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24<0-4<-?4
:' Mjioiÿn
D INLOLH 24 I0
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D INLOLH 2CI0 §-
Zcjcs hcs
pcjnì c utihizljl Lpcr
rmsmrvljcs. kmrics qum smkmjic,
oulhquimr mspmoieiqu₨
mhmot¡ÿnioc c kmoìnioc,
hc ocntrlric, ninaunl psrtm
inohuymnjc pubhioloiÿnc
jm mstl ectcocpil
mh intmkmt c int-³nmt, sin pmrkisc pcr msori÷c jmh INLOLH.
INLOLH
i
D ZNLOLH 24<0 - Zcjcs hcs jmrmo`cs scn rmsmrvljcs
Ën¡ror
pìainl
ËNcros
pnÿhcoc ii
iii
I lphioloiÿn
Cbgmtc y olkpc jm I
2 Rmemrmnoils ncrkltivls 2
? Zérkincs y jmeinioicnms 5
LARMALJC EINC
: Olrlotmrëstiols amnmrlhms 0
5= Arlnuhckmtrël 0
_ustlnoils ncoivls h4
1 hnlhtmrlbihijlj II
LARMALJCAR]M_C
0 alnmrlhms
Olrlotmrëstiols <?
9 Arlnuhckmtrël <?
I <5
I
<2 Inlhtmrlbihijlj
Ënjiom jm mspmscr y rmsistmnoil kmoìniol <5
LNMPC L 24
LNMPC B 2h
LNMPC O 22
BIBHICARLEËL 2?
hh
D INLOLH 24<0 - Zcjcs hcs jmrmo`cs scn rmsmrvljcs
TRßHCAC
L. RM_MÜL @I_ZÿRIOL
MNZIJLJ Re,,TRM_MNZLNZM
TMR] _.L.
OCNORMKLP Tlchl Niüc jm Auzkln
--cccCccc'--
IY
NCRKL ZÉONIOL NZT :44.4?1
TMR]LNL <jm2?
<.2 Mstl NZT ms lphiolbhm plrl usc jmh ocntrltistl, mh prcvmmjcr jmh ocnormtc u
ctrcs vmnjmjcrms ockc plrtm jmh jcoukmntc jm vmntl mn qum sm jmsoribm mh kltmrilh l
prcpcroicnlr.
NCZL h6 Mstl mspmoieioloiÿn sm ocnsijorl ljmouljl plrl lsmaurlr klhmrilhms ljmouljcs mn hl klycrël
jm hcs ocnormtcs. _in mkblrac, plrl lhauncs trlblgcs c mn lhaunls rmaicnms sm pumjmn nmomsitlr
mspmoieioloicnms kìs c kmncs rmstriotivls. Tcr mgmkphc, oulnjc hl mstétiol ms ikpcrtlntm `lbni hëkitms
kìs rmstriotivcs mn rmhloiÿn ocn hls ikpurmzls qum pujimrl jisturblr mh lsp₨otc jm hl supmrüoim jmh
ocnormtc.
NCRKL ZÉONIOL NZT :44.4?1
TMRZ[LNL :jm2?
NCRKL ZMONIOL NZT :44.4?1
TMR]LNL = jm2?
2.2.9 L_ZK O 909/ O909K-I1 Rmquisitcs plrl omkmntc jm msocril plrl usc
mn ocnormtc y kcrtmrcs
NCRKLZÉONIOL NZT :44.4?1
TMR]LNL 2 jm2?
2 Rmemrmnoils ncrkltivls
Hls siauimntms ncrkls ocntimnmn jispcsioicnms qum lh smr oitljls mn mstm tmxtc ocnstituymn
rmquisitcs jm mstl Ncrkl Zéoniol Tmrulnl. Hls mjioicnms injioljls mstlbln mn viamnoil mn
mh kckmntc jm mstl pubhioloiÿn. Ockc tcjl ncrkl mstië sugmtl l rmvisiÿn, sm rmockimnjl l
lqumhhcs qum rmlhiomn loumrjcs mn blsm l mhhls, qum lnlhiomn hl ocnvmnimnoil jm uslr hls
mjioicnms rmoimntms jm hls ncrkls oitljls smauijlkmntm. Mh Cralniskc Tmrulnc jm
Ncrklhizloiÿn pcsmm hl inecrkloiÿn jm hls Ncrkls Zéoniols Tmrulnls mn viamnoil mn tcjc
kckmntc.
NcRKL rÉoNrom NZT :44.4?1
TMR]LNL ? jm2?
