e„w×, AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z †kLvq| wb‡æ cÖwkÿ‡Yi wewfbœ
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv-
1. Drcv`bkxjZv e„w× (To increase productivity) t cÖwkÿY Kgx©‡ì Kvh© ÿgZv e„w× K‡i| we‡klZt
bZzb Kgx© wb‡qv‡Mi ci Zv‡ì cÖwkÿY w`‡Z nq hv‡Z Zv‡ì `ÿZv I Kvh©ÿgZv e„w× K‡i
Drcv`bkxjZv Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
2. gvb-Dbœqb Kiv (To improve quality) t cÖwkÿY Kgx©‡ì gvb Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i| cÖwkÿY cÖvß-

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
Kgx© cÖwZôv‡b _vK‡j cÖwZôv‡bi cY¨ I †mevi gvb e„w× cvq|

3. fwel¨Z Kgx©i cÖ‡qvRb †gUvq (Fulfil future personel needs) t GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi Kgx©‡ì cÖwkÿY
†`qv _vK‡j fwel¨Z Kgxi cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- Kw¤úDUvi Acv‡iUi, c~‡e© mewKQy UvBc
ivBUvi †gwk‡b Kiv n‡Zv| h_vchy³ cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g Kgx© mn‡RB Kw¤úDUvi Acv‡iU Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. mvsMVwbK cwi‡e‡ki Dbœqb (To improve organizational climate) t cwiKwíZ cÖwkÿY Kg©m~Px
cÖwZôv‡b abvZ¥K g‡bvfve m„wó K‡i| hvi djkªæwZ‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi Drcv`b, cY¨ gvb I Avw_©K my‡hvM
myweav e„w× cvq|
5. ¯^v¯’¨ I wbivcËvi Dbœqb (To improve health and safety) t mwVK cÖwkÿY cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g Kgx©‡ì
¯^v¯’¨ I wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv hvq| Bnvi d‡j Kgx©‡ì gvbwmK w¯’wZkxjZv e„w× cvq|
6. e¨w³MZ Dbœqb (Personal Growth) t cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g Kgx©‡ì Kvh© msµvšÍ AwfÁZv e„w× cvq|
Avi GB AwfÁZvi gva¨‡gB GKRb Kgx©i e¨w³MZ Dbœqb m¤¢e|
cÖwkÿ‡Yi c×wZmg~n (Methods of Training)

msMV‡bi Kgx©i `ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖwkÿY c×wZ eënvi Kiv nq| wb‡æ wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖwkÿY
c×wZ eY©bv Kiv n‡jvt
1. wkÿvbexk Kg©m~wP (Apprenticeship Program) t
†h cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g GKRb `ÿ I AwfÁ †jv‡Ki Aax‡b bZzb Kgx©‡K cÖwkÿY †`qv nq Zv‡K
wkÿvbexk cÖwkÿY e‡i| D”Pc`¯’ Kg©KZ©vi Aax‡b wkÿvbexk Kgx©iv GKwU wbw`©ó mgq ch©šÍ Ávb
jvf K‡i|
2. we‡kl Kvh©fvi Ac©‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwkÿY (Training through special horinment) t
Kgx©‡ì‡K we‡kl Kvh©fvi AR©‡bi gva¨‡gI cÖwkÿY `vb Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿvbexk
eë¯’vcKMY‡K c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv †`qv nq Ges cwiKíbv, ¯^vaxbfv‡e wm×všÍMÖnY Ges wewea m`m¨vi
mgvavb evwni Kievi my‡hvM jvf K‡i _v‡Kb|
3. e³…Zvi gva¨‡g cÖwkÿY (Training through lecture) t
GB c×wZ‡Z Kgx©‡ì cÖwZôv‡bi AvBb Kvbyb, Kvh© cÖYvjx Ges c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ mieivn Kiv nq|
G c×wZ‡Z cÖwkÿK wewfbœ wel‡q e³…Zv cÖ`vb K‡ib Ges wkÿv_x©MY Zv n‡Z wkÿv MÖnY K‡ib|
4. AbyKiY Abykxjb (Simulation Exercise) t
GwU A‡bKUv K…wÎg wkÿv c×wZ| †h me miÄvgvw`, hš¿cvwZ I Kjv‡KŠkj eënvi Kiv nq †h me
DcKiYvw` AbyKi‡Yi gva¨‡g Ges wKQy DcKiY eënv‡ii gva¨‡g cÖwkÿY †`qv nq| wegvb evwnbx ev
†Mvj›`vR evwnbxi mwVK j‡ÿ¨ AvNvZ nvbvi †ÿ‡ÎI GB cÖwkÿY c×wZ eënvi nq|
5. †KvwPs Ges civgk© `v‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwkÿY (Training through coaching and counselling) t
†KvwPs Gi gva¨‡g wkÿvbexk eë¯’vcKMY‡K Zv‡ì Kvh© m¤^‡Ü wewfbœ bxwZ, cÖwµqv AewnZ Kiv
nq| mvaviYZt D”PZi eë¯’vcK KZ„©K †KvwPs cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Avevi civgk© cÖ`vb n‡”Q eë¯’vcbvi
Ab¨Zg GKwU cÖwkÿY cÖwµqv| civgk© `vZvMY wkÿvbex‡ki wewfbœ cÖ‡kœi DËi `vb K‡i _v‡Kb|
6. Awa‡ekb I †mwgbvi (Conference and Seminars) t

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
Awa‡ekb I †mwgbvi c×wZ‡Z cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G c×wZ‡Z wewfbœ wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ
Av‡jvPbv nq Ges cvi¯úwiK Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`vb nq|
7. Kvh© cwieZ©b (Job rotation) t
wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ Kv‡h© cwieZ©b K‡i GKRb eë¯’vcK‡K cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ wel‡q wkÿv †`qv hvq|
G c×wZi gva¨‡g GKRb Kgx© wewfbœ wel‡q Dchy³ wkÿv jvf K‡i|
Av‡jvPbv †k‡l ejv hvq cÖwkÿY g~jZt weR‡qi Drm| ZvB cÖ‡Z¨KwU cÖwZôvb‡K cÖ‡hvwMZvg~jK
evRv‡i wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi cÖK…wZ I Pvwn`v Abyhvqx cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv GKvšÍ Riæix|
mvi-ms‡ÿc
* ÷vwds `ÿ I †hvM¨ Kgx©evwnbx msMÖn I msiÿY K‡i|
* ÷vwds Agvbexq DcKiYmg~‡ni Kvh©Ki eënvi wbwðZ K‡i|
* ÷vwds gvbe m¤ú‡ì Kvh©Ki eënvi wbwðZ K‡i|
* ÷vwds cÖvwZôvwbK mvdj¨ e„w× K‡i|
* eë¯’vcbvi Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡R mnvqZv `vb K‡i ÷vwds|
* ÷vwds ej‡Z ïaygvÎ Kgx©ms‡MÖi mv‡_B m¤ú„³ bq eis msMV‡bi †Kvb ch©v‡q †Kvb gv‡bi wK cwigvY
Kgx© cÖ‡qvRb Zv wba©viY Kiv †_‡K Kgx© wb‡hvM, Kgx© cÖwkÿY I Kgx© cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ Kv‡h©i meUvB
Kgx©ms¯’v‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³|
* Kgx© msMÖn ej‡Z fwel¨Z Kgx© Ly‡R †ei Kivi cš’v‡K eySvq|
* Kg©x wbe©vPb ej‡Z bZzb Kgx© wb‡hvM Kivi cÖwµqv‡K eySvq|
* cÖwkÿY n‡jv Ggb GKwU wkÿv hvi gva¨‡g Kgx©‡ì‡K `ÿZv, I ÿgZv e„w× Kiv hvq|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx
1. ÷vwds ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb? ÷vwds-Gi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. Kgxs msMÖ‡ni Drm mg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
3. Kgx© wbe©vPb wK? Kgx© wbe©vP‡bi cÖwµqv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4. cÖwkÿY wK? cÖwkÿ‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
mswÿß cÖkœvejx
1. Kgx© msMÖn ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
2. Kgx© msMÖ‡ni evwn¨K Drm mg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
3. cÖwkÿ‡Yi wewfbœ c×wZ eY©bv Kiæb|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ

BDwbU
5
wb‡`©kbv
(Direction)
f~wgKv
wb‡`©kbv eë¯’vcbvi GKwU AZxe ¸iæZ¡ welq| cÖwZôv‡bi mKj ¯Í‡i I mKj Kv‡h© wb‡`©kbv cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
i‡q‡Q| mwVK wb‡`©kbvi gva¨‡g cÖwZôvb‡K mn‡RB Zvi j‡ÿï w`‡K avweZ Kiv hvq Ges jÿ¨vR©b Kiv
m¤¢eci nq| ZvB eZ©gvb mg‡q GKRb `ÿ eë¯’vcK wb‡`©kbvb Dci h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib| myô
wb‡`©kbv I †bZ…‡Z¡i gva¨‡g Kgx©‡ì‡K Kv‡h© jvwM‡q m‡e©v”P Kvh© Av`vq Kiv m¤¢e|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 1 wb‡`©kbvi msÁv (Difinition of Direction)

D‡Ïk¨
5 wb‡`©kbv ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
5 wb‡`©kbvi êwkó¨ eYbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wb‡`©kbvi msÁv (Definition of Direction) t

aiæY, GKRb DaŸ©Zb Zvi Aa¯Íb‡K wb‡`©k w`‡jv, mßv‡n GKkZ GKK cY¨ ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡e| GLb G
wb‡`©k †`qvi ci Aa¯Íbiv Zv Ki‡Q wK bv Zv †`Lv, mgq mgq †LuvRLei †bqv, Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Drmvn †`qv,
Aby‡iva Kiv ev cÖ‡qvR‡b agK †`qv BZ¨vw` meB wb‡`©kbv Kv‡Ri AšÍf©y³|
mvaviY A‡_©, cwiKíbv‡K ev¯ÍevwqZ Kivi Rb¨ DaŸ©Zb KZ©„cÿ KZ©„K Aa¯Íb Kgx©‡ì Av‡`k, wb‡`©k
`v‡bi cÖwµqv‡KB wb‡`©kbv ejv nq| wb‡`©kbv Dci n‡Z wb‡Pi w`‡K Av‡m| DaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v Aa¯Íb
Kvh©wbe©vwnMY‡K †m mKj wel‡q wb‡`©k `vb K‡i _v‡Kb, †h mKj wel‡q Aa¯Íb‡ì cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ges
wm×všÍ MÖnY Kievi ÿgZv _v‡K bv| ZvB ejv hvq, wb‡`©kbv g~jZt gyL¨ eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©|
wb‡`©kbv D‡Ïk¨vR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZôv‡b wb‡qvwRZ Kgx©‡ì mvg‡_©i m‡e©v”P eënv‡ii wbgw‡Ë Zv‡ì Kvh©
m¤^‡Ü AewnZKiY, Av‡`k-wb‡k©` cÖ`vb, civgk© `vb Z_v cÖ‡qvRbxq ZË¡veavb I MwZkxj †bZ…Z¡`v‡bi
GKwU Aweivg cÖwµqv; hv‡Z Aa¯Íbiv cÖwZôvwbK D‡Ïk¨vR©‡b Zv‡ì m‡e©v”P mvg_©¨ e¨q K‡i| wb‡`©kbv
cÖ`v‡bi mgq eë¯’vc‡Ki Rb¨ me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n‡jv gvbexq Dcv`v‡bi cÖK…wZ, g~j¨‡eva BZ¨vw`
Abyaveb Kiv| †Kbbv Kg©Pvixiv hw` ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e KvR bv K‡i Zv n‡j D‡Ïk¨ AR©b e¨vnZ n‡e|
wb‡`©kbvi ‰ewkó¨
(Characteristics of Direction)
wb‡P wb‡`©kbvi êwkó¨¸‡jv eY©bv Kiv n‡jvt
1. gyL¨ eë¯’vcbvi Kvh© (Key management function) t eë¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î cwiKíbv, msMVb I
Kgx©ms¯’vb cÖ¯ÍzwZc‡e©i Kvh© wnmv‡e MY¨| mKj cÖ¯ÍzwZi h_v_© ev¯Íevqb wbf©i K‡i wb‡`©kbv Kv‡h©i
cÖmyZvi Ici| G‡ÿ‡Î mgm¨v n‡jv Zv ÔKz‡j Gnb Zix Wz‡e hvIqv'-Gi mgZzj¨ we‡ewPZ nq| ZvB
Marshal E. Demok G‡K "Heart of the administration' wn‡m‡e Mb¨ K‡i‡Qb|
2. ev¯Íevqb m¤úwK©Z KvR (Implementation related work) t wb‡`©kbv n‡jv ev¯Íevqb m¤úwK©Z KvR|
Kvh© ïiæ I cwiPvjbvi ga¨ w`‡q djcÖvwß ch©šÍ mKj eë¯’vcKxq Kvh©cÖ‡PóvB wb‡`©kbv wnmv‡e MY¨|
†mRb¨ ejv nq "Directing is putting plan into action". A_©vr wb‡`©kbv n‡jv cwiKíbv‡K Kv‡R
iƒcvwqZ Kiv, wb‡`©kbv‡K NUbv NwU‡q †`qvi ch©vq wnmv‡e MY¨ Kiv hvq|
3. me©Rbxb KvR (Universal work) t eë¯’vcbvi mKj ch©v‡q GwU GKwU me©Rbxb KvR| Ici †_‡K
ïiæ K‡i wb‡Pi ch©v‡qi eë¯’vcbv ch©šÍ mevB Zv‡ì ¯^ ¯^ Aa¯Íb‡ì cwiPvjbv K‡ib, ZË¡veavb
K‡ib, wb‡`©k †`b, †LvR Lei iv‡Lb, Drmvn †`b I †hvMv‡hvM iÿv K‡ib| wewfbœ ch©v‡q wb‡`©kbv
`v‡bi †KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡M wfbœZv _vK‡j I eë¯’vcKM‡Yi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mgq Giƒc Kv‡h© e¨wqZ
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-94

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
nq|
4. mve©ÿwYK KvR (Continuous work) t wb‡`©kbv GKwU Pjgvb I mve©ÿwYK KvR| cÖwZôvb hZÿY Pvjy
_vK‡e wb‡`©kbv Kvh©I ZZÿY †Kvbiƒc wµqvkxj _vK‡e| cwiKíbv GKevi ˆZix Kivi ci †gqv`
c~wZ©i c~e„ ch©šÍ bZzb cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri †ejvqI G K_v cÖ‡hvR¨| wKšÍz
wb‡`©kbvi †ejvq wb‡`©k `vb, ZË¡veavb, Drmvn `vb, †LvR Lei MÖnY, mve©ÿwYK KvR wnmv‡e Pvjy
_v‡K|
5. AvIZvq e¨vcKZv (Wideness of scope) t eë¯’vcbvi Ab¨vb¨ KvR‡K †h iƒc my¯úófv‡e msÁvwqZ
Kiv hvq ev Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ I AvIZv mn‡RB wbiƒcY Kiv hvq wb‡`©kbvi †ÿ‡Î Zv Kó Ki| KviY
wb‡`©k cÖ`vb, c_ cÖ`k©b, wb‡`©kbvi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb, civgk© `vb, ZË¡veavb, Drmvn`vb, Aby‡iva,
Dc‡`k, fxwZ cÖ`k©b, me wgwj‡q †bZ…Z¡`vb, †cÖlYv `vb, †hvMv‡hvM iÿv Gi mewKQyB wb‡`©kbvi
AvIZvaxb|
6. †mZz eÜK (Bridge maker) t wb‡`©kbv cÖ¯ÍzwZc‡e©i KvR I wbqš¿Yg~jK Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ †mZz eÜK
wnmv‡e f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| cwiKíbv I Ab¨vb¨ cÖ¯ÍzwZg~jK Kv‡Ri Øviv wb‡`©kbv cÖfvweZ nq Avevi
wb‡`©kbvi Kvh©dj Øviv wbqš¿Y Kvh© cÖfvweZ nh| cwiKíbv I wbqš¿Y‡K gy`ªvi GwcU-IwcV fve‡j
gvSLv‡b hv Av‡Q Zv g~jZ wb‡`©kbv|
7. Rbkw³i m‡½ m¤ú„³Zv (Relatedness with human-force) t wb‡`k©bv Kvh© memgqB Gi Rbkw³i
m‡½ m¤ú„³| G‡ÿ‡Î DaŸ©Zb Zvi Aa¯Íb‡ì Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi wbwg‡Ë cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb K‡i|
ZvB DaŸ©Z‡bi wPšÍv-fvebv ev `„wófw½ †hgwb GLv‡b cÖfve †d‡j †Zgwb Aa¯Íb‡ì Ae¯’v, wPšÍv-
fvebv, PvIqv-cvIqv BZ¨vw` gv_vq †i‡L wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| ZvB †Kv_vq, wKfv‡e, wb‡`©kbv
w`‡j Zv AwaK djcÖ` n‡e Zv we‡kl cwiw¯ÍwZi Ici wbf©i K‡i|
8. †Rvov-gvB-wkK‡ji AbymiY (Follow up of scalar chain) t wb‡`©kbv me mgqB †Rvov-gB-wkK‡ji
bxwZ AbymiY K‡i Ges Zv wb‡Pi w`‡K cÖevwnZ nh| G‡ÿ‡Î DaŸ©Zb Zvi Aa¯Íb‡ì Av‡`k, wb‡`©k,
Dc‡`k, civgk©, wkÿv, Drmvn BZ¨vw` cÖ`vb K‡ib|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 2 civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbv (Consultative Direction)
D‡Ïk¨
5 civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbv ej‡Z wK eySvq
5 civgk©g~jK wb‡`k©bvi myweav I Amyweav|
civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbvi msÁv

(Difinition of Consultative Direction)
aiæY, Drcv`K eë¯’vcK Zvi Drcv`b cÖwµqvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Kgx©‡ì wb‡q Drcv`b evov‡bvi wel‡q
wb‡`©‡ki ev¯Íe Kvh©KvwiZv Ges Gi DbœwZ mva‡bi e¨vcv‡i Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| G e¨vcv‡i Aa¯Íb Kgx©iv
wb‡`©‡ki e¨vcv‡i Zvi gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM cvq| G ai‡Yi wb‡`©kbvB g~jZt civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbv|
mvaviY fvlvq ejv hvq, †h wb‡`©kbv c×wZ‡Z wb‡`©k `v‡bi c~‡e©B wb‡`©k ev¯ÍevqbKvix Aa¯Íb‡ì m‡½
Av‡jvPbv ev civgk© Kiv nq Zv‡K civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbv ejv nq|
RR© wf. †gvRvi e‡jb-
Òcivgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbv Av eë¯’vcbv nj GKwU `k©b, ZË¡, †mB mv‡_ GwU Ggb GK ai‡bi cÖkvmwbK
c×wZ hv‡Z eë¯’vcK ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ ¯^v_© mswkøó wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi c~‡e© Aaxb¯’‡ì Kv‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v
K‡i Zv‡ì gZvgZ MÖnb K‡i Ges cÖ¯ÍvweZ wb‡`©k ev cwieZ©‡bi cÖwZ Zv‡ì m¤¢ve¨ cÖwZwµqv hvPvB
K‡i|Ó
cÖ‡dmi `yM©v`vm fÆvPvh©-Gi g‡Z,
Avm‡j civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbv nj Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hvi Aax‡b †Kvb Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi wbwg‡Ë wb‡`©k `v‡bi
c~‡e©B mswkøó Aat¯Íb‡ì mv‡_ Zv Av‡jvPbv I Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq gZvgZ MÖnY Kiv nq| Giƒc wb‡`©kbv‡K
MYZvwš¿K eë¯’vcbvi wfwË wnmv‡e AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbvi myweav

wb‡P civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbvi myweav eY©bv Kiv n‡jvt
1. cwiKíbvi DrKl© mvab (Improvement in qualitative aspect of planning) t
civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbv M„nxZ cwiKíbvi ¸YMZ gvb e„w× K‡i| KviY cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi c~‡e© Ges
Zv Kv‡h© cwiYZ Kivi ms‡M RwoZ Kgx©‡ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi d‡j cwiKíbvi †`vlÎæwU, `ye©jZv
BZ¨vw` aiv c‡o| d‡j Kgx©‡ì wbKU n‡Z weKí eë¯’v m¤^‡Ü cÖ‡qvRbxq gZvgZ †bqv hvq| G‡Z
cwiKíbv‡K Av‡iv Kvh©Ki I gvbm¤§Z Kiv hvq|
2. mn‡hvwMZv I DÏxcbv e„w× (Increasing co-operation & enthusiasm) t
Aa¨vcK wbDg¨vb e‡jb, Òcivgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbv e¨w³i Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î DÏxcbv I eo ai‡bi
mn‡hvwMZvi cwi‡ek m„wó‡Z f‚wgKv iv‡L|Ó ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ gy³g‡b Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv K‡i wb‡`©k
cÖYxZ nevi d‡j Aaxb¯’iv Zv ev¯Íevq‡b AvcÖvY †Póv K‡iI me©vwaK mn‡hvwMZv `vb K‡i|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
3. cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hvM e„w× (Increasing interepersonal communication) t

G ai‡bi wb‡`©kbvi †ÿ‡Î DaŸ©Zb I Aaxb‡¯’i g‡a¨ mnR mvejxj †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v M‡o D‡V|
Aaxb¯’iv †hgwb Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb myweav-Amyweavi K_v DaŸ©Zb‡ì ej‡Z cv‡i, †Zgwbfv‡e
DaŸ©ZbivI cÖ‡qvRbxq welq, myweav-Amyweav Aaxb¯’‡ì Kv‡Q ej‡Z cv‡i|
4. e¨w³MZ Dbœq‡b mn‡hvwMZv (Aid to personal development) t
GB wb‡`©kbv c×wZ Aaxb¯’‡ì e¨w³MZ gvb Dbœq‡b we‡klfv‡e mn‡hvwMZv K‡i| GwU Aaxb¯’‡ì
wPšÍvi RM‡Z Av‡jvob m„wó K‡i| Zv‡ì m„Rbkxj kw³i weKvk NUvq| DaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v‡ì mv‡_
Av‡jvPbv bZzb bZzb c×wZ D™¢ve‡b Aaxb¯’‡ì DrmvwnZ K‡i _v‡K|
5. wb‡`©kbv mnR (Easy to direction) t
G cÖwµqvq Aaxb¯’MY wb‡`©‡ki jÿ¨ mwVKfv‡e eyS‡Z cv‡i| wb‡`©k Avmvi c~‡e©B Aaxb¯’MY gvbwmK
fv‡e wb‡`©‡ki Rb¨ cÖ¯ÍzZ _v‡K| G‡Z Zv‡ì c‡ÿ `ªæZ KZ©e¨ m¤úv`b m¤¢e nq|
6. m¤ú‡K©i Dbœqb (Development of relation) t
G wb‡`©kbv c×wZ‡Z DaŸ©Zb I Aaxb¯’‡ì g‡a¨ AvšÍwiK m¤úK© M‡o D‡V| DaŸ©Zb, Aaxb¯’‡ì
KvQvKvwQ Avmvi Kvi‡Y †hgwb Zv‡ì cÖwZ mnvbyf‚wZkxj nq Ab¨w`‡K Aaxb¯’‡ì DaŸ©Z‡bi ms‡M
†gkvi my‡hv‡M wb‡R‡ì ab¨ g‡b K‡i|
7. DaŸ©Zb wbe©vnxi mg‡qi mvkªq (Time saving for superiors) t
Kgx©‡ì mv‡_ GKÎ e‡m wm×všÍMÖnY Kivi Kvi‡Y eë¯’vcK‡K Avi Avjv`vfv‡e Zv‡ì wbKU
wb‡`©kbvi e¨vcv‡i e¨vL¨v w`‡Z nq bv| d‡j GKw`‡K eë¯’vc‡Ki kªg jvNe nq Ges Ab¨w`‡K
mg‡qiI mvkªq nq|
8. Kv‡Ri g‡bvbœqb (Improvement in performance) t
civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbvi d‡j Kgx©iv cÖwZôv‡bi KvR AvšÍwiKZv mnKv‡i K‡i| G‡Z Zv‡ì `ÿZv
ev‡o| d‡j Kv‡Ri gvb e„w× cvq|
9. mnR wbqš¿Y (Easy control) t
G ai‡bi wb‡`©kbvi †ÿ‡Î mnR wbqš¿Y eë¯’v cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq| Kgx©MY wb‡`©kbvi me LyuwUbvwU welq
Av‡M †_‡KB Rv‡b e‡j †mfv‡e Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j AwaK ZË¡veavb I wbqš¿Y eë¯’v
Av‡iv‡ci ìKvi c‡o bv|
10. †¯^”QvPvwiZv n«vm (Reduction of autocracy) t
G ai‡bi wb‡`©k bv c×wZ eë¯’vc‡Ki †¯^”QvPvwiZv Kgvq Ges Zviv A‡bK †ewk MYZvwš¿K n‡q
D‡V| G †ÿ‡Î Aaxb¯’‡ì mv‡_ civgk©, Zv‡ì gZvgZ MÖnY BZ¨vw` Kvh© eë¯’vcK‡K gvbwmKfv‡e
Aaxb¯’‡ì KvQvKvwQ Uv‡b| d‡j eë¯’vc‡Ki †¯^”QvPvwiZv K‡g|
civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbvi Amyweav

wb‡¤œ civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbvi Amyweavmg~n eY©bv Kiv n‡jvt
1. Aeva¨Zv m„wó (Creation of insubordination) t
civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbv †Kvb †Kvb mgq Aaxb¯’‡ì gv‡S Aeva¨Zvi Rb¥ †`q| d‡j cÖwZôv‡b wek„sLjv
†`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM cvIqvq Zviv g‡b Ki‡Z cv‡i wm×všÍ e`‡ji AwaKviI
Zv‡ì i‡q‡Q| Avevi Zv‡ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv bv K‡i †Kvb wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv n‡j Zviv Zv cvj‡b
A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
2. Am¤ú~Y©Zv (Incompleteness) t
A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq Aaxb¯’‡ì mv‡_ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv K‡i mn‡R †Kvb wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nIqv hvq
bv| Avevi cieZx©‡Z Av‡jvPbv K‡i wb‡`©kbvi welqe¯Íz wba©viY KivI m¤¢e nq bv| d‡j c~e©Zb
Av‡jvPbvi Dci †h wm×všÍ †bqv nq Zv A¯úó I Am¤ú~Y© _v‡K| †h Kvi‡Y Aat¯Íb‡ì g‡a¨ wØav-
Ø‡›`¡i m„wó nq|
3. A`ÿZv (Inefficiency) t
civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbvq KLbI KLbI eûwea RwUjZv cÖKvk cvq| Kgx©‡ì g‡a¨ `jv`wji m„wó nq|
Gi d‡j Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡ek bó nq| Gfv‡e RwUjZv GKevi Rb¥ w`‡j Zv mn‡R wbimb Kiv hvq
bv| d‡j jÿ¨ AwR©Z bv n‡q cÖwZôv‡b A`ÿZv †`Lv hvq|
4. mgq mv‡cÿ (Time consuming) t
Giƒc wb‡`©kbvq wb‡`©k`v‡bi Av‡MB cÖ‡qvRbxq welq Aaxb¯’‡ì ms‡M Avjvc Kiv nq| Avevi,
A‡bK‡ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq bvbv mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y h_vmg‡q civgk© †bIqv m¤¢e nq bv| d‡j h_vmg‡q,
wb‡`©k `v‡b †`wi nq| Avevi Av‡jvPbv g~jZwe n‡j Zv Avi mn‡R Kiv n‡q D‡V bv| G wej¤^
Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î gvivÍK Amyweavi Rb¥ †`q|
5. e¨q e„w× (Increase in expenditure) t
civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbv †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z wM‡q mevi ms‡M Avjvc Kivi Rb¨ mfv AvnŸvb Ki‡Z
nq| G‡Z kªgN›Uv AcPqmn bvbvfv‡e LiP e„w× cvq|
6. wm×všÍ ev¯Íevq‡b wej¤^ (Delay in implementation of decision) t
mswkøó mevB‡K †W‡K wm×všÍ MÖnb Ki‡Z nq e‡j A‡bK mgq wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y †`wi nq| wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y
†ìx nIqvi d‡j cÖwZôv‡bi h‡_ó ÿwZ nq|
7. wb‡`©k`vZv m¤ú‡K© fzj aviYv (Wrong assumption regarding direction) t
civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbvi D‡Ïk¨, Dc‡hvwMZv, c×wZ I Zvi `vq-`vwqZ¡ BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Aat¯Íb‡ì
my¯úó aviYv bv _vK‡j Zviv g‡b Ki‡Z cv‡i †h, wb‡`©k`vZv †eKvq`vq cov‡ZB Zv‡ì civgk©
†bIqv n‡”Q| Zviv DaŸ©Z‡bi Ae¯’vb I gh©v`v m¤ú‡K©I fzj aviYv K‡i G‡ZI RwUjZvi m„wó K‡i|
8. Aaxb¯’‡ì AÿgZv (Incapability of subordinates) t
civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbvi Av‡iKwU Lvivc w`K n‡jv wb‡`©kbvi e¨vcv‡i A‡bK mgqB Aaxb¯’iv h_vh_
civgk© w`‡Z cv‡i bv| DaŸ©Z‡bi wbKU †hfv‡e mKj wel‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ _v‡K ev Zvi †eva ev I
wePvikw³ hZUv kw³kvjx nq †m Zzjbvq Aat¯Íb‡ì †hvM¨Zv Kg _v‡K| hvi d‡j Kvw•LZ djvdj
jvf A‡bK mgq m¤¢e nq bv|
9. weiƒc cÖwZwµqv (Adverse effect) t
GKevi Giƒc wb‡`©kbv †KŠkj eëüZ n‡j cieZx©‡Z Zv ev` †`qv m¤¢e nq bv| DaŸ©Zb hw`
cÖvwZôvwbK ¯^v‡_©B g‡b K‡ib †h Giƒc wb‡`©kbv mydj e‡q Avb‡Q bv Ges †m‡ÿ‡Î hw` wZwb civgk©
Qvov wb‡RB wb‡`©kbvi welqe¯Íz w¯’i K‡ib Z‡e Aaxb¯’‡ì gv‡S weiƒc cÖwZwµqvi m„wó nq| Zviv
g‡b K‡i †h, Zv‡ì Ae‡njv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z Zv‡ì g‡bvej I Kg©¯ú„nv bó nevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
10. †Mvcb Z_¨ cÖKvk (Leakage of secracy) t
†Kvb †Kvb cÖkvmwbK wel‡q †MvcbxqZv iÿv cÖvwZôvwbK ¯^v‡_©B Acwinvh©| wKšÍz civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbv
c×wZ‡Z cÖwZwU wb‡`©k Aa¯Íb Kg©Pvix‡ì m‡½ Avjvc Av‡jvPbv K‡i MÖnY Kiv nq| d‡j Riæix
wKsev †Kvb †KŠkjMZ wel‡q †MvcbxqZv eRvq ivLv hvq bv|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
wb‡`©kbvi bxwZ I c×wZmg~n

cvV 3
(Principles & Methods of Directions)
D‡Ïk¨
5 wb‡`©kbvi bxwZ m¤ú‡K© Ges
5 wb‡`©kbvi wewfbœ c×wZ m¤ú‡K©
wb‡`©kbvi bxwZ (Principles of Direction)

