Indices

Book - Series J-1

S t u d e nt

23, x3, y°, 3-1

Mathletics
Instant
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 Indices
Student Book - Series J

Contents

Topics Date completed

Topic 1 - Index notation __/__/__

Topic 2 - Index laws: Multiplication with indices
__/__/__
Topic 3 - Index laws: Division with indices __/__/__
Topic 4 - Index laws: Powers of powers __/__/__
Topic 5 - Index laws: The zero index __/__/__
Topic 6 - Negative indices __/__/__
Topic 7 - Fractional indices __/__/__

Practice Tests

Topic 1 - Topic test A __/__/__

Topic 2 - Topic test B __/__/__

Author of The Topics and Topic Tests: AS Kalra

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CHAPTER 2
Indices
Indices EXCEL INTERMEDIATE MATHS YEARS 9–10
Topic 1: Index notation pages 21–22
UNIT 1: Index notation
QUESTION 1 Write the following in expanded form.
a 23 = ______________ b 46 = ______________ c 73 = ______________
d 34 = ______________ e 54 = ______________ f 82 = ______________
g 65 = ______________ h 76 = ______________ i 93 = ______________

QUESTION 2 Write the following without indices (in expanded form).

a (1·5)3 = ________________________
c 24 x3 = ________________________
e 75 = ________________________
g 53  84 = ________________________
i (–5)6 = ________________________
QUESTION 3 Change the following to expanded form.
a 68 = ________________________
c x3 = ________________________
e 7a3 b5 = ________________________
g x2 y3 z4 = ________________________
i –3ab3 c2 = ________________________
b 32 a5 = ________________________
d x3 y4 = ________________________
f (34)6 = ________________________
h (9)5 = ________________________
j (– 23)4 = ________________________
b a5 = ________________________
d p4 q3 = ________________________
f 5ax5 = ________________________
h –m2 n4 = ________________________
j 15a3 b = ________________________

QUESTION 4 Write the following in index form.

a 3  3  3  3 = ________________________
c 2  2  2  2  2 = _____________________
e 7  7  7  7  7  7  7  7 = __________
g –3  –3  –3  –3  –3 = ________________
i 1·8  1·8  1·8 = ________________________
b 5  5  5  5  5  5 = _____________
d 9  9  9 = ________________________
f 4  4  4  4  4 = _________________
h 1
2  12  12  12  12  12 = ______________
j 3·5  3·5  3·5  3·5  3·5 = _________

QUESTION 5 Write the following using index notation.

a a  a  a  a  b  b = __________________
c x  x  x  y  y  y  y = _______________
e 4  4  4  a  a  a  a = _______________
g a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b = ___________
i 5  5  5  5  x  x = ___________________
b m  m  m  n  n  n  n = _____________
d p  p  p  p  q  q = __________________
f 2  2  2  2  2  n  n = ______________
h 7  7  7  x  x  x  x = ______________
j x  x  x  y  y  y  y  y  y = ________

QUESTION 6 Evaluate the following.

a 25 = ______________ b 34 = ______________ c 73 = ______________
d 54 = ______________ e 63 = ______________ f 44 = ______________
g 83 = ______________ h 93 = ______________ i 27 = ______________

Chapter 2: Indices 13

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page 22
UNIT 2: Index laws: Multiplication with indices
Topic 2: Index laws: Multiplication with indices

QUESTION 1 Simplify the following, writing your answers in index form.

a 24  28 = ______________ b 43  47 = ______________ c 72  76 = ______________
d 97  95 = ______________ e 34  36 = ______________ f 58  52 = ______________
g 83  89 = ______________ h 65  64 = ______________ i 107  106 = ____________
j 58  510 = ______________ k 79  712 = ______________ l 317  312 = ____________

QUESTION 2 Simplify the following, writing your answers in index form.

a 3  32 = ______________ b 23  22 = ______________ c 5  53 = ______________
d 62  6 = ______________ e 43  4 = ______________ f 23  24 = ______________
g 72  72 = ______________ h 8  82 = ______________ i 3  34 = ______________
j 34  32 = ______________ k 42  42 = ______________ l 23  25 = ______________

QUESTION 3 Simplify the following.