NCRKLZÉONIOL NZT :44.4?1
TMR]LNL 5jm2?
? Zérkincs y jmeinioicnms
Tlrl hcs térkincs utihizljcs mn mstl ncrkl, rmemrirsm l hl NZT :44.4<h, NZT ??9.4?1 y
NZT ??9.4:16 ljmkìs jm hcs qum sm prmsmntln l ocntinuloiÿn7
?.<
larmaljc p¡rm ocnormtc
ms un ocnguntc jm plrtëouhls, jm criamn nlturlh c lrtieioilh, qum pumjmn smr trltljls c
mhlbcrljls y ouyls jikmnsicnms mstìn ockprmnjijls mntrm hcs hëkitms ergljcs pcr hl prmsmntm
ncrkl. _m hms hhlkl tlkbién ³irijcs
?.2
larmaljc einc
ms mh larmaljc prcvmnimntm jm hl jmsintmarloiÿn nlturlh c lrtieioilh, qum p³tsl mh tlkiz
ncrklhizljc 9,= kk (?i0 puha) y qumjl rmtmnijc mn mh tlkiz ncrklhizljc 1= pk (Nc. 244)6
jmbmni oukphir ocn hcs hëkitms mstlbhmoijcs mn hl prmsmntm ncrkl
?.?
lrmnl
ms mh larmaljc einc prcvmnimntm jm hl jmsintmarloiÿn nlturlh jm hls rcols.
?.:
larmaljc arumsc
ms mh larmaljc rmtmnijc mn mh tlkiz ncrklhizljc :,1= kk §c. :) prcvmnimntm jm hl
jmsintmarloiÿn nlturlh c kmo¡ëniol jm hl rcol, y qum oukphm ocn hcs hëkitms mstlbhmoijcs mn
hl prmsmntm NZT.
?.=
arlvl
ms mh larmaljc akmsc, prcvmnimntm jm hl jmsintmarloiÿn nlturlh jm kltmrilhms pétrmcs,
mnocntrìnjcsmhm ocrrimntmkmntm mn olntmrls y hmo`cs jm rëcs, jmpcsitljc mn ecrkl nlturlh
?.5
pimjrl triturljl c o`lnoljl
sm jmnckinl lsi, lh laemaljc anrmsc cbtmnijc pcr triturloiÿn lrtieioilh c kmoiiniol jm rcols
c arlv³¡s, msocrils u ctrcs.
NCRKLZÉONIOL NZT :44.4?1
TMR]LNL 1 jm2?
?.1
tlklüc kìxikc
ms mh qum ocrrmspcnjm lh kmncr tlkiz pcr mh qum plsl tcjl hl kumstrl jm larmaljc arumsc.
?.M
tlklüc kìxikc nckinlh
ms mh qum ocrrmspcnjm lh kmncr tlkiz jm hl smrim utihizljl qum prcjuom mh prikmr rmtonijc
m¡trm = Yc y h4 Yc
?.9
`ckcamnmijlj jm larmaljcs
unl kmzohl jm larmaljcs ms `ckcaénml oulnjc oukphm ocn hcs hëkitms arlnuhckétriocs
mstlbhmoijcs mn oljl pcroiÿn jm hl kiskl
?.<4
larmaljc ahcblh
kltmrilh ockpumstc jm larmaljc einc y larmaljc an¡msc ouyl ockbinloiÿn prcjuom un
ocnormtc jm k¡ëxikl ockploijlj
?.hh
larmaljc rmoiohljc
larmaljc prcomjmntm jm trltlkimntc jm kltmrilhms (msockbrcs) jm jmsmo`c cbtmnijcs jm
jmkchioiÿn jm ocnstruooicnms
?.<2
ethhmr nlturlhms c lrtieioilhms, mspmoilhkmntm
hcs eihhmrms scn kltmrilhms incraìniocs kinmrlhms,
smhmooicnljcs qum, kmjilntm ljmouljl prmplrloiÿn, ocn ljmouljl jistribuoiÿn jm tlklüc jm
plrtëouhl, kmgcrln hls prcpimjljms jmh omkmntc (tlhms ockc hl trlblglbihijlj c rmtmnoiÿn jm
laul). Tumjmn smr inmrtms c pcsmmr prcpimjljms hiamrlkmntm `ijÉuhiols, `ijniuhiols hltmntms
c puzchìniols
NCRKL ZÉONIOL NZT :44.4?1
TMR]LNL 0jm2?
LARMALJC EINC
: Olrlotmristiols amnmrlhms
Mh larmaljc einc jmbm ocnsistir mn lrmnl nlturlh, lrmnl klnueloturljl c unl ockbinloiÿn jm
mhhls.