Avgv‡ì me mgq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †h wb‡`©kbv n‡e mwVK I mywbw`©ó| Avi GB mwVKZvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb
wKQy wbqgbxwZ †g‡b Pjv| GB mg¯Í bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i eë¯’vcbvq wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| KviY
wb‡`©kbvi mvdj¨ Gi bxwZi Dci wbf©ikxj| wb‡`©kbvi bxwZmg~n wb‡æ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1| D‡Ï‡kï H‡Kï bxwZ t G welqwU‡K `yfv‡e we‡kølY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, cÖ_gZ, hLb msMV‡bi cÖwZwU
¯Í‡ii D‡Ïk¨ mg~‡ni g‡a¨ GKZv _vK‡e, ZLbB cÖwZwU ¯Í‡i wb‡`©kbv GKB my‡i Mv_v n‡e| Ab¨_vq wewfbœ
¯Í‡ii wb‡`©‡ki g‡a¨ msNvZ †`Lv †`‡e| wØZxqZ, cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_ Gi Kg©Pvix‡ì D‡Ï‡kï
GKZv _vK‡Z n‡e, A_©vr e¨w³MZ I mgwóMZ fv‡e Kg©Pvix‡ì D‡Ïk¨ cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ï‡kï cwic~iK
n‡e| Zv‡ì mKj‡K eyS‡Z n‡e †h, cÖwZôv‡bi Avq e„w× gv‡bB n‡jv Kgx©‡ì †eZb, †evbvm, my‡hvM-
myweav BZ¨vw` e„w×| Avi ZLbB Dfq cÖKvi D‡Ï‡kï g‡a¨ HK¨ m„wó n‡e|
2| D‡Ï‡kï cÖwZ e¨w³i Ae`v‡bi bxwZ t †h †Kvb wb‡`©k cÖ`vb Kiv nq cvj‡bi Rb¨ Ges Aax¯Íb
e¨w³MYB wb‡`©k cvjb K‡i| Kxfv‡e wb‡`©kwU cvjb Ki‡e Ges Zv jÿ¨ AR©‡b Kxfv‡e mnvqZv Ki‡e Zv
Aa¯Íb‡ì‡K fvjfv‡e eywS‡q w`‡Z n‡e| KviY Zv‡ì me©vÍK cÖ‡Póv‡ZB cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨ AR©b m¤¢e
Ab¨_vq bq|
3| Av‡`‡ki HK¨ bxwZ t Av‡`‡ki HK¨ msMV‡bi mvdjZvi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Avgiv Rvwb‡h Av‡`k
D”P n‡Z wbæMvgx nq, KLbI Zv DaŸ©Mvgx nq bv| Avevi GK wefv‡Mi cÖavb Ab¨ wefv‡Mi cÖavb‡K Av‡`k
w`‡Z cv‡i bv| Avevi GK wefv‡Mi cÖavb Ab¨ wefv‡Mi Kgx©‡ì Av‡`k w`‡ZI Pvq bv| KviY G‡Z
Av‡`‡ki HK¨ _v‡K bv| A_©vr Awab¯Íiv ïay GKRb cÖav‡bi Av‡`kB cvjb Ki‡Z Pvq GKvwaK bq| ZvB
wb‡`©k me mgq GKB m~Î n‡Z Avmv DwPZ| †hb †Kvb cÖKvi AmsMwZ m„wó bv nq|
4| `ÿZvi bxwZ t `ÿZvi mv‡_ Drcv`bkxjZvi m¤úK© mivmwi| A_©vr `ÿZv e„w×‡Z Drcv`bkxjZv ev‡o
Avevi `ÿZv K‡g †M‡j Drcv`bkxjZv I K‡g hvq| ZvB †h †Kvb wb‡`©k `ÿZvi mv‡_ †`qv DwPZ| A_©vr
wb‡`©kwU n‡Z n‡e mwVK mg‡q mwVK fv‡e|
5| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi bxwZ t wb‡`©kbvi Kvh©KvwiZv A‡bKvs‡kB mdj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Dci wbf©i K‡i| KviY
cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ Ges †m msµvšÍ wb‡`©kvejx D”P ¯Íi n‡Z wbæ¯Íi ch©šÍ mKj‡K Rvwb‡q w`‡Z n‡e| G‡Z
mwVKfv‡e D‡Ïk¨wU AwR©Z n‡e| Kx Ki‡Z n‡e Avcwb hw` ZvB mwVK fv‡e bv Rvb‡Z cv‡ib Zvn‡j wK
wVKfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡eb?
6| cÖZ¨ÿ Z`vi‡Ki bxwZ t ïaygvÎ Av‡`k w`‡qB Av‡`k `vZv e‡m _vK‡e Zv wKšÍz bq| Av‡`k ev
wb‡`©k‡K ZLbB djcÖmy ejv hv‡e, hLb †`Lv hv‡e Av‡`k `vZv Gi ev¯Íevqb Z`viK Ki‡Q| KviY
Awab¯Íiv Av‡`k cvj‡b AbycÖvwYZ bvI n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi MvwdjwZI Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖZ¨ÿ Z`viKx

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
Ki‡j Av‡`k I wb‡`©‡ki ev¯Íevqb mnR n‡e|

7| MYZvwš¿K †bZ…‡Z¡i bxwZ t GKwU welq Avgv‡ì g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, hviv wb‡`©k cvjb K‡i ZvivI
gvbyl, †gwkb bq| G‡ì †ÿ‡Î AvgjvZvwš¿K `gbbxwZ I Abgbxq g‡bvfve †`Lv‡j KvR Kiv KwVb n‡e|
ZvB me mgq Kgx©‡ì myweav Amyweav Ges Afve Awf‡hvM â‡h©ï mv‡_ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z Kgx©iv
AbycÖvwYZ n‡e Ges Zv‡ì Kg©`ÿZv e„w× cv‡e| Zviv Kv‡R Av‡iv †ekx g‡bv‡hvMx n‡e|
8| KviY e¨vL¨vi bxwZ t GUv m¤¢eZ gvby‡li ¯^fveRvZ cÖe„wË †h, †Kvb KvR Kivi KviY bv Rvbv ch©šÍ †m
H Kv‡R AvMÖn cvq bv| ZvB cÖwZwU wb‡`©k cÖ`v‡bi c~‡e© Gi D‡Ïk¨ Ges KviY mwVKfv‡e eY©bv Kiv DwPZ,
†hb wb‡`©k cvjbKvix Zvi `vwqZ¡ ¯úófv‡e eyS‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨_vq Kv‡R mvdjZv bvI Avm‡Z cv‡i|
9| wbi‡cÿZvi bxwZ t wb‡`©k`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb cÖKvi cÿcvwZZ¡ Ki‡j Pj‡e bv| Avcwb hv‡K cQ›`
K‡ib Zv‡K mnR Ges hv‡K cQ›` K‡ib bv Zv‡K KwVb wb‡`©k w`‡jb G‡Z wKšÍz Avcbvi D‡Ïk¨ AR©b n‡e
bv| myZivs †h †hB wb‡`©k cvevi †hvM¨ Zv‡K †mB fv‡eB wb‡`©k w`‡Z n‡e|
wb‡`©kbvi c×wZmg~n (Methods of Direction)

wb‡`©k`v‡bi wewfbœ iKg c×wZ i‡q‡Q, hvi gva¨‡g mwVKfv‡e wb‡`©k`vb Kiv hvq| †h cÖwZôvb †h c×wZ
fvj g‡b K‡i †m †mB c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i| wb‡`©k`v‡bi wewfbœ c×wZ m¤ú‡K© wb‡æ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1| Av`k© c×wZ t wKQy wKQy NUbv Av‡Q hv cÖwZwbqZ N‡U _v‡K| †m me †ÿ‡Î ev‡i ev‡i Av‡`k bv w`‡q
GKwU Av`k© c×wZ wVK Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖvq eëmvq-cÖwZôv‡bI Ggb wbZ¨‰bwgwËK bvbv NUbv N‡U †m me
†ÿ‡Î Av`k© c×wZ w¯’i K‡i wb‡`©k w`‡Z n‡e|
Av`k© c×wZi gva¨‡g wb‡`©k †Ìqvi mgq GKwU welq g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, Av`k© c×wZ eënvi Kivi
mgq Av‡`k ev wb‡`©‡ki †Kvb êwkó¨ cwiewZ©Z n‡e bv| g~jK_v n‡jv Av`k© c×wZ eënvi Ki‡j GKB
wb‡`©k evievi bZzb fv‡e †Ìqvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| Av`k© c×wZi gva¨‡g wb‡`©k`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î †h welqwU Lye
†ekx cÖ‡qvRb Zv n‡jv-wb‡`©k`vZv Ges wb‡`©k cvjbKvixi g‡a¨ cwi¯‹vi Ges †LvjvLywj mg‡SvZv| A_©vr
wb‡`©k `vZv‡K wb‡`©k cvjbKvixi g‡a¨ Ggb aviYvi m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e †h, GKevi wb‡`©k †`qv n‡j GKB
Ae¯’vq cÖwZeviB GKB iKg fv‡e wb‡`©k cvj‡b m‡Pó n‡e|
2| we‡kl bxwZ I AÜ wek¦vm ¯’vcb t mgv‡R †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq †h, †Kvb GK e¨w³i cÖwZ
gvby‡li AÜ wek¦vm| †m e¨w³i †h †Kvb Av‡`k cvj‡b f³iv cÖ¯ÍzZ _v‡K| we‡kl K‡i agx©q Ges
ivR‰bwZK †bZv‡ì †ÿ‡Î GB AÜ wek¦vm †ekx †`Lv hvq| Gme †bZv‡ì K_vq Kgx©‡ì AvÍvûwZ w`‡ZI
A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq †h, †Kvb †Kvb EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©vi cÖwZ Awab¯’iv AÜ wek¦vm ¯’vcb K‡i| Zv‡ì †h
†Kvb wb‡`©k cvj‡b Aaxb¯Íiv cÖ¯ÍzZ _v‡K| cÖvq †ÿ‡Î wek¦vm GZ †Rvov‡jv nq †h, wb‡`©‡ki Lvivc
w`K¸‡jv †gv‡UB †Pv‡L c‡i bv| eis fvj w`K¸‡jvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Lvivc w`K¸‡jv‡KI fvj g‡b nq|
EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©vMY hw` Aa©¯Íb‡ì g‡a¨ GB wek¦vm ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e Zv‡ì c‡ÿ wb‡`©k †Ìqv
mnR nq| Z‡e Giƒc AÜ wek¦v‡mi †ÿ‡Î g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, †h wb‡`©k †Ìqv n‡”Q Zv †hb mwVK nq|
Ab¨_vq wb‡`©k `v‡bi d‡j mdjZvi †P‡q wec` †W‡K Avb‡Z cv‡i|
3| e¨vL¨v `v‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡`©k`vb t KvD‡K †Kvb KvR Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡j Zvi g‡b ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB cÖkœ
RvM‡Z cv‡i †h, †Kb KvRwU Kiv n‡”Q| Gi DËi cvIqvi Av‡M Kgx©wU †h MwZ‡Z KvR K‡iwQj, DËi
cvIqvi ci Zvi Kv‡Ri MwZ‡Z cwieZ©b Av‡m| Giƒc eëmvq ev Kvievi cÖwZôv‡bI DaŸ©Zb hLb
Aaxb¯Í‡ì e¨vL¨vmn wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡i, ZLb Zviv Rvb‡Z cv‡i †h, †Kb wb‡`©kwU cvj‡b Zviv gb‡hvMx

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
n‡e| G‡Z K‡i wb‡`©k cvjb Kiv LyeB djcÖmy nq|

4| civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbv t civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbv n‡jv †mB wb‡`©kbv, hv mswkøó mK‡ji mv‡_ Avjvc
Av‡jvPbv K‡i wm×všÍ †bqv nq| GLv‡b DaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v †Kvb GKwU wb‡`©k †Ìqvi c~‡e© Aaxb¯Í‡ì mv‡_
civgk© K‡i| fv‡jvg›`, myweav-Amyweav mew`K we‡ePbv Kiv nq| ZviciB wm×všÍ †bIqv nq| Z‡e
Aaxb¯Í‡ì me civgk©B †h MÖnY Kiv nq, Zv wKšÍz bq| hw` wb‡`©k`vZv g‡b K‡i civgk©¸‡jv MÖnY‡hvM¨,
ZLb wZwb Zv MÖnY K‡i P~ovšÍ wb‡`©k †`b| Ab¨_vq wb‡`©k`vZv hv fvj g‡b K‡i ZvB wm×všÍ †bq|
civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbvi A‡bK myweav I Amyweav i‡q‡Q hv Avgiv c~‡e©B Av‡Mi cvV †_‡K †R‡bwQ|
cvV ms‡ÿc
* wb‡`©kbv gyL¨ eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©|
* Bnv ev¯Íevqb m¤úKx©Z KvR|
* wb‡`©kbv GKwU Pjgvb I mve©ÿwYK KvR|
* wb‡`©kbv †Rvov-gB-wkK‡ji AbymiY|
* wb‡`©kbv memgqB Rbkw³i m‡½ m¤ú„³|
* †h wb‡`©kbv cÖwµqvq wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi c~‡e© ev wb‡`©k `v‡bi c~‡e© mswkøó Aa¯Íb hviv H wm×všÍ ev¯Íevqb
Ki‡e ev wb‡`©k Øviv PvwjZ n‡e Zv‡ì D³ wel‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© ev Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K
civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbv e‡j|
* civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbv cwiKíbvi DrKl© mvab K‡i|
* Bnv mn‡hvwMZv I DÏxcbv e„w×‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
* Kv‡Ri g‡bvbœqb NUvq G wb‡`©kbv|
* civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbv Aeva¨Zv m„wó K‡i|
* Bnv wm×všÍ ev¯Íevq‡b wej¤^ NUvq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx
1| wb‡`©kbv wK? wb‡`k©bvi êwkó¨¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|
2| civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbv Kv‡K e‡j| Gi myweav I Amyweavmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3| wb‡`©kbvi wewfbœ bxwZgvjv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4| wb‡`©kbvi wewfbœ c×wZi eY©bv w`b|
mswÿß cÖkœvejx
1| wb‡`©kbvi msÁv w`b|
2| civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbv wK?

BDwbU
6
†bZ…Z¡
(Leadership)
f~wgKv
†bZ…Z¡ eë¯’vcbvi GKwU AZxe ¸iæZ¡ welq| cÖwZôv‡bi mKj ¯Í‡i I mKj Kv‡h© wb‡`©kbv I †bZ…‡Z¡i
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q| mwVK †bZ…‡Z¡i gva¨‡g cÖwZôvb‡K mn‡RB Zvi j‡ÿï w`‡K avweZ Kiv hvq Ges
jÿ¨vR©b Kiv m¤¢eci nq| ZvB eZ©gvb mg‡q GKRb `ÿ eë¯’vcK †bZ…‡Z¡i Dci h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc
K‡ib| myô †bZ…‡Z¡i gva¨‡g Kgx©‡ì‡K Kv‡h© jvwM‡q m‡e©v”P Kvh© Av`vq Kiv m¤¢e|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 1 †bZ…‡Z¡i msÁv I ¸iæZ¡

(Definition and Importance of Leadership)
D‡Ïk¨
5 †bZ…Z¡ ej‡Z wK eySvq|
5 †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
†bZ…Z¡ ej‡Z wK eySvq

(Meaning of Leadership)
aiæY, †Kvb `j ev †Mvôxi AvPiY I KvR‡K wbw`©ó jÿ¨cv‡b GwM‡q wb‡q hvevi Rb¨ GKRb †bZv MR.X
Zvi †h ¸Yvejx eënvi K‡ib, Zv MR. X-Gi †bZ…Z¡ ejv nq|
†bZ…Z¡ A‡bKUv gb¯ÍvwË¡K aviYv| mvaviYZt †bZ…Z¡ k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© n‡jv cwiPvjbv Kiv ev c_©
cÖ`k©b Kiv| Bs‡iRx 'Lead' k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© n‡jv "to shide, conduct, direct" A_©vr c_ cÖ`k©b Kiv I
AMÖeZx© nIqv| Avgiv †bZ…Z¡ ej‡Z †bZ…Z¡`v‡bi †KŠkj, Kjv I Dcvq‡K ey‡S _vwK|
AvaywbK Zxeª cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi hy‡M mvd‡jï mv‡_ wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ `ÿ I MwZkxj
†bZ…Z¡ m¤úbœ eë¯’vc‡Ki f‚wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©|
wewfbœ cwÐZe‡M©i gZvgZ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv-
Gi g‡Z- Ò†bZ…Ë¡ nj RbMY‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi Ggb GKwU Kjv ev cÖwµqv
Prof. koontz and O'Donnell-
hv‡Z Zviv `jxq jÿ¨ AR©‡b †¯^”Qvq Ges AvMÖn f‡i KvR K‡i|Ó
Mr. BennisGi g‡Z- Ò†bZ…Z¡ n‡”Q Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g GKRb eë¯’vcK Zvi Aa¯Íb‡ì
Kvw•LZ AvPi‡Y DØy× K‡i|Ó
Mr. Stogil- Gi g‡Z- Ò‡bZ…Z¡ jÿ¨ wba©viY I jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ msNe× Kgx©‡ì Kvh©vejx cÖfvweZ Kivi
cÖwµqv|Ó
Dc‡iv³ msÁvi Av‡jv‡K Bnv cÖZxqgvb nq †h, †bZ…Z¡ n‡”Q Aci‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi Rb¨ †KŠkj, ej
cÖ‡qvM bq| †bZ…Z¡ ïaygvÎ DaŸ©Zb KZ©„cÿ †hgb eë¯’vcK, cwiPvjK, gnveë¯’vcK cÖgyL KZ©v e¨w³‡ì
g‡a¨B mxgve× _v‡K bv| myZivs †bZ…Z¡ n‡”Q GKwU kw³kvjx nvwZqvi I cÖwµqv hv `‡ji wewfbœ †jv‡Ki
cÖK…wZ I ¯îƒc mvg‡b †i‡L Zv‡ì Ggbfv‡e cwiPvwjZ K‡i hv‡Z mevB Av¯’vi mv‡_ `jxq mvsMvVwbK
D‡Ïk¨ nvwm‡ji gva¨‡g e¨w³i D‡Ïk¨ I djcÖ`fv‡e AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
†bZ…‡Z¡i ¸iæZ¡
(Importance of Leadership)
eë¯’vcbvq †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| †bZ…Z¡ e¨ZxZ †Kvb `j ev msMVb Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖwZôv‡b
†bZv‡K †K›`ª K‡i Aaxb¯’ Kgx© AvewZ©Z nq| ZvB eë¯’vc‡Ki g‡a¨ fvj †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvejx bv _vK‡j
cÖwZôv‡b wek„•Ljv †`Lv †`q| wb‡æ †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv-
BDwbU Qq c„ôv-104
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
1. `je× cÖ‡P÷v †Rvi`vi (Enhancing team spirit) t

`jxq cÖ‡Póv‡K wbw`©ó jÿ¨cv‡b cwiPvjbv KivB †bZvi KvR| Giƒc cÖ‡Póv we‡klfv‡e †bZvi ¸Y I
Kg©`ÿZvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| eë¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î †bZ…‡Z¡i gvb `ye©j n‡j Rbkw³i gv‡S wek„•Ljv †`Lv
†`q Ges `je× cÖ‡Póv e¨vnZ nq| ZvB `je× cÖ‡Póv m„wó I †Rvi`viKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î my`ÿ †bZ…‡Z¡i
†Kvb weKí †bB|
2. mn‡hvwMZvi Dbœqb (Upholding co-operation) t
†h †Kvb eëmvq msMV‡b Kgx©‡ì cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv I HKë× cÖ‡Póv Qvov jÿ¨vR©b m¤¢e bq|
Kvh©Ki †bZ…Z¡ msMV‡bi Af¨šÍ‡i Giƒc mn‡hvwMZvi wfwË wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| †bZ…Z¡‡K wN‡iB Rbkw³
HKë× nq Ges cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i| ZvB Giƒc †bZ…Z¡ †KŠkj Aek¨B
eë¯’vcbv‡K Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. dj cÖ`Zv e„w× (Increasing effectiveness) t
†hvM¨ †bZ…Z¡ cÖvwZôvwbK mKj Kv‡Ri dj cÖ`Zv ev Kvh©KvwiZv e„w×‡Z I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L|
†bZ…Z¡ GKwU wbw`©ó jÿ¨ AR©‡b Rbkw³i mKj Kvh©cÖqvm‡K †K›`ªxf‚Z K‡i weavq Kv‡Ri MwZkxjZv
ev‡o| mKj †ÿ‡Î k„•Ljv cÖwZwôZ nevi Kvi‡Y I Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î DËg djvdj jvf Kiv hvq|
4. msNe×Zv m„wó (Creating unity) t
eë¯’vcbvi Ab¨Zg `vwqZ¡ n‡jv cÖwZôv‡bi wb‡qvwRZ Rbkw³‡K msNe× K‡i cwiPvjbv Kiv| KviY
msNe× cÖ‡Póv Qvov KLbI cÖvwZôvwbK jÿ¨vR©b m¤¢e nq bv| cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©Ki gv‡bi †bZ…Z¡ _vK‡j
Zv‡K wN‡i Aat¯Íb Rbkw³ msNe× I AvewZ©Z nq| †bZ…Z¡ hZ kw³kvjx nq msMVb I hZ kw³kvjx
I gReyZ n‡q _v‡K|
5. jÿ¨ AR©‡b mnvqZv `vb (Aid to attaining goal) t
Kvh©Ki †bZ…Z¡ cÖvwZôvwbK jÿ¨vR©b me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© iv‡L| KviY, †bZ…Z¡ nj Ggb GKwU †KŠkj
hv‡Z Aaxb¯’ Kgx©MY Zv‡ì m¤¢ve¨ me©vwaK mvg_© Abyhvqx wba©vwiZ jÿ¨ AR©‡b Zrci nq| cÖwZôv‡b
†hvM¨ †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Ym¤úbœ eë¯’vcK _vK‡j Zvi ev Zv‡ì cÖ‡Póvq Rbkw³i a¨vb-aviYv I Kg© cÖ‡Póv
wbw`©ó D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K|
6. Kvh© mgvc‡bi Dci ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc (Emphasis on accomplishment of work) t
†bZ…‡Z¡i gva¨‡gB eë¯’vcbv GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwµqvq iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| †bZ…Z¡ Ggb GKwU mvgvwRK
`ÿZv hv Rbm¤ú‡ì mgv‡ek I h_vh_ eënv‡ii gva¨‡g c~e© wba©vwiZ D‡Ïk¨ nvwm‡j mnvqK| DËg
†bZ…Z¡i gva¨‡g Kvh© m¤úv`b wbwðZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
7. bgbxqZv e„w× (Increasing flexibility) t
cwiewZ©Z cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ m½wZ weavb K‡i eëmvq‡K GwM‡q †bqvi Rb¨ eë¯’vcbv‡K A‡bK mgqB
M„nxZ cwiKíbv I Kg© c×wZ‡Z cwieZ©b Avb‡Z nq| A_P †h †Kvb cwieZ©b Aat¯Íb Rbkw³ mn‡R
†g‡b wb‡Z Pvq bv| †hvM¨ †bZ…Z¡ †m‡ÿ‡Î Kgx©‡ì g‡bvf½x‡Z mn‡RB cwieZ©b G‡b cÖwZôvwbK
bgbxqZv e„w×‡Z f‚wgKv iv‡L|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 2 †bZ…‡Z¡i ZË¡ (Theories of Leadership)

D‡Ïk¨
5 †bZ…‡Z¡i wewfbœ ZË¡ m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Ki‡eb|
†bZ…‡Z¡i ZË¡
(Theories of Leadership)
mKj cÖKvi `jxq Kv‡h© †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| Gi djkªæwZ‡Z weMZ Aa©kZvãx Kvj a‡i †bZ…‡Z¡i
Dci AmsL¨ M‡elYvi d‡j eû Z‡Ë¡i m„wó n‡q‡Q| Zb¥‡a¨ †bZ…‡Z¡i Dci cÖavbZt `ywU ZË¡B me©vwaK
cÖwmw× jvf K‡i‡Q| h_vt
1. ¸Yvejx wfwËK †bZ…Z¡ ZË¡ (Trait theory of leadership)
2. cwiw¯’wZ‡cÖwÿZ †bZ…Z¡ ZË¡ (Situational theory of leadership)
GQvov G`ywU Z‡Ë¡i Dci wfwË K‡i Aaybv Av‡iv wKQy ZË¡ D™¢vweZ n‡q‡Q| G ZË¡¸‡jv n‡”Qt
3. AbyMvgx †bZ…Z¡ ZË¡ (The follower theory of leadership)
4. wgkª †bZ…Z¡ ZË¡ (The composite theory of leadership)
5. AvPiY †bZ…Z¡ ZË¡ (Behavior theory of leadership).
6. †bZ…‡Z¡i jÿ¨c_ ZË¡ (Path Goal theory of leadership).
GLv‡b ïaygvÎ `wyU ZË¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e, Zv n‡jv-

1. ¸YvejxwfwËK †bZ…Z¡ ZË¡;
2. cwiw¯’wZ‡cÖwÿZ †bZ…Z¡ ZË¡|
1. ¸Yvejx wfwËK †bZ…Z¡ ZË¡ (The trait theory of Leadership)

mf¨Zvi Dlvj‡Mœ g‡b Kiv n‡Zv †h †bZv M‡o I‡V bv; †bZv Rb¥jvf K‡i| A_©vr GKRb †bZv
Rb¥MZfv‡e †h me ¸‡Yi AwaKvix nq, Zv Zv‡K †bZvi g‡Â Av‡ivn‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| AvaywbK eë¯’vcbvi
cÖv_wgK D‡`¨v³vMY †bZ…Z¡ m¤^‡Ü G aviYvi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| G mKj D‡`¨v³vi g‡a¨ evbvW©, †UW, Ges
÷x‡ji bvg D‡jøL‡hvM¨| G mKj e¨w³ †bZ…Z¡‡K KZ¸wj ¸‡Yi mgwó e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib| A_©vr Zviv
e‡jb †h †bZ…‡Z¡i Rb¨ KZK¸‡jv ¸‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb| †h e¨w³ H mKj ¸‡Yi AwaKvix n‡eb †mB †bZvi
Dchy³ e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e|
A‡W©v‡q †UW Gi g‡Z †h mKj ¸Yvejx GKRb †jvK‡K †bZ…Z¡ f‚wlZ K‡i †m¸‡jv n‡”Q- kvixwiK I øvqyweK
kw³, D‡Ïk¨wfwËK I wb‡`©kbvgyLx g‡bvfve, DÏxcbv, eÜzfvevcbœ I ggZv‡eva, KvwiMix Ávb, mZZv, `„p
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ÿgZv, eyw×gËv, wkÿv`v‡b †hvM¨Zv I wek¦¯ÍZv| †Póvi evbvW© G mKj ¸Y‡K `y'fv‡M fvM
K‡i‡Qb| h_v-
(1) Aat¯Íb‡ì cÖksmv AR©‡bi Rb¨ fvj ¯^v¯’¨, `ÿZv, cÖhyw³ Ávb, wPšÍvkw³, ¯§„wZ I DËg †evaMg¨Zv,
Ges
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
(2) Abymvix‡ì Zzjbvq mvnm, mwnòzZv, `„pZv I wbiew”Qbœ cÖ‡Póv|

m¤úªwZ ÷MwWj KZ©„K cwiPvwjZ Rix‡c wewfbœ M‡elK KZ©„K D™¢vweZ †bZ…Z¡ msµvšÍ †h mKj ¸Yvejxi
D‡jøL cvIqv hvq Zv wb‡æ †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-
K. kvixwiK ¸Yvejx t kw³, †Pnviv I D”PZv|
L. gvbwmK ¸Yvejx t cwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vq wb‡R‡K Lvc-LvIqv‡bvi ÿgZv, AvµgY cÖeYZv, AvMÖnvwb¦Zv I
AvÍwek¦vm|
M. mvgvwRK ¸Yvejx t mn‡hvwMZvg~jK g‡bvfve, AvšÍte¨w³K `ÿZv I cÖkvmwbK `ÿZv|
N. Kvh©m¤úwK©Z ¸Yvejx t D‡`¨vM Ges D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ Abgbxq I wbiew”Qbœ cÖ‡P÷v|
mgv‡jvPbv t
hwÌ †bZ…‡Z¡i Rb¨ Dc‡iv³ we‡klÁMY KZ©„K D‡jøL Kiv ¸Yvejx GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb ZeyI Zv‡ì `„wóf½x
KZK¸‡jv mgv‡jvPbvi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Q| wb‡æ †h mKj `„wó‡KvY I hyw³i wfwË‡Z G gZev‡ì mgv‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv †`qv n‡jv-
01. cÖK…Zc‡ÿ †bZ…‡Z¡i †Kvb mve©Rbxb ¸Y ev êwk÷¨ †bB|
02. mKj †bZvi mKj êwk÷¨ ev ¸Y _v‡K bv Ges †bZv bq Ggb †jv‡Ki c‡ÿI †bZv myjf eû¸‡Yi
AwaKvix nIqv wewPÎ bq|
03. cÖ‡Z¨KwU êwkó¨ ev ¸‡Yi mxgve×Zv _v‡K|
04. M‡elYvi d‡j †`Lv †M‡Q †h, wewfbœ ¸Yvejxi g‡a¨ †Kvb HK¨ †bB Ges ev¯Í‡e †bZ…Z¡ I H mKj
êwkóï g‡aÏ †Kvb mn-mskøe †bB|
05. G Z‡Ë¡ wewfbœ ¸Yvejxi Zzjbvg~jK ¸iæZ¡ m¤^‡Ü †Kvb Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv nqwb|
06. †bZ…Z¡ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ¸Yvejx I †bZ…Z¡ eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ¸Yvejxi g‡a¨ †Kvb
cv_©K¨ †bB|
07. G gZev` ïaygvÎ ¸Yvejxi Dci ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡iB cwiw¯’wZ I cwi‡ek‡K D‡cÿv K‡i‡Q|
08. †ÿÎ we‡k‡l GKRb †bZvi ¸Yvejxi bgbxqZv †`Lv hvq|
Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq, wKQy wKQy M‡elYvq †bZ…‡Z¡i K…ZKvh©Zv I Zvi KwZcq ¸Yvejxi g‡a¨ abvZ¥K mn-
mskªe cÖgvwYZ nq| AwaKvsk M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h, cÖvq mKj †bZvi gv‡SB eyw×gËv, AvÍwek¦vm I D‡`¨vM
G wZbwU ¸Y Zv‡ì Aat¯Íb‡ì A‡cÿv †ewk _v‡K|
2. cwiw¯’wZ †cÖwÿZ †bZ…Z¡ ZË¡ (Situational theory of Leadership) t

†bZ…‡Z¡i Dci µgvb¦‡q M‡elYv I wPšÍv-fvebvi d‡j †UªU ZË¡ †bZ…‡Z¡i Avmj iƒc D`NvUb Ki‡Z e¨_© e‡j
cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q| e¯ÍzZt †UªU Z‡Ë¡i Dbœq‡bi d‡jB cwiw¯ÍwZ gZev` Rb¥jvf K‡i‡Q| cwiw¯’wZev`x‡ì
g‡Z "Leaders are the product of given situations". A_©vr †Kvb we‡kl cwiw¯’wZ‡ZB †bZvi Avwef©ve N‡U|
cwiw¯ÍwZev`xiv †UªU ZË¡‡K G‡Kev‡i D‡cÿv K‡ib bv| Z‡e Zuviv g‡b K‡ib †h, †bZ…‡Z¡i we‡kl ¸Yvejx
m¤úbœ e¨w³ ZLbB mwZ¨Kv‡ii †bZv n‡eb hLb wZwb wewfbœ cwiw¯’wZ †gvKvwejvq D³ ¸Yvejx
mvdj¨RbKfv‡e eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GB ZË¡wU F. E. Fieldler Ges Zuvi Abymvixiv D™¢veb K‡ib| G
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
g‡Wj eY©bv K‡i †h, †bZ…‡Z¡i AwaKvsk h‡_vchy³ aiY (Style) cwiw¯’wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i- †hLv‡b †bZv
KvR K‡ib| A_©vr †h we‡kl cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †bZv KvR K‡ib, †mB cwiw¯’wZ ØvivB †bZ…Z¡ me©vwaK cÖfvweZ
nq| me‡P‡q fvj †bZ…Z¡ wbf©i K‡i cwiw¯’wZi Dci hv AbyKzj ev cÖwZKzj ev Df‡qi Mo cwiw¯’wZI n‡Z
cv‡i| hw` cwiw¯’wZi cwieZ©b nq Zvn‡j †bZ…‡Z¡i Dcv`v‡biI cwieZ©b nq|
mgv‡jvPbv t
cwiw¯’wZ †cÖwÿ‡Z G ZË¡wU mgv‡jvPbv n‡Z †invB cvqwb| wb‡æv³ hyw³ mg~‡ni wfwË‡Z Bnvi mgv‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡q _v‡K-
(1) †bZvi g‡a¨ Aek¨B wKQy bv wKQy ¸bvejxi mgv‡ek _vK‡Z nq| wKšÍz †bZ…‡Z¡i cwiw¯’wZZ‡Ë¡ G ai‡bi
¸Yvejxi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq bv|
(2) AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB ¸Yvejxi wfwË‡Z †bZv wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q Zv‡K Ges mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© ¸Yvejx wfbœ Ab¨
†Kvb wKQyi wfwË‡Z †bZv I Abymvix‡ì g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiv Am¤¢e| wKšÍz G ZË¡ †bZ…Z¡‡K
cwiw¯ÍwZi Dci †Q‡o we‡kl cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †Kvb e¨w³ †bZv nevi Dchy³Zv Av‡Q wKbv Zv hvPvB K‡i
†`Lvi †Kvb gva¨‡g cÖ`vb Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q|
Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq A‡bK mgv‡jvPbv m‡Ë¡I G Z‡Ë¡i ¸iæZ¡ Ab¯^xKvh©| ev¯ÍeZvi †cÖwÿ‡Z G Z‡Ë¡i
¸iæZ¡B †ewk| eë¯’vcbv Z‡Ë¡i mv‡_ Gi h‡_ó mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| eë¯’vbvi cwiw¯’wZ gZev` Abyhvqx g‡b
Kiv nq †h, Kg© m¤úv`‡bi wbw`©ó †Kvb m‡e©vËg cš’v †bB| Z`ªæc †kªô †bZ…‡Z¡i Rb¨ mve©Rbxb †Kvb
¸Yvejx bvB| †bZ…‡Z¡i aiY wK n‡e, †bZvi KiYxq wK Ges Abymvix‡ì Pvwn`v I cÖ‡qvRb wK n‡e BZ¨vw`
mswkøó cwi‡ek I cwiw¯’wZ wba©viY Ki‡e| myZivs G ZË¡ AvaywbKKv‡j AZ¨waK ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i|
AbyMvgx †bZ…Z¡ ZË¡

