PROJECT (UNIT 1)

HERIBERTO JASSO PÉREZ

“DISTILLATION PROCESS”

CONTRERAS LINARES ALAN AXEL

ESPINOSA SEGURA LENNYS
HERNANDEZ SALAS DANIEL
LEIJA NUÑEZ BRISSA
MARQUEZ MOLINA ALEX
OVALLE SANTIAGO FRIDDA

ING. QUIMICA EN PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES 10B

ALTAMIRA, SEPTEMBER 2021

 What is distillation?

Distillation is a process of separation of substances that makes use of boiling and

condensation. The method uses boiling selectively to separate the components of
a generally homogeneous and liquid mixture. For example: catalytic cracking,
alembic, obtaining oils.

This homogeneous mixture can contain liquids, a solid mixed in a liquid or liquefied
gases, since the distillation is based on the differences between the boiling points
of each substance that constitutes the mixture.

Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the
pressure surrounding the liquid. When the temperature of a liquid reaches its
boiling point, it turns into gas.

In principle, for the distillation to take place, the temperature of the mixture must be
increased to the boiling point of at least one of the substances that compose it,
which will be conducted in a gaseous state to a container, which will then be
cooled. , due to which the gas will condense and become a liquid again.
 What is distillation?

The distillation process consists of heating a liquid until its most volatile
components go to the vapor phase and, later, cooling the vapor until these
components are recovered in liquid form through a condensation process.

In general, the following elements are involved in the distillation process:

1. Heat source.
2. Round bottom flask.
3. Fixed head.
4. Thermometer / Boiling point temperature.
5. Condenser.
6. Cooling water.
7. Cooling water outlet.
8. Distillate / receiving flask.
9. Vacuum / gas inlet.
10. Fixed receiver.
11. Heat control.
12. Agitator speed control.
13. Stirrer / heating plate.
14. Heating bath (oil / sand).
15. Stirring media, for example
(picture), boiling chips or
mechanical stirrer.
16. Cooling bath.

Types of distillation

The different types of distillation are:

 Simple distillation: it is used when the mixture of liquid products to be

distilled contains only one volatile substance, or when it contains more
than one volatile substance, but the boiling point of the more volatile
liquid differs from the boiling point of the other components in at least 80
° C.
 Atmospheric pressure distillation: that which is carried out at ambient
pressure. It is mainly used when the boiling point temperature is below
the chemical decomposition temperature of the product
 Distillation at reduced pressure: consists of reducing the pressure in the
distillation assembly in order to cause a decrease in the boiling point of
the component to be distilled. It is used mainly when the boiling point of
the compound to be distilled is higher than the chemical decomposition
temperature of the product.

 Fractional distillation: it is used when the mixture of liquid products to be

distilled contains volatile substances of different boiling points with a
difference between them less than 80 ºC. Like simple distillation, it can
also be at atmospheric or reduced pressure.

 Steam distillation: allows the separation of water-insoluble and slightly

volatile substances from other non-volatile products. It enables the
purification or isolation of high boiling point compounds by means of a
low temperature distillation (always below 100ºC). It is a very useful
distillation technique for substances with a boiling point much higher than
100 ºC and that decompose before or when they reach their boiling point
temperature.
  Ball furnace distillation: It consists of a vacuum still without dead
volumes that is used for the separation between liquids or solids with a
low melting point and polymeric substances or oils with a high boiling
point.

 Vacuum distillation. It is used when the substances to be separated have

very high boiling points. The method consists of reducing the pressure of
the system until a vacuum is achieved, in this way the boiling point of the
components of the mixture can be reduced to achieve their separation at
lower temperatures.

 Azeotropic distillation. It is used to break an azeotrope, that is, a mixture

of substances that behave as one, sharing a boiling point. It often
includes the presence of parting agents, which are substances that are
added to the mixture to form a new azeotrope.

 Dry distillation. It is based on heating solid materials without the help of

liquid solvents, to produce gases that then condense in another
container.

 Improved distillation. This is the name of alternate distillation or reactive

distillation, adapted to the specific cases of mixtures of substances that
are difficult to separate from their boiling points.

Examples of distillation

1. Oil refining. To separate the various hydrocarbons and petroleum

derivatives, a fractional distillation method is carried out that allows each of
these derivative compounds to be stored in different layers or
compartments, starting from the cooking of crude oil. Gases rise and dense
substances such as asphalt and paraffin fall separately.