= Arlnuhckmtrël
h,h 0 kk (Nc. I 5)
544 pk (N c. ?4
=4l0=
2= l54
?44 pk (Nc. =4) =l?4
I =4 pk (Nc. <44) 4 l h4
1= uk (Nc.244) 4 l ?,4l0
< Tl¡l ocnormtc nc sugmtc l hl lbrlsiÿn, mh I ëkitm plrl mh
kltmrilh kìs einc qum mh tlkiz 1= /k (Nc. 244) jmbm
smr kìxikc = 1c.
B Tlrl larmaljc einc l¡tieioilh u ctrcs rmoiohljcs, si mh
kltmrilh kiës einc qum mh tlkiz 1= /k (Nc. 244) ocnsistm
mn pchvc jm triturloiÿn, msmnoilhkmntm hibrm jm lroihhl c
₨squistcs, mstm hëkitm jmbm smr = 1c plrl ocnormtc sugmtc
l lbrlsiÿn y kìxikc 1 c/c plrl ocnormtc nc sugmtc l
lbrlsiÿn
NCRKLZÉONIOL NZT :44.4?1
TMR]LNL 9 jm2?
=.2 Mh larmaljc einc nc jmbm tmnmr kìs jmh := Yc qum plsl mn lhaunl klhhl y
rmtmnijl mn hl siauimntm klhhl ocnsmoutivl" hls qum sm kumstrl mn mh lplrtljc =.< y su kÿjuhc
jm einmzl nc jmbm smr kmncr jm 2,? ni klycr jm ?,H
l hcs
mh kinmrlhms
tlkiz (N.' 244) pumjm
1= e¡k lroihhcscs. Mh larmaljc einc
tmnmr un nlturlh kìs
pctmnoilh ocn prcpcroicnms mhmvljls jm
mhmvljc jm ocnt₨nijc plslntm pcr
klhmrilhlroihhcsc.
jmkinmrlh
Mxistmn jivmrscs kmjics jispcnibhms plrl olrlotmrizlr mstcs eincs, tlhms ockc mh lnìisis pmtrcarìeioc
(L_ZK O29=), jmtmrkinloiÿn jmh mquivlhmntm jm l¡mnl (L_ZK J2:<9), lnìhisis jmh `ijrokmtrc,
jmtmrkinloiÿn jm hl lbscroiÿn jm lzuh jm kmtihmnc y lnìhisis jm jierlooiÿn pcr rlycs P. Kimntrls mstls
téoniols scn ërtihms plrl einms jm invmstialoiÿn, nc s₨ `ln mstlbhmoijc hëkitms mspmoëeiocs plrl prmjmoir
mhockpcrtlkimntc jm mstcs kltmrilhms mn mh ocnormtc blgc jivmrsls ocnjioicnms jm smrvioic prmvistls.
_m ormm qum hl lbscroiÿn jm lzuh jm k₨tihmnc y mh lnìhisis jmh `ijrÿkmtrc scn jcs mnslycs
rmhltivlkmntm ìpijcs y ocneilbhms plrl oìrlotmrizlr mh kltmrilh plslntm pcr mh tlkiz 1= pk
(Nc 244) l ein jm jmtmrkinlr si ms lprcpiljc plrl su usc mn ocnormtc. Hls invmstialoicnms injioln
qum mh larmaljc einc lrtieioilh ocn kmncs jmh : c/c mn klsl kìs einc qum 2 ¡k, y ocn vlhcrms jm
lbscroiÿn jm lzuh jm kmtihmnc kmncrms qu₨ = ka/a amnmr³hkmntm ms lprcpiljc plrl su usc mn ocnormtc.
Mh larmaljc einc qum mxomjm mstcs vlhcrms tlkbién pumjm smr lprcpiljc ple,l su usc, simkprm qum sm
jmkumstrm qum hls prcpimjljms jmh ocnormtc ermsoc y mnjurmoijc scn lomptlbhms.
=.: Mn unl olntmrl mh kÿjuhc jm einmzl blsm nc jmbm vlrilr mn kìs jm 4,24, simnjc
éstm mh vlhcr tëpioc jm hl olntmrl. Hl lprcbloiÿn jm un olkbic mn mh kÿjuhc jm einmzl jmbm
smr lprcbljl pcr hls plrtms intmrmsljls.