(The Follower Theory of Leadership)
†bZ…‡Z¡i †UªU ZË¡ I cwiw¯’wZ Z‡Ë¡i h_v_©Zvi Afve I Ach©vßZv jÿ¨ K‡i Gd. GBP. m¨vb‡dvW© G Z‡Ë¡i
D™¢veb K‡ib| G ZË¡ Abyhvqx Abymvixiv H mKj †jvK‡KB †bZv e‡j ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡i hviv Zv‡ì
mvgvwRK cÖ‡qvRb I e¨w³MZ Afve-Awf‡hvM c~iY K‡i Zv‡ì mšÍzwó weavb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| AZGe
Abymvix‡ì cÖ‡qvRb I Pvwn`vi mšÍzwó weav‡bi j‡ÿ¨ †bZvi D‡`¨vM I cÖ‡Póvi w`K n‡ZB †bZ…‡Z¡i AvPiY
ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z nq| ms‡ÿ‡c ejv hvq †h, †bZ…‡Z¡i AbyMvgx ZË¡ Abyhvqx Abymvix ev Aa¯Íb‡ì Avkv-
AvKv•ÿv, Afve-Awf‡hvM wgUv‡Z †h e¨w³‡K AZ¨šÍ Zrci e‡j g‡b nq Zv‡KB Abymvixiv †bZv wn‡m‡e
†g‡b †bq|
mgv‡jvPbv (Criticism) t †bZ…‡Z¡i AbyMvgx ZË¡I A‡bKUv GKZidvg~jK| KviY †bZvi ¸Yvewj Ges
mswkøó cwiw¯’wZ‡K D‡c‡ÿv K‡i ïay AbyMvgx‡ì †Lqvj-Lywki DciB †bZ…‡Z¡i Dbœqb b¨¯Í Kiv hvq bv|
AwaKšÍz GwU eûj fv‡e ¯^xK…Z †h, cwiw¯’wZ‡K Avq‡Ë G‡b ¯^xq Acwinvh© ¸Yvewji c~Y© Abykxjb I
cwiùzUb NwU‡q †bZv Abvqv‡mB Abymvix m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡ib| DcišÍz KwZcq †jL‡Ki g‡Z †bZ…‡Z¡i
cwiw¯’wZ Z‡Ë¡ AbyMvgx ZË¡‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i †bqv nq| AZGe G‡K †b‡Z…‡Z¡i GKwU c„_K I ¯^vaxb ZË¡
wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv hyw³hy³ e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq bv|
wgkª †bZ…Z¡ ZË¡

(The Composite Theory of Leadhership )
Aaybv †bZ…Z¡‡K wZbwU cÖavb wel‡qi mgwó e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| G wZbwU welq n‡jvt
(K) KwZcq we‡kl ¸Yvewj,
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
(L) Abymvix‡ì cÖ‡qvRb, Pvwn`v I mgm¨vewj m¤^‡Ü †bZvi aviYv Ges G¸‡jv c~i‡Yi Rb¨ †bZvi
m¤¢ve¨ cÖ‡Póv I
(M) mvsMVwbK cwi‡ek, cwiw¯’wZ Ges `jwfwËK Ae¯’v hv‡Z AbyMvgx I †bZvi cÖwZwµqv msNwUZ nq|
e¯ÍzZ Ôwgkª ZË¡' n‡”Q Ô‡UªU ZË¡', Ôcwiw¯ÍwZ ZË¡' Ges ÔAbyMvgx ZË¡-Gi GKwU mswgkªY| †bZ…‡Z¡i Ab¨vb¨
ZË¡ ev aviYv n‡Z wgkª ZË¡ A‡bK e¨vcK| Z‡e G hver G Z‡Ë¡i Dci †Zgb †Kvb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wPšÍv-fvebv
I M‡elYv nqwb|
AvPiY †bZ…Z¡ ZË¡

(Behaviour Theory of Leadership)
G Z‡Ë¡i cÖe³viv g‡b K‡ib †h, †bZ…Z¡ n‡”Q GKwU we‡kl ai‡Yi AvPi‡Yi mgwóMZ cÖwµqv hv †`Lv I
AbymiY Kiv hvq| AvPiY wKsev Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g †bZv †bZ…‡Z¡i f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| G Z‡Ë¡ D‡jøL
Kiv nq †h, mv_©K I e¨_© †bZv‡ì AvPiY wfbœZi n‡q _v‡K| mv_©K †bZvMY wewfbœ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mgRvZxq
AvPiY K‡i _v‡Kb| G Z‡Ë¡i Abymvix‡ì Øviv cwiPvwjZ K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mgxÿvi djvdj wb‡P
D‡jøL Kiv nj t
(K) wgwPMvb mgxÿv (The Michigan Studies) t 1940 mv‡j wgwPMvb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Institute of
Social Research-Gi Aax‡b Rensis Likert-G mgxÿvwU cwiPvjbv K‡ib| G mgxÿvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj
Drcv`bkxjZv, Kvh© mšÍzwó, Kgx©‡ì Abycw¯’wZ I N~Y©vqgvbZv, AcPq I e¨q BZ¨vw` welqvwì Av‡jv‡K
mv_©K †bZv I e¨_© †bZvi AvPiYMZ cv_©K¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv| ZvQvov wewfbœ msMV‡b Kg©iZ eë¯’vcK I
ZË¡veavqK‡ì AvPiY m¤ú‡K© cÖkœ K‡i G mgxÿvq GKwU Z_¨ fvÐvi M‡o †Zvjv nq| G mgxÿvq `y'wU
†gŠwjK ai‡bi †bZ…Z¡ AvPiY mbv³ Kiv nq| h_v- 1| Kvh©-wbf©i †bZ…Z¡ AvPiY (Job-centered style) I
2| Kgx©-wbf©i †bZ…Z¡ AvPiY (Employee-centered style)| Kvh©-wbf©i †bZvMY Kgx©‡ì Kv‡Ri Dchy³
ZË¡veavb, ÿgZvi `gbg~jK eënvi, Kv‡Ri cÏwZi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb I m¤úvw`Z Kv‡Ri mgv‡jvPbvg~jK
g~j¨vqb wb‡q AwaKZi e¨¯Í _v‡Kb| Ab¨w`‡K Kgx©-wbf©i †bZvMY `vwqZ¡ n¯ÍvšÍi, Kgx©‡ì Kj¨vY, Dbœqb,
Kvh© mšÍzwó BZ¨vw` e¨vc‡i †ewk AvMÖnx _v‡K| myZivs †bZviv †bZ…‡Z¡i †h †Kvb GKwU ÷vBj ev aib
AbymiY K‡i _v‡Kb|
(L) IqvnvBI †÷U mgxÿv (The Ohio state studies) t cÂvk `k‡Ki ïiæ‡ZB mgxÿvwU cwiPvjbv
Kiv nq| G mgxÿKMY †bZ…‡Z¡i AvPi‡Yi wba©viKmg~n Ges Kvh©m¤úv`b I mšÍzwói Dci †bZ…‡Z¡i ai‡bi
cÖfve wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| G mgxÿvq †bZvi AvPi‡Yi `ywU Dcv`vb mbv³ Kiv nq| h_v- 1| KvVv‡gv
MV‡bi D‡`¨vM (Initiating structure) I 2| we‡ePbv (Consideration) | GLv‡b KvV‡gv MV‡bi D‡`¨vM
ej‡Z †bZv KZ©„K `‡ji KvVv‡gv MVb Ges Gi Kvh©µ‡gi m~Pbv‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avi we‡ePbvg~jK
AvPiY ej‡Z †bZv hLb Aa¯Íb‡ì Abyf‚wZ wb‡q wPšÍv K‡ib Ges Zv‡ì gZvgZ‡K m¤§vb K‡ib Zv‡K
eySvq| †bZv I Kgx©‡ì ga¨Kvi m¤úK© hLb cvi¯úwiK wek¦vm, kª×v‡eva Ges cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
Dci wbf©i K‡i cÖwZwôZ nq ZLb †bZv †h we‡ePbvcÖm~Z †bZ…‡Z¡i aviv AbymiY Ki‡Qb Zv ejv hvq| hvi
hLb †bZv Aaxb¯’‡ì KvR ¯úó K‡i e¨vL¨v K‡ib Ges Kgx©iv msMV‡bi wK KvR Ki‡Z n‡e Zv ¯úófv‡e
Rv‡bb ZLbB ejv hvq †bZv KvVv‡gv MVb D‡`¨vMcÖm~Z AvPiY AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| G mgxÿvq Av‡iv D‡jøL
Kiv nq †h, GKRb †bZv GKB mv‡_ D”P we‡ePbvcÖm~Z I wbæ KvVv‡gv MVb D‡`¨vMcÖm~Z AvPiY Ki‡Z
cv‡ib ev D”P KvVv‡gv MVb D‡`¨vM I wbæ we‡ePbvcÖm~Z AvPiY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wb‡P wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨
welqwU‡K Av‡iv ¯úófv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj t
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
wPÎ t †bZvi we‡ePbv I KvVv‡gv MVb D‡`¨vM m¤úK©|

[Drm t Avi.wm. Kv‡jnvb I Ab¨vb¨, AvÛvi÷¨vwÛs AM©vbvB‡Rkb we‡nwfqi t G g¨v‡bRvwiqvj wfDc‡q›U
IwnIt †eë I wnDI‡q›U, 1986, c„. 173]
(M) eë¯’vcKxq wMÖW g‡Wj (Managerial Grid Model) t ievU© Avi †eøK I †R.Gm. gyUb G g‡WjwU
D™¢veb K‡ib| G‡Z eë¯’vc‡Ki AvPiY `ywU gvÎvq wef³-1| Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ DwØMœZv (Concern for
production) I 2| Kgx©i Rb¨ DwØMœZv (Concern for people)| Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ DwØMœZv Kvh©-wbf©i ev
KvVv‡gv MVb D‡`¨vMx †bZvi AvPi‡Yi gZ| cÿvšÍ‡i, Kgx©‡ì Rb¨ DwØMœZv nj Kgx©-wbf©i ev
we‡ePbvcÖm~Z †bZvi AvPi‡Yi gZ| wb‡P †iLvwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ eë¯’vcKxq MÖxWwU †`Lv‡bv nj t
wPÎ t eë¯’vcKxq wMÖW|

[Drm t Avi. Avi. †eøK I †R.Gm. gyUb, w` g¨v‡bRvwiqvj wMÖW, wnDRUb t Mvjd cvewjwks †Kv¤úvwb, 1964]
1| `ye©j †bZ…Z¡ (Impoverished Leadership) t G‡ÿ‡Î Drcv`b ev Kgx© †KvbUvi R‡b¨B †bZv DwØMœ
bb| Aa¯Íbiv hLb LyeBe¨w³ ¯^vZš¿¨ZvwcÖq nq Ges †hgb B‡”Q AvPiY K‡ib ZLbB G ai‡bi †bZ…Z¡
AvPiY weqvR K‡i|
2| Drcv`b‡Kw›`ªK †bZ…Z¡ (Task leadership) t G‡ÿ‡Î Dtcv`‡bi cÖwZ‡bZvi m‡e©v”P DwØMœZv
cwijwÿZ nq| myZivs Drcv`bkxjZv e„w×K‡í AvšÍte¨w³K m¤úK© hv‡Z †Kvb mgm¨vi m„wó Ki‡Z bv cv‡i
†bZv‡K †mw`‡K we‡kl jÿ¨ ivL‡Z nq|
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
3| Kg©Pvix‡Kw›`ªK †bZ…Z¡ (Country club leadership) t G Ae¯’vq †bZv‡K Drcv`‡bi cwie‡Z©

msMV‡bi m`m¨‡ì myL-¯^”Q›`¨, we‡bv`b I Kj¨v‡Yi Dci †ewk g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z nq|
4| welYœ †`vjK †bZ…Z¡ (Dampened pendulum leadership) t G‡ÿ‡Î †bZv msMV‡bi Drcv`b I
Kgx©‡ì Rb¨ mgvbgvÎvq DwØMœZv †`Lvb| djkªæwZ‡Z †bZv msMVb‡K mwVKfv‡e fvimvg¨ iÿvi gva¨‡g
cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
DËg †bZ…Z¡ (Team leadership) t G‡ÿ‡Î Drcv`b I Kgx©i Rb¨ †bZvi m‡e©v”P DwØMœZv Ab¯^xKvh©|
Drcv`b Z_v Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †hgb †bZv‡K D‡`¨vM wb‡Z nq, wVK †Zgwb Kgx©‡ì my‡hvM-myweavi cÖwZ †bZv‡K
Zx² `„wó ivL‡Z nq| G‡Z D‡jøL¨ †h †bZv Drcv`b I Kgx©i Rb¨ hyMcr m‡e©v”Pfv‡e DwØMœ _v‡Kb Ges †m
†gvZv‡eK Kvh©m¤úv`b K‡ib| wZwb mswkøó msMV‡bi mdi I ¯^v_©K †bZv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡eb| g~jZ
†bZ…‡Z¡i G aviv‡K Blake & Mauton me‡P‡q mdj I Kvh©Ki †bZ…Z¡ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|
†bZ…‡Z¡i jÿ¨c_ ZË¡

(Path Goal Theory of Leadership)
G ZË¡wU mË‡ii `k‡K gvwU©b Bfvbm Ges ievU© nvDm-Gi M‡elYvjä djvdj †_‡K D™¢~Z n‡q‡Q|
Aat¯Íb‡ì Kvh©mšÍzwó, †cÖlYv I Kvh©m¤úv`b Øviv †bZvi Kvh©µg cÖfvweZ nq Giƒc aviYvi Dci wfwË K‡i
G ZË¡wU cÖwZwôZ| myZivs mvsMVwbK jÿ¨ AR©‡b Aat¯Íb‡ì †cÖwlZ Kivi mvg_©¨ I Kv‡h© mšÍzwóKi‡Yi
Dc‡i †bZ…‡Z¡i Kvh©KvwiZv A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj| G ZË¡ †bZvi wbw`©ó êwk‡óï †P‡q cwiw¯’wZ I †bZvi
AvPi‡Yi Dci me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i‡Q|
wb‡P wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †bZ…‡Z¡i jÿ¨c_ g‡WjwU †`Lv‡bv nj t
wPÎ t †bZ…‡Z¡i jÿ¨c_ g‡Wj|

jÿ¨c_ ZË¡ †bZ…‡Z¡i Pvi ai‡bi AvPiY mbv³ Kiv nq| Gi g‡a¨ †Kvb AvPiYwU/aibwU cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡e
Zv Aa¯Íb‡ì êwkó¨vewj I Kvh© cwi‡e‡ki Av‡jv‡K wba©vwiZ n‡q _v‡K| wb‡P jÿ¨ c_ Z‡Ë¡ D‡jøwLZ
†bZvi AvPi‡Yi wewfbœ aibmg~n ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t
1| wb‡`©kbvg~Lx †bZ…Z¡ (Directive leadership) t wb‡`©kbvgyLx †bZ…‡Z¡ †bZv Aa¯Íb‡ì KvQ †_‡K wK
cÖZ¨vk¨v K‡ib Zv Rvwb‡q †`b, Zv‡ì‡K wKfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi mywbw`©ó w`K wb‡`©kbv †`b
Ges wK K‡i wba©vwiZ gv‡bi KvR m¤úv`b Kiv hvq Zv e‡j †`b|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
2| mnvqK †bZ…Z¡ (Supportive leadership) t G ì‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ †bZvi mv‡_ Aa¯Íb‡ì †mŠnv`©¨c~Y©
m¤úK© _v‡K| ZvQvov Aab¯Íb‡ì gh©v`v I Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ Ges Zv‡ì Afve c~i‡Yi Rb¨ †bZv LyeB
m‡Pó _v‡Kb|
3| AskMÖnYg~jK †bZ…Z¡ (Participative leadership) t G‡ÿ‡Î †bZv hLbB mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nb ZLbB
Aat¯Íb‡ì mv‡_ civgk© K‡ib, Zv‡ì mycvwik MÖnY K‡ib Ges Zv‡ì mv‡_ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvµ‡g
wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i _v‡Kb|
4| mvdj¨gyLx †bZ…Z¡ (Achievement-oriented leadership) t G ai‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ †bZvi Aa¯Íb‡ì Rb¨
`ytmvnwKZ jÿ¨gvÎv wba©viYc~e©K me‡P‡q DuPygv‡bi KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡eb e‡j Avkv K‡ib Ges
m‡e©vËg Dcv‡q cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡q msMV‡bi D‡Ïk¨ AR©b Ki‡ebB G iK‡gi `„p Av¯’v †cvlY K‡ib|
†bZ…‡Z¡i cÖKvi‡f` ev aiYmg~n (Types or Styles of Leadership)

†bZ…Z¡ †Kgb n‡e Zv Aa¯Íb‡ì gvb, cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v I cwi‡e‡ki Dci wbf©ikxj| wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡b
wewfbœ ai‡bi †bZ…Z¡ cwijwÿZ nq| wb‡æ Zvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ aibmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
1. ˆ¯îZvwš¿K †bZ…Z¡ (Autocratic Leadership) t
Giƒc †bZ…‡Z¡i †ÿ‡Î †bZv mKj ÿgZv wb‡Ri Kv‡Q KzwÿMZ K‡i iv‡L Ges wb‡R B‡”Qg‡Zv wm×všÍ
MÖnY K‡i| Giƒc †bZ…Z¡ mvaviYZt †bwZevPK nq Ges G‡ÿ‡Î Kgx©‡i`‡K fq-fxwZ cÖ`k©b I kvw¯Í
cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g KvR Av`v‡qi †P÷v Kiv nq| Giƒc †bZ…Z¡ †bZvi Rb¨ mšÍzóea©K n‡jI Rbkw³ me
mgqB Giƒc †bZ…Z¡‡K AcQ›` K‡i|
2. MYZvwš¿K †bZ…Z¡ (Democratic Leadership) t
MYZvwš¿K †bZ…Z¡ ˆ¯îZvwš¿K †bZ…‡Z¡i wecixZgyLx| G‡Z †bZv wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqvq Abymvix‡ì
gZvgZ wb‡q _v‡Kb ev gZvgZ MÖn‡Y AcviM n‡j Zv‡ì mv‡_ mswkøó e¨vcv‡i Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv
K‡ib| MYZvwš¿K †bZ…‡Z¡ Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡bvej I ˆbwZKZv‡eva e„w× cvq| Z‡e G cÖwµqvq wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Y wej¤^ N‡U Ges †bZv mevB‡K mšÍzó Ki‡Z wM‡q wecv‡K co‡Z cv‡ib|
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
`yB e„Ë w`‡q ÿgZv Kvi wbKU †K›`ªxf‚Z Zv eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

wPÎ t wewfbœ ai‡bi †bZ…Z¡-
03. jvMvgnxb †bZ…Z¡ (Free-rein leadership) t

Giƒc †bZ…‡Z¡i cÖK…wZ n‡jv G‡Z Aa¯Íbiv Aeva ¯^vaxbZv †fvM K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î †bZv Kg©wegyL nq Ges
Aa¯Íb‡ì KvQ †_‡K wb‡R‡K `~‡i iv‡L| Giƒc †bZ…‡Z¡i †ÿ‡Î †bZv ïaygvÎ jÿ¨ wba©viY K‡i †`q
wKšÍz jÿ¨ ev¯Íevq‡b Zvi †K‡bv f‚wgKv _v‡K bv| G‡ÿ‡Î Aat¯’biv †bZv‡K †K‡bv g~j¨ †`q bv|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 3 Kvh©Ki †bZ…‡Z¡ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi f‚wgKv
D‡Ïk¨
5 Kvh©Ki †bZ…‡Z¡ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Kvh©Ki †bZ…‡Z¡ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi f‚wgKv t

†hvMv‡hvM n‡jv eë¯’vcbvi Rxebxkw³| mvaviY A‡_©, †hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z Z‡_ï ev fv‡ei Av`vb-cÖ`vb‡K
eySvq| GB Av`vb-cÖ`vb hLb cvi¯úwiK †evSvcovi m„wó K‡i ev e¨w³K jÿ¨ AwR©Z nq ZLbB †hvMv‡hvM
mdj n‡q‡Q ejv n‡q Zv‡K| ZvB †hvMv‡hvM ïaygvÎ Z_¨ ev e³e¨ Zz‡j aivi g‡a¨B mxgve× bq; Aci
cÿ hv‡Z Zv eyS‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖZz¨Ëi w`‡Z cv‡i ZvI †hvMv‡hv‡Mi AvIZvfz³ welq|
cÖK…Zc‡ÿ †Kvb cÖwZôvb †hvMv‡hvM Qvov Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| hw` †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v bv _v‡K Zvn‡j-
* eë¯’vcbv †h wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb K‡i Zv Aa¯Íbiv eyS‡Z cv‡i bv;
* eë¯’vcbv-Kgx©‡ì g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK Av¯’v ¯’vcb nq bv;
* Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ Ab¦bq _v‡K bv;
* cÖZz¨Ëi Gi Afv‡e D‡Ïk¨ e¨vnZ nq|
ZvB ejv hvq Kvh©Ki wb‡`©kbv ZLbB djcÖmy n‡e hLb Kvh©Kix †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v msMV‡bi we`¨gvb
_vK‡e| Ab¨_vq Kvh©Ki wb‡`©kbv †Kvb KvRB †`‡e bv|
mKj eë¯’vcbv Kvh©B m¤úvw`Z nq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g|
Source : Human Behavior at work, Keith Davis.

wPÎ t mKj eë¯’vcbv Kvh© †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi gva¨‡g m¤úvw`Z nq|
Dc‡ii wPÎ n‡Z GK_v ejv hvq †h- msMV‡bi myôz cwiPvjbv, Dbœqb, m¤úªmviY Ges beZi D™¢ve‡bi Rb¨
Avek¨K `ÿ eë¯’vcbv ev cÖkvm‡bi| Avi †hvMv‡hvM n‡jv cÖkvm‡bi cÖvY|
†bZ…‡Z¡i `ÿZv e„w×‡Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iæ‡Z¡i K_v mKj eë¯’vcbv wekvi` GK ev‡K¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb|
GKRb †bZv Zvi †bZ…Z¡ nviv‡eb hw` bv Kgx©‡ì gv‡S h_vh_ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Ki‡Z bv cv‡ib| Gi Rb¨
wZwb âh©¨ mnKv‡i Kgx©‡ì e³e¨ ïb‡eb Ges K_v ej‡eb hvi gva¨‡g h_vh_ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ n‡e|
hw` †bZv †Kvb Kvi‡Y †Kvb wel‡q e¨_© nb Zv n‡j ZvI wZwb mKj‡K Rvbv‡eb, hvi d‡j Kgx©‡ì g‡a¨
nZvkv `~i n‡e| myZivs ejv hvq †h, †hvMv‡hvM Kvh©Ki †bZ…‡Z¡ g~j nvwZqvi wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †k‡l ejv hvq †h, Kvh©Ki wb‡`©kbv I cÖwZôv‡b djcÖ` †bZ…Z¡ †hvMv‡hvM e¨ZxZ †Kvb
Ae¯’v‡ZB m¤¢eci bq| ZvB Dfq †ÿ‡Î †hvMv‡hv‡Mi f‚wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©|
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
cvV 4 †bZvi ¸Yvejx I †bZ…‡Z¡i Av`k©mg~n
D‡Ïk¨
5 †bZ…‡Z¡ †bZvi AvPi‡Yi Dci Abymvix‡ì cÖfve eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
5 †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvejx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
5 †bZ…‡Z¡i Av`k©mg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f‚wgKv
†bZ…Z¡ K_vwU †bZvi ¸Yvejxi cÖwZ AvK…ó K‡i| A_©vr, †bZv †Kvb Av`‡k©i wfwË‡Z Abymvix‡ì cÖfvweZ
K‡ib A_ev Zvi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kivb BZ¨vw`| hwÌ eû eQ‡ii mgxÿvq †bZ…‡Z¡i we‡kl ¸Yvejxi
Zvrch©c~Y© cÖfve †`Lv hvqwb| Z_vwc †ek wKQy mgxÿv, †bZ…‡Z¡i wewfbœZv ev Zv‡ì AvPi‡Yi wewfbœZv,
Zv‡ì Abymvix‡ì Dci Kx ai‡bi cÖfve †dj‡Q- Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q|
†bZ…Z¡ GKwU cvi¯úwiK cÖfve

eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ mgxÿvq †`Lv hvq, †bZv I Abymvixiv ci¯úi ci¯úi‡K cÖfvweZ K‡ib| A_©vr †bZ…‡Z¡i
cÖfvewU GKZidv bq| †h‡nZz †bZv Ges Abymvix‡ì ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ wewfbœfv‡e †hvMv‡hvM N‡U, d‡j
Zv‡ì wPšÍvfvebv, bxwZ ev Av`k© cvi¯úwiK cÖfv‡ei AvIZvq c‡i|
†hme eë¯’vc‡Ki Aat¯Íb Kgx©iv Kv‡R A`ÿ A_ev Ag‡bv‡hvMx, †mLv‡b eë¯’vcKiv Nwbôfv‡e Zv‡ì
KvR ZË¡veavb K‡ib Ges Nb Nb Zv‡ì‡K wewfbœ wb‡`©wkKv †`b| Avevi †hme eë¯’vc‡Ki Aa¯Íb Kgx©iv
`ÿZv I g‡bv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ KvR K‡ib, †mLv‡b eë¯’vcKMY Zv‡ì Dci A‡bK `vwqZ¡ I KZ©„Z¡ †Q‡o
†`b| eë¯’vcK Zv‡ì KvR Nwbôfv‡e ZË¡veavb Kivi cÖ‡qvRb Abyfe K‡ib bv Ges Zv‡ì‡K Kv‡Ri
cÖwZwU ¯Í‡i wb‡`©k`v‡biI cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| A_©vr, `ÿ Kg©Pvix‡ì mv‡_ GKai‡bi Ges A`ÿ Kg©Pvix‡ì
mv‡_ wfbœ ai‡bi AvPiY eë¯’vcK K‡i _v‡Kb| GLv‡b Kgx©i `ÿZv ev Ag‡bv‡hvMxZv Kgx©i AvPiY Ges
wb‡`©kbv I ZË¡veavb eë¯’vc‡Ki AvPiY|
†hme Drcv`K †bZvi AvPiY‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i

Av‡Mi Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv †`‡LwQ Kxfv‡e Aa¯Íb Kgx©i eënvi †bZvi AvPiY‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| GLb †h
mg¯Í Drcv`K †bZvi AvPiY‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i, †mB mg¯Í Drcv`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie t
Aa¯Íb Kgx©‡ì êwk÷¨ t

Aa¯Íb Kgx©‡ì êwkó¨¸‡jvI †bZvi AvPiY‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, †Q‡j I †g‡q, ZiæY I eq¯‹
A_ev `ÿ I A`ÿ Kgx©‡ì ms‡M †bZv wfbœ wfbœ AvPiY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| A_©vr, Aa¯Íb Kgx©‡ì êwk‡óï
wewfbœZv †bZvi AvPiY‡K wewfbœfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i|
†bZvi wb‡Ri êwkó¨ t
†bZvi wb‡Ri †hvM¨Zv Ges e¨w³MZ ¸Yvejx Zvi †bZ…Z¡‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| †bZvi †hvM¨Zvi †ÿ‡Î, †bZvi
†Kvb wel‡qi Dci Ávb I `ÿZv, AwfÁZv, mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi `ÿZv Ges ms‡e`kxjZv Av‡Q Zv
Zvrch©c~Y©| ZvQvov Ab¨vb¨ ¸Yvejxi g‡a¨ †bZvi e¨w³Z¡ welqK ¸Yvejx h_v, KZ©„‡Z¡i B”Qv, AvÍwek¦vm Ges
¯úófvwlZv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
†bZvi EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©vi AvPiY t