a a3  a2 = ______________ b b5  b7 = ______________ c x2  x9 = ______________
d n8  n6 = ______________ e m3  m6 = ______________ f p9  p3 = ______________
g y7  y5 = ______________ h q4  q8 = ______________ i t3  t4  t7 = ____________
j w5  w2  w3 = _________ k a9  a12 = ______________ l n15  n17 = _____________

QUESTION 4 Simplify the following.

a 5x3  x2 = ______________ b –4a5  a4 = ____________ c 9n8  n3 = __________
d 6m9  7m2 = ____________ e 9t7  6t 4 y3 = ___________ f 7a3 b5  5a7 b9 = __________
g 6p3 q5  3p2 q2 = __________ h 2a4 b5  3a7 b5 = __________ i 8a3 b  9ab2 = __________
j 6t  4t3 = ______________ k 8x5  6x = __________ l 9a4  3a = __________

QUESTION 5 Simplify the following.

a 5a  54 = ______________ b 3x  3y = ______________ c 6a  63b = ______________
d 7x  75y = ______________ e x3a  x2b = ______________ f an  7am = ______________
g b5  b9 = ______________ h e7x  e8x = ______________ i 45y  43  42y = _________
j 6a  63a + 9 = ___________ k a4x  a3x  a2x = _________ l y9a  y6a = ______________

QUESTION 6 Find the missing term in each of the following.

a x7  = x10 b  a6 = a9 c y4  = y11

d 4p3  = 12p5 e 8b5  = 24b8 f 3n4  = 18n5

g 4a2  = 8a9 h  x2 y = 5x3 y3 i  7m2 n = 14m6 n2

j 6k2  = 30k8 k  5m4 p = 25m7 p3 l  5a2  2b = 30a4 b3

14 EXCEL ESSENTIAL SKILLS: YEAR 9 MATHEMATICS REVISION AND EXAM WORKBOOK 1

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page 22
UNIT 3:with
Topic 3: Index laws: Division Index laws: Division with indices
indices

QUESTION 1 Simplify the following, writing your answers in index form.

a 29  25 = ______________ b 58  55 = ______________ c 716  73 = ______________
d 427  44 = ______________ e 819  86 = ______________ f 310  35 = ______________
g 629  66 = ______________ h 921  96 = ______________ i 1215  124 = ____________
j 710  73 = ______________ k 418  412 = ______________ l 314  35 = ______________

QUESTION 2 Simplify the following, writing your answers as basic numerals.

a 28  23 = ______________ b 39  34 = ______________ c 107  103 = _____________
d 1518  1516 = ______________e 512  58 = ______________ f 29  22 = ______________
g 421  417 = ______________ h 75  72 = ______________ i 89  86 = ______________
j 915  912 = ______________ k 318  313 = ______________ l 68  64 = ______________

QUESTION 3 Simplify the following, writing your answers in index form.

215 310 59
a = ______________ b = ______________ c = ______________
28 35 55
712 840 1012
d = ______________ e = ______________ f = ______________
78 87 108
1543 39 932
g = ______________ h = ______________ i = ______________
1511 36 99
647 1218 416
j = ______________ k = ______________ l = ______________
613 126 413

QUESTION 4 Simplify the following.

a y10  y2 = ______________ b a11  a5 = ______________ c x21  x16 = _____________
d p8  p2 = ______________ e m12  m3 = ______________ f n9  n3 = _____________
g x15  x7 = ______________ h q23  q8 = ______________ i m18  m6 = _____________
j a21  a14 = ______________ k x32  x18 = ______________ l p54  p28 = _____________

QUESTION 5 Simplify the following.

a 3a  3b = ______________ b 59x  52x = ______________ c 87y  86z = _____________
d 9x  93 = ______________ e 125a  122a = ______________ f e8x  e7x = _____________
g ym  y4 = ______________ h x 9m  n4m = ______________ i a10 b8  a7 b2 = __________
j m10 n 7  m8 n 4 = ___________ k x5 y 9  x3 y4 = _____________ l m9 n6  m4 n5 = __________

QUESTION 6 Find the missing term in each of the following.