NCZL :7 Mh kÿjuhc jm einmzl jmbmnì smr jmtmrkinljc jm mnslycs provics, si nc mxistimrln mstcs, sm
cbtmnjnì jmh prckmjic jm hcs kÿjuhcs jm einmzl jm hls prikmrls jimz kumstrls (c jm tcjls hls kumstrls
proomjmntms si eumrln kmncs jm jimz), Hl jcsieioloiÿn jm unl kmzohl jm ocnormtc pumjm jmpmnjmr jmh
kÿjuhc jm einmz³ blsm. Tcr hc tlntc oulnjc mxistl un kÿjuhc jm einmz³ ocnsijmrlbhmkmntm jiemrmntm jmh
utihizljc inioilhkmntm, pumjm smr nmomslric rmlhizlr un lgustm mn hl jcsieioloiÿn.
NCRKLZMONIOL NZT :44.4?1
TMR]LNL <4 jm 2?
5 _ustlnoils ncoivls
5.< Hl olntijlj jm sustlnoils ncoivls jmh larmaljc einc nc jmbmni mxomjmr jm hcs
hëkitms mstlbhmoijcs mn hl Zlbhl 27
. yCtrcs
Olrbcn
ocnormtcs
hianitc7
=,4:
. Oulnjc hl lplrimnoil jm hl 4,=
supmreioim jmh ocnormtc ms
ikpcrtlntm.
. Ctrcs ocnormtcs <,4
Olrlotmrëstiols quërniolsM7
c Ocntmnijc jm suh elhcs <,2
mxprmsljcs ockc _C¡
klx.
Ocntmnijc jm ohckrcs, 4,<
mxprmsljcs ockc Oh- %c
klx,
L Mn mh olsc jm l¡mnl klnueloturljl hcs pcrsmntlgms j₨ kltmrilh kìs einc qum hl klhhl ncrklhizljl
1= hk (Nc. 2CC) pu₨jmn lukmntlrsm l =,4 Ucy 1 c/c rosreGohivl$tmntm, simkprm qum mshén hibrms jm
lroihhls c t¡kcs. p-lr³ hl olrlotmrizloiÿn jm mscs eincs, mxistmn jivmrscs kmjics jispcnibhms, jmntrc
jm mhhcs mt jm Mquivlhmntm jm Lrmnl jm hl ncrkl L_ZK J 2:<9.
B Uélsm Lnmxc O.
NCRKLZÉONIOL NZT :44.4?1
TMR]LNL hh
jm2?
5.2.2 Mh usc jm un larmaljc einc qum nc oukphl ocn mstm mnslyc smnë pmrkitijc, si
sm ockprumbl qum hl ochcrloiÿn ms jmbijl prinoiplhkmntm l hl prmsmnoil jm pmqumüls
olntijljms jm olrbÿn, Iianitc c plrtëouhls sikihlrms.
5.2.? MI usc jm un larmaljc einc qum nc oukphl ocn mh mnslyc ochcrikétrioc pcjnì
smr utihizljc oulnjc sm ockprumbm mh memotc jm ikpurmzls craìniols mn hl rmsistmnoil jmh
kcrtmrc, hl rmsistmnoil rmhltivl l hl mjlj jm 41 jëls, nc smrì kmncr jmh 9= c/4, jm loumrjc l hc
mstipuhljc mn hl NZT :44.4<?.
1 Inlhtmrlbihijlj
NCRKL ZÉONIOL NZT :44.4?1
TMR]LNL <2 jm2?
LARMALJC EINC
_i utihizl schuoiÿn jm _i utihizl schuoiÿn
suheltc jm scjic jm suheltc jm
klanmsic
h4 Yc t=%
-§+c
s"§
I
§'
§§"
NCRKLZÉONIOL NZT :44.4?1
TMR]LNL <? jm2?
LARMALJC AR]M_C
0 Olrlotmrëstiols amnmrlhms
9 Arlnuhckmtril
NCZL 57 Oulnjc mh larmaljc arumsc ocnmshcnjl l hcs `uscs ?=1 c :51 éstcs jmbmüìn smr jmsplo`ljcs
mn pcr Ic kmncs jcs tlklücs jiemrm¡tms.
E- l.¡
lc oX¡
9(.)
CM ht³
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c- M
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NCRKL ZMONIOL NZT :44.4?1
TMR]LNL h= jm 2?
c
Olrbÿn y hianitc7
Oulnjc hl lplrimnoil jm 4,s
hl supmreioim jmh ocnormtc ms
ikpcrtlntm.