†bZv Zvi Aa¯Íb Kgx©‡ì mv‡_ wKiƒc eënvi K‡ib, Zv A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i Zvi EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©vi KvQ
†_‡K wZwb Kx ai‡bi eënvi cvb| EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©viv n‡jb †bZvi Rb¨ f‚wgKvi Av`k© Ges cyi¯‹vi I
wZi¯‹v‡ii DrcwË¯’j| EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©vi AvPiY MYZvwš¿K n‡j †bZv mvaviYZ MYZvwš¿K nb, Avevi
EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v AMYZvwš¿K AvPiY Ki‡j †bZv Zvi Aa¯Íb Kgx©‡ì ms‡MI AMYZvwš¿K AvPiY K‡ib|
†bZvi mgwfeënvix eÜz‡ì AvPiY t
†bZvi mgwfeënvix bxwZ, ixwZ I cwi‡ek, MYZvwš¿K, Askx`vwiZ¡g~jK, cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj Ges †Lvjv‡gjv,
†m me cÖwZôv‡b †bZviv mvaviYZ Askx`vwiZ¡g~jK †bZ…‡Z¡i óvBj eënvi K‡i _v‡Kb| †hme cÖwZôv‡bi
cwi‡ek AMYZvwš¿K, †mLv‡b †bZv‡ì MYZvwš¿K AvPiY bv Kivi m¤¢vebvB †ekx|
Aa¯Íb Kgx©‡ì Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ t
†bZvi Aa¯Íb Kgx©iv Kx ai‡bi KvR Ki‡Qb Zvi Dci †bZvi AvPiY A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj| KvRwU hw`
iæwUb gvwdK nq, Zvn‡j †bZvi AvPiY wfbœ n‡e| Avi KvRwU hw` m„Rbkxj nq, Zvn‡j †bZvi AvPiY
Av‡iK ai‡bi n‡e|
†bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvejx
(Qualities of Leadership)
†Kwm †WwW‡mi mgxÿvq †bZvi Pvi ai‡bi ¸‡Yi K_v ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| A_©vr, †bZv‡K PvjK n‡Z nq Ges
Abymvix‡ì Zzjbvq Zv‡K †ekx eyw× ivL‡Z nq| †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvejx ¸‡jv n‡jv t
1| eyw×gËv t Abymvix‡ì Zzjbvq †bZvi eyw×gËv †ekx cwigvY n‡q _v‡K| A_©vr †bZv‡K PvjK n‡Z nq
Ges Abymvix‡ì Zzjbvq Zv‡K †ekx eyw× ivL‡Z n‡e|
2| mvgvwRK cwic°Zv t †bZvi mvgvwRK cwic°Zv Abymvix‡ì Zzjbvq †ekx _v‡K| Zviv Av‡eM‡K
wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges A‡bK e¨vcv‡iB AvMÖnx _v‡Kb| †bZv R‡qi Avb›` Ges civR‡qi
†e`bvq wb‡R‡K mshgx K‡i ivL‡Z cv‡ib| A‡bK nZvkvI †bZv mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
3| AšÍ: †cÖlYv I KxwZ©i Zvobv t †bZv‡ì g‡bvej, AšÍwb©wnZ PvwjKvkw³ Ges KxwZ©i A`g¨ Zvobv,
Zv‡ì‡K GKwU mvd‡jï ci Av‡iKwU mvd‡jï wc‡Q Qy‡U †h‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
4| gvbe m¤úK©g~jK `„wófsMx t †bZv‡ì gvbe m¤úK©g~jK `„wófsMx _v‡K| Zviv gvbyl‡K m¤§vb K‡ib
Ges GUv Zviv fvj K‡iB †ev‡Sb †h, gvbyl‡K w`‡q KvR Kwi‡q wb‡Z n‡j Zv‡ì cÖwZ mnvbyf‚wZkxj
nIqv ìKvi|
eZ©gvb mgxÿvq †`Lv hvq †bZvi e¨w³MZ ¸Yvejxi gva¨‡g Abymvix‡ì †_‡K Zv‡K c„_K Kiv hvq bv|
†bZv‡ì PvB‡Z A‡bK †ekx cwigvY ¸Y wb‡q A‡b‡KB †bZv n‡Z cv‡ib bv| Kv‡RB we‡kl ¸Yvejxi
gva¨‡g †bZv‡K Avjv`v K‡i cwiwPZ Kiv KwVb|
†bZ…‡Z¡i Av`k©mg~n
(Principles of Leadership)
mdj †bZ…‡Z¡i g~‡j i‡q‡Q wKQy ev¯Íe Av`k© ev bxwZ hv †bZv †g‡b P‡jb| eë¯’vcbv wekvi` wcUvi
WªvKv‡ii g‡Z mdj I Kvh©Kix †bZviv cvPwU we‡kl bxwZ ev Av`k© †g‡b P‡j| G¸‡jv n‡”Q t
1. mg‡qi eënvi t
Kvh©Kix †bZviv mg‡qi mdj eënvi K‡ib| A_©vr, Zviv mg‡qi AcPq K‡ibbv, eis Zv‡K Kv‡R jvMvb|
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
ZvQvov mgq Ggb GK m¤ú`, hv GKevi nviv‡j Avi wd‡i Av‡mbv| ZvB †bZviv mwVK mg‡q mwVK wm×všÍ
wb‡Z fzj K‡ib bv|
2. wb‡Ri Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© wRÁvmv t
Kvh©Kix †bZv memgq wb‡R‡K cÖkœ K‡ib, wZwb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î Ges Kx Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡ib ev Pvb| wb‡Ri
†hvM¨Zv I mxgve×Zv †R‡bB wZwb Zvi Ae`vb ivL‡Z Pvb|
3. `‡ji mevi kw³‡K eënvi Kiv t
Kvh©Kix †bZv Zvi wb‡Ri Ges `‡ji mevi kw³‡K Kv‡R jvMvb| †h †h KvR kw³kvjx, Zv‡K †mB KvRwUB
Ki‡Z †`b| d‡j mw¤§wjZ kw³‡Z `jwU Aciv‡Rq n‡q D‡V|
4. AvMvgxw`‡bi w`‡K jÿ¨ ivLv t
Kvh©Kix †bZv AZxZ I eZ©gv‡bi PvB‡Z fwel¨‡Zi w`‡K †ekx bRi †`b| KviY, Zviv Rv‡bb AZxZ Avi
eZ©gv‡b i‡q‡Q ïay mgm¨v Avi fwel¨‡Z i‡q‡Q m¤¢vebv| Kv‡RB Zviv mvg‡bi w`‡K Pjvi Rb¨ fwel¨‡Zi
Kg©cš’v Av‡M †_‡KB wVK K‡ib|
5. Kvh©Kix wm×všÍ t
Kvh©Kix I mdj †bZvi KvRB n‡”Q mdj I Kvh©Kix wm×všÍ †bIqv| †bZv Rv‡bb, wm×všÍ †bIqv RbwcÖqZv
hvPvBg~jK KvR bq| KwVb I ev¯Íe wm×všÍ †bqvi mgq Zviv †f‡e wP‡šÍ Z_v I gZvgZ cixÿv K‡iB
wm×všÍ †bb|
mvi-ms‡ÿc
* †bZ…Z¡ g~jZt `je× cÖ‡Póv †Rvi`vi K‡i|
* Bnv Amn‡hvwMZvi Dbœqb NUvq|
* †bZ…Z¡ Kvh© mgvc‡bi Dci ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i|
* †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸YvejxwfwËK †bZ…Z¡ Z‡Ë¡ mKj ¸Yvejx GKRb †jvK‡K †bZ…‡Z¡ f‚wlZ K‡i|
* †bZvi †h mKj ¸Yvejx cÖ‡qvRb Zv n‡jv kvixwiK ¸Yvejx, gvbwmK ¸Yvejx, mvgvwRK ¸Yvejx I
Kvh©m¤úwK©Z ¸Yvejx|
* cwiw¯’wZ †cÖwÿZ †bZ…Z¡ Z‡Ë¡ me‡P‡q fvj †bZ…Z¡ wbf©i K‡i cwiw¯’wZi Dci hv AbyK‚j ev cÖwZK‚j
cwiw¯’wZ|
* †hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z Z‡_ï ev fv‡ei Av`vb-cÖ`vb eySvq|
* †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vcbv bv _vK‡j-
- wb‡`©kbv e¨vnZ n‡e;
Ñ Av¯’v ¯’vwcZ nq bv;
Ñ Kv‡R mgbqnxbZv;
Ñ AdjcÖ` †bZ…Z¡|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx
1| †bZ…Z¡ ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb? eë¯’vcbvq †bZ…‡Ë¡i ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| †bZ…Z¡ aviYv¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3| †bZ…‡Z¡i cÖKvi‡f` ¸‡jv wPÎmnKv‡i eY©bv Kiæb|
4| Kvh©Ki †bZ…‡Z¡ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi f‚wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
5| ¸Yvejx wfwËK †bZ…Z¡ ZË¡wU e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
6| †bZ…‡Z¡i cvi¯úwiK cÖfve ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb Zv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
7| †Kvb Drcv`K †bZvi AvPiY‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i?
8| †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvejx eY©bv Kiæb|
mswÿß cÖkœvejx
1| †bZ…‡Z¡i msÁv w`b|
2| MYZvwš¿K I ˆ¯îZvwš¿K †bZ…‡Z¡i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`Lvb|
3| cwiw¯’wZ †cÖwÿZ †bZ…Z¡ ZZ¡wU e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
BDwbU
7
f~wgKv
AvaywbK eë¯’vcbvq Kgx©‡ì †cÖlYv `vb ev Kv‡R Drmvn m„wó eë¯’vcbvi Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR wn‡m‡e
we‡ewPZ| GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, g‡bvweÁv‡b †cÖlYv AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK A‡_© eëüZ nq| cÖK…Z A‡_©
†cÖlYv n‡jv cÖvwZôvwbK jÿ¨vR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZôv‡b wb‡qvwRZ Kgx©e„‡›ì Kvh©ÿgZvi cyY© eënv‡ii j‡ÿ¨
AbycÖvwYZ, DrmvwnZ I cÖ‡ivwPZ Kivi cÖwµqv| †Kv‡bv Kgx©i KvR mg‡Ü h‡_ó Ávb I Kg©`ÿZv _vKvB
Kv‡Ri c‡ÿ h‡_ó bq| G Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Kgx©i ¯^Ztù‚Z© B”Qv ev AvMÖn| ZvB Kgx©‡ì gb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i
Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î Zv‡ì m‡e©vËg mn‡hvwMZv I HKvwšÍKZv jvf KivB †cÖlYvi D‡Ïk¨|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 1 †cÖlYvi msÁv (Definition of Motivation)

D‡Ïk¨
5 †cÖlYv ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb
5 †cÖlYvi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†cÖlYvi msÁv
(Definition of Motivation)
mvaviYZt †`Lv hvq †h, †cÖlYv (Motivation), cÖ‡ivPK (Motivator), †cÖwlZ AvPiY (Motivated behavior)
welq wZbwU‡K GK K‡i †`Lv nq| wKšÍz welq wZbwUi g‡a¨ my² cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb| ZvB welq¸‡jv my¯úó
Kivi Rb¨ wb‡æ Avgiv wZbwU welq‡K msÁvwqZ KiwQ t
†cÖlYv ej‡Z eySvq cÖvYxi Ggb GKwU Ae¯’v, hv Zv‡K †Kvb AvPiY ev Kv‡R DØy× ev PvwjZ K‡i|
†cÖlYv KiY AvPiY
D‡Ïk¨
wPÎ t †cÖlYv Pµ
cÖ‡ivPK (Motivator) t cÖ‡ivPbv n‡”Q Ggb evwn¨K Dcv`vb hv e¨w³i Pvwn`v c~iY ev Zvi Afve‡eva `~i
Ki‡Z mÿg| cÖ‡ivPK g~jZt `yB iK‡gi, Avw_©K I Abvw_©K| Avw_©K cÖ‡ivPK †hgb †eZb, †evbvm BZ¨vw`
I Abv_©K cÖ‡ivPK †hgb c‡`vbœwZ, cÖwkÿY myweav BZ¨vw`|
†cÖwlZ AvPiY (Motivtional Behavior) t cÖ‡ivPK cÖ`v‡bi d‡j GKRb gvbyl †h AvPiY cÖ`vb K‡i Zv n‡jv
H e¨w³i †cÖwlZ AvPiY| †cÖwlZ AvPi‡Yi cÖavb êwkó¨¸‡jv wbæiƒct
1. †cÖwlZ AvPiY D‡Ïk¨ cÖ‡Yvw`Z|
2. †cÖwlZ AvPiY A‡cÿvK…Z `xN©¯’vqx|
3. †cÖwlZ AvPiY fvimvg¨ ms¯’vcK|
4. †cÖwlZ AvPiY Af¨šÍixY fv‡e m„ó|
AviI my¯úó Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv Avevi cÖ_g D`vniYwU D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvwi|
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-120

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
†cÖlYv n‡jv → Drcv`b e„w× Kivi gvbwmK Ae¯’v;

cÖ‡ivPK → †evbvm cÖ`v‡bi cÖ¯Íve;
†cÖwlZ AvPiY → Drcv`b c~‡e©i †P‡q e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
wb‡æ wewkó gbxlx‡ì K‡qKwU msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jvt

Weihrich and koonts Gi g‡Z- Ò†cÖlYv n‡jv Ggb GKwU mvaviY aviYv ev welq hv mKj †kªYxi Zvobv,
B”Qv, cÖ‡qvRb, AvKv•Lv Ges G ai‡bi kw³i †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|Ó
M. J. Gannon- Gi g‡Z- Ò‡cÖlYvi g~j A_© GKRb e¨w³i cÖ‡qvRb, AvKv•Lv Ges aviYvmg~n hv Zv‡K
GKwU we‡kl fw½‡Z KvR Ki‡Z Drmvn †`q|Ó
mnR fvlvq †cÖlYv n‡jv gvbyl‡K †Kvb Kv‡R DØy×KiY| GwU GKwU kw³ hv †Kvb e¨w³‡K, we‡kl †Kvb
Kv‡Ri w`‡K †U‡b wb‡q hvq| †Kvb QvÎ hw` g‡bv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ cov‡kvbv K‡i Zvn‡j, Zvi †cQ‡b †hgb
abvZ¥K †cÖlYv KvR K‡i, Avevi †Kvb QvÎ hw` cov‡kvbvq Ag‡bv‡hvMx nq Zvi †cQ‡bI †cÖlYvi Ae`vb
Av‡Q, Z‡e GwU FYvÍK †cÖlYv A_©vr Avgv‡ì me Kv‡Ri †cQ‡bB †cÖlYv Av‡Q- Zv KvRwU fvjB †nvK Avi
g›` †nvK|
†cÖlYvi ZviZ‡gï Rb¨ msMV‡b †Kvb Kgx© Kv‡R g‡bv‡hvMx, k„•Ljvcivqb Ges D‡`¨vMx, Avevi †Kvb Kgx©
Kv‡R Ag‡bv‡hvMx, wek„•Lj, wbiæ`¨g nq| QvÎ‡ì g‡aÏ †KD covïbv †Q‡o ivRbxwZ wb‡q †g‡Z hvq|
Gme †ÿ‡ÎI Zv‡ì wbR¯^ †cÖlYv Zv‡ì‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|
†cÖlYvi g~j n‡jv gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb ev Afve| gvby‡li †`‡n I g‡b hLb Afve‡eva _v‡K ZLb Zv c~iY
Kivi Rb¨ KZK¸‡jv jÿë¯Ízi cÖwZ Zvi Zxeª AvKl©Y‡eva Rb¥ †bq| jÿ¨ AR©‡b gvbyl‡K †h KvR Ki‡Z
nq Zv n‡jv gvby‡li eënvi ev AvPiY| welqwU wb‡Pi †iLvwP‡Îi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv t
Afve ev jÿ¨
cÖ‡qvRb eënvi ev AvPiY
GKwU D`vniY w`‡j e¨vcviwU ¯úó n‡e| aiæb Avcbvi Lye wccvmv †c‡q‡Q| wccvmv n‡jv Avcbvi Aeve
†eva ev cÖ‡qvRb| GB gyn‚‡Z© GK Møvm cvwb Avcbvi LyeBcÖ‡qvRb| †Kbbv, GB GK Møvm cvwb Avcbvi
wccvmv c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB GUvB n‡jv Avcbvi jÿ¨| wccvmv c~iY n‡j Avi GB Afve‡eva
Avcbv‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡ebv| cvwb cvb Kivi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K K‡ji Kv‡Q wM‡q Møvm fwZ© K‡i A_ev KvD‡K
cvwb LvIqv‡bvi Aby‡iva Kiv ev Av‡`k †Ìqvi Rb¨ †h KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z n‡e- †mUvB Avcbvi eënvi ev
AvPiY|
gvby‡li Afve ev cÖ‡qvRb‡eva A‡bK ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
* A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb
* wb‡R‡K gyjëvb Abyfe Kivi cÖ‡qvRb
* m¤§vb, kª×v I mgxn jv‡fi cÖ‡qvRb
* RbwcÖqZvi cÖ‡qvRb
* fvjevmvi cÖ‡qvRb
* wkÿv I e¨w³MZ DbœwZi cÖ‡qvRb
* ˆ`wnK Avek¨Kxq Zv †gUvevi cÖ‡qvRb
* mybvg I ¯^xK…wZi cÖ‡qvRb
* e¨w³MZ I D”Pvkv ev jÿ¨ c~i‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb
* Avivg-Av‡qk ev †fvM wejv‡mi cÖ‡qvRb

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
* wbivcËvi cÖ‡qvRb BZ¨vw`

GB ai‡bi Afve c~i‡Yi Rb¨ gvby‡li †h evMÖZv ZvB n‡jv †cÖlYv| A_©vr gvby‡li AvPiY‡K hv cÖfvweZ
K‡i Zv‡KB †cÖlYv ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, †cÖlYv n‡jv gvby‡li Ggb GKwU gvbwmK Ae¯’v, hv Zv‡K †Kvb Kv‡R ev AvPi‡Y DØy×
ev wbe„Ë K‡i|
†cÖlYvi ¸iæZ¡
(Importance of Motivation)
eë¯’vcbvi KvR n‡jv A‡bï Øviv KvR K‡i †bqv| wKšÍz Kv‡Ri e¨vcviwU Kgx©‡ì Kvh© mšÍzwói mv‡_
Am¤úKx©Z| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ †KD KvR Ki‡Z bv PvB‡j Zv‡K w`‡q †Rvi K‡i KvR Kiv‡bv hvq bv| ZvB
AvaywbK eë¯’vcbv Kgx©‡ì mšÍwó AR©‡bi welqwU h‡_ó ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv K‡i| wb‡æ †cÖlYvi KwZcq
¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvÑ
1. D”P g‡bvej Dbœqb (Development of high morale) t
†cÖlYv Kgx©‡ì D”P g‡bvej MV‡b ¸iZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L| G‡Z Zv‡ì cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ Ges Kv‡Ri
cÖwZ AwaK AvšÍwiK K‡i †Zv‡j Ges cÖwZôv‡bi ¯^v_© we‡ivax †h †Kvb Kvh©Kjv‡c wbiærmvwnZ K‡i|
d‡j cÖwZôv‡b GKwU DËg Kvh© cwi‡e‡ki m„wó nq|
2. AwaK Drcv`b (Mass production) t
cÖwZwU cÖwZôv‡bi mdjZv wbf©i K‡i h_vm¤¢e Kg e¨‡q m‡e©v”P Drcv`‡bi Dci| Gi Rb¨ Aek¨B
Kgx©‡ì kw³i m‡e©v”P eënvi wbwðZ nIqv DwPZ| †cÖlYvi Afv‡e Kgx©iv AKvh©Ki n‡q co‡j
KLbB AwaK Drcv`b wbwðZ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
3. `ÿZv e„w× (Increase in efficiency) t
Kv‡Ri cÖwZ AvšÍwiKZv _vK‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Kgx©iv †mB Kv‡R Avb›` cvq Ges Avb›` mn‡hv‡M †h
†Kvb Kg© cÖ‡Póv Zv‡ì `ÿZv e„w×‡Z D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f‚wgKv iv‡L| †cÖlYvi Afv‡e Kgx©iv Kv‡R wbivb›`
†eva K‡i hv µ‡g Zv‡ì `ÿZv‡K n«vm K‡i|
4. DËg kªg-eë¯’vcbv m¤úK© cÖwZôv (Establishing fair labor Management relation) t
DËg kªg eë¯’vcbv m¤úK© cÖwZôv eë¯’vcbvi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| †cÖlYvi ØvivB Zv AR©b Kiv
m¤¢e| Kgx©‡ì gvbwmK w`K n‡Z hZ mšÍzó ivLv hv‡e eë¯’vcbvi cÖwZ Zv‡ì aviYv I AvšÍwiKZv ZZ
evo‡e| †cÖlYvi Afv‡e Kgx©iv Av‡›`vjb K‡i Ges G‡Z K‡i I kªg-eë¯’vcbv m¤úK© Lvivc nq|
5. AcPq n«vm (Reduction in wastage) t
†cÖlYv AcPq n«v‡mI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L| †cÖlYvi Afv‡e Kgx©‡ì kªg N›Uvi †h AcPq nq ev
Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î Ab¨vb¨ bvbvwea †h mKj AcPq ev ÿqÿwZi m„wó nq, DËg †cÖlYvi e‡`Šj‡Z Zv
A‡bKvs‡k †iva Kiv m¤¢e|
6. D‡`¨vM I Dbœqb (Initiaive and development) t
†cÖlYv ïay gvbwmK mšÍzwóB m„wó K‡i bv Zv Kgx©‡ì‡K be-be cš’v D™¢ve‡bi gva¨‡g DËg Dcv‡q KvR
m¤úv`‡b D‡`¨vMx K‡i †Zv‡j| hv cÖwZôv‡bi Dbœq‡b we‡kl f‚wgKv iv‡L|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
cvV 2 Kgx©‡ì †cÖlYv`v‡bi Dcvq

(Methods of Motivation)
D‡Ïk¨
5 wKfv‡e Kgx©‡ì Kv‡R †cÖlYv †`qv hvq ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
†cÖlYv`v‡bi Dcvq
(Methods / Ways of Motivation )
AvaywbK eë¯’vcbvq kªwgK-Kgx©‡ì wbKU n‡Z KvR Av`v‡q †cÖlYv `v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ mKj gn‡jB ¯^xK…Z|
Ae¯’v I cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx wewfbœ ai‡bi †cÖlYv`vb c×wZ cÖwZôvbmg~‡n cÖPwjZ _vK‡jI G‡K cÖK…wZ
Abyhvqx Avw_©K I Abvw_©K `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| wb‡æ G ai‡bi Dcv`v‡bi mswÿß weeiY cÖ`Ë n‡jv t
K. Avw_©K †cÖlYv (Financial Motivation) t wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK my‡hvM myweavi gva¨‡g Kgx©w`M‡K Kv‡R
AbycÖvwYZ Kivi cÖwµqv‡K Avw_©K †cÖlYv wnmv‡e AwfwnZ Kiv hvq| A‡_©i mv‡_B Bnv m¤ú„³| wb‡æ Gi
Dcv`vbmg~n Av‡jvwPZ n‡jv-
1. †eZb (Salary) t D”P †eZb ¯^fveZB Kgx©‡ì‡K DÏxß K‡i| †eZb ej‡Z G‡ÿ‡Î g~j †eZb‡KB
eySvq| Kgx© hw` Zv‡K cÖ`Ë †eZb Ab¨vh¨ g‡b K‡i Zvn‡j Kv‡R †m wbiærmvn †eva K‡i|
2. gybvdvi Ask (Profit Sharing) t mvaviYfv‡e gybvdv gvwj‡Ki cÖvc¨| Kgx©‡ì hw` gybvdvi GKwU Ask
†`qv nq Zv n‡j cÖwZôvb‡K wb‡Ri fve‡Z †hgwb Zviv DrmvwnZ nq †Zgwbfv‡e gybvdv e„w×i RbÏ
Zviv m‡Pó _v‡K|
3. Drcv`b †evbvm (Productivity bonus) t G c×wZ‡Z Avw_©K cÖ‡ivPK cÖ`vb K‡í †Kvb wbw`©ó Kv‡R
Kg©Pvix‡ì Drcv`b gyj¨vq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU Av`k© nvi ev gvb mgq wba©viY K‡i †`qv nq| Av`k©
cwigv‡Yi †P‡q †ewk, cÖwZ BDwbU Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ GKwU wbw`©ó nv‡i †evbvm †`qv nh A_ev wbw`©ó
mg‡qi g‡a¨ †h hZ †ewk Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡K GKwU wbw`©ó nv‡i ZZ †ewk †evbvm †`qv nq|
Drcv`b †evbvm e¨w³ ev `jMZfv‡e †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i|
4. Kvh© m¤úv`b †evbvm (Performance bonus) t G c×wZ‡Z †Kvb Kg©Pvix‡K ïay Drcv`‡bi wfwË‡Z
†evbvm †`qvi cwie‡Z©, Zvi mvgwMÖK Kvh©m¤úv`‡bi wfwË‡Z †evbvm †`qv nq| Kvh©m¤úv`b =
Kg©`ÿZv * †cÖlYv G m~Î †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, Kvh©m¤úv`‡bi Dci Kg©ÿgZv I †cÖlYvi cÖfve
ms‡hvRbkxj bq eis ¸bbkxj| wb‡æ wP‡Î †cÖlYvi mv‡_ Kvh©m¤úv`‡bi m¤úK© †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
wPÎ t †cÖlYvi mv‡_ Kvh©m¤úv`‡bi m¤úK©
‡cÖlYvi gvÎv hLb gvSvgvwS _v‡K, ZLb Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi gvÎv m‡e©v”P mxgvq †cŠQvq| †cÖlYvi m‡e©v”P
ch©v‡q Kvh© m¤úv`b Kg nq| ZvB Avw_©K †cÖlYv †èvi mgq welqwU jÿ¨ ivLv cÖ‡qvRb Lv‡Z Kgx© m‡e©v”P
ch©v‡q †cÖwlZ bv nq Z‡e h_vh_ Kvh© m¤úv`b †evbvm cÖ`vb Kiv Riæix|
5. `jMZ cÖ‡ivPK cwiKíbv (Group incentive plan) t G c×wZ‡Z †Kvb Kg©`j (work group) Gi
m`m¨‡K e¨w³MZ Drcv`‡bi wfwË‡Z †evbvm w`‡q, Zvi `‡ji mvgwMÖK Drcv`‡bi wfwË‡Z †evbvm
†`qv nq| `jMZ fv‡e Drcv`b †evbvm cÖ`vb Kivi cÖavb KviY n‡”Q GB †h, †Kvb †Kvb K‡g© e¨w³i
Drcv`b‡K Avjv`vfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv `~iƒn e¨vcvi|
6. cÖvwšÍK myweav (Fringe benefits) t Avw_©K cÖ‡ivPK ej‡Z ïay gRywi ev †eZb‡K eySvq bv| PvKwi‡Z
wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖvwšÍK myweavI (†hgb, wPwKrmv fvZv, evwo fvov, hvZvqvZ fvZv, `yN©Ubvi ÿwZc~iY,
wPËwe‡bv`b fvZv, Aemi fvZv, cÖwf‡W›U dv‡Ûvi myweav BZ¨vw`) Avw_©K cÖ‡ivPK wnmv‡e eëüZ nq|
cÖvwšÍK myweavmg~n cÖ‡ivPK wnmv‡e AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
Avw_©K cÖ‡ivPK †cÖlYv cÖ`v‡b e¨vcK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i Z‡e Aa©¯Íb Kgx©iv mvaviYZt G‡ÿ‡Î †ewk gvÎvq
†cÖwlZ nq| Z‡e mv‡_ mv‡_ DaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©vivI welqwU ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i we‡ePbv K‡i|
L. Abvw_©K †cÖlYv (Non-financial Motivation) t

A‡_©i evB‡i †h mKj DÏxcK eëüZ nq Zv‡K Abvw_©K †cÖlYv ejv nq| wkí‡ÿ‡Î Kg© †cÖlYv m„wói Rb¨
wewfbœ iKg Abvw_©K cÖ‡ivPK eëüZ nq| †hgb, fvj Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi ¯^xK…wZ I cyi¯‹vi, djvd‡ji Ávb,
cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, Awfbœ jÿ¨, `vwq‡Z¡ Askx`vwiZ¡, wm×v‡šÍ AskMÖnY, Kv‡Ri wbivcËv, Kvh©vejx‡Z ¯^vwaKvi,
c‡`vbœwZi my‡hvM, mnKgx©‡ì mv‡_ mym¤úK©, cÖwkÿ‡Yi myweav, myô eë¯’vcbvi bxwZgvjv AbymiY, mivmwi
†hvMv‡hvM Ges m„RbkxjZvq Drmvn `vb| G‡ì mswÿß eY©bv †`qv n‡jv-
1. ¯^xK…wZ I cyi¯‹vi (Recognition and reward) t
fvj Kv‡Ri ¯^xK…wZ I cyi¯‹v‡ii d‡j AvÍZ…wß AwR©Z nq| ¯^xK…wZ jvf gvby‡li Kg©‡cÖlYv e„w× K‡i
Ges Zv‡K µ‡g cÖwZkªæwZe×, GKvMÖ I DrKm©K…Z K‡i †Zv‡j| D”P c`¯’ Kg©KZ©viv mvaviYZt
¯^xK…wZ I cyi¯‹vi Gi gva¨‡g †ewk gvÎvq Kvh© †cÖwlZ nq|
2. djvd‡ji Ávb (Feedback) t
djvd‡ji Ávb e¨w³MZ I `jMZ Dfq ai‡bi Kvh©m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨B †cÖlYv e„w× K‡i| Kv‡h©i
djvd‡ji Ávb wbcyYfv‡e Kvh©m¤úv`‡b e¨w³‡K DØy× K‡i|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
3. cÖwZ‡hvwMZv (Competition) t
gvby‡li Kg© †cÖlYv e„w×i Av‡iKwU c×wZ n‡”Q cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK Kg© cwi‡ek m„w÷ Kiv|
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK Kvh© cwi‡e‡k e¨w³ Kvh©m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g Zvi †kªôZ¡ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ me©kw³ wb‡qvM
K‡i|
4. Awfbœ jÿ¨ (Common Goal) t
†cÖwlZ AvPiY me©`vB j‡ÿï Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq| ZvB †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡a¨ Kvh© †cÖlYv
m„wó Ki‡Z n‡j mywbw`©ó jÿ¨ wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cÖvwZôvwbK jÿ¨ I Kg©Pvix‡ì jÿ¨ Awfbœ n‡Z
n‡e| jÿ¨ Awfbœ n‡j Kgx©iv Kv‡h© †cÖwlZ nq|
5. wm×všÍ Ask MÖnY (Participation in Decision Making) t
†Kvb wbw`©ó K‡g©i e¨vcv‡i AvMÖnI †cÖlYv e„w×i GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c`‡ÿc n‡”Q, Kgx©‡ì‡K wm×všÍ
MÖnY cÖwµqvq AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM †`qv| mvaviYZt D”P ¯Í‡ii eë¯’vcKiv G my‡hvM †c‡j †ewk gvÎvq
Kv‡h© †cÖwlZ nq|
6. PvKwii wbivcËv (Job Security) t
Kg©Rxe‡b AwbðqZv I PvKzwiPy¨wZi fq †_‡K cÖ‡Z¨‡KB wbivcËv Pvq| PvKzix wbivcËv bv _vK‡j
†Kvb Kgx© Kv‡R g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z cv‡i bv Ges Kv‡h© †cÖwlZ nq bv| Z‡e wbb¥¯Í‡ii Kg©xiv PvKzix
wbivcËv welqwU †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i|
7. K‡g© ¯^vqËkvmb (Autonomy in work) t
mvaviYZt gvbyl Kg©‡ÿ‡Î ¯^vwaKvi Pvq| wbR¯^ K‡g©i e¨vcv‡i e¨w³ A‡bï wbqš¿Y ev n¯Í‡ÿc cQ›`
K‡i bv| wbR¯^ a¨vb-aviYv I Ávb e„w×i NvwU‡q KvR Kivi ¯^vaxbZv †c‡j K‡g© Zvi Drmvn, DÏxcbv,
`vwqZ¡‡eva, m„RbkxjZv I AvÍwek¦vm e„w× cvq|
Z‡e D”P¯Í‡ii Kg©Pvixiv A‡cÿvK…Z wbæ¯Í‡ii Kg©Pvix‡ì †P‡q ¯^vqZ¡kvmb‡K Kg©mšÍwó I †cÖlYvi
Rb¨ †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb wnmv‡e we‡ePbv K‡i|
8. c‡`vbœwZi my‡hvM (Opportunity for promotion) t
cÖ‡Z¨K †ckvMZ Rxe‡b c‡`vbœwZ I AMÖMwZ Kvgbv K‡i| wbæ¯Í‡ii Kgx©‡ì †P‡q eë¯’vcbv I wbe©vnx
Kg©KZ©viv c`gh©v`vi †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`b| GKwU M‡elYv n‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q †h Kg©Pvixiv c‡`vbœwZ‡K
Kg©‡cÖlYv e„w×i Rb¨ wØZxq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb g‡b K‡i|
9. mnKgx©‡ì mv‡_ fvj m¤úK© (Good Relation with co-workeny) t
mnKgx©‡ì mv‡_ fvj m¤úK© e¨w³ I `‡ji jÿ¨vR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i I Kgx©i g‡bvej I Kg©¯ú„nv e„w×
K‡i|
10. myôz eë¯’vcbvi bxwZgvjv AbymiY (Adoption of sound Mgt priniciples) t
†Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡bvej, Kg© mšÍzwó, I †cÖlYv e„w×i GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcvq n‡”Q, myô
eë¯’vcbvi bxwZgvjv AbymiY| Gi gva¨‡g Kgx©‡ì‡K Kv‡h© †cÖwlZ Kiv hvq|
11. cÖwkÿ‡Yi myweav (Training Facilities) t
DËg cÖwkÿY Kgx©‡ì `ÿZv I g‡bvej e„w×‡Z f‚wgKv iv‡L| ch©vß cÖwkÿ‡Yi myweav _vK‡j Kgx©iv
Kv‡h© †cÖwlZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î eë¯’vcK I wbe©vnxiv cÖwkÿY MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g K‡g© AwaKZi `vwqZ¡evb nq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
12. Db¥y³ †hvMv‡hvM (Open communication) t

kªwgK eë¯’vc‡Ki g‡a¨ gZvgZ wewbg‡qi Kvh©Kix eë¯’v _vK‡j Kgx©‡ì g‡bvej I Kg©‡cÖlYv e„w×
cvq|
13. m„RbkxjZvi Drmvn cÖ`vb (Encourgement of Creativity) t
gvby‡li GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Pvwn`v n‡”Q m„Rbkxj cÖwZfv‡K weKwkZ Kiv| K‡g© m„RbkxjZvi my‡hvM
_vK‡j Kgx©iv K‡g© †cÖwlZ nq| mvaviYZt D”P ¯Í‡i Kgx©iv G‡Z Kv‡h© †cÖwlZ nq|
Avw_©K I Abv_©K Dfq ai‡Yi cÖ‡ivPKB Kgx©i †cÖlYvi Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| Z‡e wbæ¯Í‡ii Kgx©‡ì
†ÿ‡Î Avw_©K cÖ‡ivPK e¨vcK f‚wgKv iv‡L| Avevi eë¯’vcK I wbe©vnx e¨w³‡ì †ÿ‡Î Abvw_©K cÖ‡ivPK
K‡h© †cÖwlZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î Kvh©Kix f‚wgKv iv‡L|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
cvV 3 †cÖlYvi ZË¡mg~n (Theories of Motivation)