2. Catalytic cracking. Vacuum distillations are often done in oil processing,

from vacuum towers to separate the various gases that are given off in the
oil cooking stages. In this way, the boiling of the hydrocarbons is
accelerated.
3. Ethanol purification. The process of separating ethanol (an alcohol) from
water, a product of its production in laboratories, requires an azeotropic
distillation process, in which benzene or other components are added to
modify the azeotrope and allow separation.

4. Coal processing. In obtaining liquid organic fuels, coal or wood is often used
in a dry distillation process, to condense the gases emitted during their
combustion and use them in various industrial processes.

5. The thermolysis of mineral salts. Another dry distillation process consisting

of burning mineral salts and obtaining from them, from the emanation and
condensation of gases, various mineral substances of high industrial utility.

6. The alembic. This device invented in Arab antiquity to produce perfumes,

medicines and alcohol from fermented fruits uses the principles of distillation
by heating substances in its small boiler and cooling the gases produced in
a coil cooled in a new container.

7. The production of perfumes. Draft steam distillation is often used in the

perfumery industry by boiling water and certain types of preserved flowers,
in order to obtain an odor-filled gas that, when condensed, can be used as a
base liquid in perfumes.

8. Obtaining alcoholic beverages. It is possible to distill the ferment of fruits or

other natural products, for example, in an alembic. The ferment is boiled at
about 80 ° C (the boiling temperature of alcohol) and thus the water is
separated, which remains in the container.

9. Obtaining distilled water. The extreme purification of water occurs from a

distillation process that extracts all the possible solutes it contains. It is often
used in laboratories and industries, and the same mechanism is used to
make water drinkable for human consumption.

10. Obtaining oils. The recipe to obtain many essential oils is to boil the raw
material (vegetable or animal) until the oil vaporizes and then condense it in
a cooled end, so that it recovers its liquidity.
11. Sea water desalination. In many places where there is no drinking water,
sea water is used for its consumption. It is distilled to remove the salt since
the salt does not vaporize when the liquid is heated.

12. Obtaining pyridine. Pyridine is a colorless liquid with a very repulsive odor, a
compound similar to benzene, widely used in the solvent, drug, dye and
pesticide industry. It is often obtained from the distillation of oil obtained, in
turn, from the destructive distillation of bones.

13. Obtaining sugars. From coconut and other natural substances, certain
sugars can be obtained by means of a distillation that extracts the water by
vaporization and allows the sugar crystals to remain unchanged.

14. Obtaining glycerin. The process to obtain homemade glycerin includes the
distillation of soap residues, since this substance comes from the
degradation of certain lipids (as in the Krebs cycle).

15. Obtaining acetic acid. This derivative of vinegar has numerous applications
in the pharmaceutical, photographic and agricultural industries, and in its
production processes distillation plays an important role since it is produced
in conjunction with other less volatile substances such as formic acid and
formaldehyde.

The technique consists of heating the mixture until it comes to a boil. As the
mixture is heated, the temperature increases until it reaches the temperature of
the lower boiling substance while the other components of the mixture remain in
their original state. The vapors are then directed towards a condenser that
cools them and turns them into a liquid state. The distilled liquid will have the
same composition as the vapors and; therefore, with this simple operation we
will have succeeded in enriching the distilled liquid in the most volatile
component (the one with the lowest boiling point). Consequently, the undistilled
mixture will have been enriched with the least volatile component (the one with
the highest boiling point).
 For example, salt water can be separated by simple distillation. The figures
illustrate the distillation process.

Step 1: The water and salt solution are heated in a distillation flask. While the
mixture is heated, water vapor will be generated.

Step 2: The water vapor generated travels through the refrigerant tube, converting
the water from a gaseous state to a liquid state (condensation).

Step 3: Finally all of the water is condensed in a separate container. The salt does
not evaporate and remains in the distillation flask.
 What is distillation for?

Distillation is widely used in the production of alcoholic beverages, in the refining of

petroleum, in processes for obtaining petrochemical products of all kinds and in
many other fields of industry. It is one of the most widespread separation
processes.

Distillation is the fundamental operation for the refining of petroleum. Its objective is
to achieve, by means of heat, separate the various components of the crude oil.
This process is called "fractional distillation."

Bibliography

 https://www.iagua.es/respuestas/que-es-destilacion-y-que-sirve
 https://www.ejemplos.co/15-ejemplos-de-destilacion/
 https://www.tplaboratorioquimico.com/laboratorio-quimico/procedimientos-basicos-
de-laboratorio/que-es-la-destilacion.html