. Ctrcs ocnormtcs <,4
Olrlotmrëstiols quëkioÌ m7
. Ocntmnijc jm suheltcs, <,4
mxprmsljcs ockc _Ci c/c klx.
c Ocntmnijc jm ohcrurcs,
mxprmsljcs ockc Oh' c/c tn5x. 4,<
L Mstm pcromntlgm pcjÉ smr ³ukmntljc l <,= si mh kltmrilh mstì msmnoilhkmntm hibrm jm
c/c
hikcs y lroihhls.
B _ÿhc mn olscs jm intmkpmrizloiÿn kcjmrljl (ocnormtc mn smrvioic l hl intmkpmrim
knhinulkmntm mxpumstc l ocnamhloiÿn y jms`imhc mn prmsmnoil jm `ukmjlj).
o Cpoicnl.hms. Uélsm Lnmxc O.
NCRKL ZÉONIOL NZT :44.4?1
TMR]LNL <5 jm2?
Mn olsc jm mstlr prmsmntms tlhms sustlnoils, mh larmaljc anrmsc pumjm smr utihizljc ocn
omkmntcs qum tmnaln kmncs jm 4,5 1c jm ìholhis, olhouhljcs ockc ÿxijcs jm scjic (NlzC +
4,5=0 FzC), c ocn mh lüljijc jm un kltmrilh qum prmvmnal hl mxplnsiÿn jlüinl jmbijc l hl
rmlooiÿn ìholhi - larmaljc.
<4.? _m pmrkitiÉ mh usc jm larmaljc arumsc qum nc oukphl ocn hcs hëkitms
mstlbhmoijcs mn hl Zlbhl =, oulnjc mxistln mstujics qum lsmaurmn qum mh kltmrilh prcjuoirì
ocnormtc jm hl rmsistmnoil rmqumrijl l sltiselooiÿn jm hls plrtms.
hh Inlhtmrlbihijlj
<<.2 _m pmrkitini mh usc jm larmaljc an¡msc qum nc oukphl ocn hcs hëkitms
mstlbhmoijcs mn hl Zlbhl 5, oulnjc mxistln mstujics qum lsmaurmn qum mh kltmrilh prcjuoirì
ocnormtc jm hl rmsistmnoil rmqumrijl l sltiselooiÿn jm hls plrtms.
NCRKL ZÉONIOL NZT :44.4?1
TMR]LNL <1 jm2?
h2.h Rmsistmnoil kmoìniol7 Hls rmsistmnoils kmoriniols jmh larmaljc arumsc smrìn
ocnecrkm hc mstlbhmoijc mn hl Zlbhl 1 y sm jmtmrkinln ocn hls Ncrkls Zéoniols Tmrulnls
qum sm kmnoicnln mn mh olpëtuhc 2.
-"-"
NCRKL ZÉONIOL NZT :44.4?1
TMR]LNL h0 jm 2?
NCRKL ZÉONIOL NZT :44.4?1
TMR]LNL <9 jm2?
NCRKLZMONIOL NZT :44.4?1
TMR]LNL 24 jm2?
LNMPC L
(ZNECRKLZZUC)
Larmaljc ahcblh
Mh prmsmntm lnmxc ms jm olnìotmr inecrkltivc, sm inohuym plrl qum sm tmnal mn oumntl hcs
hëkitms arlnuhckétriocs jmh larmaljc ahcblh hcs qum prcpcroicnln unl klycr lkphituj jm
usc. _m rmockimnjl rmlhizlr mnslycs scbrm jismücs jm kmzohl plrl unl kmgcr mxpmrimnoil.
?44 ³k eNc..?4
44 =4) l?4 4 l ?= h4 ?4
= ll <=
=4 .<44 l0* 4l0* 4l0*
thnormkmntlr h4 %c eincs jm rcol triturljl
NCRKL ZMONIOL NZT :44.4?1
TMR]LNL 2h jm2?
LNMPC B
(INECRKLZIUC)
Ockc rmemrmnoil sm inohuym unl histl jm kinmrlhms pctmnoilhkmntm rmlotivcs (sihiom lkcrel)
mn prmvmnoiÿn jm qum mn mh Tmru sm mnoumntrmn mstm tipc jm larmaljcs.
Ockpcsioiÿn
Rcols Ockpcnmntm rmlotivc quëkiol Nlturlhmzl hisiol
Rcols cplhinls
NCRKLZÉONIOL NZT :44.4?1
TMR]LNL 22 jm2?
LNMPC O
(INECRKLZZUC)
§
**c"c
D INLOLH 24 I 0 - Zcjcs hcs jmrmo`cs scn rmsmrvljcs
NCRKLZÉONIOL NZT :44.4?1
TMRZ[LNL 2? jm2?
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