D‡Ïk¨
5 †cÖlYvi wewfbœ ZË¡ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
†cÖlYvi ZË¡mg~n (Theories of Motivation)

†cÖlYvi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ gbxwl I M‡elK wewfbœ Z‡Ë¡i Dbœqb mvab K‡i‡Qb| Giƒc KwZcq weL¨vZ ZË¡
m¤ú‡K© wb‡æ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
(K) gvR‡jvi †cÖlYvi ¯Íixf‚Z †mvcvb ZË¡
(Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory)
Aveªvnvg gvR‡jv GKRb g‡bvweÁvbx| Zvi cÖ`Ë †cÖlYvi ¯Íixf‚Z †mvcvb ZË¡, †cÖlYvi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
ZË¡| GB Z‡Ë¡ gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb‡K cuvPwU ¯Í‡i ev ch©vqµ‡g fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zvi g‡Z wb‡Pi ¯Í‡ii
cÖ‡qvRb c~Y© nIqvi ciB gvbyl cieZx© ¯Í‡ii cÖ‡qvRb Abyfe K‡i| Gfv‡e av‡c av‡c gvby‡li
cÖ‡qvRb‡eva m‡e©v”P ¯Í‡i P‡j hvq| wb‡æ †iLv wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ welqwU fvjfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv t
AvZ¥weKv‡ki cÖ‡qvRb
e¨w³K cÖ‡qvRb
mvgvwRK cÖ‡qvRb
wbivcËvi cÖ‡qvRb
ˆ`wnK cÖ‡qvRb
wPÎ t gvR‡jvi ¯Íixf‚Z †mvcvb ZË¡

wP‡Î cÖ`Ë gvR‡jvi †cÖlYvi ¯Íixf‚Z †mvcvb Z‡Ë¡i cÖwZwU ¯Í‡ii Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
(1) ˆ`wnK cÖ‡qvRb (Physiological Need)

†eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ gvby‡li hv wKQy ìKvi ZvB n‡jv ˆ`wnK cÖ‡qvRb| Abœ, e¯¿ evm¯’vb, Av‡jv evZvm BZ¨vw`
mewKQyB ˆ`wnK cÖ‡qvR‡bi AvIZvq c‡i| G¸‡jv Qvov gvbyl †eu‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| Kv‡RB G¸‡jv mevi
Av‡M c~iY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| msMV‡bi Kgx©iv ZvB mevi Av‡M †eZb fvZvi gva¨‡g Lvevi, Kvco I evm¯’v‡bi
wbðqZv Pvq| GB ai‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ gvbyl me wKQyB Ki‡Z ivRx _v‡K|
(2) wbivcËvi cÖ‡qvRb (Security Need)

ˆ`wnK cÖ‡qvRb hLb †gvUvgywUfv‡e wg‡U hvq, ZLb gvbyl wbivcËvi cÖ‡qvRb Abyfe K‡i| wbivcËv
`y'iK‡gi n‡Z cv‡i GKwU n‡jv ˆ`wnK wbivcËv Avi Ab¨wU n‡jv A_©‰bwZK wbivcËv| gvbyl †hgb Rxe‡bi
SzuywKc~Y© KvR †_‡K mvaviYZ wb‡R‡K weiZ ivLvi †Póv K‡i †Zgwb iæwU-iæwRi wbivcËv †Luv‡R| Kv‡RB
PvKzixi ¯’vqxKiY, fwel¨r mÂq Kiv BZ¨vw` wbivcËvRwbZ Afve‡eva, eZ©gvb I fwel¨Z Rxe‡bi
wbðqZvi fvebv †_‡KB gvby‡li wbivcËvRwbZ cÖ‡qvRb Abyf‚Z nq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
(3) mvgvwRK cÖ‡qvRb (Social Need) t

gvbyl hLb wKQyUv Avw_©K ¯^”QjZv I wbivcËvq Zzó nq ZLbB †m eÜz-evÜe I cvov-cÖwZ‡ekxi cÖksmv,
fvjevmv I kª×v †c‡Z AvMÖnx nq| cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©PvixivI hLb cÖ‡qvRbxq Avw_©K myweavmn ¯’vqx PvKzwi‡Z
envj nq ZLbB Zviv mvgvwRK cÖ‡qvRb Abyfe K‡i Ges wewfbœ mvgvwRK Kvh©µg I Abyôv‡b AskMÖn‡Y
AvMÖnx nq|
(4) AvÍZ…wßi cÖ‡qvRb (Esteem Need) t

Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡bvi ci gvbyl AvÍZ…wßi DciB we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q _v‡K| AvÍZ…wß‡ZB A‡b‡K Rxe‡bi
A_© Lyu‡R cvq| eë¯’vcbv †ÿ‡Î Bnv LyeB Zvrch©c~Y© Ges G AvÍZ…wßi Rb¨B Kgx©‡ì eo PvKzix, Mvox, evox
BZ¨vwì cÖ‡qvRb nq| wb‡Pi wZbwU avc cyiY n‡j ev cÖ‡qvRb wg‡U †M‡jB gvby‡li Kv‡Q AvÍZ…wßi cÖ‡qvRb
Abyf‚Z nq|
(5) AvÍweKv‡ki cÖ‡qvRb (Self-actualization Need) t

AvÍZ…wßi cÖ‡qvRb †gvUvgywUfv‡e wg‡U †M‡j gvbyl AvÍweKv‡ki cÖ‡qvRb Abyfe K‡i| gvR‡jvi g‡Z GwU
cÖ‡qvR‡bi mePvB‡Z Dc‡ii ¯Íi| GUv n‡jv gvby‡li wbR¯^ m¤¢vebvi cwic~Y© cÖKv‡ki A`g¨ B”Qv| gvbyl †h
Kv‡RB wb‡qvwRZ _vKzK bv †Kb, hLb †h KvRwU mePvB‡Z fvjfv‡e Kivi †Póv Pvjvq, ZLb Zvi
AvÍweKv‡ki cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
(L) nvR©ev‡M©i wØ-Dcv`vb ZË¡

(Herzberg's Two Factor Theory)
msMV‡bi cUf‚wg‡Z cwiPvwjZ M‡elYvq nvR©evM© I Zvi mn‡hvMxiv †cÖlYvi †ÿ‡Î `yB ai‡bi Drcv`v‡Ki
f‚wgKv jÿ¨ K‡ib| G `y'wU n‡jv †gvwU‡fUi (Motivator) I nvBwRb (Hygiene)| M‡elYvq Zviv jÿ¨
K‡ib †h, Kgx©‡ì Kv‡Ri mšÍzwó g~jZ Kv‡Ri mv‡_ mivmwi RwoZ PjK¸‡jvi Dci wbf©i K‡i Ges K‡g©
AmyšÍwó Kv‡Ri evB‡ii PjK ev cwi‡e‡ki Dci wbf©i K‡i| cÖ_g `‡ji PjK¸‡jv‡K †gvwU‡fUi Ges
wØZxq `‡ji PjK¸‡jv‡K Zviv nvBwRb Drcv`K e‡j D‡jøL K‡ib| A_©vr †gvwU‡fUi ev mšÍzwó Drcv`K
Kv‡Ri Avf¨šÍwiY Dcv`vb| Avi nvBwRb ev AmšÍzwó Drcv`K g~jZt Kv‡Ri evwn¨K ev cwi‡ekMZ
Dcv`vb| wb‡P GB `yB ai‡bi Pj‡Ki K‡qKwU Drcv`K Zz‡j aiv n‡jv t
‡gvwU‡fUi ev mšÍzwó Drcv`K nvBRxb ev AmšÍzwó Drcv`K
Kv‡Ri ¯^xK…wZ msMV‡bi bxwZ I ixwZ
c‡`vbœwZ †eZb I fvZv
`vwqZ¡ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©
KxwZ© Kv‡Ri wbivcËv
KvRwU wb‡RB Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek
†h mg¯Í PjK bv n‡j Kv‡R mšÍzwó Av‡m bv †m¸‡jv‡K †gvwU‡fUi Drcv`K e‡j| Avi †h mg¯Í Pj‡Ki
Afv‡e Kv‡R AmšÍzwó Av‡m Zv‡K nvBRxb Drcv`K e‡j| msMV‡b nvBRxb Drcv`‡Ki gva¨‡g Kgx©‡ì
Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î AmšÍzwó m„wó Kiv hvq, wKšÍz mšÍzwó Avbqb Kiv hvq bv| Kgx©‡ì Kv‡R mšÍzwó Avb‡Z n‡j
mšÍzwói Drcv`K¸‡jvi eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
(M) wf±i GBP åæ‡gi cÖZ¨vkv ZË¡

(Victor H. Vroom's Expectancy Theory)
†cÖlYvi †ÿ‡Î cÖZ¨vkv Z‡Ë¡i g~j K_v n‡jv, gvbyl hLb g‡b K‡i Zvi Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g †Kvb djvdj AR©b
Kiv m¤¢e- ZLbB †h KvRwU Kivi †cÖlYv Abyfe K‡i| cÖZ¨vkvi gva¨‡g †cÖlYv Z‡Ë¡i e¨vL¨v w`‡Z wM‡q
åæg, gvby‡li cQ›` I ev¯Íe †ÿ‡Î †Kvb NVbv NUevi m¤¢vebvi Dci ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb| Zvi g‡Z e¨w³i
†cÖlYvi kw³ wbf©i K‡i Zvi mvgwMÖK cQ›` Ges cÖZ¨vkvi ¸wYZK m¤ú‡K©i Dci| A_©vr-
Force = Valence ∞ Expectancy
(†cÖlYvi kw³ = mvgwMÖK cQ›` * cÖZ¨vkv)
GLv‡b f¨v‡jÝ n‡jv djvd‡ji cÖwZ e¨w³i Zzjbvg~jK mvgwMÖK cQ›` Ges cÖZ¨vkv n‡jv †mB djvdjwU
Zvi †cÖlYvi gva¨‡g NUevi m¤¢vebv| Kv‡RB †Kvb Kv‡Ri djvdj NUevi cÖZ¨vkv hw` bv _v‡K Zvn‡j Zvi
cÖwZ e¨w³i †Kvb †cÖlYv _vK‡e bv| Avevi djvdjwU hw` Zvi cQ›`bxq bv nq Zvn‡jI e¨w³ †m KvRwU
Kivi †cÖlYv Abyfe Ki‡e bv|
(N) g¨vK‡jj¨vÛ Gi KxwZ©g~jK †cÖlYv ZË¡

(Meclleland's Needs Theory of Motivation)
g¨vK‡jj¨vÛ wZb ai‡bi gyj cÖ‡qvRb wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb, hv gvby‡li AvPiY‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| G¸‡jv n‡jv-
* msjMœZvi cÖ‡qvRb
* ÿgZvi cÖ‡qvRb
* KxwZ©i cÖ‡qvRb|
M‡elYvi gva¨‡g g¨vK‡jj¨vÐ †`‡L‡Qb †h, †h me e¨w³i g‡a¨ msjMœZvi cÖ‡qvRb †ekx Zviv mnKgx©‡ì
mg_©b I fvjevmv I †mŠnv`©¨ †ekx Kvgbv K‡i| e¨w³ wn‡m‡e Zviv mevi mv‡_ mL¨Zv I mym¤úK© eRvq
ivL‡Z m‡Pó _v‡K| hv‡ì †ÿ‡Î ÿgZvi cÖ‡qvRb †ekx Zviv †bZv n‡Z Pvq, wm×všÍ wb‡Z Pvq Ges
ÿgZvI cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii Rb¨ me©`v m‡Pó _v‡K|
hviv KxwZ©i cÖ‡qvRb †ekx gvÎvq Abyfe K‡i, Zv‡ì g‡a¨ mdj nevi cÖej B”Qv Ges e¨_© nevi cÖej
Awb”Qv †`Lv †`q| Zviv `ytmvnwmK KvR Ki‡Z cQ›` K‡i| Aek¨ Zviv AwZgvÎvq SzuwK †bq bv| †h
Kv‡Ri djvdj Zv‡ì Dci wbf©ikxj †mme Kv‡R Zviv †ekx AvMÖnx nq| A_©vr KLbI Zviv fv‡Mï Dci
fimv K‡i bv|
cvV ms‡ÿc
* †cÖlYv n‡jv Ggb GKwU gvbwmK Ae¯’v hv gvbyl‡K †Kvb Kv‡R DØy× ev wbe„Ë K‡i|
* cÖ‡ivPK-wewfbœ Dcv`vb ev e¨w³i Pvwn`v ev Afve‡eva `~i K‡i|
* †cÖwlZ AvPiY- cÖ‡ivPK cÖ`v‡bi d‡j GKRb gvbyl †h AvPiY cÖ`vb K‡i Zv n‡jv H e¨w³i †cÖwlZ
AvPiY|
* †cÖlYv D”P g‡bvej MV‡b f‚wgKv iv‡L|
* Bnv AwaK Drcv`‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
* DËg kªg-eë¯’vcbv m¤úK© cÖwZôv K‡i †cÖlYv|
* Avw_©K I Abvw_©K GB `yB Dcv‡q Kgx©‡ì‡K †cÖwlZ Kiv hvq|
* Avw_©K †cÖlYv †hgb, †eZb, gybvdvi Ask, †evbvm, Avw_©K wbivcËv, FY I AMÖxg BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g
Kgx©‡ì‡K †cÖwlZ Kiv hvq|
* Abvw_©K †cÖlYv †hgb, e¨w³MZ ÿgZv, AwaKvi, myô Kg© cwi‡ek, wbivcËv, DËg eënvi BZ¨vwì

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
gva¨‡g Kgx©‡ì‡K Kv‡h© †cÖwlZ Kiv hvq|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx
1| †cÖlYv ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb? eë¯’vcbvq †cÖlYvi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| Kgx©‡ì †cÖlYv`v‡bi Dcvq mg~n e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3| Abvw_©K †cÖlYv`v‡bi Dcvqmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4| †cÖlYvi †ÿ‡Î gvR‡jvi ¯Íixf‚Z †mvcvb ZË¡wU Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
5| nvR©ev‡M©i wØ Dcv`vb ZË¡wU eY©bv Kiæb|
6| wf±i GBP åæ‡gi †cÖlYvi cÖZ¨vkv ZË¡wU Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
mswÿß cÖkœvejx
1| †cÖlYvi msÁv w`b|
2| Avw_©K †cÖlYvi wewfbœ Dcvq eY©bv Kiæb|
3| g¨vK‡jj¨vÐ-Gi †cÖlYv ZË¡wU e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

BDwbU
8
mgb¦qmvab
(Coordination)
f~wgKv
mgb¦q mvab eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©vejxi g‡a¨ GKwU Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| Gi gva¨‡g Kvievi cÖwZôv‡bi
wewfbœ KvR Ges wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ mgZv Avbqb Kiv hvq| mvaviYZ eë¯’vcK wb‡RB mgb¦q mva‡bi KvRwU
K‡i _v‡Kb| GKwU cÖwZôv‡b mgb¦q mva‡bi ¸iæZ¡ AZ¨šÍ †ekx| KviY D‡Ïk¨ ev jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨
cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri Ges wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ mgb¦q mvab Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| GQvov D‡Ïk¨ AR©b Kiv KwVb
n‡q c‡i| ZvB mgb¦q mvab eë¯’vcbvi GKwU Aek¨KiYxq KvR wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 1 mgb¦‡qi msÁv, cÖK…wZ Ges ¸iæZ¡

(Definition, Nature & Importance of Coordination)
D‡Ïk¨
5 mgb¦‡qi msÁv,
5 mgb¦‡qi cÖK…wZ Ges
5 mgb¦‡qi ¸iæZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K©|
mgb¦‡qi msÁv
(Definition of Coordination)
eë¯’vcbvi wewfbœ Kvh©vejxi g‡a¨ mgb¦qmvab Kiv n‡jv Ab¨Zg GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| mgb¦q mvab ev
mgb¦‡qi A_© n‡jv mvgÄm¨ weavb Kiv| A_©vr GKwU wbw`©ó j‡ÿ¨ †cŠuQvi Rb¨ wewfbœ Kg© cÖwµqv, `j A_ev
e¨w³M‡Yi g‡a¨ GKZv ev k„•Ljv Avbqb Kiv‡KB mgb¦q e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq †h, †Kvb `j ev
cÖwZôv‡bi AšÍM©Z wewfbœ e¨w³ ev †Mvwôi Kv‡h©i we‡kølY Ges G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ ¯’vc‡bi cÖwµqv‡K
mgb¦q e‡j|
weL¨vZ eë¯’vcbv wekvi` g¨vK dvij¨vÐ Gi g‡Z, Òmgb¦q n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g wbe©vnx ev
eë¯’vcK mvaviY D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡ì Aat¯Íb‡ì `jMZ cÖ‡Pôvi myk„•Lj I wbqgZvwš¿K aiY m„wó
K‡ib Ges wewfbœ Kvh©vejxi g‡a¨ HK¨ Avbqb K‡ib|Ó
gywb I †iBwji Gi g‡Z, ÒmvaviY D‡Ï‡k¨ wewfbœ Kg©ZrciZvi g‡a¨ HK¨ Avbq‡bi `jxq cÖ‡Póvi myk„•Lj
web¨vm‡K mgb¦q e‡j|Ó
†R. Avi †Uixi g‡Z, Òwba©vwiZ D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b mymvgÄm¨ I mgiƒc cÖ‡Póv m„wói Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxi avivevwnK
cÖwµqvB mgb¦q|Ó
me‡k‡l Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, msMV‡bi mvaviY D‡Ïk¨ ev jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ myk„•Lj `jxq cÖ‡Póv I
Kv‡h©i g‡a¨ HK¨ Avbq‡bi cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq mgb¦q ev mgb¦q mvab| cÖwZwU eëmvqx ev Aeëmvqx
cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZwU KvR Ges wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ GKZv A_ev mgZv Avb‡Z nq| Ab¨_vq
eëmv‡qi g~j D‡Ïk¨ AR©b m¤¢e nq bv|
mgb¦‡qi cÖK…wZ
(Nature of Coordination)
mgb¦qmva‡bi welqwU eë¯’vcbvi me©¯Í‡i Acwinvh© Ges Gi mdjZv eë¯’vcbvi mdjZvi m‡½ wbweofv‡e
m¤^Ühy³ nIqvi Kvi‡Y G‡K eë¯’vcbvi jÿ¨ wn‡m‡eI we‡ePbv Kiv nq| A‡b‡K mgb¦q mvab‡K
eë¯’vcbvi mvi ev wbh©vm wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb| wb‡æ mgb¦‡qi cÖK…wZ wewfbœfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
(1) cÖ_gZ, mgb¦‡qi KvRwU b¨¯Í _v‡K eë¯’vcK A_ev wbe©vnxi Dc‡i| Aaxb¯Í Kgx©iv †¯^”Qvq
cÖ‡Yvw`Zfv‡e cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv GKwÎZ n‡Z cv‡i, wKšÍz mgb¦q ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY
GB KvRwU n‡jv eë¯’vc‡Ki|
(2) wØZxqZ, mgb¦qmvab `jxq cÖ‡Póvi mv‡_ RwoZ| GwU †Kvb e¨w³ we‡k‡li cÖ‡Póv bq| A_©vr Avcbvi
mv‡_ hw` Avcbvi `‡ji †jvK mn‡hvwMZv bv K‡i, Zvn‡j mgb¦qmva‡b Avcbvi †h cÖ‡Póv Zv mdj
n‡e bv| aiæb cÖwZôvbwU ¯’vcb mdj Kivi Rb¨ mK‡jB hvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Q| wKšÍz hvi ¯’vb
wbe©vPb Kivi `vwqZ¡ wZwb Zv K‡ibwb Ges mwVK mg‡q Zv Rvbv‡Z cv‡ibwb| GB Ae¯’vq mKj
BDwbU AvU c„ôv-132

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
Av‡qvRbB e¨_© n‡e ïaygvÎ `jxq cÖ‡Póvi Afv‡e|

(3) cÖ‡Póv mg~‡ni GKZv Avbq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU wbw`©ó mgq †eu‡a †`qv cÖ‡qvRb| †hgb, eëmv‡qi A_©
msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ Ges ¯’vbI wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e wba©vwiZ mg‡q| Ab¨_vq
cwiKíbv gvwdK KvRwU m¤úbœ Kiv m¤¢e n‡e bv|
(4) mgb¦‡qi Aek¨B GKwU wbw`©ó jÿ¨ ev D‡Ïk¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB Kv‡Ri mgZv
Avbqb Kiv m¤¢e bq| †hgb, G‡ÿ‡Î mgb¦‡qi jÿ¨ n‡jv GKwU evwYwR¨K cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb K‡i
eëmvq Kiv Ges gybvdv Avq Kiv|
mgb¦‡qi ¸iæZ¡
(Importance of Coordination)
†h †Kvb Kv‡R mdjZv Avbq‡bi Rb¨ mgb¦q AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| cwievi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i
eëmvqxK, mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb me †ÿ‡ÎB mgb¦‡qi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| mgb¦‡qi Afv‡e †h †Kvb
cÖwZôv‡b wek„•Ljv ˆbivR¨, `~e©j g‡bvej cÖf…wZ m„wó nq Ges eë¯’vcbv‡K RwUj I mgm¨veûj K‡i
†Zv‡j| wb‡¤œ wewfbœ w`K †_‡K mgb¦‡qi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
(1) `ÿZv e„w× t myôz mgb¦q Kgx©‡ì `ÿZv e„w×‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| A_©vr mgwb¦Z Kv‡R Kgx©‡ì `ÿZv
e„w× cvq Ges G‡Z K‡i Kv‡h©i gvbI DbœZ nq|
(2) wewfbœ Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ Avbv t GKwU cÖwZôv‡b wewfbœ wefv‡M wfbœ wfbœ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ
cÖK…wZi A‡bK kªwgK Kgx© _v‡K| mK‡ji Kv‡Ri jÿ¨ _v‡K GKwU hv eë¯’vcbv wba©viY K‡i †`q|
GLb Gme KvR, wefvM I Kg©PvixM‡Yi g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ eRvq bv _vK‡j cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ AR©b m¤¢e
nq bv| d‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h Kgx©iv wewfbœ KvR, wfbœ wfbœ mg‡q Ges wewfbœ fv‡e Ki‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î
Kv‡R myôz mgb¦q Ki‡j wew”QbœZvi e`‡j fvimvg¨ Avm‡e|
(3) AmgZv `~ixKiY t †h †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bB `ÿ, A`ÿ, Aa©`ÿ Giƒc wewfbœ ai‡bi kªwgK Kgx© wb‡qvwRZ
_v‡K| G‡ì g‡a¨ AcÖxwZKiI Amg cÖwZ‡hvwMZv `~ixKi‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi mvaviY jÿ¨ AR©‡b
mgb¦q we‡kl f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
(4) HKë× cÖ‡Póvq jÿ¨ AR©b t mgb¦q `jxq KZ©‡e¨ c~Y©Zv Avbq‡b mnvqZv K‡i| mgb¦‡qi gva¨‡g
`‡ji cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨‡K GKB KvZv‡i ivLv nq| hvi d‡j m`m¨MY mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póvq GKwU KvR
m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K| mgb¦q `jxq m`m¨‡ì Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ msnwZ Avbqb K‡i mvgwMÖKfv‡e Kv‡Ri
ALÐZv eRvq iv‡L| d‡j `jxq †Kvb GKRb m`m¨ `vex Ki‡Z cv‡i bv †h, mdjZvi me K…wZZ¡
Zvi|
(5) eë¯’vcbvi Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡h©i mn‡hvwMZv t K_vwU Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q †h, eë¯’vcbvi cÖwZwU Kv‡RB
mgb¦‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q| cwiKíbv, msMVb, wb‡`©kbv Ges wbqš¿Y Kvh©vw` KZUv djcÖmy n‡e
Zv wbf©i K‡i myôz mgb¦‡qi Dc‡i| mgb¦qmvab Qvov eë¯’vcK G mKj KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
(6) AcPq n«vm t cÖwZwbqZ cÖwZwU cÖwZôv‡b wewfbœ wefvM I Dcwefv‡Mi Kvh©vejxi g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨
weav‡bi cÖ‡Póv Kiv nq| G‡Z AwZ mn‡R AcÖ‡qvRbxq Kvh©vejx wPwýZ Kiv m¤¢e nq Ges Dnv‡ì
cwinviK‡í cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’vMÖnY Kiv m¤¢e nq|
(7) cÖwZôv‡bi DËg fvig~Zx© m„wó t cÖwZôv‡bi bvbv gyLx Kg©Kv‡Ði g‡a¨ mgb¦q mvab Kiv m¤¢e n‡j cY¨
I †mevi ¸YMZ DrmKl© mvwaZ nq, e¨q n«vm cvq Ges cÖwZôv‡bi cÖe„w×i my‡hvM m„wó nq| G‡Z
MÖvnK‡ì g‡a¨ cÖwZôv‡bi DËg fveg~Zx© m„wó nq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
(8) g‡bvej Dbœqb t mgb¦q mva‡bi d‡j cÖwZôv‡b k„•Ljv‡ev‡ai m„wó nq| G‡Z cÖwZwU Kgx© cÖwZôv‡bi
mvwe©K j‡ÿ¨ Zvi Ae`vb m¤^‡Ü Rvbvi my‡hvM cvq| Gi d‡j Kg©KZ©v‡ì g‡bve‡ji Dbœqb N‡U|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
mgb¦‡qi †KŠkj ev c×wZ Ges c~e©kZ©

cvV 2
(Methods or Techniques and Prerequisites of Coordination)
D‡Ïk¨
5 mgb¦‡qi †KŠkj ev c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Ges
5 mgb¦q mva‡bi c~e©kZ© mg~n m¤ú‡K©|
mgb¦‡qi †KŠkj ev c×wZ

(Methods or Techniques of Coordination)
Av‡Mi cv‡V Avgiv mgb¦‡qi wewfbœ welq m¤ú‡K© Rvbjvg| GLb Avgiv mgb¦q mva‡bi wewfbœ c×wZ ev
†KŠkj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡ev| †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b mgb¦q mvab Avcbv †_‡KB n‡Z cv‡i bv| GB Rb¨ wKQy †KŠkj ev
c×wZ Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq| G¸‡jv n‡jv t
(1) EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v‡ì Øviv wbqš¿Y t
msMVb KvVv‡gv Abymv‡i EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©vMY Zv‡ì Aaxb¯Í‡ì Kvh©vejx wbqš¿Y Ki‡e GUvB ¯^vfvweK| G
wbqš¿‡Yi D‡Ïk¨B n‡”Q cwiKíbv Abyhvqx KvR n‡”Q wKbv Zv wbwðZ Kiv| †m Kvi‡Y Kg©KvÐ D‡Ïk¨
†K›`ªvbyM ivLvi j‡ÿ¨ EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©vMY m`v RvMÖZ _v‡K| Zv‡ì mZK©ve¯’vb I mvgÄm¨ weav‡bi cÖeYZv
mymgwb¦Z Kvh©dj AR©‡bi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
(2) wbqwgZ Avjvc Av‡jvPbv t
wbqwgZ Avjvc Av‡jvPbv mgb¦‡qi GKwU AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Kix c×wZ| Gi d‡j wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ mKj cÖKvi fzj
eySveywS Ges AmvgÄm¨Zv `yi nq| Avcwb GKUz †Lqvj Ki‡jB eyS‡Z cvi‡eb †h, Avcbvi eÜzgn‡j wKsev
ciwev‡i †Lvjv‡gjv Av‡jvPbv Kivi gva¨‡g A‡bK KwVb KvRI mn‡RB mgvavb Kiv hvq hv nqZ mn‡RB
m¤¢e nZ bv| G Kvi‡Y cÖwZôv‡bi mKj eë¯’vcK ev Kgx©M‡Yi mv‡_ Avjvc Av‡jvPbv K‡i cÖvwZôvwbK
mKj cÖKvi mgm¨v wPwýZ K‡i Ges myôz mgb¦qmva‡bi gva¨‡g Gi mnR mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e nq|
(3) KwgwU ev cl©` eë¯’v t
KwgwU n‡jv K‡qKRb e¨w³i wgwjZ GKwU `j, hviv wewfbœ wel‡q wm×všÍMÖnY K‡i _v‡K| KwgwUi
m`m¨MY‡K mvaviYZ wewfbœ ¯^v_© mswkøó cÿ †_‡K wbe©vwPZ Kiv nq| †hb Zviv wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y mwVKfv‡e
cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i| GQvov Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB hvi hvi wefv‡Mi mgm¨v mgvavb mg‡SvZvi gva¨‡g Ki‡Z
†Póv Ki‡e| mK‡ji gZvgZ wb‡q G KwgwU hLb †Kvb bxwZ wba©viY K‡i ZLb Zvi mgb¦q mvab Ges
cwiPvjbv AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki I mnR nq|
(4) mwVK †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v t
DbœZ †hvMv‡hvM †h‡Kvb eëmv‡qi mvd‡jï Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| mwVK I `ªæZ †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v mgb¦q
mva‡bi GKwU Ab¨Zg I Kvh©Ki nvwZqvi| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †h †Kvb ÎæwU wePy¨wZ ev weK…wZ mgb¦q mva‡b
mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i| Kv‡RB DbœZ I mwVK †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡i mgb¦qmvab‡K AviI Kvh©Kix Kiv
m¤¢e nq|
(5) mgb¦qKvix wb‡qvM t
KL‡bv KL‡bv †Kvb we‡kl cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mgb¦q Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ we‡kl mgb¦qKvix wb‡qvM Kiv nq| wZwb
wewfbœ wefvM, DcwefvM, kvLv Ges DckvLvi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i mgb¦‡qi mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZ Kivi †Póv
K‡i Ges Gme mgm¨v mgvav‡bi j‡ÿ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mycvwik gvjv cÖYqb K‡i _v‡K| Gfv‡e myóz mgb¦q
eë¯’v Pvjy ivLv nq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
(6) eë¯’vcKxq Z_¨ eë¯’v t eZ©gv‡b e„n`vKvi cÖwZôv‡b mgb¦q mva‡bi Kvh© m¤úv`‡b eë¯’vcKxq Z_¨
eë¯’v ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| GB eë¯’vi gva¨‡g wewfbœ wefv‡Mi Kvh©Kv‡h©i we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY
jvf Kiv m¤¢e nq| d‡j cÖvß Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z mgb¦q mva‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e nq|
mgb¦q mva‡bi c~e©kZ© mg~n