a x9  = x4 b e14  = e8 c y12  =y

d  k = k6 e 8a9  4a6 = f 36b8  9b5 =

20x8
g 28m6  = 7m2 h  3a7 i = 5x6
5a2

48a8 b12
j 32a4 b4  = 2a3 b2 k  3x2 y4 = 15xy6 l = 4a5 b6
Chapter 2: Indices 15

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EXCEL INTERMEDIATE MATHS YEARS 9–10
pages 22–23
UNIT of
Topic 4: Index laws: Powers 4: powers
Index laws: Powers of powers

QUESTION 1 Simplify the following, leaving your answers in the simplest index form.
a (35 )5 = ______________ b (24 )2 = ______________ c (63 )8 = ______________
d (82 )3 = ______________ e (95 )4 = ______________ f (46 )9 = ______________
g (74 )6 = ______________ h (57 )8 = ______________ i (113 )5 = ______________
j (124 )6 = ______________ k (96 )7 = ______________ l (84 )9 = ______________

QUESTION 2 Simplify the following, writing your answers as basic numerals.

a (23 )2 = ______________ b (32 )3 = ______________ c (52 )2 = ______________
d (43 )1 = ______________ e (62 )2 = ______________ f (82 )2 = ______________
g (92 )1 = ______________ h (71 )3 = ______________ i (61 )3 = ______________
j (25 )2 = ______________ k (23 )3 = ______________ l (52 )3 = ______________

QUESTION 3 Simplify the following, leaving your answers in index form.

a (23 )8 = ______________ b (37 )3 = ______________ c (58 )6 = ______________
d (76 )7 = ______________ e (94 )6 = ______________ f (108 )3 = ______________
g (56 )15 = ______________ h (74 )10 = ______________ i (83 )5 = ______________
j (97 )9 = ______________ k (69 )2 = ______________ l (98 )2 = ______________

QUESTION 4 Simplify the following.

a (a5 )3 = ______________ b (b7 )5 = ______________ c (x10 )4 = ______________
d (y18 )8 = ______________ e (z15 )6 = ______________ f (m12 )7 = ______________
g (n9 )2 = ______________ h (p10 )8 = ______________ i (q11 )6 = ______________
j (t16 )3 = ______________ k (y9 )7 = ______________ l (x14 )9 = ______________

QUESTION 5 Complete the following.

a ( )2 = 36a4 b ( )3 = 8t9 c ( )4 = 81x8
d ( )3 = 125a6 e ( )2 = 49m8 f ( )5 = 32x10
g ( )4 = 81p24 h ( )3 = 216t6 i ( )2 = 121m8
j ( )2 = 64y14 k ( )3 = 64a6 b15 l ( )2 = 169x2 y4

QUESTION 6 Simplify the following.

a (42 )a = ______________ b (83 )x = ______________ c (94 )m = ______________
d (516 )p = ______________ e (76 )q = ______________ f (65 )n = ______________
g (23x )2a = ______________ h (35y )3b = ______________ i (42t )9m = ______________
j (97a)6y = ______________ k (128b )3m = ______________ l (79y )4t = ______________

16 EXCEL ESSENTIAL SKILLS: YEAR 9 MATHEMATICS REVISION AND EXAM WORKBOOK 1

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pages 22–23

Topic 5: Index laws: The UNIT 5: Index laws: The zero index
zero index

QUESTION 1 Simplify the following.

a (43)0 = ______________ b 8  30 = ______________ c x0 y0 = ______________
d (85)0 = ______________ e (xy)0 = ______________ f 9y0 = ______________
g xy0 = ______________ h 34 p0 = ______________ i (43 )0 = ____________
j (6xy)0 = ______________ k (9ab)0 = ______________ l 15a0 = ______________

QUESTION 2 Use your calculator to verify the following.

a 90 = 1 ______________ b 730 = 1 ______________ c (58)0 = 1 _____________
d (2·3)0 = 1 ______________ e –(6)0 = –1______________ f (6  12)0 = 1 ___________
g –5  70 = –5 _____________ h –510 – 30 – 50 = –3 ________ i 8  60 = 8 ____________
j 21  (–5)0 = 21 ____________ k 6  40  (–9)0 = 6 ________ l 12  40 = 12 ___________

QUESTION 3 Simplify the following.

