MODULE 4

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS

 General Methods
for Network Calculations
 At the end of derive the bus admittance
matrix.
this lesson you
will be able to: solve the bus voltages.
The voltage source of the circuit may be transformed to the
current source and vice versa, provided that
Voltage source Current source
The four-bus system that corresponds to the one-line
diagram of Fig. (a) may be represented by the network of Fig.
(b).
In terms of the node voltages V1, V2, V3, and V4 and the given
admittances, Kirchhoff’s current law yields
Rearranging these equations and rewriting them in matrix
form, we obtain
may be written as
Where Y11 = y10 + y12 + y13
Y14 = Y31 = -y13
Y22 = y20 + y12 + y23 + y24
Y34 = Y43 = -y34
Y24 = Y42 = -y24
Y12 = Y21 = -y12
Y14 = Y41 = -y14 = 0
Y23 = Y32 = -y23
Y33 = y30 + y13 + y23 + y34
Y44 = y40 + y24 + y34
Each admittance Yii (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) is called the self-
admittance (or driving-point admittance) of node i and is
equal to the algebraic sum of all admittances terminating on
the node.
Each off-diagonal term Yik (i, k = 1, 2, 3, 4) is called mutual
admittance (or transfer admittance) between nodes i and k
and is equal to the negative of the sum of all admittances
connected directly between those nodes. Further, Yik = Yki.
For a general network with N nodes, therefore, Kirchhoff's current
law in terms of node voltages may be written as

where

is called the bus admittance matrix, and V and I are the N-

element node voltage matrix and node current matrix,
respectively.
The first subscript on each Y indicates the node at which the
current is being expressed, and the second subscript
indicates the node whose voltage is responsible for a
particular component of the current. Further, the admittances
along the diagonal are the self-admittances, and the off-
diagonal admittances are the mutual admittances.
It follows that the current entering a node k is given by:
Example, to find element Y22, we write the
equation represented as:

I2 = Y21 V1 + Y22V2 + Y23V3 + . . . Y2NVN

The self-inductance of a given node is

measured by shorting all other nodes and
finding the ratio of the current injected at the
node to the resulting voltage at that node.
Example, to find element Y21, we write the
equation represented as:

I2 = Y21 V1 + Y22V2 + Y23V3 + . . . Y2NVN

The bus impedance matrix is defined by
Example, to find element Z22, we write the
equation represented as:

V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22I2 + Z23I3 + . . . Z2NZN

Example, to find element Z21, we write the
equation represented as:

V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22I2 + Z23I3 + . . . Z2NZN

Use source transformation to obtain the admittance diagram
of the given reactance diagram of a system. All values are
per-unit values.
Obtain the bus admittance matrix for the given network. All
values are per-unit values.
Solution: For the self-admittances and mutual-admittance
Solution:
Obtain the bus admittance matrix for the given network.
Solution: For the self-admittances
Solution: For the mutual-admittances
Solution: The bus admittance matrix is:
Draw an impedance diagram for the given network.
 1
𝑍!" = = 𝑗0.5Ω
−𝑗2.0
Obtain the bus voltages V1 and V2 of the given network.
Obtain the bus voltages V1 and V2 of the given network.
Solution:

Solving for the inverse matrix:

Solution:

1.399∠104. 6! 𝑝𝑢
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