(Prerequisits of Coordination)
Av`k© mgb¦‡qi wKQy c~e©kZ© i‡q‡Q| GB c~e©kZ©mg~n wb‡æ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
(1) mnR msMVb t GKwU cÖwZôv‡b wewfbœ iKg KvR m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K| Gme Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ myóz mgb¦q bv
n‡j mdjZv Av‡m bv| Kv‡Ri e¨vcKZv evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ mgb¦‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvI †e‡o hvq| †QvU
†QvU cÖwZôv‡b Kv‡Ri cwigvY Ges RwUjZv eo cÖwZôv‡bi †P‡q A‡bK Kg| d‡j †QvU cÖwZôv‡bi
mKj KvR GKvB eë¯’vcK Z`viK Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍz cÖwZôvb eo nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv A‡bK
KwVb n‡q c‡i| ZLbB mnR msMV‡bi gva¨‡g myóz mgb¦‡qi cÖ‡qvRb n‡q c‡i| mnR msMV‡bi
gva¨‡g †h me eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv hvq †m¸‡jv n‡jv, mywbw`©ó mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv ˆZix K‡i mK‡ji
`vwqZ¡ wba©viY Kiv, Dchy³ wefvMxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g GKB ai‡bi Kv‡Ri cybive„wË †iva Kiv Ges
Aaxb¯Í‡ì †hvM¨Zv Abymv‡i wm×všÍMÖn‡Yi ch©vß ÿgZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
(2) mymsnZ cwiKíbv t MVbg~jK wPšÍvaviv‡K wbqggvwdK mvRv‡bvi gva¨‡g cwiKíbvi myôz mgb¦q m¤¢e|
†Kbbv cwiKíbv wewfbœ wPšÍvavivi mgb¦q NUvq Ges D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ wK ai‡bi avivevwnKZv
eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e Zv wb‡`©k K‡i| GQvov cwiKíbv wewfbœ Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ m¤úK© wb‡`©k K‡i d‡j
mgb¦q mvab mnR nq|
(3) cwiKwíZ †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v t mycwiKwíZ †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v myôz mgb¦‡q mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i| GQvov
wb‡`©kbv hw` mwVKfv‡e, mwVK e¨w³‡K, mwVK mg‡q †cŠuQv‡bv m¤¢e nq bv| ZvB †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v
Ggb fv‡e †X‡j mvRv‡Z n‡e †hb, Z_¨ †cÖi‡Y †Kvb cKvi fzj ÎæwU ev cÖwZeÜKZv bv _v‡K|
(4) ¯^ZtùzZ© mgb¦q mva‡b mnvqZvi eë¯’v t g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, mgb¦q mvab Kiv nq gvby‡li g‡a¨ hv‡ì
Av‡eM Av‡Q, Abyf‚wZ Av‡Q| Kv‡RB myózfv‡e mgb¦q mva‡bi ciI wKQy AwZwi³ eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z
n‡e| A_©vr Kgx©‡ì cÖwZôv‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ Rvwb‡q w`‡Z n‡e| me©Rb M„nxZ GKwU AvPiY c×wZ
Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e Ges A-AvbyôvwbK Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g ¯^ZtùzZ© mgb¦q mva‡bi my‡hvM e„w×
Ki‡Z n‡e|
(5) e¨w³MZfv‡e civgk© `vbt mgb¦qmva‡bi mKj Kvh©Ki eë¯’v †bqvi ciI wKQy mgm¨v †_‡K hvq|
ZvB G ch©v‡q wKQy e¨w³MZ cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| GRb¨ wb‡`©k`v‡bi ciI
ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z n‡e, wVKgZ wb‡`©k cvwjZ n‡”Q wKbv| cÖ‡qvR‡b wKQy civgk©I w`‡Z n‡e, †hb
wb‡`©k mwVKfv‡e cvjb Kiv hvq|

eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx
1| mgb¦q ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb? mgb¦‡qi ¸iæZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Kiæb|
2| mgb¦‡qi cÖK…wZmg~n e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3| mgb¦q mva‡bi wewfbœ †KŠkj ev c×wZmg~‡ni eY©bv w`b|
4| mdj fv‡e mgb¦‡qi c~e©kZ©mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
mswÿß cÖkœvejx
1| mgb¦q mvab wK?
2| mgb¦q mva‡bi †KŠkj¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
3| mgb¦q mva‡bi cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

BDwbU
9
wbqš¿Y (Controlling)
f~wgKv
eë¯’vcbvi †gŠwjK Kvh©µ‡gi me©‡kl avc n‡jv wbqš¿Y| cÖwZôv‡bi wKQy †gŠwjK jÿ¨ D‡Ïk¨ _v‡K Ges
Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ cwiKíbv Kiv nq| gvbexq I Agvbexq m¤ú` †hvMvi Kiv nq Ges myôziƒ‡c Zv D‡Ïk¨
AR©‡b cvwiPvwjZ Kiv nq| wKšÍz mKj wKQyB cwiKíbv gvwdK myPviæiƒ‡c cwiPvwjZ nq bv| GRb¨B
†Kv_vq mgm¨v Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z nq Ges ms‡kvabg~jK eë¯’v wb‡Z nq| myôz wbqš¿Y Qvov KL‡bvB
cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb Ges jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©b Avkv Kiv hvq bv| GB BDwbU cv‡V Avcwb wbqš¿Y, Bnvi
êwkó¨, ¸iæZ¡ Ges c`‡ÿc m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 1 wbqš¿Y ej‡Z wK eySvq

(Meaning of Controlling)
D‡Ïk¨
5 wbqš¿Y ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
wbqš¿Y wK? (What is Controlling)

wbqš¿‡Yi AvwfavwbK A_© n‡jv †Kvb wKQy cwiPvjbv mshZKiY, `gb, weiZ ivLv ev Avq‡Ë ivLv|
eë¯’vcbv cÖwµqv ev Kvh©vewji me©‡kl avc n‡jv wbqš¿Y| mnR K_vq wbqš¿Y ej‡Z cwiKíbvi Av‡jv‡K /
Abyhvqx cÖwZôv‡bi mKj Kvh©µg mwVKfv‡e m¤úbœ n‡”Q wKbv Zv hvPvB Kiv Ges †Kvb Miwgj _vK‡j Zvi
cÖwZKvi Kiv‡K eySvq|
cÖwZôv‡bi g~j jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ me©cÖ_g cwiKíbv ˆZwi Kiv nq| AZtci cÖYxZ cwiKíbvi
Av‡jv‡K jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wbwð‡Zi Rb¨ msMVb (cÖ‡qvRYxq gvbexq I Agvbexq DcKiYvwì), Kgx© wb‡qvM,
wb‡`©k cÖ`vb, mgb¦q mvab, †cÖlYv cÖ`vb K‡ib| wKšÍz Aaxb¯’iv me mgqB mKj Kvh©vw` myôziƒ‡c m¤úv`b
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KL‡bv cwi‡ek cwiw¯’wZI cv‡ë hvq| ZvB cÖ‡qvRb nq wbqš¿‡Yi| wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g mKj
fzj-ÎæwU Lyu‡R †ei Kiv nq Ges ms‡kva‡bi eë¯’v wb‡q D‡Ïk¨ AR©b wbwðZ Kv nq| wbqš¿‡Yi K'wU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© msÁv wb‡æ cÖ`Ë n‡jv t
Henry Fayol Gi g‡Z wbqš¿Y n‡jv cÖYxZ cwiKíbv, cÖ`Ë wb‡`©kvejx Ges cÖwZwôZ bxwZgvjvi Av‡jv‡K
Kvh©vewj m¤úvw`Z n‡”Q wKbv Zv cixÿv Kiv| ("In an undertaking control consists in verifying whether
everything occurs in conformity with the plan adopted, the instructions issued and the principles
established")1
Weihrich and Koontz Gi g‡Z wbqš¿Y n‡jv m¤úvw`Z Kvh© cwigvc Ges ms‡kvab- hv‡Z K‡i nIqv hvq
cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨vejx Ges cwiKíbvmg~n mym¤úbœ n‡q‡Q| ("Controlling is the measurement and correction
of performance in order to make sure that enterprise objectives and the plans desired to attain them are being
accomplished.")
Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ msÁv¸‡jv ch©v‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ c~e© wba©vwiZ
cwiKíbv Abyhvqx Kvh©vw` h_vmg‡q I h_v_© gvb Abyhvqx m¤úvw`Z n‡”Q wKbv Zv ch©‡eÿY I Zzjbv Kiv,
†Kvb wePy¨wZ n‡j Zvi KviY AbymÜvb K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvabg~jK eë¯’v MÖnY KivB n‡jv wbqš¿Y|
cwiKíbv Ges wbqš¿Y Nwbôfv‡e m¤úK©hy³| Bnviv GKB KuvwPi `ywU djv Ges `yB djv GKwÎZ bv n‡j
KuvwP †Kvb KvR K‡i bv| †Zgwb D‡Ïk¨ Ges cwiKíbv Qvov wbqš¿Y Am¤¢e| KviY, Kvh©m¤úv`b memgqB
wKQy cÖwZwôZ gvb`‡Ði gva¨‡g cwigvc Kiv nq| eë¯’vcbvi D”P, ga¨ I wbæ A_©vr mKj ¯Í‡iB wbqš¿Y
Avek¨K| mKj ¯Í‡ii myôz wbqš¿Y Qvov KL‡bv †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi g~j jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©b Kiv m¤¢e bq|
Z‡e cwiKíbv fwel¨rgyLx A_©vr fwel¨‡Z KLb wK Kiv n‡e Zv we¯ÍvwiZ fv‡e cwiKíbvq ewY©Z nq| Aci
w`‡K wbqš¿Y AZxZgyLx A_©vr cÖYxZ cwiKíbvq w¯’i Av`k© gv‡bi Av‡jv‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv nq|
1 Fayol, Henry, (1949), General and Industrial Management, Sir Isaae Pitman and Sons, London, P.107.
BDwbU bq c„ôv-138
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
cvV 2 wbqš¿‡Yi êwkó¨ I ¸iæZ¡

(Characteristics and Importance of Controlling)
D‡Ïk¨
5 wbqš¿‡Yi êwkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
5 wbqš¿‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wbqš¿‡Yi êwkó¨
(Characteristics of Controlling)
wbqš¿Y eë¯’vcbv Kvh©vewji me©‡kl avc| cwiKíbvi Av‡jv‡K mKj Kvh©vewj mwVKfv‡e n‡”P wKbv Zv
ch©‡eÿY Kiv Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b ms‡kvaYg~jK eë¯’vMÖnY KivB n‡jv wbqš¿Y| wbqš¿‡Yi wKQy ¯^Zš¿ êwkó¨
i‡q‡Q| hv wb¤œiƒc-
1. me©‡kl Kvh©-cÖwµqv
wbqš¿Y eë¯’vcbvi me©‡kl Kvh©cÖwµqv| D‡Ï‡kï Av‡jv‡K cwiKíbv Ges cwiKíbv Abyhvqx mKj Kvh©µg
A_©vr msMVb, wb‡`©kbv, mgb¦q mwVK fv‡e n‡”Q wKbv Zv †`LvB n‡jv wbqš¿‡Yi KvR|
2. D‡Ïk¨ I cwiKíbv wfwËK
wbqš¿Y me©`vB D‡Ïk¨ I cwiKíbv wfwËK| A_©vr D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨B cwiKíbv Kiv nq Ges cwiKíbvi
Av‡jv‡K mKj Kvh©µg Øviv D‡Ïk¨ wbwðZ n‡”Q wKbv ZvB wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g †`Lv nq|
3. mnR I †evaMg¨Zv
wbqš¿Y c×wZ Aek¨B mnR Ges †evaMg¨ n‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z K‡i mK‡jB Bnv eyS‡Z cv‡i| d‡j mKj ¯Í‡i
†Kvb cÖKvi A¯úó QvovB Bnv ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡e|
4. Dchy³Zv I ev¯ÍeZv
wbqš¿Y Aek¨B D‡Ïk¨ I cwiKíbv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Dchy³ I ev¯ÍegyLx n‡e| hw` mKj ¯Íi I wefv‡Mi Rb¨
wbqš¿Y Dchy³ I ev¯ÍegyLx bv nq Z‡e, me©ÎB mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡e|
5. Aweivg cÖwµqv
wbqš¿Y eë¯’vcbvi me©‡kl KvR n‡jI GwU GKwU Aweivg cÖwµqv| cÖwZwU eë¯’vcbv Kv‡h©i mv‡_B wbš¿Y
RwiZ| Ges GKevi †Kvb Kv‡h©i cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv n‡jv Zvi mv‡_ Zvj †i‡L Aweivg fv‡e wbqš¿Y
Kvh©Z ej‡Z _v‡K|
6. fwel¨r gyLx
AZxZ AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ cwiKíbv Kiv nq| fwel¨‡Zi cwiKíbvq wK wK mgm¨v Avm‡Z
cv‡i, Zvi MwZ cÖK…wZ wK Ges wKiƒc Zv mgvavb m¤¢e- G m¤ú‡K© wbqš¿Y aviYv cÖ`vb K‡i|
7. bgbxqZv
fwel¨r me mgqB cwieZ©bkxj| ZvB cÖ‡qvR‡bi Av‡jv‡K fwel¨‡Zi cwieZ©bkxj cwi‡ek, cÖhyw³,
cwiKíbv I msMV‡bi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pjvi Rb¨ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v cwiZ©bkxj I bgbxq n‡Z n‡e|
8. gvbexq I Agvbexq cÖ‡Póvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³
wbqš¿Y eë¯’v cÖwZôv‡bi gvbexq I Agvbexq cÖ‡Póvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³| cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ Kgx©iv
wKiƒ‡c Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q, mwVK hš¿cvwZ, mwVK e¨q Ges mwVK c×wZ‡Z m¤úv`b Ki‡Q wKbv
BZ¨vwì mv‡_B wbqš¿Y RwoZ|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
9. me©¯Í‡i we`¨gvb
cÖwZôv‡bi D”P, ga¨ I wbæ GB wZbwU ¯Í‡ii cÖwZwU‡ZB wbqš¿Y we`¨gvb| mKj ¯Í‡ii myôz wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g
cÖwZôv‡b D‡Ïk¨ AwR©Z nq|
10. Kg e¨q mv‡c‡ÿ

wbqš¿Y eë¯’v Kg e¨q mv‡cÿ n‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq Zv Øviv Avkvbyiƒc djvdj jvf Kiv hvq bv| KviY
wbqš¿Y eë¯’v h‡Zv e¨q mv‡cÿ nq Z‡Zv RwUj n‡q _v‡K|
11. `ªæZ fzj-ÎæwU wb‡`©kK

wbqš¿Y eë¯’v Ggb n‡e- hv Øviv cwiKíbvi Av‡jv‡K mKj Kvh©µg m¤úv`b n‡”Q wKbv Ges m¤úv`‡bi
†ÿ‡Î †Kv_vq †Kv_vq fzj ÎæwU n‡”Q Zv `ªæZZvi mv‡_ wba©viY Ki‡e|
12. ms‡kvab eë¯’v wb‡`©kK

wbqš¿Y eë¯’v ïay fzj-ÎæwU wb‡`©kbB Ki‡e bv, Bnv fzjÎæwU ms‡kvab I `~ixf‚Z Kivi mwVK wb‡`©kI cÖ`vb
Ki‡e| hv †_‡K cieZx© cwiKíbv ˆZwi Kiv n‡e|
wbqš¿‡Yi ¸iæZ¡
(Importance of controlling)
cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b wbqš¿‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| cwiKíbv Ges Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©µg h‡Zv
my›ìfv‡eB m¤úv`b nDK bv †Kb myôz wbqš¿Y bv _vK‡j me wKQyB A_©nxb n‡Z eva¨| ZvB mKj ¯Í‡ii
mKj Kvh© my›ìfv‡e m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨ I AR©‡bi Rb¨, cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i wU‡K
_vKvi Rb¨ wbqš¿Y AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| wb‡æ wbqš¿‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt
1. cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb
myôz wbqš¿Y eëmv‡qi †QvU-eo mKj Kvh© cwiKíbv gvwdK P‡j| Kv‡h©i AMÖMwZi mKj Z_¨ h_vmg‡q
cvIqv hvq| d‡j cwiKíbvi mwVK ev¯Íevqb `ªæZ nq|
2. fzj-ÎæwU D`NvUb
myôz wbqš¿Y eëmvq cwiKíbvq w¯’ivK…Z Av`k©gv‡bi mv‡_ AwR©Z mvdj¨ Zzjbv Kiv nq| Aci w`‡K cÖwZwU
eë¯’vcbv Kvh© h_v_© I mwVKfv‡e ev¯Íevqb n‡”Q wKbv ZvI ch©‡eÿY Kiv nq| d‡j †h †Kvb ¯Í‡ii,
†h‡Kvb Kv‡h©i fzj-ÎæwU `ªæZZvi mv‡_ D`NvUb Kiv hvq|
3. `ªæZ mwVK c`‡ÿc MÖnY

Kvh©Ki wbqš¿Y eë¯’vq †h †Kvb fzj-ÎæwU Lye mn‡RB aiv c‡o Ges cÖwZwU mgm¨vi Kvh©KiY m¤ú‡K© Rvbv
hvq| d‡j Zvi Av‡jv‡K `ªæZZvi mv‡_ mwVK I Kvh©Ki c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv hvq|
4. cieZx© cwiKíbvi gvb Dbœqb

myôz wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi Øviv `ªæZZvi mv‡_ fzj-ÎæwU wbiƒcY I wbimb Kiv hvq| GB wbimb eë¯’v cieZx©
cwiKíbvi wfwË w¯’iKi‡Y I gvb Dbœq‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
5. k„sLjv e„w×
dj`vqK wbqš¿Y eë¯’vq cÖwZôv‡bi mKj wefvM I e¨w³i g‡a¨ †¯^”QvPvwiZv n«vm cvq, Reve w`wnZvi m„wó
nq Ges k„sLjv e„w×cvq| hv jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ Acwinvh©|
6. mgb¦q I mn‡hvwMZv e„w×
cÖYxZ cwiKíbv, bxwZ I c×wZi Av‡jv‡K mKj KvR n‡”Q wKbv, †Kv_vI mgm¨v i‡q‡Q wKbv BZ¨vw`
wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g wbwðZ Kiv nq| d‡j mKj ¯Íi I mKj kvLvq mgb¦q Ges mn‡hvwMZv e„w× cvq|
7. m‡PZbZv I g‡bvej e„w×
myôz wbqš¿Y eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b k„sLjv, mgb¦q I mn‡hvwMZv e„w× cvq| hv Kgx©‡ì m‡PZbZv I g‡bvej‡K
e„w× K‡i| cÖ‡Z¨‡KB cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki myß cÖwZfv weKv‡k Ges m‡e©v”P mvg_©¨ Abyhvqx KvR Kivi my‡hvM cvq|
8. SzuwK n«vm
wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g †`Lv nq cÖwZwU wefvM, cÖwZwU Kgx©, cÖwZwU DcKiY, cÖwZwU bxwZ-c×wZ mwVKfv‡e Ges
cwiKíbv gvwdK KvR Ki‡Q wKbv, d‡j mKj Kvh© myôiz ƒ‡c m¤úbœ nq, D‡Ïk¨ AR©b wbwðZ nq Ges
me©¯Í‡ii SzuwK n«vm cvq|
9. mgq I AcPq n«vm
Kvh©Ki wbqš¿Y eë¯’vq cÖwZôv‡bi mKj Kvh© c~e© wba©vwiZ cwiKíbv gvbI ¸Y Abyhvqx m¤úbœ nq| †Kv_vI
†Kvb mgm¨v n‡jv mv‡_ mv‡_ aiv c‡o Ges `ªæZ ms‡kvabg~jK eë¯’v †bqv nq| d‡j cÖwZôv‡bi mKj
†ÿ‡Î mgq ms‡ÿc Ges e¨q I AcPq n«vm cvq|
10. `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ e›Ub
myôz wbqš¿Y eë¯’vq cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZwU ¯Í‡ii wewfbœ wbe©vnx, Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvixi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ wba©viY I
e›Ub K‡i †`qv nq| d‡j cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki †hvM¨Zv I Kg©`ÿZv µ‡gB e„w× cvq Ges mn‡R cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Kvh©
cwigvcI Kiv hvq|
11. we‡K›`ªxKi‡Y mnvqK
wbqš¿Y eë¯’v my›ì n‡j ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kvh©¸‡jv eë¯’vcK wb‡Ri wbqš¿‡Y †i‡L A‡cÿvK…Z Kg I ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
Kvh©¸‡jv Aaxb¯’‡ì wbKU we‡K›`ªxKiY ev Ac©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| d‡j Aaxb¯’iv `vwqZ¡ †c‡q AvMÖ‡ni mv‡_,
`ÿZvi mv‡_ m¤úbœ Kivi †Póv K‡i Ges eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©fviI n«vm cvq|
12. D”P eë¯’vcbvi kw³ I mgq euvPvq
myôz wbqš¿Y eë¯’vq cÖwZôv‡bi wbe©vnx I Kg©x‡ì `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ wba©viY I we‡K›`ªxKiY Kiv hvq| d‡j
D”P eë¯’vcbvi kw³, mvg_©¨ I mgq Kg e¨q nq Ges Zviv Av‡iv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kv‡h© †ewk gb‡hvM †`qvi
my‡hvM cvq|
13. D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b mnvq
myôz wbqš¿Y eë¯’vq c~e© wba©vwiZ cwiKíbv I gvb Abyhvqx Kvh©vw` m¤úbœ n‡”Q wKbv Zv hvPvB K‡i †`Lv nq
Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b mwVK ms‡kvabg~jK c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv nq| d‡j cÖwZôv‡bi g~j jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©b mnR
nq|
Dc‡ii we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avcbvi wbðqB eyS‡Z cvi‡Qb †h, myôz wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡gB cwiKíbvq
wba©vwiZ gvb I ¸Y Abyhvqx mKj Kvh© mwVK mg‡q, mwVK A_© e¨‡q Ges mwVKfv‡e m¤úv`b m¤¢e|
Ab¨_vq cÖwZôv‡bi g~j jÿÏ D‡Ïk¨ AR©b KL‡bv m¤¢e bq|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 3 wbqš¿‡Yi c`‡ÿcmg~n (Steps of Controlling)

D‡Ïk¨
5 wbqš¿‡Yi c`‡ÿcmgyn eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wbqš¿‡Yi c`‡ÿc
(Steps of Controlling)
wbqš¿Y n‡jv eë¯’vcbvi me©¯Í‡i we`¨gvb GKwU Aweivg I avivevwnK cÖwµqv| cÖwZôv‡bi g~j jÿ¨ I
D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b wbqš¿Y cÖwµqv‡K myôz I Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ wKQy avivevwnK c`‡ÿc AbymiY Kiv nq| hv
wbæiƒc-
1. Av`k© gvb wba©viY
2. m¤úvw`Z Kvh© cwigvc
3. Av`k©gv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úvw`Z Kv‡h©i Zzjbv
4. wePy¨wZi KviY wbY©q I we‡kølY
5. ms‡kvabg~jK c`‡ÿc MÖnY
wb‡¤œ G¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1. Av`k© gvb wba©viY

Av`k© gvb wba©viY wbqš¿Y cÖwµqvi cÖ_g c`‡ÿc| g~jZt Av`k© gvb cwiKíbv ˆZwii mgqB wba©vwiZ nq|
Av`k©gvb n‡jv Ggb gvb`Û ev we›`y hvi Av‡jv‡K Kg©djv cwigvc Kiv nq| wbqš¿Y cÖwµqvq wbe©vnx‡K
cÖ_‡gB cÖwZwU wefv‡Mi cÖwZwU Kv‡h©i Ges cÖwZwU wefv‡Mi Av‡jv‡K mvgwMÖK Kvh©vejxi Av`k© gvb wba©viY
Ki‡Z nq| Av`k©gvb msL¨v, IRb, Avq, e¨q, mgq, Avw_©K g~j¨ BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g wba©viY Kiv nq| Av`k©
gvbB wbqš¿‡Yi g~j wfwË| Z‡e, Kv‡h©i cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx Av`k© gv‡bi ZviZg¨ nq| †hgb- Drcv`‡bi
Av`k©gvb-msL¨v, ¸Y I mgqwfwËK; e¨‡qi Av`k©gvb- cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ e¨q wfwËK Ges wewb‡qv‡Mi
Av`k©gvb- †gvU wewb‡qvM, m¤ú‡ì cwigvY I eënvi BZ¨vw` n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi Kgx©‡ì g‡bvej,
AvbyMZ¨, g‡bvfve, †SuvK, cÖeYZv, Kg©¯ú„nv BZ¨vwì gvb msL¨v ev IR‡b wba©viY Kiv hvq bv| Ae¯’v
wePv‡i-we‡ePbv K‡i G¸‡jv cwigvc Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e Kv‡h©i Av`k©gvb _vK‡ZB n‡e Ab¨_vq Kv‡h©i
djvdj cwigvc Kiv hvq bv|
2. m¤úvw`Z Kvh© cwigvc

wbqš¿Y cÖwµqvi wØZxq c`‡ÿc n‡jv m¤úvw`Z Kvh© cwigvc Kiv| GB ¯Í‡i ev¯Í‡e KZUzKz Kvh© KZ mg‡q
Ges KZ e¨‡q m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q Zv ch©‡eÿY I cwigvc Kiv nq| d‡j me©Î fzj-ÎæwU n«vm cvq Ges g~j
D‡Ïk¨ AwR©Z nq| wewfbœ fv‡e m¤úvw`Z Kvh© cwigvc Kiv hvq h_v- ch©‡eÿY, m¤úvw`Z Kv‡h©i †gŠwLK I
wjwLZ weeiY ch©v‡jvPbv, Z_¨ msMÖ‡n I wePvi-we‡kølY, Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³ I mvwK©U K¨v‡giv eënvi
BZ¨vw`|
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
3. Av`k©gv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úvw`Z Kv‡h©i Zzjbv

cÖwZôv‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ Bnvi wewfbœ wefvM I kvLvq wewfbœ Kgx© wewfbœ Kvh©vw` m¤úv`b K‡i|
GB ¯Í‡i cÖZ¨vwkZ djvd‡ji mv‡_ ev¯Í‡e m¤úvw`Z wewfbœ Kvh©, mgq I e¨‡qi Zzjbv K‡i †`Lv nq †Kv_vI
†Kvb fzj-ÎæwU i‡q‡Q wKbv| fzj-ÎæwU _vK‡j wewfbœ †KŠkj eënvi K‡i `ªæZZvi mv‡_ Zv wba©viY Kivi
†Póv Kiv nq| fzj-ÎæwU wba©vi‡Y eëüZ †KŠkj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †eøK-B‡fb-c‡q›U, M¨v›U PvU©, wmwcGg,
cvU© BZ¨vw`| G mKj †KŠkj eënvi K‡i fzj-ÎæwU¸‡jv‡K msL¨vi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq|
4. wePy¨wZi KviY wbY©q Ges we‡kølY

GB ¯Í‡i G‡m cÖZ¨vwkZ gv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úvw`Z gv‡bi wePy¨wZi KviY e¨vcK AbymÜvb I wePvi we‡kølY Kiv
nq| Lyu‡R †ei Kivi †Póv Kiv nq wePy¨wZi g~j KviY eë¯’vcbv, Kgx©, A_©, hš¿cvwZ †KŠkj cÖhyw³ A`ÿ
cwiKíbv m¤úwK©Z wKbv? cÖK…Z KviY wbY©q I we¯ÍvwiZ wePvi-we‡kølY K‡iB Zvi mwVK wbqš¿Y c×wZ w¯’i
Ki‡Z nq|
5. ms‡kvabg~jK c`‡ÿc MÖnY

wba©vwiZ fzj-ÎæwUi Av‡jv‡K me©‡kl ¯Í‡i G‡m mwVK I Kvh©Ki ms‡kvabg~jK c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z nq|
g~jZt fzj-ÎæwUi DciB ms‡kvabg~jK eë¯’v wbf©i K‡i| fzj-ÎæwUi Av‡jv‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvabg~jK
eë¯’vi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q-
K) jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ cwieZ©b, cwiea©b;
L) cwiKíbv cybt cÖYqb;
M) Aaxb¯’‡ì `vwqZ¡ cybt e›Ub;
N) AwZwi³ ÷vd wb‡qvM;
O) Aaxb¯’‡ì m‡e©vËg cš’vq wbe©vPb I cÖwkÿY;
P) Kvh© cwi‡e‡ki Dbœqb;
Q) cÖ‡bv`bvg~jK eë¯’vi Dbœqb;
R) Acivax‡ì kvw¯Íi eë¯’v Ges QvUvB BZ¨vw`|
wbqš¿Y cÖwµqv Dc‡iv³ cuvPwU c`‡ÿ‡ci gva¨‡g web¨¯Í| cÖwZwU c`‡ÿ‡ci mwVKZv I djcÖm~Zvi DciB
wbqš¿‡Yi mvwe©K mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i| ZvB cÖwZwU c`‡ÿc wbe©vnx‡K h‡_ó mZK© I mRvM _vK‡Z n‡e|
mdj wbqš¿‡Yi cye©kZ©

(Requistes of Successful Controlling)
wbqš¿Y GKwU e¨vcK Kvh©µg| GB KvR myózfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wewfbœ c×wZ i‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU wbqš¿Y
c×wZi mv‡_ wKQy kZ© RwoZ i‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB GKRb eë¯’vcK‡K wbqš¿‡Yi †h †Kvb c×wZ eënvi Kivi
c~‡e© Gi kZ©¸‡jv‡K ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| GB kZ©¸‡jv n‡jv -
(1) wbqš¿Y eë¯’v cÖwZôv‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b A_ev cwiw¯’wZi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx nIqv ìKvi| wbqš¿‡Yi wewfbœ
eë¯’v i‡q‡Q| wKšÍz mKj eë¯’v mKj †ÿ‡Î mgvbfv‡e mdjZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Kv‡RB mwVK
wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Dchy³ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
(2) mKj wbqš¿Y eë¯’v Ggb nIqv DwPr †hb Zv, Kv‡Ri †Kvb cÖKvi wePy¨wZ NUvi mv‡_ mv‡_ ev m¤¢e
n‡j wePy¨wZ NUvi AvM gyn‚‡Z©B G m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j eë¯’vc‡Ki c‡ÿ
mgqgZ ms‡kvabg~jK eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e nq| d‡j cÖwZôv‡bi A‡bK KvRB wbqš¿‡Yi g‡a¨ ivLv
m¤¢e nq|
(3) mdj wbqš¿Y ïay gvb-wePy¨wZi wb‡`©k K‡i bv, Dch©y³ ms‡kvab eë¯’viI wb‡`©k †`q|
(4) wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ Dch©y³ ¯’v‡b ÿgZv Ac©b Ki‡Z nh| KviY ms‡kvabg~jK eë¯’v MÖnY Kivi Rb¨
Dchy³ ¯’v‡b Kg©KZ©vi h‡_ó cwigv‡Y ÿgZv _vK‡Z nq| Zv bv n‡j ms‡kvabg~jK eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv
Zvi c‡ÿ m¤¢e nq bv Ges wbqš¿Y Kvh©µgI mdjZv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
(5) mdj wbqš¿Y c×wZ eë¯’vc‡Ki †evaMg¨ nIqv DwPZ| Ab¨_vq Zvi c‡ÿ wbqš¿‡Y mdjZv Avbv
m¤¢e nq bv| ZvB wbqš¿Y c×wZ Ggb nIqv DwPZ †hb Zv cÖ‡qvMKvix eë¯’vc‡Ki wbKU †evaMg¨
nq|
(6) wbqš¿Yeë¯’v memgq bgbxq n‡e| KviY eëmv‡qi GKwU Ab¨Zg êwkó¨ n‡jv cwieZ©bkxjZv| G
cwieZ©bkxjZvi mv‡_ †h hZ †ekx Lvc LvIqv‡Z cvi‡e †m ZZ †ekx mdjZv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
Abgbxq wbqš¿Y eë¯’v cÖMwZkxj Kvievix cwiw¯’wZ‡Z A‡bK mgq AKvh©Ki n‡q c‡i|
(7) wbqš¿Y eë¯’v‡K mKj Ki‡Z n‡j, G‡K Kg e¨qeûj Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr wbqš¿Y †_‡K cÖvß mydj
wbqš¿Y LiP n‡Z Kg n‡j Pj‡e bv| ZvB eëmv‡q wbqš¿Y eë¯’v Pvjy Kivi c~‡e© Gi Rb¨ cÖ¯ÍvweZ
e¨q I Zv †_‡K AwR©Z djvd‡ji welqwU Aek¨B we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
cvV 4 ev‡RUxq I Aev‡RUxq