a 5  2y0 = ______________ b (8a0 )2 = ______________ c 70 + 3m0 = _____________
d 5  (6a)0 = ______________ e 9  4x0 = ______________ f (–15)0 + 3 = ____________
g (ab)0  7 = ______________ h 160  90 = ______________ i –9x0 + 12 = _____________
j (8 + 3)0 = ______________ k (5a2 )0 + (3b2 )0 = _________ l 9(y2 )0  3(x7 )0 = _________

QUESTION 4 Simplify the following.

a 5x0 + (5x)0 = ______________ b
d –80 – (–8)0 = ______________ e
g 28x0 y4 = ______________
j (23  8)0 = ______________
10y0 (6t)0
= ______________ c = _____________
(10y)0 6t 0
7(2a – 3b)0 = ____________ f 12a4 b0 = _____________
h 2ab0 c0 = ______________ i (8a4 )0 = _____________
k (5xyz)0 = ______________ l 14  70 = _____________

QUESTION 5 Simplify the following, leaving your answers in index form.

a 23  20 = ______________ b 30  35 = ______________ c 43  40 = _____________
d 100  103 = ____________ e 83  80 = ______________ f 56  50 = _____________
g 80  87 = ______________ h 59  50 = ______________ i 67  60 = _____________
j 35  34  30 = ___________ k 72  70  78 = ___________ l (–3)0  –30  –30 = _______

QUESTION 6 Simplify the following.

9a2 b0 (5x2 )3  xy
a (6y)0  6y0 = ___________ b = ______________ c = __________
3a0 b 25x7
3a4  2a5 b 5a2  (2a3 )2
d = ____________ e = ___________ f (6y)0 + 6y0 – y1 = ________
(ab)9 20a8
g 9x2  (5x)0 = ___________ h 16m2 np0 = ___________ i (4p3 )2  2pq = __________
3x 0 8mn0 32p7
2a2  3a3 b2
j 8y0  (3y)0  4y0 = ______ k = ___________ l 5x0  (5x)0 = __________
(2ab)0
Chapter 2: Indices 17

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EXCEL INTERMEDIATE MATHS YEARS 9–10
page 23
UNIT 6: Negative indices
Topic 6: Negative indices

QUESTION 1 Write the following with positive indices.

a 2–5 = ______________ b 7–2 = ______________ c 3–4 = ______________
d 5–6 = ______________ e 8–3 = ______________ f 10–8 = ______________
g x–4 = ______________ h a–2 = ______________ i 9m–4 = ______________
1
j (–7)–3 = ______________ k = ______________ l (56)–2 = ______________
2–4
QUESTION 2 Evaluate the following.
a 3–2 = ______________ b 2–3 = ______________ c 4–3 = ______________
d 5–3 = ______________ e 10–5 = ______________ f (3–1 )3 = ______________
g (23)–2 = ______________ h (32)–3 = ______________ i (14)–2 = ______________
j (12)–4 = ______________ k (13)–3 = ______________ l (56)–2 = ______________
QUESTION 3 Write the following with negative indices.
1 = ______________ b 1 = ______________ c 1
a
9 35 a = ______________
d 1 = ______________ e 4 = ______________ f 8 = ______________
y2 x3 x5
g 7 = ______________ h 6 = ______________ i 7 = ______________
y a4 3x4
j a = ______________ k 1 = ______________ l 9n = ______________
53 5m2 3m3
QUESTION 4 Simplify the following, giving your answers as fractions.
a 5–2 = ______________ b 6–3 = ______________ c 2–6 = ______________
d 3–2  2–1 = ______________ e 7  2–3 = ______________ f 8–1 = ______________
g 5–3  50 = ______________ h 8  10–2 = ______________ i 5  10–3 = ______________
j 2–3  3–1 = ______________ k 5–7  5–9 = ______________ l (3–1 )3 = ______________

QUESTION 5 Find the value of x in the following.

a 10–3 = 10x ____________
d 53  5–7 = 5x ____________
g (25)7  (25)–3 = (25)x ______
j 65  6–3 = 6x ____________
b 10–3 = 1x ____________ c 1 = 9x ____________
10 9
e 107  10–4 = 10x __________ f 38  14 = 3x ___________
3
1 = 8x __________
h 5–6  53 = 5x ____________ i
8–3
k 78  75 = 7x __________ l 5–3  52 = 5x _________

QUESTION 6 Simplify the following.

a 38  3–4  3–2 = __________ b 28  22  23 = __________ c 57  58  52 = __________
d (82 )–7 = _______________ e 74  78  75 = __________ f (63 )–2  (62 )–5 = ________
g (72 )–3  78 = __________ h (47 )–3 = ______________ i 85  83  810 = _________

j (45 )–2  4 = __________ k (x3 )2  (x–1 )3 = __________ l a5  a–4 = _____________

x–2
18 EXCEL ESSENTIAL SKILLS: YEAR 9 MATHEMATICS REVISION AND EXAM WORKBOOK 1

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EXCEL INTERMEDIATE MATHS YEARS 9–10
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Topic 7: Fractional indices UNIT 7: Fractional indices

QUESTION 1 Express the following in root form.

1 1 1
a 9 = ______________
2 b 27 3 = ______________ c 4 2 = ______________
1 1 1
d 162 = ______________ e 25 2 = ______________ f a 2 = ______________
1 1 1
g x 3 = ______________ h 8 3 = ______________ i 32 5 = ____________
j k 49– 2 = ______________ l 64– 2 = ______________
1 1 1
y 7 = ______________

QUESTION 2 Write the following in index form.

a 5 = ______________ b 3 = ______________
 c 15 = ______________
3
d 43 = ______________ e 7 = ______________ f 6 = ______________
3 3 4
g 28 = ______________ h 240 = ______________
 i 10 = ______________

5  8
j k l
n
 37 = ______________ 23 = ______________ 14 = ______________


QUESTION 3 Simplify the following.

a 4 = ______________ b 25 = ______________
 c 49 = _____________

3 3
d 81 = ______________ e  27 = ______________ f  64 = ____________
1 1 1
g 64 = ______________
2 h 9 = ______________
2 i 36 2 = _____________
1 1 1
j 8 3 = ______________ k 64 3 = _____________ l 125 3 = _____________

QUESTION 4 Simplify the following.

1 2 1 1
a 16 = ______________
4 b 8 3 = ______________ c (81a 2 ) 2 = _____________
3 3
d (27 3)2 = ____________ e f (9x 2 )2 = _____________
2
9 2 = ______________
1
(252 ) 2 = ______________ (x9 )3 = _____________
2
g (125) 3 = ______________ h i
1

3 3 2
j 25 2 = ______________ k 16 4 = ______________ l (y0 )3 = _____________

QUESTION 5 Without using a calculator, evaluate the following.

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3
a 36  2  362 = __________ b
2 8 3  8 3  25 2  25 2 = _____ c (7 3 ) 2 = _____________
4 21  8 13 = __________ e
d ( ) ( )
25 27
10)2 = ______________
( f 27)2 = _____________
(3

(5 3 )3 + 4 2 = ________
( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
g 80  (8 3 )3 = ______________ h 4 2  42 + 8 3  273 = _______ i
2
25
1 1 3
j (2564)  (278 ) 2 3
= ___________ k
1 3
25 2  252 + 16 4  83 = ______ l
1 1
(39)2 = _____________

QUESTION 6 Simplify the following.

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
a x 3  x 3  x 3 = ___________ b y 2  y 2  y2 = ___________ c m 3  m 3  m3 = _________
1 1 2 1 4 2 3
d 8x 2  3x 4 = ____________ e p 3  p3  p 3 = ___________ f (x 3 ) 4 = _____________
7 1
g 8 3 = ______________ h 2y 31  8y 34 = ___________ i (a16 b8 ) 4 = _____________

j (64a16 ) 2 = ___________
1
k (49a8 b12 ) 2 = ___________
1
l (yy157 ) = ____________
3
8

Chapter 2: Indices 19

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Indices
TOPIC TEST PART A
Topic Test PART A
Indices
Time allowed: 15 minutes Total marks = 15
Time allowed: 15 minutes Total marks = 15
Marks
1 a5  a5 equals
A 2a5 B
 a25 C
 a10 D
 2a10 1

2 24x 8  8x 4 equals
A 3x 4 B 3x 2 C 16x 4 D 16x 2 1
   
3 3a2  5a4 equals
A 15a6 B 15a8 C 8a6 D 8a8 1
   
4 m8 b equals
m4 b4
m2 m4 m2 b m 4 b3 1
A B
 C
 D

b3 b3
5 p4  (p10  p2 ) equals
A p20 B
 p12 C
 p10 D
 p6 1

6 53  54 equals
A 512 B
 57 C
 2512 D
 257 1

7 2a–3 equals
1 2 –1 –2
A 2a3 B
 C
 D
 1
a3 2a3 a3
8 6(y3  y)0 equals
A 6y3 B
 6y2 C
 6y D
 6 1

9 (3y3 )2 equals
1
A 6y5 B
 6y6 C
 9y6 D
 9y9

10 (7a2 )0 equals
A 7a2 B 7 C 0 D 1 1
   
11 8t 4  (–3t2 ) equals
A 5t 6 B 5t 8 C –24t 6 D –24t 8 1
   
4 8
12 a 2 a equals
a
A a6 B a10 C a14 D a8 1
   
13 (m10  m2 )2 equals 1
A
 m25 B
 m8 C
 m64 D
 m16
1 1
14 m 3  m 6 1 equals 1 1 1
1 1
A
 m 18 B
 m9 C
 m2 D
 2m 2
1
15 (36a4 b8 )2 equals 1
A
 18a2 b4 B
 18a6 b6 C
 6a2 b4 D
 6a6 b6

Total
Total marks marks for
achieved forPART
PARTAA
15
15

20 Indices
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Maths
Maths Revision
Revision Yr
Yr 99 Part
Part 1.qxd:2717_0108R1_pp01_98.qxd
1.qxd:2717_0108R1_pp01_98.qxd 21/2/08
21/2/08 6:39
6:39 PM
PM Page
Page 21
21

Indices
TOPIC
TOPICTest
Topic TEST
TEST PART
PARTBBB
PART
Indices
Time allowed: 15 minutes Total marks = 15
Time
Time allowed:
allowed: 15
15 minutes
minutes Total
Total marks
marks == 15
15
Marks

Question 11 Simplify
Question Simplify the
the following.
following.
aa (3a22))33 == ___________________________________________
(3a ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ 11
bb 32a77 
32a 8a55bb22 == _____________________________________
 8a _____________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ 11
11
cc 88 22
(64x )) == _________________________________________
(64x _________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ 11
dd 4t00 ++ (7t)
4t (7t)00 ++ (9t
(9t33))00 == _________________________________
_________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ 11
ee yy20
20  (y44))22 == _______________________________________
 (y _______________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ 11

Question 22 Simplify
Question Simplify the
the following.
following.

aa 3399 
 3355 == _________________________________________
_________________________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ 11
bb 28n88 
28n 4n44 == ______________________________________
 4n ______________________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ 11
cc aa66bb44cc22 == __________________________________________
__________________________________________
aa44bb22 ___________________________
___________________________ 11
dd ab33 == ___________________________________________
ab ___________________________________________
(ab)33
(ab) ___________________________
___________________________
11
ee (8mn22))22 
(8mn 32mn33 == _________________________________
 32mn _________________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ 11

Question Simplify the

Question 33 Simplify the following
following,, writing
writing your
your answers
answers
in
in the
the simplest
simplest index
index form.
form.

aa 2255 
 2244 
 2299 == _____________________________________
_____________________________________ ___________________________
___________________________
11
bb 9900 
 99–2
–2 == _________________________________________
_________________________________________ ___________________________
___________________________
11
11
cc (1000a12
(1000a 12bb15
15))33 == ____________________________________
____________________________________ ___________________________
___________________________
11
dd 8(a33))00 ++ (8a)
8(a (8a)00 ++ 8800 == ________________________________
________________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ 11
11 11 11 11
ee 25
25 
 25
2225 
 64
64  64 == _____________________________
 64
22 _____________________________ ___________________________
33 33 ___________________________
11

Total
Total marks
marks for
for PART
PART B
B
15
15
Total marks achieved for PART B
15
Indices
Chapter
Chapter2:
2:Indices
Indices
Mathletics Instant Workbooks – Series J Copyright © 3P Learning
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21
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