(Budgetary and Non-Budgetary Controlling)
D‡Ïk¨
5 ev‡RUxq wbqš¿Y I Zvi wewfbœ c`‡ÿc Ges myweav, Amyweav m¤ú‡K© Ges
5 Aev‡RUxq wbqš¿Y m¤ú‡K©|
ev‡RUxq wbqš¿Y
(Budgetary Controlling)
ev‡RUxq wbqš¿‡Y cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ ai‡bi Kvh©vejxi Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v ev‡RU †hgb weµq ev‡RU
Drcv`b ev‡RU, g~jab ev‡RU BZ¨vw` cÖYqb K‡i wbqš¿Y KvR‡K cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| hvi d‡j eëmvq
cÖwZôv‡bi ev‡RUxq wbqš¿‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ A‡bK †e‡o †M‡Q| ev‡RU kãwU †_‡K ev‡RUxq wbqš¿‡Yi aviYvwU
G‡m‡Q| ZvB GKRb eë¯’vcK‡K Rvb‡Z nq ev‡RU I ev‡RUxq wbqš¿Y m¤ú‡K©| ev‡RU n‡jv GKwU wbw`©ó
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †Kvb fwel¨Z mgqKv‡ji cwiKíbvi msL¨vwfwËK cÖKvk| ev‡RU weeiYx‡Z cÖZ¨vwkZ Avq
Ges †Kvb cwiKíbv ev Kg©m~Pxi Rb¨ eivÏK…Z A‡_©i cwigvY we‡kølY Kiv nq| me‡k‡l Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi
†h, ev‡RU n‡”Q †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi wbw`©ó mg‡qi Kvh© cwiKíbvi GKwU bxj bK&kv hv As‡Ki gva¨‡g cÖKvk
Kiv nq| Avi ev‡RUxq wbqš¿Y n‡”Q GKwU Aweivg cÖwµqv hv Øviv AwR©Z Kvh©dj‡K cwigvc K‡i
cwiKwíZ dj ev ev‡R‡Ui mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq| Kvh©dj I cwiKwíZ d‡ji g‡a¨ wePy¨wZ ev eëavb
wba©viY Kiv nq Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvabx eë¯’vi wb‡`©k †Ìqv nq ev‡RUxq wbqš¿‡Y|
ev‡RUxq wbqš¿‡Yi †gŠwjK c`‡ÿc mg~n t

(Fundamental Steps of Budgetary Controlling)
cÖwZwU wbqš¿‡Yi †ÿ‡ÎB wKQy wKQy cÖwµqv Aej¤^b Kiv nq| nVvr K‡iB †hgb †Kvb wbqš¿Y KvR cwiPvjbv
Kiv hvq bv| †Zgwb ev‡RUxq wbqš¿YI wKQy cÖwµqv ev c`‡ÿ‡ci gva¨‡g m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq G¸‡jv n‡jv t
(1) cwiKíbvi wbw`©ó msL¨vwfwËK weeiY t ev‡RU n‡jv cwiKíbvi msL¨vwfwËK cÖKvk| Kv‡RBGUv
ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡L bv †h, ev‡RUxq wbqš¿Y cÖwµqvi cÖ_g c`‡ÿc n‡jv cwiKíbv‡K wbw`©ó msL¨vi
AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv| hvi gva¨‡g mswkøó Kg©KZ©v‡ì g‡a¨ fwel¨Z Kvh©vejx m¤^‡Ü †Kvb m‡›`‡ni
m„wó nq bv|
(2) welq¸‡jv‡K mylg Kvh©m~Px‡Z msnwZKiY t wewfbœ KvR m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ LiP, Avq BZ¨vw`
mylg Kvh©m~Px‡Z mwbœ‡ewkZ Ki‡Z nq| cÖwZwU cY¨ Drcv`‡bi GKwU LiP Av‡Q, ZvB Gi h_vh_
ev‡RU cÖYqb Ki‡Z nq| KviY Drcv`b LiP †e‡o †M‡j cY¨ g~jÏ †e‡o hvq| Avi cY¨ g~j¨ †e‡o
†M‡j Pvwn`vI K‡g hvq| GQvov weµq cÖwµqviI wKQy e¨q Av‡Q| ZvB ev‡RUwU Ggb fv‡e Ki‡Z
n‡e hv‡Z †Kvb fv‡eB cÖwZôv‡bi Avw_©K ÿwZ bv nq| Avmj K_v n‡jv mylg Kg©m~Px‡Z mwbœ‡ewkZ
Kivi d‡j wewfbœ wefv‡M Kvh©iZ Kg©KZ©v‡ì c‡ÿ welq¸‡jv eyS‡Z †Kvb Amyweav nq bv| d‡j
cÖwZôv‡b Kv‡Ri MwZ Av‡m| Ab¨_vq me wefv‡MB jvMvgnxb KvR Kivi d‡j fivWzwei m„wó nq|
(3) cÖK…Z Kvh©d‡ji mv‡_ ev‡R‡Ui Zzjbv t ev‡RU‡K Kvh©Kix wbqš¿Y †KŠk‡j cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖK…Z
Kvh©dj‡K ev‡R‡Ui mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq| †Kvb wePy¨wZ ev eëavb cvIqv †M‡j Zv ms‡kvab Ki‡Z
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
nq| Avi hw` Drcv`b ev‡RU Abycv‡Z bv nq Zvn‡j wePy¨wZi KviY wPwýZ K‡i ms‡kva‡bi eë¯’v
Ki‡Z nq|
ev‡RUxi wbqš¿‡Yi myweav

(Advantages of Budgetary Controlling)
ev‡RUxq wbqš¿‡Yi wKQy myweav i‡q‡Q| ZvB ev‡RUxq wbqš¿Y †KŠkjwU cÖ‡qvM Kivi c~‡e© Gi myweavmg~n
Rvb‡Z n‡e| Gi myweav¸‡jv n‡jv t
(1) cwiKíbvi Dbœq‡b mnvqZv t fwel¨‡Z wK NU‡e Zv ev‡R‡Ui gva¨‡g Rvbv hvq| d‡j Zv cwiKíbvi
Dbœq‡b mnvqK nq| Aev¯Íe Kíbv K‡i ev‡RU cÖYqb Ki‡j Zv cwiKíbvi Dbœq‡b mnvqK nq bv|
(2) mgb¦‡q mnvqZv t ev‡RUxq wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv‡b mnR mgb¦‡q mnvqZv K‡i| KviY cwiKíbv †gvZv‡eK
cÖwZwU wefv‡Mi ev‡RU ˆZix Kiv nq| hvi d‡j GK wefvM Aci wefv‡Mi KvR m¤ú‡K© mn‡RB
AewnZ n‡Z cv‡i| GgbwK †h †Kvb AmsMZxI mn‡RB wPwýZ K‡i ms‡kvab Kiv hvq| d‡j cÖwZwU
wefv‡Mi cvi¯úwiK Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ mn‡RB mgb¦qmvab Kiv m¤¢e nq|
(3) e¨vcK wbqš¿Y t ev‡RU ˆZix KivB nq e¨vcK wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨| cÖwZôv‡b †h ev‡RU cÖYqb Kiv nq
†mB Abyhvqx jÿ¨ AwR©Z bv n‡jB eyS‡Z n‡e †Kv_vI mgm¨v Av‡Q| hvi d‡j GKRb eë¯’vcK
cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri Dci e¨vcK wbqš¿Y ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(4) `vwqZ¡ wba©vi‡Y mnvqZv t ev‡RU cÖ¯ÍzZ Kivi d‡j mswkøó wefv‡Mi Kg©KZ©vMY Zv‡ì `vwqZ¡ m¤^‡Ü
AewnZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges †m Abyhvqx eë¯’v †bq| cvkvcvwk e¨vcK wbqš¿Y _vKvi d‡j †K `vwq‡Z¡
Ae‡njv Ki‡Q Zv mn‡RB eySv hvq|
(5) AcPq n«vm ev‡RU ˆZix Kivi mgqB †Kvb KvR m¤úv`‡b Kx cwigvY A_© e¨q n‡e Zv wba©viY Kiv
nq| d‡j Kg©KZ©vMY cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri LiP eiv‡Ïi g‡a¨ ivLvi †Póv K‡i hv cÖwZôv‡bi AcPq †iva
K‡i|
ev‡RU wbqš¿‡Yi Amyweav

(Disadvantages of Budgetary Controlling)
ev‡RUxq wbqš¿‡Yi †hgb wKQy myweav i‡q‡Q †Zgwb wKQy AmyweavI i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv -
1| fwel¨‡Zi Abygv‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i ev‡RU ˆZix Kiv nq| Kv‡RB Abygvb ev¯ÍewfwËK bv n‡j
cwiKíbv wedj n‡Z cv‡i|
2| eëmvq cwieZ©bkxj, mgq I Pvwn`vi mv‡_ eëmv‡qiI cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍz GKevi ev‡RU
cÖYqb Kivi c‡i †m ev‡RU GKB mg‡qi g‡a¨ evi evi cwieZ©b Kiv †ek AmyweavRbK nq|
3| ev‡RU ˆZix Kivi ci †`Lv hvq †h, Gi Dci wbf©ikxjZv A‡bK †e‡o †M‡Q| hv eëmv‡qi Rb¨
A‡bK mgq Kj¨vY e‡q bvI Avb‡Z cv‡i|
4| A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq †h, mswkøó wefvMxq Kg©KZ©v‡ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv bv K‡iB D”P ch©v‡qi ev‡RU
cÖ¯ÍzZ Kiv nq| hvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK ev¯Íe LiPI ev` ci‡Z cv‡i, hv myd‡ji ¯’‡j Kzdj e‡q Avb‡Z
cv‡i|
A-ev‡RUxq wbqš¿Y (Non-Budgetary Controlling)
ev‡RUxq wbqš¿Y QvovI AviI wKQy msL¨K wbqš¿Y c×wZ wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡b cÖPwjZ Av‡Q, †h¸‡jv ev‡R‡Ui
mv‡_ m¤úK©wenxb| G mKj wbqš¿Y c×wZ¸‡jvB n‡jv Aev‡RUxq wbqš¿Y| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Aev‡RUxq wbqš¿Y
c×wZ¸‡jv n‡jv t
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
1| cwimsL¨vb DcvË I ZvwjKv t eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î wbqš¿Y c×wZ wn‡m‡e cÖvqB cwimsL¨vb DcvË I
Z_¨¸‡jv wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ PvU© ev ZvwjKvi eënvi n‡q _v‡K| Gme ZvwjKv ev PvU© †_‡K mn‡RB
cÖwZôv‡bi eZ©gvb Ges cwiKwíZ cwiw¯’wZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq|
2| Af¨šÍixY wnmve wbixÿv eë¯’v t GwUI GKai‡bi A-ev‡RUxq wbqš¿Y †KŠkj G‡ÿ‡Î cÖwZôv‡bi
GK`j wbixÿK cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ wnmve mg~n cixÿv K‡i wbwðZ nq †h, wnmve mg~n wbqggvwdK
ivLv n‡”Q wKbv Ges Gi Dc‡i GKwU wi‡cvU© KZ©„c‡ÿi Kv‡Q †ck Kiv nq| cÖ‡qvR‡b Gi
ms‡kvabxiI mycvwik Kiv nq|
3| †eªK-B‡fb we‡kølY t †eªK-B‡fb we‡kølY GK cÖKvi Aev‡RUxq wbqš¿Y c×wZ| G c×wZ‡Z †eªK
B‡fb PvU© eënvi Kiv nq| G PvU© wfbœ wfbœ cwigvY cY¨ Drcv`‡bi Drcv`b e¨q, weµq g~j¨
BZ¨vw` m¤úK© wb‡`©k K‡i Ges gybvdvi Dci G‡ì cÖfve wK ZvI †`Lvq| GQvov fwel¨‡Z Drcv`b
Pvjy ivLv A_ev bv ivLvi wm×všÍI GB PvU© †_‡K Rvbv hvq|
4| Z_¨ wbqš¿K t Z_¨vw` msiÿY Ges wbqš¿Y I GKwU Aev‡RwUq wbqš¿Y †KŠkj| G †KŠk‡ji Awa‡b
wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i Zv we‡kølY Kiv nq Ges Zv msiÿY K‡i ivLv nq| cÖ‡qvR‡b G me Z_¨
mg~n‡K wbqš¿‡Yi Kv‡R eënvi Kiv nq| Kw¤úDUvi G c×wZ‡K A‡bK mnR K‡i‡Q| Kw¤úDUv‡ii
gva¨‡g ¯^í mg‡q I mwVKfv‡e Z_¨ we‡kølY Ges msiÿY Kiv m¤¢e nq|
5| Drcvw`Z c‡Yï Rxeb Pµ wbqš¿Y t gvby‡li Rxe‡bi †hgb wewfbœ ¯Íi i‡q‡Q †Zgwb c‡YïI wewfbœ
¯Íi i‡q‡Q| GKRb eë¯’vcK wn‡m‡e c‡Yï G RxebPµ wPwýZ K‡i wewfbœ ch©v‡q wbqš¿‡Yi wewfbœ
bxwZgvjv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwUI GKwU Aev‡RUxq wbqš¿Y †KŠkj|
mvi-ms‡ÿc
jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cwiKíbv Kiv nq| cwiKíbvi Av‡jv‡K mKj Kvh© h_v mg‡q Ges h_v_© gvb
Abyhvqx m¤úv`b n‡”Q wKbv Zv ch©‡eÿY I Zzjbv Kiv| wePy¨wZi KviY AbymÜvb Kiv Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq
ms‡kvabg~jK eë¯’vMÖnY KivB n‡jv wbqš¿Y|
cwiKíbv Ges wbqš¿Y Nwbôfv‡e m¤úK©hy³| fv‡jv wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ fv‡jv cwiKíbv ìKvi| Aciw`‡K
cwiKíbv ev wbqš¿Y GKKfv‡e D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b †Kvb Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB cwiKíbv I wbqš¿‡Yi
g‡a¨ mymgb¦q ìKvi|
wbqš¿Y eë¯’vcbvi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kvh©cÖwµqv| Bnvi êwk‡óï g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q- me©‡kl Kvh©, D‡Ïk¨ I
cwiKíbv wfwËK, mnR I †evaMg¨Zv, Dchy³Zv I ev¯ÍeZv, Aweivg cÖwµqv, fwel¨rgyLx, gvbexq I
Agvbexq cÖ‡Póvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³, me©¯Í‡i we`¨gvb, fzj-ÎæwU I ms‡kvab eë¯’v wb‡`©kK|
myôz wbqš¿Y wewfbœ fv‡e cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i †hgb- cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb, fzj-ÎæwU
D`NvUb, `ªæZ mwVK c`‡ÿc MÖnY, k„sLjv, mgb¦q I mn‡hvwMZv e„w×, mgq I AcPq n«vm, `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨
wba©viY e›Ub BZ¨vw`|
* wbqš¿Y cÖwµqv‡K myôz I Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ wKQy avivevwnK c`‡ÿc AbymiY Kiv nq| hv n‡jv-
Av`k©gvb wba©viY, m¤úvw`Z Kvh© cwigvc, Av`k©gv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úvw`Z Kv‡h©i Zzjbv, wePy¨wZi KviY
wbY©q I we‡kølY, ms‡kvabg~jK c`‡ÿc MÖnY|
* wbqš¿Y cÖwµqvi cÖwZwU c`‡ÿ‡ci mwVK ev¯Íevq‡bi DciB mgMÖ wbqš¿Y cÖwµqvi mdjZv wbf©i K‡i|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx
1| wbqš¿Y ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb? wbqš¿‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb|
2| wbqš¿‡Yi c`‡ÿc mg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
3| ev‡RUxq wbqš¿Y wK? ev‡RUxq wbqš¿‡Yi †gŠwjK c`‡ÿç‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4| ev‡RUxq wbqš¿‡Yi myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
5| Aev‡RUxq wbqš¿‡Yi wewfbœ †KŠkj Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
mswÿß cÖkœvejx
1| wbqš¿Y wK?
2| wbqš¿‡Yi êwkó¨¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
3| mdj wbqš¿‡Yi c~e©kZ© mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4| ev‡RUxq wbqš¿‡Yi msÁv w`b|
BDwbU
10
eë¯’vcbvq AvaywbK c×wZ I cÖhyw³
Management Information System and Technology (MIST)
f~wgKv
we‡klxKiY I wek¦vq‡bi AvaywbK hy‡M Z_¨ AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| Z_¨ Qvov KL‡bvB †Kvb mwVK wm×v‡šÍi
K_v, D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi K_v wPšÍv Kiv hvq bv| Aciw`‡K ch©vß Z_¨ _vK‡jI cY¨ I †mevi gvb DbœZ bv
n‡j Zv KL‡bv MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e bv| ZvB cÖwZôv‡bi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨B mvwe©K gvb Dbœq‡bi ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|
ZvQvov, myôz †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v Z_v B›Uvi‡bU, B-Kgvm©, B-weR‡bm Qvov AvaywbK cÖhyw³‡Z myôziƒ‡c eëmvq
cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq bv| G mKj wel‡q we‡kl ¸iZ¡ †`qvi Rb¨B GB BDwbU‡K we‡klfv‡e wWRvBb Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
GB BDwbU cv‡V Avcvwb eë¯’vcbvq Z_¨ c×wZ, mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbv Gess B›Uvi‡bU, B-Kgvm© I B-
weR‡bm m¤ú‡K© aviYv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 1 eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ c×wZ

(Management Imformation System)
D‡Ïk¨
5 eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ c×wZi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
5 eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ wm‡÷‡gi c~e©kZ© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
5 eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ wm‡÷‡gi D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
5 eë¯’vcbv ¯Íi I Z_¨ eë¯’vi m¤úK© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ c×wZ wK? (Meaning of MIS)

eë¯’vcbvi KvR n‡jv cÖvwZôvwbK jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©b Kiv| Bnvi Rb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍixY Ges evwn¨K
cwi‡ek Rvb‡Z nq| mgb¦q I wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z nq| Af¨šÍixY cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q gvbe m¤ú`, KuvPvgvj,
†gwkb A_© Ges c×wZ| evwn¨K cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Drcv`K, cÖwZ‡hvMx, †µZv miKvi Ges
RbmvaviY| myôz eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨ cwi‡e‡ki mKj ¯Íi †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Riæix| wewfbœ Drm †_‡K Z_¨
msMÖn Ges jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b Zv mwµqfv‡e eënv‡ii mv‡_B eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ eë¯’v m¤úwK©Z|
mnR K_vq, eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ c×wZ n‡jv cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ g‡Zv Z‡_ï ìKvi nq,
Zv msMÖn Kiv, msMwVZ Kiv Ges e›Ub Kivi Ggb eë¯’v hvi Øviv eë¯’vcbvi cÖ‡qvRb c~iY nq|
Weihrich Ges Koontz Gi g‡Z mwVK mg‡q dj`vq I `ÿfv‡e cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K cÖ‡qvRbxq
Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv, msnZ Kiv, Zzjbv Kiv, we‡kølY Kiv Ges weZiY Kivi AvbyôvwbK cš’vB n‡jv eë¯’vcbv
Z_¨ c×wZ (Management Information System (MIS) is a formal system of gathering, intergrating,
comparing, analysing, and dispersing information internal and external to the enterpriase in a timely,
effective, and efficient manner." Weithrach, Heinz and koontz, Harold (1994), Management, MeGraw-Hill
International Eolitions. P.618)
GriffinGi g‡Z eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ c×wZ n‡jv mgwb¦Z Z_¨ msMÖn, msMVb Ges mvivskKi‡Yi GKwU cš’v hvi
gva¨‡g Bnv‡K eë¯’vcK‡ì Rb¨ AwZg~jëvb K‡i †Zvjv hvq Ges Zv‡ì Kvh©‡ÿ‡Îi cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Yi Rb¨
Zv mieivn Kiv hvq| ("Management Information system is a system that gathers comprehensive data,
organizes, and summarises it in a form valuable to managers, and provides those managers with the
information they need to do their work.'- Griffin Picky W. (1997), Management, A.I.T.B.S. Publishers and
Distributiors. P.674)
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K Avcbviv wbðq eyS‡Z cvi‡Qb †h, eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ c×wZ n‡jv Af¨šÍixY I
evwn¨K Drm †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj Z_¨ msMÖn, we‡kølY, msiÿY I cÖ‡qvR‡bi Av‡jv‡K Bnv e›Ub Kivi
we‡kl eë¯’v| Bnvi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©µ‡gi Dbœqb nq Ges evwn¨K cwi‡ekMZ Dcv`v‡bi
mv‡_ m¤úK© I Kvh©µ‡gi Dbœqb nq| djkªæwZ cÖwZôv‡bi g~j jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©b mywbwðZ nq| Z‡e Z_¨
eë¯’vi `ÿZv I djcÖm~Zv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ †Uwj‡dvb, Kw¤úDUvi Ges B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM myweav wbwðZ
Ki‡Z n‡e|
BDwbU `k c„ôv-150
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ c×wZi c~e©kZ©

(Prerequisites for MIS)
eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ wm‡÷g `ÿZv I djcÖm~Zvi mv‡_ eënvi Kivi Rb¨ eë¯’vcbv‡K Data Ges Information
m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv _vK‡e n‡e Ges KZK¸‡jv cÖ‡kœi DËi Rvb‡Z n‡e| cÖ_‡gB Avmv hvK Data Ges
Information m¤ú‡K©-
K) Data t WvUv n‡jv †Kvb wel‡qi ev¯ÍeZvi cÖwZdjb m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK msL¨v Ges NUbv| †hgb K¬v‡m
Dcw¯’Z 20 Rb QvÎ, 20wU †eÂ 1 Rb wkÿK| 1wU †Pqvi, 1wU †Uwej, 1wU eøvK †evW©, 1wU Wv÷vi BZ¨vw`
n‡jv WvUv|
L) Information t WvUv‡K hLb A_©c~Y© cš’v ev AvKv‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq, ZLb Zv‡K information e‡j|
†hgb cÖwZRb Qv‡Îi Rb¨ 1wU K‡i †eÂ, 20Rb Qv‡Îi Rb¨ GKRb wkÿK, 1wU †Pqvi, 1wU †Uwej, 1wU
eøvK †evW©, 1wU Wv÷vi BZ¨vw` n‡jv information |
†gvU K_v †Kvb wel‡qi cÖv_wgK msL¨v ev NUbv‡K data e‡j| Ges Bnv‡K hLb eënvi Dc‡hvMx AvKv‡i
Dc¯’vcb ev cÖwµqv Kiv nq| Zv‡K information e‡j|
M) m¤úwK©Z KwZcq cÖkœt

eë¯’vcbvi Kvh© cvi`wk©Zv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ eZ©gvb eë¯’vcKe„›` Z_¨ wm‡÷g‡K ¯^xK…wZ I ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb
Ki‡Q| Z_¨ myôz eënv‡ii gva¨‡g eë¯’vcbvi cvi`wk©Zv, `ÿZv I djcÖm~Zv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ eë¯’vcK ev
eënKvix‡K KwZcq cÖ‡kœi DËi Rvb‡Z n‡e| hv wbæiƒc-
1. wK Z_¨ Zvi cÖ‡qvRb?
2. GRb¨ †Kvb RvZxq cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvRb?
3. H cÖhyw³ m¤ú‡K© eë¯’vcK ÁvZ wKbv?
4. eëmv‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡b †Kvb †kªYxi Z_¨ wm‡÷g Dc‡hvMx?
5. Z_¨ wm‡÷g cwiKíbv wKiƒ‡c Dbœqb Kiv n‡e?
6. eëmv‡qi cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Z_¨ wm‡÷g wKiƒ‡c wWRvBb Kiv n‡e?
7. wWRvBb DbœqbK…Z †Kvb& wm‡÷g eë¯’vcK cQ›` Ki‡e?
8. eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ wm‡÷g eë¯’vcbvi `vwqZ¡ wK wK?
GmKj cÖ‡kœi DËi Rvbv _vK‡jB GKRb eë¯’vc‡Ki c‡ÿ eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ wm‡÷g `ÿZv mv‡_ eënvi
Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|
eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ c×wZi D‡Ïk¨

(Objectives of MIS)
eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ wm‡÷‡gi eënvi Ggbfv‡e wWRvBb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i e¨w³, Kvh©MZ GKK Ges
msMV‡bi cÖwZ Bnvi Aek¨B cÖfve _v‡K| Bnvi eënvi ev cÖ‡qvM‡K wZbwU †kªYx‡Z web¨¯’ Kiv hvq| h_v-
K. `ÿZvi Dbœqb (Improve efficiency)
L. Kvh©KvwiZvi Dbœqb (Improve effectiveness)
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
M. iƒcvšÍ‡ii myweav AR©b (Faciliate transformation)
K. `ÿZvi Dbœqb t `ÿZv ej‡Z †Kvb wKQy‡K mwVKfv‡e Kiv eySvq| `ÿZvi Dbœqb e¨w³ ¯Í‡i, Kvh©¯Í‡i
Ges mvwe©Kfv‡e mvsMVwbK ¯Í‡i wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
L. Kvh©KvwiZvi Dbœqb t Kvh©KvwiZv Dbœqb ej‡Z mwVK wRwbm‡K mwVKfv‡e Kiv eySvq| Z_¨ wm‡÷g
Ggb n‡e hv‡Z e¨w³, Kvh© Ges msMVb ¯Í‡ii me©Î Kvh©KvwiZvi Dbœqb nq|
M. iƒcvšÍ‡ii myweavR©b t iƒcvšÍi myweavR©b ej‡Z Z_¨ cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g cY¨ ev †mevi cÖK…wZ cwieZ©‡bi
gva¨‡g eëmv‡qi cš’v cwieZ©b‡K eySvq| Z_¨ wm‡÷g Ggb n‡e hv‡Z e¨w³, Kvh© Ges msMVb ¯Í‡i
iƒcvšÍ‡ii myweav AR©b Kiv hvq|
eë¯’vcbv ¯Íi I Z_¨ eë¯’v

(Level of Management Information System)
eë¯’vcbv cÖwµqv Kgx© I Kvh©µg‡K cwiKíbv, msMVb, wb‡`©kbv Ges wbqš¿Y Kivi mv‡_ RwoZ|
eë¯’vcbvi cÖwZ ¯Í‡ii KvR c„_K| Avcbviv Rv‡bb D”P¯Í‡ii eë¯’vcbv cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨vejx I bxwZ
wba©vi‡Yi mv‡_ RwoZ| ga¨¯Í‡ii eë¯’vcbv D³ D‡Ïk¨vejx AR©‡b cÖwZôv‡bi m¤ú` msMwVZ I wbqš¿‡Yi
mv‡_ RwoZ| wbæ¯Í‡ii eë¯’vcbv ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©µg Z`vi‡Ki mv‡_ RwoZ| cÖwZwU ¯Í‡ii Kvh© `ÿZv,
dj`vqKZvi mv‡_ m¤ú`‡bi Rb¨ c„_K c„_K Z‡_ï ìKvi| †hgb wbæ¯Í‡i ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©µ‡gi djveZ©b
ìKvi, ga¨¯Í‡i Z_¨ D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ m¤ú` cybt e›U‡b mg_© K‡i †Zv‡j Ges D”P ¯Í‡i eëmv‡qi
bZzb bZzb my‡hvM-myweav Ges jÿ¨ data wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ evwn¨K Z_¨ eënvi K‡i| ZvB cÖwZ ¯Í‡iB Z_¨
cÖ‡qvRb Ges ¯Íi †f‡` Z‡_ï wfbœZv i‡q‡Q| wKšÍz †h ¯Í‡iB Z_¨ eënvi Kiv †nvK bv †Kb Z‡_ï 4wU ¸Y
_vK‡Z n‡e h_v- Z_¨ mwVK n‡e Z_¨ mgq Dc‡hvMx n‡e, Z_¨ m¤ú~Y© n‡e Ges Z_¨ m¤úK©hy³ n‡e|
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
cvV 2 mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbv

Total Quality Management (TQM)
D‡Ïk¨
5 mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbvi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
5 mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbvi êwkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
5 TQM Gi bxwZmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
5 TQM Ges cÖPwjZ eë¯’vcbvi cv_©K¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbv (Total Quality Management)

GK K_vq mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbv n‡jv Kvh©Kix eë¯’vcbv| Z‡e mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbv mnR, my›ì Ges
†evaMg¨ fv‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Avgiv K‡qKwU fv‡e wef³ K‡i msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z cvwi t
K. gvb (Quality)
L. mvwe©K gvb (Total Quality)
M. mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbv (Total Quality Mgt.)
K. gvb (Quality)
Quality n‡jv †Kvb cY¨ ev †mevi Ggb wKQy êwkó¨, hv †fv³vi Pvwn`v I cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡Z mÿg| †hgb
Econo ej‡cb‡K Avgiv gvbm¤§bœ ej‡Z cvwi| KviY-
i) Bnv wj‡L fvj;
ii) `xN© mgq eënvi Kiv hvq;
iii) `vg Kg I IR‡b nvjKv Ges
iv) mn‡R enb‡hvM¨|
GB êwkó¨¸‡jvB n‡jv B‡Kv‡bv Kj‡gi gvb ev Quality.
L. mvwe©K gvb (Total Quality)

†gvU gvb n‡jv GKwU e¨vcK mvsMVwbK cÖ‡Póv| hv Øviv GKwU e„nr ev ÿz`ª cÖwZôvb Zvi cY¨ I †mevi gvb
Dbœqb K‡i| mKj ai‡bi cÖwZôvb †hgb e„nr-gvSvwi I hš¿| jvfRbK Ges AjvfRbK, cÖ¯ÍzZKvix ev
†mev cÖ`vbKvix Zvi cY¨ ev †mevi gvb Dbœq‡b Total Quality i bxwZmg~n eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
M. mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbv (Total Quality Management)
TQM n‡jv GKwU mvgwMÖK †Kv¤úvbxwfwËK cÖwµqv hv mKj ai‡bi Kgx©, mieivnKvix Ges †fv³v‡Z
AšÍf©y³ K‡i Ges Bnv Aweivgfv‡e cY¨ ev †mevi gvb Dbœqb K‡i hv †fv³vi cÖ‡qvRb I cÖZ¨vkvc~i‡Y
mÿg nq|
msÁvwU‡K AviI A_©en K‡i eySv‡bvi Rb¨ wb‡æ KwZcq gbxlxi msÁv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv|
1 Weihrich Ges Koontz Gi g‡Z-"TQM involves the organizations long term commiement to the
continious improvement of quality- throughout the organization and with the active participation of all
1 Weihrich, H and Koontz. H. (1994) Management. McGraw Hill international Eolitions, New York.
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
members at all levels - to meet and exceed customers expectations".
msMV‡bi gva¨‡g Ges Bnvi mKj ¯Í‡ii mKj m`‡mï mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g gv‡bi avivevwnK
Dbœq‡bi `xN©‡gqv`x cÖwZkªæwZ- hv Øviv †µZv‡ì cÖZ¨vkv c~iY I Qvwoqv hvIqvi mv‡_B mvwe©K gvb
eë¯’vcbv RwoZ|
*2 Griffis Gi g‡Z 'TQM is a stratgic commitment by top management to change its whole approach to
business to make quality a guiding factor in everything it does".
eëmv‡qi cÖwZwU wel‡qi mwVK gvb ˆZwii Rb¨ mKj `„wófw½i cwieZ©b msµvšÍ c_wb‡`©kK Dcv`vb
wn‡m‡e D”P eë¯’vcbvi †h †KŠkjMZ cÖwZkªæwZ, ZvB n‡jv mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbv|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbv cÖwZôv‡bi mKj ¯Í‡ii mKj Kg©x
Ges kvLv-cÖkvLvi mgb¦‡q Bnvi cY¨ I †mevi gvb Aweivg Dbœq‡bi GKwU mvgwMÖK cÖ‡Póv| hvi g~j D‡Ïk¨
n‡jv †µZv‡ì Pvwn`v, cÖZ¨vkv I cÖ‡qvRb m‡e©v”P gvÎvq c~iY Kiv|
2. TQM Gi êwkó¨mg~n t
Avgiv c~‡e©v³ cv‡V TQM Gi msÁv mg‡Ü Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| msÁv n‡Z Avcbvi †evaMg¨ n‡q‡Q †h, TQM
Gi †ek K‡qKwU êwkó¨ Av‡Q| wb‡æ Avgiv †m¸‡jv D‡jøL KiwQ t
01. Bnv n‡jv GKwU eë¯’vcKxq G¨v‡cvP (Approach)), hv ïaygvÎ gvb (Quality) wbðqZvi Kv‡h©i g‡a¨
mxgve× bq|
02. Bnv wKQy †KŠk‡ji mgwó hv cY¨ ev †mvei gvb Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ cÖwZôv‡bi Dbœqb mvab K‡i|
03. Bnv cÖwZôv‡bi cÖ‡Z¨K‡K- (Kgx©, mieivnKvix I †fv³v) AšÍf©y³ K‡i|
03. Bnvi AvjwU‡gU D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv c‡Yï ev †mevi gvb Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g †fv³vi cÖZ¨vkv c~iY Kiv|
3. TQM Gi bxwZmg~n t
TQM Gi bxwZmg~n n‡jv-
K. Customer Focus (MÖvnK cÖZ¨vmvi †K›`ªwe›`y)
L. Strategic Planning and Leadership (†KŠkjMZ cwiKíbv I †bZ…Z¡)
M. Continious Improvement (Aweivg Dbœqb)
N. Empowerment and teamwork (ÿgZvqb I `jMZ cÖ‡Póv)
wb‡æ TQM Gi bxwZmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
K. Customer Focus :
†fv³v n‡jv cY¨ ev †mevi gvb wba©vi‡Y wePviK| †KvqvwjwU wm‡÷g cY¨ ev †mevi ¸Yv¸Y eY©bv K‡i, hv
†fv³vi g~j‡eva enb K‡i Ges djkªæwZ‡Z †fv³vi mšÍzwó weavb Kiv m¤¢eci nq| gv‡bi G gZev` ïaygvÎ
†fv³vi †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~iY K‡i bv mv‡_ mv‡_ AviI wKQy êwkó¨ AšÍf©y³ K‡i hv c‡Yï gv‡bvbœqb K‡i
Ges †Kv¤úvbx‡K cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK mweav cÖ`vb K‡i|
L. Strategic Planning and leadership t
cY¨ ev †mevi gvb I evRv‡i †bZ…Z¡ AR©‡bi Rb¨ `xN©‡gqv`x †KŠkj cÖ‡qvRb| ivZvivwZ †Kvb Dbœqb m¤¢e
bq| ZvB GB †KŠkjmg~n, cwiKíbvmg~n Ges ev‡RU web¨vm `xN©‡gqv`x KwgU‡g›U m„wó K‡i|
2 Griffin, R. N (1997), Management, AITBS Publishers & Distributors, India.
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
Avevi, gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Aek¨B †bZ…Z¡ cÖ‡qvRb| D”P †bZ…Z¡ gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ `vqx _v‡K| Zviv ¯úó
gvb g~j¨ ˆZwi K‡i Ges D”P cÖZ¨kv m„wó‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
M. Continius Improvement t
m‡e©v”P gvÎvi gvb Ges cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK AMÖvwaKvi cvevi Rb¨ I cÖwZôv‡bi mKj Kvh© Aweivg Dbœq‡bi
Rb¨ ìKvi myL-msÁvwqZ Ges my¯’-m¤úvw`Z G¨v‡cvP| Dbœqb wewfbœ cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i-
01. bZzb Ges DbœZ cY¨ I †mevi gva¨‡g;
02. fzj-åvwšÍ, LyuZ Ges AcPq Kgv‡bvi gva¨‡g;
03. Drcv`bkxjZvi Dbœqb Ges Kvh©Kvix m¤ú‡ì eënvi wbwðZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g|
L. Empowerment and Team-work t
eë¯’vcbvi DwPZ cÖwZôv‡bi mKj †ÿ‡Î `jMZ-cÖ‡Póv jvjb Kiv Ges GB `j¸‡jv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨
¯^vaxbfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z w`‡Z nq| mvavibZt wZb ai‡bi ì †`Lv hvq-
01. Neretical Team t GB ai‡bi `‡j D”P c`¯’ Ges wbæc`¯’ Kgx©iv GKB mv‡_ KvR K‡i|
02. Horizontal Team t GB `j mvaviYZt wb‡R‡ì MÖæ‡c m`m¨‡ì wb‡q KvR K‡i mv‡_ mv‡_ Kvh©Kix
cwil‡ì m`‡mï wb‡q KvR K‡i|
03. t Bnv mvaviYZt AšÍe©Zx m`m¨ I evB‡ii m`mïv wg‡j KvR K‡i| †hgb-
Inter-organizational Teams
mieivnKvix I †fv³viv wg‡j G ai‡bi `j MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
cÖ‡qvR‡bi Av‡jv‡K m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ ÿgZv cÖgvY Ki‡Z nq Ges myk„•Ljv cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g
Aweivg gvb Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv nq|
4. mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbv (TQM) I cÖPwjZ eë¯’vcbv (Traditional Management)

wb‡æ TQM I cÖPwjZ eë¯’vcbvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
cv_©‡Kï welqe¯Íz mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbv (TQM) cÖPwjZ eë¯’vcbv (Traditional Mgt)
(i) †KŠkjMZ (i) G gvb cwiKíbv I †KŠkjMZ (i) wKšÍz cÖPwjZ eë¯’vcbvq, Avw_©K I
cwiKíbv I eëmvq cwiKíbvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kiv evRviRvZKiY Bmy¨¸‡jv n‡jv
eë¯’vcbv hvq bv| †KŠkjMZ cwiKíbv Ges gvb
cwiKíbv msµvšÍ KvR¸‡jv gvb
wbqš¿Y wefvM K‡i _v‡K|
(ii) †fv³v I (ii) G †fv³v I mieivn Kvix‡K (ii) wKšÍz cÖPwjZ eë¯’vcbvq, †fv³v‡K
mieivnKvixi cÖwZôv‡bi wfZ‡ii e¨w³ wnmv‡e Mb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi evB‡ii e¨w³ wnmv‡e MY¨
m¤ú‡K© Kiv nq| Kiv nq Ges mieivnKvixiv Kg g~j¨
cwieZ©b cvevi Rb¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv K‡i|
(iii) `jMZ cÖ‡Póv (iii) G e¨w³iv wUg KvVv‡gv‡Z KvR K‡i (iii) wKšÍz cÖPwjZ eë¯’vcbvq, e¨w³ I
Ges wefvM¸‡jv mgb¦‡qi mv‡_ KvR wefvM c„_K c„_Kfv‡e KvR K‡i|
K‡i| GLv‡b `jMZ cÖ‡Póv KvR K‡i bv|
(iv) mvsMVwbK (iv) G eë¯’vcbvq, eë¯’vcbvi g~j KvR (iv) G eë¯’vcbvq, eë¯’vcbv cwieZ©‡b
cwieZ©b n‡jv Ggbfv‡e †bZ…Z¡ MVb Kiv evav cÖ`vb K‡i|
hv‡Z AweiZ cwieZ©b I Dbœqb-G
Lvc LvIqv‡bv hvq|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
(v) †cÖlYv (v) G Kgx©iv hv wek¦vm K‡i Zv (v) kvw¯Í †`qvi fxwZi gva¨‡g cÖPwjZ
Zvrch©c~Y© Ae`vb ivLvi Rb¨ nq| eë¯’vcbvq Kgx©‡ì‡K †cÖwlZ K‡i|
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
cvV 3 B›Uvi‡bU, B-Kgvm©, B-weR‡bm

(Internet, E-commerce, E-Business)
D‡Ïk¨
5 B›Uvi‡bU Gi msÁv I myweav eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
5 B-Kgvm© Gi msÁv I myweav eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
5 B-weR‡bm Gi msÁv I myweav eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
B›Uvi‡bU (Internet)
eZ©gv‡b B‡jKUªwbK gva¨‡g Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î e¨vcK I we¯§qKi Dbœqb I cÖe„w× N‡U‡Q| hvi
d‡j AvaywbK evRviRvZKiY †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv Zv‡ì cY¨ I †mev evRviRvZKi‡Y ga¨¯’ Kvievix cwinvi
K‡i mivmwi evRviRvZKiY †KŠkj eënvi Ki‡Q| †KŠkj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q d¨v·, B›Uvi‡bU, B-†gBj,
B-Kgvm©, B-weR‡bm Ges Ae-jvBb gv‡K©wUs| GmKj †KŠkj eënvi K‡i AvaywbK evRviRvZKvix mviv
we‡k¦i eZ©gvb †µZv‡ì wbKU Ges m¤¢ve¨ †µZv‡ì wbKU †hvMv‡hvM, Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb, weµq I weµq
cÖ‡Póvi djvdj wbY©q, bZzb cY¨ aviYv I weÁvc‡bi bZzb Kwci djveZ©b cwigvc Ki‡Z cvi‡Q me‡P‡q
`ªæZZi mv‡_, ¯^íZg mg‡q|
B›Uvi‡bU n‡”Q wek¦e¨vcx Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i I‡qe (Web) hvi gva¨‡g ZvrÿwYK I `ªæZZvi mv‡_ wek¦
†hvMv‡hvM m¤¢e| B›Uvi‡bU eënv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB ms‡hvM wb‡Z n‡e Ges World Wide Web (WWW) I
Web †Lvjvi mdUIq¨vi Netscap Narigator Ges Microsoft Internet Explorer m¤ú‡K© fv‡jv aviYv _vK‡Z
n‡e| B›Uvi‡bU mvP© Kivi BwÄb¸‡jv n‡jv Yahool, Iforseek Excite BZ¨vw`| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g ms‡hvM
MÖnxZv KvswLZ ISP bv¤^vi¸‡jvi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i `ªæZ evZ©v, wPÎ, B‡gR cvVv‡Z cv‡i, gZvgZ
Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i, cY¨ µq-weµq Ki‡Z cv‡i, eëmv‡qi Ges Ab¨vb¨ mKj Z_¨vw` †c‡Z cv‡i|
Z‡e B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g evRviRvZKi‡Y me‡P‡q RbwcÖqZv cÖvß cY¨ ev †mev¸‡jvi n‡jv- Kw¤úDUvi
nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨vi, wegv‡bi wUwKU, Rvb©vj, eB-cÎ, †gvevBj, wgDwRK BZ¨vw` µq-weµq| Z‡e
Lv`¨, dzj, †cvkvK, e¨vswKs, exgv I B‡jKUªwbK eëmv‡q B›Uvi‡b‡Ui eënvi e„w× cv‡”Q| eZ©gv‡b
cÖwZw`bB B›Uvi‡bU eënviKvixi msL¨v e¨vcKnv‡i e„w× cv‡”Q| eëmv‡qi cwigvY e„w× cv‡”Q Ges cY¨ I
†mevi êwPÎ¨ e„w× cv‡”Q| D‡jøL¨ †h B›Uvi‡bU eënvKvixiv Kg eqmx, wkwÿZ, Avw_©K Ae¯’vm¤úbœ Ges
Zv‡ì †ewki fvMB cyiæl|
†gvU K_v B›Uvi‡bU n‡jv Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g wek¦e¨vcx `ªæZ †hvMv‡hvM, Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi
AZ¨vaywbK †KŠkj| hv Øviv `ªæZZg mg‡q, ¯^íZg ev‡q wek¦e¨vcx †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq Ges mKj ga¨
D‡cÿv K‡i mivmwi evRviRvZKiY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq| d‡j †µZv-we‡µZv Df‡qB DcK…Z nq|
B-Kgvm©, B-weR‡bm, Ab-jvBb mvwf©m B›Uvi‡b‡Ui AvaywbK †KŠkj| D‡jøL¨ †h, GKwU †Kv¤úvbx evwYwR¨K
Ab-jvBb mvwf©m fvov wb‡q A_ev wbR¯^ I‡qe mvBU Ly‡j B›Uvi‡b‡U Zvi Dc¯Í„wZ wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui myweav
B-Kgvm©, B-weR‡bm, Ab-jvBb gv‡K©wUs Gi gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡bU wek¦evRv‡ii †Pnviv e`‡j w`‡”Q|
evRviRvZKi‡Y G‡m‡Q MwZ, êwPÎ| ÿz`ª I gvSvwi AvqZ‡bi cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K `ªæZ wek¦vq‡bi my‡hvM MÖn‡Y
mvnvh¨ Ki‡Q| wek¦e¨vcx ÿz`ª, gvSvwi Ges e„n`vqZb †µZv mgvR e¨vcKfv‡e DcK…Z n‡”Q| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui
myweav‡K Avgiv wbæiƒ‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvwi t
1. †µZv mgvR Drcv`K, cvBKvi I LyPiv eëmvqxi Dci wbf©ikxj bv n‡q wbR¯^ D‡`¨v‡M wewfbœ eªvÐ
m¤ú‡K© ¯^íZg mg‡q me©‡kl Z_¨ cv‡”Q| hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q c‡Yï LiP, g~j¨, êwkó¨, ¸Yv¸Y, eënvi
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
c×wZ BZ¨vw`|
2. †µZviv Drcv`bKvixi wbKU weÁvcb, weµq, weµq DËi †mev mieivn cš’v BZ¨vw` Z_¨ †cÖi‡Yi
Aby‡iva Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3. †µZv‡ì Pvwn`v I cÖ‡qvR‡bi Av‡jv‡K we‡µZv ev Drcv`K Bnvi cY¨ ev †mevi wWRvBb Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
4. wewfbœ †`‡ki mgRvZxq I m¤ú~iK cY¨ I †mev m¤ú‡K© ch©vß Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i|
5. wek¦e¨vcx AbymÜvb K‡i me‡P‡q fv‡jvcY¨ I †mev µ‡qi wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
6. cQ›`K…Z cY¨ ev †mevi AW©vi `ªæZZg mg‡q †`qv hvq Ges G mKj myweavi Kvi‡Y B›Uvi‡b‡Ui
Pvwn`v, eënvi Ges ¸iæZ¡ cÖwZw`bB e¨vcKnv‡i e„w× cv‡”Q|
B-Kgvm© (Electronic Commerce)
B-Kgvm© m¤ú‡K© hvevi c~‡e© Avgiv B-†gBj (E-mail ev Electronic Mail) m¤ú‡K© GKUz aviYv wb‡q †bB| †h
cš’vq evZ©v, msev`, Z_¨ BZ¨vw` GK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i mivmwi cvVv‡bv hvq, Zv‡K B-
†gBj e‡j| Z‡e evZ©v, msev` ev Z_¨ ZvrÿwYKfv‡e cvVv‡bv n‡jI MÖnxZv Zvi Kw¤úDUvi †Lv‡j mvP© bv
Kiv ch©šÍ Zv gRyZ _v‡K, eySv hvq bv| evRviRvZKvix Zv‡ì eZ©gvb m¤¢ve¨ †µZv‡ì wbKU cY¨, †mev,
aviYv msµvšÍ Z_¨vw` B-†gB‡ji gva¨‡g `ªæZZvi mv‡_ cvVv‡Z cv‡i| B-Kgvm© Ges B-weR‡bm n‡jv Ab-
jvBb evRviRvZKi‡Yi `ywU m¤úªmvwiZ Ges AvaywbK iƒc|
B-Kgvm© t
cÖZ¨ÿ evRviRvZKi‡Yi AwZ mv¤úªwZK Dbœqb n‡jv B‡jKUªwbK Kgvm© ev B-Kgvm©| hLb B‡jKUªwbK WvUv
B›Uvi‡P‡Äi (EDI) gva¨‡g mieivnKvixi wbKU KvswLZ cY¨ ev †mevi AW©vi †`qv nq, †µwWU Kv‡W©i
bv¤^v‡ii Av‡jv‡K e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g g~j¨ cwi‡kvwaZ n‡q KvswLZ cY¨ ev †mev MÖnY Kiv nq, Zv‡K B-Kgvm©
e‡j| Z‡e kZ© n‡jv-
K. I‡qe mvB‡W I I‡qe †cB‡R we‡µZvi mKj cY¨, †mev, aviYv BZ¨vwì we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY h_v- bvg,
`vg, myweav ¸Yv¸Y, eënvi wewa BZ¨vw` D‡jøL _vK‡Z nq;
L. †µZv I‡qe †cBR mvP© K‡i Zvi Pvwn`v I cÖ‡qvR‡bi Av‡jv‡K cY¨, †mev, aviYvi AW©vi cÖ`vb K‡i|
M. cÖvß AW©v‡ii Av‡jv‡K we‡µZv g~j¨ `vwe K‡i;
N. †µZv g~‡jï Av‡jv‡K Zvi †µwWU KvW© bv¤^vi I e¨vs‡Ki bvg D‡jøL K‡i;
O. mswkøó e¨vs‡K †µZvi wnmv‡ei e¨v‡jÝ hvPvB Kiv nq Ges cY¨ †cÖi‡Yi wecix‡Z e¨vs‡Ki wbivcËv
`vwe Kiv nq|
P. e¨vs‡Ki wbivcËv †c‡q Drcv`K ev evRviRvZKvix †µZvi wbKU cY¨, †mev ev aviYv †cÖiY K‡i|
Q. †µZv AW©viK…Z cY¨ †mev ev aviYv ey‡S †c‡q e¨vsK‡K Rvbv‡j e¨vsK we‡µZv‡K A_© cwi‡kva K‡i|
welq wb‡æi wP‡Î †`Lv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i-
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
wP‡Î †`Lv hv‡”Q evRviRvZKvix Zvi mKj cY¨ †mev ev aviYvi Z_¨ I‡qe †cB‡R w`‡q iv‡L, †µZv Zv
AbymÜvb K‡i AW©vi I †µwWU KvW© bs cÖ`vb K‡i| we‡µZv e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g †µwWU Kv‡W©i mZ¨Zv Ges
cY¨ †mev mieiv‡ni wewbg‡q wbivcËv `vwe K‡i| wbivcËv †c‡j †m †µZv‡K Zv mieivn K‡i Ges †µZv
Zv cvevi ciB g~j¨ cwi‡kvwaZ nq| GLv‡b †µZvi m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxbZv we`¨gvb A_©vr KLb, wK Ae¯’vq, †Kvb
cY¨ ev AbymÜvb ev µq Ki‡e- GUv m¤ú~Y© Zvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| Z‡e g~‡jï e¨vcv‡i Zvi †Kvb ¯^vaxbZv
†bB| we‡µZvi wba©vwiZ g~‡j¨B Zv‡K cY¨, †mev ev aviYv µq Ki‡Z nq|
myweav t
1. N‡i e‡mB Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †µZv mviv we‡k¦i evRviRvZKvix‡ì cY¨, †mev aviYv mvP© Ki‡Z
cv‡i Ges cÖ‡qvR‡bi Av‡jv‡K AW©vi mvP© Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖ‡qvR‡bi Av‡jv‡K AW©vi w`‡Z cv‡i|
†Kvb ga¨¯’ eëmvqx ìKvi nq bv|
2. AW©vi †`qvi e¨q c~‡e©i Zzjbvq 20% ev Zvi †P‡q Kg n‡q _v‡K|
3. AW©vi cÖ`vb I cY¨ †Wwjfvix MÖn‡Y ¯^íZg mgq e¨q nq|
4. ¯^íZg mg‡q Ges A‡bK mgq N‡i e‡mB cY¨ ev †mev †Wwjfvix †bqv hvq bv Kw¤úDUv‡i †cÖvMÖvg ev
mdUIq¨vi WvBb‡jvW Kiv hvq|
5. w`b-ivZ 24 N›UvB AW©vi †`qv hvq, mieivn †bqv hvq|
G mKj myweavi Kvi‡Y B-Kgv‡m©i eënvi, ¸iæZ¡ Ges Kvh© cwiwa cÖwZwbqZ e„w× cv‡”Q|
evRviRvZKvix Ges †µZv e¨vcKfv‡e DcK…Z n‡”Q|
B-weR‡bm (Electronic Business ev E-business)

B-weR‡bm n‡jv B-Kgv‡m©i ewa©Z iƒc| GLv‡b B-Kgv‡m©i mKj wbqg-Kvbyb GKB iKg _v‡K Ges
AwZwi³ wn‡m‡e _v‡K †µZvi ¯^vaxb ìKlvKwli AwaKvi| ìKlvKwli gva¨‡g g~j¨ cQ›` n‡jB †µZv
cY¨, †mev, ev aviYv µq K‡i| Ab¨_vq †m µq †_‡K weiZ _v‡K ev Ab¨ evRviRvZKvixi I‡qe mvBW
mvP© K‡i|
ZvB mnR K_vq ejv hvq †h, †h cš’vq B‡jKUªwbK WvUv B›Uvi‡P‡Âi gva¨‡g †µZv I‡qe mvBW †_‡K Zvi
KvswLZ cY¨, †mev, ev aviYv evQvB K‡i| Ab-jvB‡b †hŠ_ ìKlvKwli gva¨‡g Bnvi g~j¨ w¯’i K‡i,
†µwWU Kv‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g g~j¨ cwi‡kva K‡i Zv MÖnY K‡i, Zv‡K B-weR‡bm ejv nq|
B-weR‡bm B-Kgv‡m©i mKj myweav we`¨gvb| Z‡e, AwZwi³ myweav wn‡m‡e i‡q‡Q †µZvi ìKlvKwli
AwaKvi| GLv‡b †µZviv we‡µZvi wba©vwiZ g~‡jï Dci wR¤§x bq, m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxb| GRb¨B B-weR‡bm Gi
RbwcÖqZv I MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv †ewk|
mvims‡ÿc
cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K cwi‡ek †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn, msMVb
Ges e›Ub Ki‡Z nq, hv‡Z K‡i eë¯’vcbvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| GiB bvg n‡jv eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ eë¯’v|
cÖwZôv‡bi Z_¨ eë¯’vcbv `ÿZv I djcÖm~Zvi mv‡_ wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ †Uwj‡dvb, Kw¤úDUvi Ges
B›Uvi‡bU eë¯’v wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
†Kvb wel‡qi cÖv_wgK msL¨v ev NUbv‡K data e‡j Ges GB WvUv‡K hLb eënvi Dc‡hvMx AvKv‡i Dc¯’vcb
Kiv, Zv‡K ejv nq information| cÖwZôv‡bi Z_¨ eë¯’vcbv‡K dj`vqK I Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z n‡j eë¯’vc‡K
m¤úK©hy³ 7wU cÖ‡kœi DËi Rvb‡Z n‡e Ges Rvb‡Z n‡e eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ wm‡÷‡gi D‡Ïk¨ I eë¯’vcbv
¯Í‡ii mv‡_ eë¯’vcbvi m¤úK©|
mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbv n‡jv GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi mKj ¯Í‡ii mKj Kgx©i Ges mKj kvLv-cÖkvLvi mgb¦‡q Bnvi
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cY¨ I †mevi gvb Aweivg Dbœq‡bi GKwU mvgwMÖK cÖ‡Póv| hvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv †µZv‡ì Pvwn`v, cÖZ¨vkv
I cÖ‡qvRb m‡e©v”P gvÎvq c~iY Kiv |
TQM Gi g~j êwkó¨ n‡jv Bnv c‡Yï gvb Gi wbðqZvi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi Dbœqb K‡i| cÖwZôv‡bi
Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K mKj cÿ‡K m¤ú„³ K‡i cY¨ I †mevi gvb Aweevi Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g †fv³v‡ì
cÖZ¨vkv c~iY K‡i|
TQM Gi bxwZmg~n n‡jv-
1. †µZv‡ì cÖZ¨vkvi †K›`ªwe›`y
2. †KŠkjMZ cwiKíbv Ges †bZ…Z¡
3. Aweivg Dbœqb Ges
4. ÿgZvc©b Ges myk„sLjv cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv
TQM G †µZv‡ì mšÍzwói Rb¨ c‡Yï gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cwiPvwjZ GKwU wUgIqvK©| hv cÖwZwbqgb
cwieZ©b kxj I Aweivg gvb Dbœq‡b wb‡qvwRZ| wKšÍz wPivPwiZ eë¯’vcbv Zv bq|
B›Uvi‡bU n‡jv Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g wek¦e¨vcx `ªæZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi AZ¨vaywbK
†KŠkj| hv Øviv `ªæZZvi mv‡_ I ¯^íZg e¨‡q wek¦e¨vcx †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq Ges mKj ga¨¯’ Dc‡ÿv K‡i
mivmwi evRviRvZKiY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡gB m¤¢e n‡”Q B-Kgvm© Ges B-
weR‡bm|
B‡jKUªwbK WvUv B›Uvi‡P‡Âi gva¨‡g hLb cY¨, †mev, aviYvi AW©vi †`qv nq cY¨ MÖnY K‡i †µwWU Kv‡W©i
mvnv‡q¨ e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g g~j¨ cwi‡kva Kiv nq, BnvB n‡jv B-Kgvm©|
Aciw`‡K B-Kgv‡m©i mKj k‡Z©i mv‡_ hLb †µZvi ìKlvKwli AwaKvi hy³ nq, †mUvB n‡jv B-
weR‡bm| B-Kgvm© I B-weR‡bm `yB †ÿ‡ÎB we‡µZvi I‡qe mvBW mvP© K‡i cY¨, †mev ev aviYvi AW©vi
†`qv nq Ges g~j¨ cwi‡kva c×wZ `yB †ÿ‡ÎB Awfbœ| Z‡e B-Kgv‡m©i †P‡q B-weR‡b‡m †µZvi ¯^v_© †ekx
msiwÿZ nq| KviY GLv‡b i‡q‡Q cY¨ †mev ev aviYvi g~j¨ m¤ú‡K© †µZvi ìKlvKwli AwaKvi|
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g B-Kgvm©, B-weR‡bm AvšÍR©vwZK eëmvq‡K ØvicÖv‡šÍ wb‡q G‡m‡Q| evRviRvZKi‡Y
G‡m‡Q bZzb MwZ, bZzb êwkó¨| mKj †kªYxi †µZv-we‡µZv Bnvi gva¨‡g e¨vcKfv‡e DcK…Z n‡”Q|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx
1| eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ c×wZ (MIS) wK? eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ c×wZi c~e©kZ© mg~n D‡jøL Kiæb|
2| TQM ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb? TQM Gi êwkó¨ mg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
3| B›Uvi‡bU ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb? Gi myweav mg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
4| mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbv I cÖPwjZ eë¯’vcbvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`Lvb|
mswÿß cÖkœvejx
1| eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ c×wZi D‡Ïk¨ wjLyb|
2| B›Uvi‡bU wK?
3| B-Kgvm© ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
4| B-Kgv‡m©i g‡a¨ wK wK myweav jÿ¨ Kiv hvq?
5| E-Business Gi msÁv w`b|
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
bgybv cÖkœ
eë¯’vcbv bxwZ
†Kvm© †KvW t BBS-1502
mgq t 3 NÈv
c~Y©gvb t 80
(Wvb cv‡k¦©i msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y© gvb ÁvcK)
K-wefvM t iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

(†h †Kvb cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b)
1| eë¯’vcbv wK? eë¯’vcbvi wewfbœ Kvh©vejxi eY©bv w`b| 3+9 = 12
2| cwiKíbvi msÁv w`b| myôz cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi wewfbœ c`‡ÿ‡ci eY©bv w`b| 3+9 = 12
3| AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK msMVb Kv‡K e‡j? wefvMxqKi‡Yi wewfbœ c×wZi eY©bv w`b| 5+7=12
4| Z`viKx cwimi Kv‡K e‡j? Kvg¨ Z`viKx cwimi wba©vi‡Yi we‡eP¨ welq mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3+9=12
5| cÖwkÿY wK? cÖwkÿ‡Yi bvbv cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 3+9=12
6| civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbvi msÁv w`b| civgk©g~jK wb‡`©kbvi myweav I Amyweavmg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
3+9=12
7| †cÖlYvi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb| gvR‡jvi †cÖlYv ZË¡wU e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 5+7=12
8| wbqš¿Y wK? wbqš¿‡Yi wewfbœ c`‡ÿc Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 3+9=12
L-wefvM t mswÿß DËi cÖkœ

(†h †Kvb 4wU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b)
4*5=20
1| eë¯’vcbv PµwU eY©bv Kiæb|
2| eë¯’vcbv weÁvb bv Kjv? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3| eë¯’vcbvi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb|
4| DËg cwiKíbvi êwkó¸‡jv wjLyb|
5| mij îwLK msMVbwU eY©bv Kiæb|
6| wKfv‡e ÿgZvc©Y Kiv hvq?
7| Kgx© msMÖ‡ni Drm eY©bv Kiæb|
8| wb‡`©kbvi bxwZmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

Introduction To Management

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Introduction To Management

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e¨e¯’vcbv bxwZ

†Kvm© †KvW : BBS 1502

e¨v‡Pji Ae weR‡bm ÷vwWR †cÖvMÖvg

evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

e¨v‡Pji Ae weR‡bm ÷vwWR †cÖvMÖvg

evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR Ges †W¯‹Uc cÖ‡mwms

© evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU `yB t cwiKíbv 27-52

BDwbU wZb t msMVb 53-84

BDwbU Pvi t ÷vwds 85-92

BDwbU cuvP t wb‡`©kbv 95-102

BDwbU Qq t †bZ…Z¡ 103-118

BDwbU AvU t mgb¦qmvab 131-136

BDwbU bq t wbqš¿Y 137-148

BDwbU `k t e¨e¯’vcbvq AvaywbK c×wZ I cÖhyw³ 149-159

cvV 1 e¨e¯’vcbvi msÁv, cwiwa Ges ¸iæZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Difinition,

e¨e¯’vcbvi msÁv (Definition of Management) t

3. †KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡Mi wfwË‡Z cwiwa

4. Kvh©wefv‡Mi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K e¨e¯’vcbv cwiwa

5. ¯Íi‡f‡` e¨e¯’vcbvi cwiwa

e¨e¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ (Importance of Management)

2. `ÿZv e„w× (Increase of efficiency)

3. e¨emvi DcKiYvw`i Dbœqb (Development of Business Components) t

4. Drcv`‡bi DcKiYvw`i myôz e¨envi (Proper Utilization of Production factors)

5. gvbe I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb (Human & Economic Development)

6. AcPq n«vm (Reduction of Wastage)

7. k„•Ljv cÖwZôv (Establishment of Discipline)

8. m¤úK© Dbœqb (Development of Relationship)

9. †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb (Leading)

10. Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó (Creation of Employment Opportunity)

11. M‡elYv I Dbœqb (Research & Development)

12. mvgvwRK Dbœqb (Social Development)

13. Rxeb hvÎvi gvb Dbœqb (Raising the Living Standard)

cvV 2 e¨e¯’vcbvi DrcwË I µgweKvk

e¨e¯’vcbvi DrcwË I µgweKvk

ga¨hy‡Mi (wLª‡÷i R‡b¥i ci n‡Z wkí wecø‡ei c~e©Kvj) e¨e¯’vcbv

wkí wecø‡ei hy‡M e¨e¯’vcbv (1750-1870 wLª÷vã)

AvaywbK hy‡M e¨e¯’vcbv (1870 mv‡ji ci †_‡K eZ©gvb mgq chšÍ)

†d«WwiK DBb‡¯øv †Uji (Frederic winslow Taylor) [1855-1912 ] t

û‡Mv gyb÷vievM (Hugo Munsterberg) [1863-1916]

GjUb †g‡qv [ Elton Mayo] (1880-1949)

†gwi cvK©vi d‡ë (Mary Parker Follet)

†P÷vi AvB. evb©vW (Chester I. Barnard) [1886-1961]

e¨e¯’vcbvi Kvh©vejx I e¨e¯’vcbv Pµ

e¨e¯’vcbvi Kvh©vejx (Functions of Management)

e¨e¯’vcbv Pµ (Management Cycle)

cvV 4 e¨e¯’vcbvi bxwZgvjv

e¨e¯’vcbvi bxwZgvjv (Principles of Management)

1. Kvh©wefvM (Division of work)

6. mvaviY ¯^v‡_©i Rb¨ wb‡Ri ¯^v_© Z¨vM

10. web¨vm (Order)

11. mvg¨Zv (Equity)

12. PvKwii ¯’vwqZ¡ (Stability of tenure)

13. D‡`¨vM (Initiative)

14. GKZvB ej (Esprit de corps)

e¨e¯’vcbvi D‡Ïk¨, `ÿZv, mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ I e¨e¯’vcbv weÁvb-bv Kjv

e¨e¯’vcbvi D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives of Management)

e¨e¯’vcbv weÁvb bv Kjv?

e¨e¯’vcKxq `ÿZv (Managerial Skills)

e¨e¯’vcbvi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ (Social Responsilities of Management)

evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b e¨e¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡y