'bOCiy of dam is 0.0012 cm/sec.
14. Find the specific seepage discharge of the flow through the homogenous earthen
I 9.
embahkment dam of height 60m, upstream water level is upto S7m and downstream water
level 4m. The width of the dam at top is 8m and upstream slope and downstream slope is 1:3
(V:H) and 1: 2.S (V:H) respectively. Take coefficient of permeability of soiI2.Scm/sec. •
1S. A homogenous earthen dam with U/S and DIS slope 1:3 (V:H), top width 1Sm and freeboard
Sm, is designed with toe drain of length 10m. The water level at U/S of dam is SOm. Calculate
specific discharge through the body of the dam and coordinates of phreatic line if coefficient of
permeability of dam material is 2cm/hr.
16. The homogeneous earthen embankment dam with height of dam = SOm, upstream water
depth = 48m, downstream water depth = Om, width of dam at top = 8m, upstream slope of
dam =1 H:2V, downstream slope of dam = 2H:1V, coefficient of permeability of dam material =
2.S cm/hr. (a) Determine the seepage discharge, (b) What will be the effect in seepage
discharge if a central core of width 3m of permeability 0.25 cm/hr is inserted in the dam?
17. An earth dam of homogeneous section having horizontal filter is shown in figure, the
coefficient of permeability of the soil used in the do it is 6 x 10-3 cm/sec, establish the seepage
...;1:,
'", tl']rough the dam .
"
i Spillway canal
268
HEADWORKS
Headworks are all structural components to divert water from river and to draw sediment free water
in a hydropower projects. In hydropower projects, the diversion work is generally constructed in
boulder stage of river with steep gradient. So in river wide variety of sediment sizes are occurr~d In
the river ranging from fine silt to large boulder. Also in Nepalese river, there is high sediment
concentration during flood time. Hydrology of Nepalese rivers comprise of high variation of flow
during dry season and wet season. Headworks is constructed in the diver to divert water in steep
river profile. So to overcome ' these issues, the headwork site should be carefully selected.,. .
constructed and wisely operated for sustainable hydropower generation. Hence headworks c6~er
the structure from diversion weir to settling basin to achieve the function of diversion and to draw
sediment free water from the river to the project.
The plan and section of headworks with side intake is shown in figure below.
Trash Rack
Weir
Flood wall
Settling basin
269
 River
Indicators for assessing headworks arrangement in Himalayan rivers are sediment bypass
diversion structure, debris bypass, hazard flood bypass, sediment control at the intake and settling
basin control.
Intake Gate
The main components of run of river headworks with side intake are weir, intake, undersluice, Flood wall
divide wall, flood wall, gravel trap, approach canal and settling basin. The detailed feature§ and
function of these structures in hydropower project are discussed in concerned chapters. ,. . Weir

Bottom Rack Intake

NWL

Settling Basin
IHead Pond

Section A-A

Trash Rack
Flood wall

Undersluice Gate Intake detail

Penstock Pipe

~Weir
Trashrack

Section B-B

The plan and section of the run of river project with bottom rack intake is shown in figure below. In
this type of scheme, the intake is constructed at the bottom the river bed and draw the required
amount of water from the river. The bottom rack type of intake is suitable for the project having
steep gradient of river and low sediment laden river.
Section A·A
Section B·B

271
270
9.1 Features of ideal headworks
Main objective of headworks is to draw required amount of sediment free water from river.
Following features are required to be good headworks.
A. Withdrawal of required amount of water
The arrangement or construction of a weir and intake structure must be chosen or carrjed out in
such a way that the evacuation of the necessary amounts of diverted water is ensured at any
regime of the channel (especially in dry period). The normal water level is maintained by the
provision of weir crest level, undersluice gate provision and intake level fixed below normal water
level.
B. Flood bypass
The peak discharge must be safely evacuated from the weir and from the intake structure without
damage being caused. To achieve this, hydrological data must be collected and evaluated in
sufficient quantity in order to enable the dimensions to be planned in accordance with safety
aspect. Under sluice is designed and constructed to bypass 10 to 20% of flood during monsoon
period and flood wall is designed upto the height of highest flood level allowing some freeboard
provisions.
C. Minimizes sediment entry
If possible, the diverted water should be free from solid matter to prevent the diversion canal from
being loaded with large amounts of bed load and / or suspended matter. To achieve this, the site of
the intake structure should be selected in accordance with the river training rule (with respect to the
river morphology / configuration)
It should be possible for the bed load and suspended matter, which is possibly deposited upstream
behind the weir, to be evacuated by the water remaining in the river or by intermittent flushing. For
this purpose, additional constructional measure should be taken such as intake constructed in
outer bank of river, the under sluice floor is kept below where there is high concentration of bed
load, and divide wall to kept the one dimensional flow in undersluice avoiding cross current and
vortex in front of intake.
D. Settling basin control
Despite of all arrangement, during monsoon period, sediment entered from intake in conveyance
system due to huge concentration of sediment in river. Upto desired sized particles, in a designed
efficiency is settled down and removed from water by using settling basin in hydropower project.
E. Economic and minimum operation and maintenance
A simple and moderately prices construction should be aimed at which allows maintenance free
operation and simple repairs to be carried out.
F. Minimizes hydraulic losses
272
The headworks structure should be designed / arranged for minimum hydraulic losses. This can be
achieved by designing suitable sized structures, avoiding sharp bends etc in head works.
G. Prevent formation of air vortices
. Vortex free flow is desired in front of the intake. The vortex formation at the front of intake cause
non uniform flow condition, introduce air into the flow, with unfavorable results on the turbines:
vibration, cavitations, unbalanced loads etc, increases head losses and decrease efficiency and
draw trash into the intake.
The criteria to avoid vortecity are not w ' I defined, and there is not single formula that adequately
takes into consideration the possible factors affecting it. According to ASCE committee on
Hydropower intakes, distribution, which introduce non uniform velocity, can initiate velocity, can
initiates vortices. These include
• A symmetric approach conditions
• Inadequate submergence
• Abrupt changes in flow direction cause separation and eddy formation
• Approach velocities greater then 0.65m/sec
H. Prevents floating debris, trash and ice from entering the water conveyance system
To prevent floating debris, trash and ice entering, the trash rack is designed and placed in the
intake structure and the top level of the intake is places 30 to 50 cm below the normal water level.
I. Simple construction
Intake should be constructed with simple construction. No disturbance with the natural flow is
ensured. The topographical benefit and configuration should be utilized properly. Observation of
natural physical law for site selection of the intake location should be ensured.
Whether an intake is chosen with or without a river dam depends not only upon the cost of the
weir, The following aspects should be taken consideration
• Upstream topographic conditions damming up results in the back flow in the channel
leading to a rise in the water level, which in turn may lead to flooding of the bank areas far
upstream of the structure.
• The geotechnical condition of bank zones (talus material or rock)
• Height of the bank above the river bottom
• The ration of the quantity of diverted water to the residual quantity of water in the river at
low discharge, with regard to existing rights of use of the downstream users.
• The channel width in the trapping point (dependence of the water level at times of low
discharge in the river; meandering at low discharge in wide rivers etc; cost of damming
structure etc)
• The routing of the diversion canal
273
 • The intake structure must not narrow the cross section of flow of the channel; otherwise,
at peak discharges, the bottom erosion in the area of the intake structure in the river bed
would be increased, which in turn results in a change of water level. A safe diversion of where: Q =Discharge over the weir in m3/s
water at low discharges is therefore no longer ensured. Lweir = Length of weir in m
hovertop =Head over the weir crest level in m
9.2 Weir
Cw = Weir coefficient which varies according to the weir profile.
A weir is a structure built across a river to raise the river water and store it for diverting a required
flow towards the intake. A diversion weir is required at the intake only if adequate flow cannot be
diverted towards the intake during the low flow season. As the weir receives the direct impact of a
broad; sharp edges Cw = 1.5 ~ round overfal! Cw = 2.1

flood, it is the most vulnerable civil structure so should be designed properly in hydropower
projects.
Some key considerations for the design of the weir are as follows:
broad; round edges Cw = 1.6 ~ rounded Cw = 2.2

1. Type: A weir should be permanent in nature for hydropower project. Sloped weir, ogee

2.
shaped weir or other types of weir are practiced in hydropower project.
Location: The weir should be adjacent to the intake. This will assure that water is always
sharp-edged Cw = 1.9
~ roof-shaped Cw = 2.3

available and there is no sediment deposit in front of the intake. A sufficient capacity Figure 9·1 : Profile of crest of weir Cw
under sluice should be designed to pass flood water and high sediment concentration. The weir equation is also useful in calculating the flood levels at the intake if the flood discharge is
Divide wall separate the weir portion and under sluice portion~ known or can be calculated based on the river hydrology. Once the flood levels are known, the
3. Height: The weir should be sufficiently high to create enough submergence and driving flood protection walls at the riverbank can be designed.
head. The height of the weir should be such that the water level rises above the upper For known discharge over the Flood Level HFL sz
edge of the intake mouth. In case of an orifice intake, the weir height should be such that weir, the head over the weir t
the orifice is submerged during the dry season. (and hence the water level at h overtop
the intake) can be calculated by
4. Operation: The weir profile should be such that movement of bed load is possible ~ ik NWL,,:,
rewriting the weir equation as
boulders can roll over it.
follows:
5. Stability: Weir should be designed to prevent from overturning, lifting or sliding during the
high flows and floods.
6. Seepage control: proper arrangement of cutoff wall and clay blanket should be designed
as a integer part of weir to control seepage through weir.
9.4 Intake
7. Surface protection: in mountainous river with steep gradient, it carries huge sediments
and heavy boulders during flood time. So the surface of the weir should be properly Intake is the structure to obtain the required quantity of water from the river or the reservoir fot the
designed to withstand the impact of such boulder. Heavy boulder lining, hard stone lining, different engineering purpose such as irrigation, power generation, water supply etc.
steel lining etc are possible protection measure of the weir surface. Intake is "a structure to divert water into a conduit leading to the power plant" or simply defined as
a structure to divert water to a waterway .Not specifying what type of waterway: a power channel or
9.3 Design of weir a pressure conduit- and reserving the word forebay or power intake, to those intakes directly
supplying water to the turbine, via a penstock.
As stated earlier, placing a weir across the river raises the water level. Any excess flow that is not
withdrawn into the intake flows over the weir. A water intake must be able to divert the required amount of water into the power canal or into the
penstock without producing a negative impact on the local environment and with the mini~um
The discharge over the weir is given by the following equation: possible headloss. The intake serves as a transition between a stream tha~ can vary.from a trickle
to a raging torrent, and a controlled flow of water both in quality and quantity. Its design, based on

274 275
 geological, hydraulic, structural and economic considerations, requires. special .care to avoid A side intake shall be used to draw water from the river through an intake structure located on the
. UnneC9$Sary maintenance and operational problems that cannot be easily remedied and would riverside (Figure 9-2). Its longitudinal axis shall usually be aligned perpendicular to the axis of the
have .0 be tolerated for the life of the project. river. It shall normally be sited immediately upstream of the diversion structure.

Intakes of run-of-river hydropower projects shall be designed to draw the desired quantity of water, Side intakes shall typically consist
limited to design discharge, from the river under controlled c.onditions. of the following components:
The general arrangement of the intake shall be decided considering the following primary factors: a. A trash rack supporting
Side intakes
structure.
a. Topographical features of area.
b. Intake opening for permitting
b. Type of development, i.e. simple run-of-the river or pondage run-of-river project.
entry of water from the river.
c. Proposed project configuration behind intake.
c. Gate slot for closing intake
d. Content and nature of sediment in the river. openings I stop log grooves.
e. Construction planning. d. Breast walls for control of the
f. Compatibility and integrity of intake with other headworks components. flow during flood season. HFI::.,:LS2:.1F==-=t=~==+=~

e. Piers for dividing intakes with NWL~=+__-,~-4~~~

9.5 Types of intakes large horizontal spans into
Functionally, intake also can be divided as free-floW or surface type intake and pressure orifice or two or more sections.
sub surface type depending on type of operation required for the intake. f. Service platform for operation
of gates and stop logs, trash
• Surface intake: Canal intake, side intake, frontal intake and bottom rack intake are surface
handling and general
intake type. maintenance.
• Sub surface intake: it is also called pressure intake, the intake from reservoir- side siope
intake, tower intake, dam intake, power or forebay intake is called sub surface intake. Figure 9-2: Typical arrangement for side intake
Generally, one of the following types of intakes shall be used for run-of-river hydropower projects~
A. Design consideration of side intake
A. Side (or lateral) intake. The considerations for the design of the side intake
B. Frontal intake. . are as follows:
'
1. Si~e intake is suitable for most of the river categories. A square or rectangular orifice type
C. Drop (or trench) intake.
of Intake should be chosen if site conditions permit as this allows the design flow into the
Depending upon the type of hydropower plants and layout, dams and water conveyance system, waterways but limits excess flow during floods when appropriately sized. The intake
following types of intake are adopted orifice should be fully submerged (minimum of 30 to 50cm submergence) during the dry
season so as to provide the full design flow. The side intake should be at:
• Run of river intake
• Straight river uls &dIs of the intake.
• Canal intake
• Alternatively, on the outer side of the bend to minimize sediment problems and
• Dam intake
maximize the assured supply of desired water.
• Tower intake
• Relatively permanent river course.
• Su~merged Intake
• By the side of rock outcrops in both banks of the river or large boulders for stability
• Shaft intake
and strength.
9.6 Side intake 2. In rivers that do not have significant floods or where the site conditions do not permit
placing of an orifice (e.g., high flood walls required), the extension of the head race canal
A structure built along a river bank and in front of a canal I conduit end for diverting the required is another option.
water safely. Side intakes are simple, less expensive, easy to build and maintain.

276 277

3. Fixing its invert level
a. The invert level of the intake shall be fixed considering the sediment content in
the river flow and previous design and construction experience.
b. This invert shall be minimum 0.5 to 2 m above the under sluice crest .Ievekl,
accorQing to site condition, to prevent entry of bed sediments into the Inta e
opening due to turbulence in sluice bay flow.
4. Capacity (Intake opening): According to the flushing requirement and tentative 10)slsestthhe
intake has to be oversized than the design flow by about 10% to 20% (or Qdiverted • no. er
words the design discharge for intake will be taken as 10 to 20% in addition of the turbine
discharge.
5. Entrance velocity
a. The entrance velocity through the intake opening should be less than 0.6 to 0.8
m/sec. but for small system the velocity can be upto 1.0m/sec.
6. Intake Losses
Intake head losses shall be computed as (USBR, 1978)
y2
Hf =K_n_
I 2g
Where, Hfi = intake head loss in m, ~ = intake los~ c.oefficifnt, Vn= normal velocity
8. A gate/stop log should be provided to regulate flow (adjust! close) during operation and
maintenance.
9. To optimize the downstream canal and other structures, a spillway should be provided
close to the intake.
B. Orifice design for side intake
A side intake normally includes an orifice downstream of the trash rack at the riverbank, through
which water is initially drawn into the headrace. Sometimes, the side intake is just a continuation of
the headrace canal up to the riverbank. However, as far as practicable, an orifice should be
incorporated to limit excessive flows during floods. With an intake that is just a continuation of the
head race canal to the river bank, excess flow cannot be controlled during floods. Such excess flow
can damage the head race canal and other structures downstream. However, the orifice need not
be at the intake area (Le. at the riverbank). If it appears that the intake is at a flood plain or
susceptible to damage from boulders, then the orifice can be located downstream. In such cases
the canal upstream of the orifice and the intake would be temporary and may require repair after
every monsoon. An orifice is an opening (Figure 9-3) in the intake from which the river water is
conveyed towards the headrace. The orifice allows the design flow to pass through it under normal
conditions (Le. low flow) but restricts higher flows during floods. The discharge through an orifice
for submerged condition is:
Q = AC~2g(hr -hh) Design flood level

through intake in mIs, and 9 = acceleration due to gravity In m/s . y = C~2g(hr - hh) Trash rack
The loss coefficient shall usually consist of two parts, namely where: Q is the discharge through Normal river level
K=Kj+K t the orifice in m3/s
Where, Ki = intake loss coefficient due to sudden contraction in flow from the inlet pond y is the velocity through the orifice
as it passes the trash racks and piers A is the area of orifice in m2
Kt = gradual contraction losses as the flow follows the transition part of the Intake into g is the acceleration due to gravity
the intake gate =9.8 m/s2 River bed
Some approximate values for the two types of losses are given in table below hr is the water level in the river
next to the orifice relative to a
Typical values of Ki Typical values of Kt datum.
~---------I~--------- hh is the water level in the
Shape Cone angle I Kt Figure 9·3 : Side intake orifice
! headrace canal measured from
Bell mouth 0.03 - 0.05 ! 0.002 the same datum as hr .
Slightly rounded ! 0.12 - 0.25 ! 0.04 C is the coefficient of discharge of the orifice and is dependent on the shape of orifice. The value of
--i---.- - - C decreases with the amount of turbulence induced by the intake. For a sharp edged and roughly
Sharp cornered I 0.50 10.07
!
!
finished concrete or masonry orifice structure this value is as low as 0.6 and for carefully finished
(Source: USBR, 1978) aperture it can be up to 0.8.
7. A course trash rack should be provided to prevent big boulders and floating logs from (hr - hh) will vary according to the discharge in the river since a higher water level in the river will
produce a greater head at the orifice.
entering into the head race canal. .' •...•:. .. .'
The size of the orifice is calculated as follows:

279
278
 ,. • Angle of inclination with Horizontal (o) = 70°
Solved Example 9·1 :
Design side intake with coarse trash rack for a project in which river bed level is 3315.0m amsl, Here, depth of intake is 1m so submerged depth of the trash rack Is 1m and there is two intake
weir crest level (normal water level) is fixed to 3317.5 mams/. From hydrological analysis and in for opening of 1m depth and width of pier between two intake is O.Sm and 0.3m on edge is taken so
proposed headworks design condition (for given undersluice bed level and opening, weir length
and height), the heighest flood level in 100years return period is 3320.83m amsl and flood level in total submerged width of the trashrack is (0.3+1.0+0.5+1.0+0.3 = 3.1 m). The intake is inclined to
20 years return period is 3319.55m amsl. The canal water level is fixed as 3317.3m amsl. The 70° with horizontal so,
turbine discharge of a project is 1.45 m3/sec. Assume other suitable data for design.
Gross submerged area of trashrack is 3.1x 1 = 3.29m2
Solution Sin70°
Turbine discharge = Qd = 1.45 m3/sec But the trash rake is provided with opening 100mm and thichness of bar 20 so percentage opening
Intake discharge = Qi = 1.2 X Qd = 1.2 x 1.45 m3/sec = 1.74 m3/sec is 100 = 83.33%
100+20
River bed level = 3315.0m amsl
So effective opening area of trash rack is 83.33% of 3.29m2=2.74m2
Weir crest level (hr) = 3317.5 m amsl Hence approach velocity
Canal water level (hh) = 3317.3m amsl
Vo =~= 1.74
Place intake sill (top) level 30cm below the normal water level, and assume velocity of water at
Aeff 2.74 =0.635 m/sec
intake is 0.9m/sec then,
Now, the loss through the trashrack is calculated using the formula
. I area require 1.74
. d = A = -Q = - - = 1.93 m2
= k(~)4/3 ~sina
Cross sectlona
V 0.9 hr
Assume depth of intake as 1.0m, then length of intake is 1.93m2/1 m = 1.93m a 2g

Hence adopt 1m width by 1m depth 2 number of intake openings. hr = 2.42( 20 )4/3 0.635 2 sin70 °
Now check discharge carrying capacity of intake in given NWL condition and flood condition, by 100 2x9.81
using the formula = 0.00546m
Q = AC~2g(hr -hh} = 5.46mm

Here, the intake is assumed roughly finished concrete intake so take C = 0.6 Hence the velocity through the intake is within the limit of 0.6 to 1.5 m/sec hence ok and the
leadlciss through the trash rack in normal water level period hence adopted. The trash rack width is
A=(1+1)x1 m2=2m2
3.1 m and depth of 2m (1 m submerged depth and 30cm below the intake bottom level to maximum
hr· hh = 3317.5 - 3317.3m = 0.2m
upto the HFL) inclined at 70° with horizontal is proposed.
Q = 2xO.6.J2x9.81xO.2 =2.37m 3/sec The trash rack get clogged frequently so allowance for clogging should be provided, i.e the
designed area should be greater than the required area.
Which is greater than the design of intake hence ok.
Intake invert level = 3317.5 - 0.3-1 .0 =3316.2 m amsl (which is 1.2m above the river bed level)
Design of trash rack in intake
,
Trashrack opening (a) = 100mm
Thickness of bar (t) =20mm
Shape factor (k) = 2.42 ( for rectangular bar)

282 283
 ; - ~ .. ; ;

"
..
V2 Table 9·1 : x values for B
h =h +_0_
E 0 2g
B X B X
Note that as can be seen in figure 9-7, hE is actually the initial water depth in the river ~Ius the
0° 1.000 14° 0.879
velocity head of the river (v02/2g). For steep rivers, the flow velocity should be measured since the
velocity head can be high. 2° 0.980 16° 0.865
X = a function of the inclination of the trashrack (B) as shown in Table 9-1, 4° 0.961 18° 0.851
C =Correction factor for submerged overfall, 6° 0.944 20° 0.837
3
a - 8° 0.927 22° 0.825
C = 0.6-COS2~
d 10° 0.910 24° 0.812
a =clear spacing of the trash rack bars in m.
d =centre to centre distance between the trashrack bars in m, B. Trashracks for bottom intake
B =angle of inclination of the trash rack with respect to the horizontal in degrees. Similar to side intakes, the trash racks of bottom intakes can be manufactured from flat steel,
angles, tees or round bars welded together at intervals. The section chosen must be strong enough
IJ =contraction coefficient for the trash rack, which depends on the shape of the bars as to withstand impact by any bed load moving during floods. Its shape is also very important, since
shown in figure below. this affects the chances of clogging. Round bars, for example, are more prone to clogging,
Also in the figure, 00 is the river flow upstream of the intake and Ou is the excess flow in the river because the opening in the middle is smaller than on the top. From the point of view of clogging,
downstream of the intake. the sections tees, angles, channels, flats, round bars are in the order of best to worst respectively.
Note that to solve the bottom intake equation, either the length or the width of the intake opening The recommended clear spacing between these flats, angles or bars is 6 to 15 mm and a
needs to be set and the other dimension can then be calculated. The selection of one of these commonly used spacing is 12 mm. The reason why these bars are closer than those of the side
dimensions depends on the site conditions. For example, if the length of the trash.rack is too small, intake trashrack is that gravel also needs to be excluded from the bottom intake. Since the initial
the head race canal will require deeper excavation in the riverbed, which may be difficult. Gener~lIy, headrace for this type of intake is covered, it would be difficult to remove any gravel that obstructs
the length of the bottom intake should be equal to the width of the head race canal, and the Width the flow. It should therefore be excluded. The spacing of the flats or angles depends on the
should match the river channel. predominant particle size of the sediments carried by the river flow (Le. bed load) and the provision
It is important that the culvert beneath the trash rac~ is steep enough to .convey the maximum for a settling basin in the canal system. The larger the spacing (opening), the larger the particles
conceivable sediment load to the gravel trap: a gradient of at le'8st 1:20 IS recommended. The that will enter the headrace. On the other hand, if the opeflings are too narrow, there is a high
gravel trap may require continuous flushing, which means t~at sufficient he~d and surplu.s flow has chance of clogging necessitating frequent cleaning of the trash rack. It is also important to place the
to be available. The design must be able to carry and spill back to the river the maximum flow trash racks such that the bars are along the direction of flow, this minimises the risk of clogging.
entering the intake under flood conditions. One of the drawbacks of the bottom intake is the clogging of trash rack by pebbles and dry leaves.
Note that in this example the width of the trash rack is less than the river width, which is acceptable Especially during the dry season, the river may carry a lot of leaves, which become trapped in the
because only 5% of the river flow is required. Where most of the flow is to be trashrack and reduce the flow through it. Therefore the trash rack needs to be cleaned periodically
during the dry season. During monsoon, this is not a problem; the river flow sweeps the gravel and
leaves before they can clog the trash racks.

L ~4fQ Solved Example 9·2

Design a bottom / drop rack (Tyrolyen type) intake for design discharge O.B7m3/sec for a small
III JA TfT) 0.10-0.90
Qi
1
TTT tl61 - 0 • .0
III 0.65 tJ" 0 90-0 95
hydropower project. The crest level of the weir is 1767. 70. Other data are mentioned within the
calculation part.
Solution
Fi9}1re 9.7: Bottom intake plan and section

286 287
 "
- c • _ ... " ::.~. -i:. .:-~_ -:..;. . ... \ >'t c; ..... • • J . ~ ~: '"'
-.
Intake is located at the bottom of the river and draw water at the right bank of the river with . •
trashrack, stoplog and gates. 2
h= - hE
DeSign head 3 0.13
Bottom Intake channel of length 6m and width 1m shall be constructed. The crest level of the trash
rack of intake shall be below 30cm of the crest level of the weir i.e 1767.70 and floating load that Centre to centre distance between bars d =8+t 35 mm
may remain at the trash rack. The design discharge for intake is 0.87m 3/sec.
3
One intake gate shall be installed at the starting point of intake canal to control the flow during high a ~

Correction factor for submergence C =0.6-COS2~

flood condition. The size of an intake opening is 1.0m x 0.90m with invert level at 1766.43 m. d . 0.27
Design discharge Qd 0.87 m3/s 2
Discharge through intake Q A =3ClJbL~2gh
Clear spacing of trash rack bar A 15 mm Generally 6 to 15 mm 1.08 m3/s
Additional discharge Qa=(Qi-Qd)/Qd 23.8%
Thickness of trash rack bar T 20 mm 50 mm wide flat MS bar
Angle of inclination with horizontal B 8 degree Must be >20% to Incorporate chocking (by changing L)

Intake length L 6.00 m 9.9 Dam intake

Weir coefficient Cw 2.1 For round overfall Dam intake is provided in the body of the dam and is used in high head hydroelectric plant The
Contraction coefficient M 0.63 For square bar penstock or tunnel is embedded in the dam at the required level. . ,
Width of intake chamber opening B 1.00 m -
Trash racks
Function of trashrack opening X 0.927 For~=8° and structure

Intake canal depth Di 0.27 m Trial ~ _ _L -_ _ To Power-house

. ~------ - --- - -
Intake chamber slope Si 1/250 Iver A Reservoir
~
Manning's coefficient N 0.015
(a) Plan
CALCULATION
1 Gate hoisting cabie

ho -_(-Q-
d
Cw L
YS Reservoir level
Initial water depth at u/s of intake 0.17 . m
Area of flow u/s of intake A=Lxho 1.01 m2 Reservoir

Velocity of water at u/s of intake Vo=Qdl A 0.86 m/s

V2 To Powerhouse
hv- -0-
Velocity head at intake 2g 0.04 m- .
V2 (b) Sectional view on AA
hE = ho +hv = ho +_0_
Total head including velocity head 2g 0.21 m
Figure 9-8 : Plan and section of dam intake
Tn& component parts of this intake are a trash rack structure in front of the dam, a bell mouth
entrance, a control gate operated from the top of the dam by hosting cable, an air inlet jus after the
288 289
 •
gate. This type of intake is provided in the big hydropower projects with high head. The plan and 9.11 Submerged intake
section of dam intake is shown in figure 9·8. These submerged intakes are used in small power plants. It is used in reservoir or river which does
not have lot of sediments so that the intakes may not get buried in course of time. It is economical,
9.10 Tower intake does not obstruct navigation, and therefore, widely used in small hydropower plant.

The tower intake is of two type Reservoir level

a) Wet tower intake
b) Dry tower intake DC;
Concrete Q DC; Dc;
Tower intakes are generally used block Q Q
in large projects, and wet tower f-------,--' CJ <1
intake is preferable if a fluctuation DC; DC; CJ
of water level or wave is DC;Q Q DC;
generated quite often in reservoir <1 Q Q

level. Openings called ports are <1 " _$1, ~~

provided at various levels. The CJ ~. (i " "CS~ :j r
section of wet intake and dry
intake is shown in figure 9·9 and (a) simple c6ncre~~bJQc\(.sub~erges
:. .---t::.::.... . ", •
~- ~~-"
intake
,.... ' ~~;. '" ' / - >--
figure 9·10. Rese~oinevel

Figure 9·9 : Dry tower intake

Roof truss

Bridge connecting
~ thedam
/.
(b) Rock filled timber-crip submerged intake

Trash racks
on u/s only
> Entry ports
Figure 9·10 : Wet tower intake
Withdrawal conduit
9.12
Figure 9·11 : Simple submerged intakes of two different types

Shaft intake
It is a vertical or near vertical shaft driven in the bed which carries water to penstock for
powerhouse for power production.
Water for
power
T-'-j:--...,.--,..---r-r-7"'"71 production

290 291
 , " ~ ',,;'", '£~-"{{~"'i;.;''''~lf.m;.~~

~ , ....' ,

The type of intake selected based on the above considerations should generally be verified through
Hoist chamber model studies.

A. Nature of river
Gate hoist Side intake may be used on all types of rivers, ranging from mild sloping silt- and sand-bed rivers
to steep boulder bed-rivers or 'step-pool type of rivers. The use of drop intakes shall generally be
Reservoir level
limited to small hilly rivers which witness flash floods under heavy rainfall, high velocities of flow
capable of transporting large quantities of sediments, floods of sufficient duration exceeding the
mean discharge.

B. Nature and scale of hydropower development

Side intakes may be used for any type of run-of-river hydropower project. However, frontal intakes
may be preferred for low head plants where minimization of head losses commonly associated with
other intakes is essential for optimal generation from the plant. Owing to their inherent additional
head loss compared with side or frontal intakes, drop intakes shall generally be limited to small
hydropower plants on small streams where the substantially lower construction cost of these
intakes can justify the higher head loss.

C. Sediment, trash and debris content

As their obliquity of,the river axis reduces entry of sediments and trash, side intakes shall generally
Figure 9·12 : Shaft intake be preferred over other intakes for Nepali rivers which carry large amounts of sediments, trash and
debris during monsoon. This shall especially be the case when the intake can be located on the
This shaft intake consists of following parts downstream end of an outer curve of a sand and gravel-bed river where secondary currents reduce
• Trash rack at the entry of water to the shaft the influx of sediments to the intake. In the boulder stages of rivers where rolling boulders may
• Vertical or near vertical shaft followed by an elbow which connects the shaft and the damage the intake foundation and trash rack, a side intake may still be used by locating the intake
in a protected area. Side intakes shall, however, be used in conjunction with a gated sluice to
penstock
ensure that bed load is not deposited in front of the intake-.
• Intake gate arrangement
A frontal intake located next to a free overflow section may be used in rivers with floating debris
• Gate chamber and bed load. This arrangement may be considered if the water levels at the intake and the flow
• Hoist chamber velocity towards the overflow section can generate secondary currents capable of guiding floating
Sometimes an access tunnel from top of the dam with intake to have entry of water under debris over the weir and the bed load away from the intake. In this case, undersluices shall be
• submerged condition. provided to obtain bed control at the intake. Where the above arrangement is not possible, frontal
intakes on sediment-laden rivers may be used only for low head hydropower plants in which the
9.13 Selection of type of intake relatively large sediments flowing past the intake are not likely to damage the turbine.
The most suitable type of intake for a particular site shall be selected considering the following Drop intakes shall generally be avoided in rivers with high sediment content .because the sediment
content in the abstracted water will be high as this water is drawn from the bottom of the water
factors:
column where the sediment concentration is highest. In steep rivers, the trash rack to the drop
A. Nature of river. intake may also be prone to damage from large boulders passing over it.
B. Nature and scale of hydropower development.
C. Sediment, trash and debris content. D. Construction considerations
D. Construction considerations. The side intake may be the most convenient for construction as it is usually constructed on dry land
E. Operation and maintenance considerations .. on the bank of the river. This advantage may also hold for frontal intakes located at a certain

293
292
 Intake Structure
. . omewhat downstream of the apex of the bend. Submergence depth
The most favorable site for the Intake .structur~ I~ ~ bed load to be transported towards the inner
The spiral flow is strongest here, causing mos 0 e \+ Water Surface

bank.
If it is necessary to construct the intake on a stra.ight river section, a bent flow can e
b
Sill free board depth
~ .-
B. forced in order to be able to profit from natural phYSICS laws.
. ht ' section the deflection of the flow by the power
If the intake structure is arranged.on a stral~rt:~v~~ the ins'ide bend, i.e in the direction of power Excavation and deposition area
canal results in the bed lo~d being tra~s~ iver in front of the intake structure must be .deflected
canal. In order to prevent t.hIS,. the flo:,", 0 Fe rthis purpose groins are arranged on the side of the Figure 9·15 : Section of intake
so that the bed load remains In the river. ~r ,
Figure 9-15 shows the invert of the intake sill raised above the river bottom to reduce the inclusion
river opposite the intake structure as shown In figure 9-14. !
., of bed load and heavy suspended materials near the bottom. The intake sill is kept off the river
bottom to avoid the sliding of the sediment along -the bed. USing the spillway to entrain the
~J ~roin Q u : sediments that otherwise would cumulate in front of the intake is a good management technique .
. ~ ~_ . - . -i NB One of the major functions of the intake is to minimise the amount of debris and sediment carried

~_Q_-_. ~_-
'_~_' ~_
. _-~.,-·~-:·~ rt;:fi: ia~I-~: :n:·:~ ~ e.: .: t -~.-:.~-._-_.-_-_._._~
-_.-_. -_.-_._-._.-_.-_.-_'_-.__ ....
-,, · -,' _ _: \
by the incoming water, so trash racks are placed at the entrance to the intake to prevent the ingress
of floating debris and large stones. A trash rack is made up of one or more panels, fabricated from a
series of evenly spaced parallel metal bars. If the watercourse, in the flood season, entrains large
debris, it is convenient to install, in front of the ordinary grill, a special one, with removable and
widely spaced bars .from 100 mm to 300 mm between bars- to reduce the work of the automatic
trash rack cleaning equipment .
Trashracks are fabricated with stainless steel or plastic bars. Since the plastic bars can be made in
airfoil sections, less turbulence and lower head losses result. _
The bar spacing varies from a clear width of 12 mm for small high head Pelton turbines to a
F' ure 9.14 . Intake arrangement in straight river section maximum of 150 mm for large propeller ones. The trashrack should have a net area - the total area
Ig· . f keeping off the bed load are
C. According to the rules of river trai~~gn sto~~I~f ~~a!~~:~ df:erted from the river.
less the bars frontal area- so that the water velocity does not exceed 0.75 mls on small intakes, or
always necessary whenever more a 0 1.5 mls on larger intakes, to avoid attracting floating debris to the trash rack. Trashracks can be
D. In addition to the use of natural physical law, technical measures are always necessary either bolted to the support frame with stainless steel bolts or slid into vertical slots, to be removed
and replaced by stoplogs when closure for maintenance or repair is needed. In large trashracks it
For intake structures where the water isnot dammed up. . ..
. d med up as the capacity of the silting must be assumed that the grill may be clogged and the supporting structure must be designed to .
For intake structures where ~h~ ~at~r ~san~~he entra~ce of bed load into the intake resist the total water pressure exerted over the whole area without excessive deformation.
space in front of the fixed weir IS Iml e
structure cannot be prevented in the long term. When the river entrains heavy debris, floating booms may be located ahead of the trashracks. The
simplest boom consists of a series of floating pieces of timber connected end to end with cables or
chains. However modern booms are built with prefabricated sections of steel and plastic)
9.15 Sediment I Debris management in intakes
supported by steel cables. Their location is critical, because their inward bowed configuration does
. d' t on the inner sides of bends, but when the
Open channels have a tendency. to depOSit se :;~o~waters may damage it. To overcome this not lend itself to a self-cleaning action during flood flows .
.intake is located at th.e o.uter side o:h th~ tb~~ structure in a relatively straight section of the river. When significant quantities of suspended sediments are expected to enter the intake large-size
problem, the best solution IS t~ locate ~ I~ a be adverse for other purposes such as fish particles must be removed, using a sediment-excluding structure. The sediment-trap can be
Design of an .intake for. s~?lment exc u~lon can n a roach to permit small fish to escape located immediately downstream of the intake, where the flow velocity is reduced. Well designed it
protection. For exa~~le limiting .the velocltYtat~~~:I~;e~IOC~~9 the entrance. Locating the intake should be able to remove all particles over 0.2 mm and a considerable portion of those between
can result in deposition. of sediments, up °b d Id prevent entrance of the sediment but the 0.1 and 0.2 mm. Such a structure is essential for heads over 100 m.
entrance on a non-eroding bedrock stream e wou
construction costs will be increased.
297
296

Despite of all the arrangement, during huge flood time, high concentration of the sediment shall be
entered into the conveyance system. Which may damage the conveyance system as well a~ •
electromechanical units. At these condition, the power plant is closed off by the use of gates at
intakes.
9.16 Undersluice
The undersluice shall be provided to flush out the sediments deposited in front of the intake and
thus control the bed levels in its approach area. Hydraulic design of the undersluice shall consist of
determining its location, length, profile and opening size.
The undersluice shall be located close to the intake. It shall be provided in continuation with the
" o'verflow section, separated from the latter by a divide wall. The length of the undersluice shall be
fixed '~ased on the following considerations:
. • It shall be capable of passing at least twice the diverted discharge to ensure efficient
flushing capacity.
~ ~ . , It shall be capable of passing about 10 to 20 percent of the maximum flood discharge at
( ." '1, high floods.
, • ' It shall be capable of passing fair weather freshets and low monsoon floods for obviating
.; overtopping and/or operation of crest gates.
0
Based on the flow to be passed, the undersluice may consist of one or more bays. However, for
small rivers flows, a single sluice bay may be preferred over two or more bays with smaller
openings. The bay opening of the undersluice shall be sized to pass the largest possible bould~rs
brought along by the river. Generally, the minimum opening shall be twice the boulder Size
. expectedJn the river stretch in the vicinity of the headworks.
The 'undersluice shall be designed as a broad-crested weir with downstream submergence. Its
::crestle'\/el shall be maintained close to the general ground level; about 2 m below the intake invert
level. The design shall be performed in accordance with the design of a flumed section. The
capacity of the undersluice shall be sufficient under submergence conditions.
N()rm~IIY, energy dissipation downstream of the undersluice shall be achieved through a stilling
basin with a downstream cutoff to check undermining.
9.17 Spillway
. Spillways are required in head race canals to spill excess flows during the monsoon and in case of
obstruction in the canals. Similarly, spillways are also required at the forebay to spill the entire
design flow in case of sudden valve closure at the powerhouse. The excess flows that are
discharged via a spillway should be safely diverted into the stream or nearby gully such that they
do not
cause any erosion or damage to other structures. Sometimes, this may require the
construction of a channel to the natural water course.
A first spillway should be provided as close to the intake as possible so that excess flows can be
diverted away from the system as early as possible.
298
Where water is ponding at a downstream regulator such as in a forebay the design of spillways
can be based on the weir equation '
where:
• QSPiliway =discharge over the spillway in m3/s
• LSPiliWay =length of the spillway in m overtop =head over the spillway in m (Le. height of
water over the spillway)
• Cw=a coefficient (similar to weir coefficient) which varies according to the spillway profile.
The design steps are as follows:
• Ca~culate ~he .flow th~ough the intake during floods after calculating the water level above
weir crest In river dUring flood time. The spillway should be sized such that the entire flood
flow which can be entered into the canal during monsoon time can be diverted away from
the canal as early as possible.
• Choose a spillway profile and determine Cwo In the Nepalese context, a broad, round
edged profile (Cw=1.6) is suitable since it is easy to construct.
Spillway crest level should be 0.05 m above normal canal water level. No more th~m 50% of the
freebo~rd should be used. Therefore, with a generally used freeboard of 300 mm, the available
hovertop IS 0.5 x 030 - 0.05 =0.10 m. The required length can then be calculated for the chosen h
and flood flow.
Where there is no p.onding im~ediately downstream, such as in the headrace canal, the spillway
length cal?ulated uSing the weir equation should be multiplied by 2: this accounts for the gradual
de?rease In h~ad over the spillway, until the required level is reached at the downstream end of the
spillway. In this c~se only t~e exc~ssflo~ (Qflood --Qdesign) should be used for (Qspillway). Note that in
such c~ses, locating the spillway Immediately upstream of an orifice will increase the flow through
the weir.
9.18 Gravel trap
A gr~vel trap shall b~ required to flush out bed sediments that enter the approach canal back into
the river. The necessity of a gravel trap may arise owing to faulty design of the river intake.
The gravel trap is con.structe? close to the intake in order to prevent gravel from getting into the
approach ?han~el. Main .functlon of the gravel trap is to collect the bed load, smaller than the trash-
rack ?pemng. ~Ize, ent~rln~ .through it .to the approach canal. Gravel trap's location is governed by
the ~Ite co~dltlons, availability of flushing head and gravel carrying capacity of the approach canal.
Its dimenSion d~pends on the flow velocity, gravel size and specific density of the gravel and it
should be su~clent to settle and flush gravels passing from the coarse trash-rack. Gravel trap is
gener?lIy de~l~ned to collect maximum of 12 hours gravel deposit. A flushing arrangement
associated Within the gravel trap is operated to flush out the collected gravels to the river. Flushing
299
 •
6. ~~~~~;~;~~~~~~nh~~:~:n~i~=:~~j~:~,~ ~:~I~i~l:i~i~e'ftn::~;::~at of" . type 10 DESIGN OF SETTLING BASIN
. . th N lese rivers the design of Intake IS a
7. ~~~I~~g~~~ ~t ~~~~ma~~t t~~n~:~~~tl~~n~der:tio~~~nd s~ec.ial' arrangements to be made
10.1 Introduction
while designing the intake for such rivers. Draw sketches to Justify these facts. . Settling basin is the structure to remove suspended sediments from the conveyance water for
power plant. Settling basins shall be designed to ensure that the water entering the water
8. Explain the importance of trash rack in intake. What are the key factors to be considered while conveyance system is free of sediments that can damage the penstock and turbines runners due
designing the trash rack? .. . to abrasion. This shall be achieved by reducing the turbulence level in the water flow to allow
9. Explain total losses in intake (upto the en~ 0;
settling basin). How could you minimize the suspended sediment particles to settle out from the water body and deposit on the bottom of the
basin.
losses to increase.power in hydropower project. .
d 't t I th entry of sediment in hydropower project The main principle of the design of settling basin is to reduce the mean velocity of the flow, by
10. Despite of the good de~tihgnth' .w~t~~~~~nt;O~~~t a~ the final actions to be taken to stop the increasing the cross sectional area (widening its width and lowering the floor).
totally. Do you agree WI IS '.. d . I nt?
losses due to high sediment concentration entering Into the hy ropower Pa . Settling basins can remove suspended inorganic particles ranging from sand (2 mm in diameter) to
silt (0.002 mm in diameter), depending on basic design, The finer sediments require longer settling
11 Describe various considerations to be taken for the design of good surface and sub surface
times, hence, longer water transit times through the basin.
. (pressure and non pressure) intake structure.
The size of the basin is a function of the flow rate of water that must be treated, the size of the
12. Design an orifice for a side intake wit~ turbin~ di.scharge 18m3/sec. Assume the necessary sediments in the water, and the water quality required at the outlet. It is usually not practical to
data. Also explain the design consideration of Side Intake. , . remove small silt and clay particles (smaller than 0.002 mm), unless they are flocculated using
. t d .gned for 40 percentile baSIS for power alum and/or polyelectrolites. Without chemical coagulation, the sedimentation time required is
13. Design side intake for a hYdrop~wer ~ro{e~ 3~~~ The river bed level at headworks is extremely long. These particles are small enough not to cause any problem, and chemical
generation. The gr?ss head. of t e pr~j~c 41~ m fro~ the river bed. Draw a plan and section treatment may be too costly for a hydropower system.
1730.00m. The height of weir pro~ose IS . dworks What is the installed
of headworks for si~e i~take show,lng ot~er co~!~n~n~c~~r~:~ in full 'design discharge and
10.2 Plain settling (Sedimentation)
capacity of .the project Iftfive .pe8r8ce5~~ag~h:e~~nthIY discharges of the river at headworks are
overall effiCiency of a sys em IS . fO. .
Sedimentation is the removal of suspended particles that are heavier than water by gravitational
given below. settling. Where sedimentation employs only the' natural force of gravity and natural particle
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean aggregation, it is called plain sedimentation. Plain sedimentation includes two types of processes.
6.29 5.30 4.89 6.56 16.233.4 51 .8 53.6 48.4 25.9 12.9 8,26 22.6 One type is called free settling, processes by which relatively large particles such as sand and silt
settle individually. This usually happens in suspension with low concentrations of solids and where
particles are large. The other type of settling is preceded by natural flocculation of the particles,
which forms aggregated, larger particles that can settle faster due to their increased mass. An
example of this type of sedimentation is the oxidation and flocculation of iron.
When chemicals or other substances are added to induce aggregation 3'1d settling of fine
suspended particles, the process is called coagulation. The most common coagulants used are
alum, sodium aluminate, ammonium alum, copperas (ferrous SUlfate), ferric sulfate and pulverized
limestone. Coagulation can be expensive and unecol"omical for hydropower generation purposes
and it may damage the parts of electromechanical machines chemically.

10.3 Determination of settling velocity (fall velocity) .

The settling velocity or fall velocity or terminal velocity (ws) of a sediment particle is defined as the
rate at which .the sediment settles in still fluid. It is diagnostic of grain size, but is also sensitive to

303
302
 • 1000
g
24,u A
v= I-"-':"'-":"~
g pWsO V
12,u A
'\ \
100

~
2puO
o
()
Squaring and sloving we get,
\.
Co = - - J'~,
W = (Ps - p)g V D 24

~
s 12.u A Re
If we next assume that the particle is an ideal sphere, the geometrical terms volume, ,,

V ~ 4 _, ~ " D' A ~ nr' ~ " D' W ~ (Ps - P)g V D ~-

becomes,
3 /., 6 and area 4 then the equation s 12 rII A
0.1
0-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105
\ 106

1r D3
Reynolds number, Re = p VD
W = (Ps - p )g 6 D ,u
s 12.u 1r D2
4 Re • between 1 to 1000,
For Reynold's number Re between 1 t 1000 . ..
Ws = _l_(ps - P )gD2 and following equation well describes the measuored ' .not~ Ilinear relationship even in log scale
18.u expenen la value.

W = gD2 P (Ps - p) C
o = Re
24 3
+ -JRe .
+ 0.34 , non linear .
relationship.
s 18.u p
Then fall velocity can be obtained substituting the value in equation
W = g02(G-1)
s 18u Ws = Ps -p _g_V
This is a Stoke's Law of settling valid for small grains whose shape approximates a sphere: and for P Co /2 A
spheres, Re < 0:5. For spherical particle
4 3 1r
W (em / sec) = g02 (G -1) V = _Jrr = _D3
s 18u 3 6
Where g =981 cm/sec2 and area A = Jrr 2 = 1r D 2 so
G =relative density of the particles 4
d =diameter of the particle in mm
u = kinematic viscosity of water in centistokes depends on temperature of the water. (1
stock = 1cm2/sec, 1 centistokes = 0.01 cm2/sec)
15 20 25
Temperature (OC ) 0 5 10
68 77
I~JPs - p) LD
32 41 50 59
Temperature (OF) Ws =
1.15 1.01 0.90
u ( Centistokes) 1.79 1.52 1.31 V3 P CD
The flow is transistional flow, Newton's law is applicable.

306 307
 '. Sediment particle size and its fall velocity: '.
Re> 1000, .' ItO 4 th fall The selection of particle size to be removed (d limit) based on the design hf
For Reynold's number greater than 1000, Co is almost constant which IS equa o. en asfollovys: ", . ,I: ';; ,~;"' , - 'j c •

velocity ail " b.ow head -schemes, h~ 10 m: dlim~ =D.3 mm to 0.5 mm '
~--.-------
b. Medium head schemes, 10 < h ~100 m: d limit = 0.2 mm to 0.3 I
W=
s
c. High head"~cheme~, h'>I:100"m:
- " , . .-
d limit = O:1'm~ to 0.2 mm
} I.J " . :J,.,'
i. 'i~", '-i; ... I'~ • .

For spherical particle The following factors should be considered while deciding on the value of (dlimit)
a. If most of the suspended particles contai~ediR:water is hi~hly aqrasjve (quartz or ',;
= 4:rr
=
V _:rrr 3 _D3 and area A =:rrr
2
="4:rr D2 so
minerals), lower limiting values should be selected for removal. .
3 6
';l, 'b. Fran~i;Jturb;i'~e;are ~ore sensitiv~ 'to'ainy type .of- sus~~nd~d
.
m~;tt~r., and pelton turbines : " "

are intermediate type, T~e

.
, crossnow ,tUIbines arerel.atiy~lyJ~ss sensitive to soft impurities.
. . , . ~ ~', ~

W=
s The fall velocity of particle size up to 1.5 mm for different water temperatures are as follows:
Particle size (mm)

W=
s 0.001 __ ....- ! 0,0007
' . t o.OQOa ' .; , '. } 0:0009 '-..[ 0.001 .
..........................
! 0.0011
0.010 rO:O-6 -80 --~- : .' .0790 ;".;-'I-rO:.090~~----;,-:-r-o.1: 0 0------':: T 6.1100 -
0.020 ----+-1-
0.-27-40- i 0.3160-~ " 0.3606 --, " 0.4Q({~ ';'-;- 0~4500
0.030
,
: 0.6180 -' ': 0.7100' - . : 0.8'100 ' j 0.900 . i l 0120
' .. ' ~-~~~ .... _·~~~-t-i-,......,---""f-4.-~_' -
I 2.8120
, j

Law for equation

Application base 0.050 J2:2700 '.'
Re Dmm for G=2.65. 0.070 i 2.5100'; "
---'--r----'---· - - - ; - - - - - - -,
4.1000

>10,000 >1mm
0.100 i 5.1200 - .! 5,8800 I 6.6300 , 8.3700
Fully Turbulent flow condition 0.200 i 17.1100 I 18.7600 i 20.4200 23.720

W, ~ J3.33 (Ps; p) gD 0.300 : 28.3100 . : !., 29.9600 ' i 31 .6200 i 33.260 " I 34.920
0.500 I 50.7100 i 52.3600 ' ; ( M0200 : 55.660 57.320
>1 and <10,000 0.1mm to 1mm, . 1.000 i 106.7100 !. 108.3600 . r11'0.0200 ! 111.660 i 113.320
Transistional flow (Netwon's Law)
1.500
- - 1 162~i100'i;.-' 1-164~i6oo ·-:>-·i 1'66.;02,00 r167.660 '-r 169.320
10.4 Purpose of s~~~Ung bcl.sil1,
c = 24 +_3_+ 0.34 The entry of sediment is controlled by the proper intake arrangements, such as by providing intake
D Re .JRe at outer bank, undersluice arragement, position of intake bottom at certain height above the bed of
the river, trash rack etc and so on. But during flood time or monsoon season, it cannot be
Laminar flow condition Upto 1
controlled completely. So the' main purpose of settling basin is to remove sediments from the intake
gD 2p(G-I) from such flood events. More specifically its 'objectives are:
Ws = I8v 1. To remove the fine grained suspended matter from the water drawn from intake to ensure
that the water entering the water conveyance system is free of sediments that can
24 24v damage the 'penstock and turbine runners due to abrasion.
C ~-=-­
D Re uD
-'
'309
308
 ii. concentration of sediments with the river flow .
•
Re> l' To remove the suspended particles and minimize the wear and tear of the nozzle and iii. required removal percentage of suspended sediments.
For runners of the turbines and other hydro-mechanical components.
, 3. To remove the unwanted sediment particles entering into the conveyance system so that 10.6 Design of settling basin
the conveyance capacity shallnot be reduced in the course of time of operation of the For re~oval ~f a tar~et s~diment particle size with a fall velocity of WI ' the required surface area of
plant. a settling baSin, As, IS typically given by the general equation:
4. To remove sediment as it causes abrasion and erosion of civil structures, gates, valves
5. The excess sediment in the water causes the operation and maintenance difficult. A =KQ ................................. 1
s

coefficient to account for turbulence and fact r f Oryf wt ere ~ IS the deSign flow rate and K is a
10.5 Design principle & criteria The above equation is based on ideal settlin g the h . .
The basic principle of settling is that the greater the basin surface area and the lower the through 1.2 and 1.5. 0 0 sa e y conSidered whose value is set between

velocity, the smaller the particles that can settle. Care should be taken to use th's f . .
(1) The settling basin shall be designed to be functional, easily operable and economical, turbulence on sediment settling :nc~~~:~~nt ~~~e It d?es not .explicitly quantify the impact of
both for construction and operation. reduce sediment removal efficie~cy. u u ence In a sediment basin can be expected to
(2) The settling basin shall be designed to remove as much of the sediment load in the water
The assessment of sediment removal efficienc .
as is economically and hydraulically possible. As removal of all suspended sediments is only to ensure that the design criteria are be'n y over a range of sediment sizes is important not
physically not possible, the design shall attempt to remove as much of the coarser cleaning activities. Ideal settling theory is alls~ me\ b~t also t? be able ~o plan maintenance and
fractions of the suspended load as possible so that the hydraulic transport capacity of the sediment other than the target size Althou har~ lef to estimate baSin .removal efficiency for
water conveyance system can be maintained and the sediment load to the turbines, turbulence, it is not based on any physical hg d ~ actor K can be adjusted to account for
valves, etc., is reduced to acceptable limits. Hajan et al (1994) and others y r~u IC parameters. BHRA (1989), Camp (1946),
(3) The settling basin shall be designed to ensure efficient flushing of settled sediments so turbulence in settling basins. present analytical and empirical approaches to quantifying
that frequent flushing during floods, when the sediment content of rivers is at its peak, is
not required. The settling basin shall be planned and designed such that power
10.7 Ideal settling basin efficiency
generation is not interrupted, or reduced, during flushing operations.
(4) A settling basin must satisfy the following design considerations: The :heOry of id~al settling.in quiescent conditions is based on the following assumptions:
There IS no scouring or re-suspension of deposited material
Settling capacity
a. The size of the basin must be large enough to allow a large percentage of the • The flow velocity is steady and uniform
fine sediment to fall out of suspension and be deposited on the bottom. .• S~diment particles which settles at a constant fall velocity throughout the basin

in figure, with a basin ~idth B length L ~;g ~III ~e applied. to a re~tangular basin, as shown
b. The geometry of the inlet and outlet transitions and any other curvatures must be For Illustrative purposes the theory of ideal s ttl" .
such as to cause minimum turbulence, which might increase the trapping average flow velocity (left to right in Fi9U~;) ,ep 0 ~e settling region, H. The cross section
efficiency of the basin. settling region, and is given by: IS assume . to be constant and uniform within the
Storage capacity
• The basin should be able to store the settled particles for some time unless it is Q
V=-
BH ............................. .. 2
flush out.
The target s~ d'Imen t'. WI'th a fall velOCity
b' .OJ.I ' IS the size for which all particles will just settle in the
Flushing capacity
length of the basin, following equation can b; o~~ai~ce~. 0 all Into the bed which conveys along the
• The basin should be able to flush all these settled particles along with the aSIn. Equating the time taken for a sedime t rt' I t f .
incoming flow in the basin by opening flushing gates or valves.
The following factors should be considered in the design of the settling basin:. H L
-=- ............... ................. 3
i. characteristics of suspended sediments, particles of hard or soft rock or soil origin like Wt V
quartzite, granite, basalt, gneiss, etc. (harder the sediment minerals smaller the particle to
be removed) 311
310
 •
..
there are some particles of the same .size that will reach the deposition zone ((j) < Vo (path B)),
, -
Settling Surface Area (As) and hence a certain portion will be removed.
.- ,
, ¥

10.8 Empirical and analytical approaches for basin efficiency

~.:;::
~
.... . . .
..... , - ....... .. : .
-
' ....... , ..... ,-... .... .... Turbulent velocity fluctuations, especially those in the vertical, will result in mixing and a reduced
Inflow '" ....... .... :.t. t...
" .................... ) effective average settling rate. Turbulence will tend to keep sediment suspended, and hence
H
.... , ................ . W<Vo(A reduce the basin efficiency.
" ....

j
W<Vo (8)
.., W > Vo W =Vo
Several approaches to provide a more realistic estimate of sediment basin efficiency have been
proposed in the following paragraph.
~~""'77>7."-~~ A. Hazen equation:
(-1)
Figure 10~1 : Idea'i settling basin shoy!ing ~~ttlin9.pat~~of~a~i~~spartiC!~~'~ ,,' q~l-(I+m;') m
VH Q .
Comhioingequation {j)J = T and V ~ BH ' w~ get '.", 'c' ',;1'1' -, .'
.". .:'
The parameter, m is used to quantify performance of the settling basin, where m = 0 represents
(j) _ VH _ ~= Q . ~vo· - :'i ",~ .~ .: ~
best performance, and m =1 represents very poor performance. m is therefore used to represent all
t- - BL A .,"'~ of the non-linear effects, but in itself is not based on any physical characteristics.
L , s
'. _ ' . "
.' . , .' d'f ' ttling under ideal eonditions ,For the linear ; B. Vetter equation
Nofe that As = Bt i~ the s~rfa~e" area (Afs)'re~ulr~ . ?~~ea: sediment size with a fall '~elocity, OJ, is
ideal settling behavior, the effiCiency 0 remova, 17 ' ," ", ~
given by the following relationship: Vetter's method for determining the sediment trapping efficiency, based on the sediment
OJ
concentration approach and Simplified version of Hazen's method, is expressed by the formula:
17=- if OJ < KViJ .; ( aJ As )
KVo r;=l-e l
,. Q

17 =1 if OJ > KVo ,. " '''. . Neither of these methods quantifies the degree of turbulence based on hydrodynamic criteria.
Va is the overflow rate based on .~he basin surface. area:and deSign:: ri~ Y.I:ldS the result that
100% of the target sediment particles ( OJ = OJI ) WIll be removed for ~ ~ _
C. Camp (1946)

The equation for required surface area for settling basin,

. . . , ,~,
1s =KQ
,
OJ
I
is obta'ined by including the
,
The sediment trapping efficiency, 7], based on the sediment particle approach for design of the
settling basin is found from Camp's diagram, considering the dimensionless parameters w/u* and
(wAs)/Q, where w is the settling velocity of sediment particles and u* is the shear velocity that can
factor K (>1) to adjust the fall velocity for non-quiescent CO~di~~ons0 Vaa;::e:~~;da~O~~:r~s~~~~: be found theoretically using Manning's formula
ove~/O~ rat~ (not to be ~onfus~d" w~~~I~~g t~~o~~~o~~wP:~i~I~:'und~r ideal conditions; with ' fall u. = ~gRSe
loaldl~t~ orq~~lrft~ceg~~~erOt~a~~ :~d less than Vo, is shown ,schematically in Figure 10-1.~~ere -r-
g
Where is the acceleration due to gravity, R is the hydraulic mean depth of flow, n is the
ve OCI
the falllesvelocity
e " is equal to the
" overflow
. rate (OJ -_ V0 )' a pa rticle at the , water
. ,_ surface at the
. , M9nning's rugosity coefficient, A is the cross-sectional area of flow of the basin and Sa is the
energy gradient given by
entrance to the basi~ will h~ve s~ttled ~own ,~ d ~ t~~O~~~in Hence all particles will be removed
t th d Ton zone by the time It reaches the baSin
outlet, and henc~ t~IS particle Will be t ep~sl eth~ overflow ;ate. Although some particles with fall
whose fall velOCity IS equal to or grea er an ' .. . ( V ( th A))
Q
Se =( nAR2/3
)"2
velocities less than the overflow rate will not be deposited and Will eXit the baSin OJ < 0 pa ,

312 313
For the practical case, the shear velocity shall be determined from the following formula instead of
from the manning's equation shown above. b =factor whose value is from 0.10 to 0.25 for sand and 0.04 to 0.1 for sticky flocculent
material
0.042v m
u. = 1/6
R 10.10 Components of settling basin
1.0
Settling basins shall consist of the following components:
0.9 2.0 a. an inlet transition including gated arrangement,
0.8 1.5 b. settling chamber/s to settle the sediments in the incoming water,
1.2 c. an emergency spillway to spill the settling basin design discharge into the parent river, if
0.7
required,
0.6
C"
0.8 d. an outlet transition with regulator to control the flow of water from the settling chamber,
~ 0.5
Q) 0.6
e. a flushing channel for flushing the settled sediment.
'0
!i':
w 0.4
ii/Flushing
0.4 I ¥ channel
0.3 I I

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0
2 3 4 6 8 2 :1 4 6 8 2 3 4 6 8
0.01 0.1 1.0 Chamber of Downstrea
10
~-_~_ _~~+-_d_e_Sil_tin_Q_ba_Si_n__~~~tffi_n_S_itiO_n~~
- - _ . Reducing turbulence -w
u'
Figure 10·2 : Camp's diagram for sediment trapping efficiency l Downstream
regulator

10 9 Maximum velocity to prevent bed uplift or scour Figure 10·3: Typical components of settling basin
• . .. . e essential that once the particle has reached
Apart from the falling rate In stili wa~er It IS, of c~ur~ 'the velocity of the flow of water over the bed. ~ansition
~:~;~~v~~t~heet~~~~~!~~~I~~~t~~~;~~~1r~~ t~g~~rt ~otion of particles of size d as a. The inlet transition for settling basins shall be designed to prevent turbulent flow at the
1 entrance to the settling basin chamber.
Vc -
_(8b 9d(G-1))
f
2
b. The approach canal to the settling basin shall have a straight alignment for a stretch equal
to about 10 times the width of the canal upstream of its junction to maintain an even flow
Where distribution at the start of the inlet transition.
G =Relative density
c. The hydraulic deSign of the canal shall eliminate secondary currents in its flow caused by
d =diameter of the particle
rotational flow. It shall also ensure flow velocities in the range of 1.1 to 1.3 m/s.
f I v2 d. To maintain gradual expansion of inlet channel, set the hOrizontal expansion ratio at about
f =friction factor in hJ = 2gd
1:5 (or a =7° to 15°). The vertical expansion ratio can be set at about 1:2 (or a =200 to
30°).

314
315
, • . :?" ~~~ ~ (. ,,\:1.jI_
. -
f'

, ~-.----...,=- ....' ;....:---,-"'"'" • D. Sediment flushing system ' "

, ' '.-.1 •• \: .: I":: l
I
I
I
I
The flushing arrangement should be provided to flu~hthe sediment deposited in the basin. It
Inlet I
I
I
I should ensure that when the flushing gate or valve is opened, the water level in the basin
decreases and the sediment deposited in the bed starts flushing out.
To. f~cilitC!te the flushing of sediment, the bed $Iope at the bottom should be 1:20 to 1:50 in
Guide walls in longitudinal direct'ion. The bed can. be provided with a flat or undersluicing manifo.ld system with
I Straight
inlet transition purging channel.
approach canal " '.',
_ . _ _" , I __ Uniform The undersluicing of flushing system is designed as a manifold system to withdraw sf:ldimentJaden .
.1~:.t 'I'~J ~!i \ inc:): i ~Hl '11 -:;,\; ~ t. f - section
water uniformly along the length of the purging channel. , ,
t= ~~ .... ;, ... !"f)")li :'j;l~ t)Jrn qniL'~,)2'tl '~i;:"'C-:O 11;~:b!~ r.;,wH.·~ ,;~{: ,. ..-\~ .1 ~< .:: ~; }I/~I'" .'
The design should be based on pressurized flow. The flow velocity should be more than 1.75m/sec
Figu're 104: inlet transition with guide walls .. and not higher than 2.5m/sec for concrete structure of flushing conduit.
. e"lfdt~PeC~, IP,fm~t[p,i!1~0qP'QQt;peJ~i! :th~!lonQ·~~n~itjon,,t~e inl~t: tr~ns~tlon: may be :shorten
. through guide walls in the translt)~~iT ,.. '/ Ld' " , . ';'. :. . . ; 10.11 Settling basin design
If space constraints do not permit a straight section of approach canal, even flow In the For design of settling basin, the following parameters need to be calculated by the relations:
f. settling basin may b{ ac~i~veQ
using a tranquilizer or baffle blocks.
;
A. Calculate surface area As
d r-- _..-_.. _-- -.'
B. Settling cha~beri" '1; ./ /: Jj A _KQ
The hydraulic de~g~'6nhErcramber s~0~19 bacarried ~ut to s~cure: . '
s -
(Ot
a. An even\flQYv:ctI~\ri~~tl0R--b.etw:e~~~~~~I~1 ~ett~lng ~aslns fO: _various flows. As =the required surface area of a settling basin,
b. An even flow distribution internally inside each baSin for various flows.
(1)/ =target sediment particle size with a fall velocity,
c. Efficient ,removal of-pelJOsits'd~ring flushing of th~ b,a~)n.
! ,';': n;:·... i n(';~.(-;fif-ji! i! .-' ......; ',',;!",' c Q= the design flow rate and -
d. Design parametElr~:f<" -. -' -"";"".-""':"', ..- --- .' K = coefficient to account fOf turbulence (value of K is taken 1.2 to 1.5)
: i ' ~.I
Mean depth ot-nl):w,iip Ule ~~Sln
B. Calculate Land B using the relation US =4 to 10
Mean longitudinal;velocity
As = L.B
Fall Velocity
And check for necessary length and breadth using other approaches
Flushing discharge
Sediment concentration of flow C. Calculate the limiting flow velocity (V) in the basin
Calculate the limiting flow velocity (Vc in m/sec) in the basin based on the particle size to be
settled is given by:
Vc=a-Yd
Where, d = size of gravel to be removed in mm, and
a = 0.36 for d > 1mm
0.44 for 1 mm > d > 0.1 mm
0.51 for 0.1 mm > d
. The horizontal velocity of flow must not be so great as to prevent, by turbulence, the settling
~ •-'particles under:gravity. The maximum horizontal velocity of flow to allow the sand grain to fall
out should not greater then 0.3m/sec. .

317
316 -
D. Calculate depth (H) of basin . t I I 'ty i e •
The depth of the basin (D) is calculated by using the equation of the hOrizon a ve OCI .

V-~~H=~
1= A,2 V 2 (JH -o.2L (m)
7.51m 2
V
~:~~~~~'I ~ay
- B H Ihe de : is assumed based on Ihe construction easyness cnlena such as more Where, A depends on the removal ratio, defined by the function
depth lead to difficult in construction as well as operation. A = feW)

E. Check the calculated values of L,B,H th d Where, W denotes the ration of settled sediment to the total load entering with the flow and
can be computed from
Knowmg
. L, B, H check these parameters from other me 0 s
- C
Check width B = 4.7SjQ W = 100 - 100 -.!!... percent
C
M. A. Velika nov's Method
W% F. Check the efficiency Of the particle settled.
100

/V'
- Check the efficiency of the particle settled using Hazen's, Camp's and Vetter's other methods.
If desired percentage of the particle settled is within the limit, the design is ok otherwise repeat
the procedure changing the dimensions.
90 V
I
/ G. Compute the sediment depth in the basin
80
/ Sediment depth is calculated for design discharge Q m3/sec with Sediment Concentration C
/
70 kg/m 3 and detention time for sediment T (generally 6hrs) is calculated using following method
j ' So, Theoretical value of sediment load (in kg) =Q x T x C
Apply Packing factor of sediment in submergence
60
j Volume of sediment =__ S_ed_im_e_n_tl_oa_d__
V
50 W = f(A,) ClJrvP. f- Density x packing factor
LV We have, basin plan area =As
/
40
j So, depth of sediment, Hs =Volume of sediment I basin plan area
/ Since, the above calculation is considered for the case of rectangular base, we can recalculate
30
/ the area for the base with the sloping shape with the angle of inclination of the slope =400
when the area resembles with rectangular base.
20
/ H. Length of basin considering turbulence effect
10 /
The fall velocity of the particle is reduced by the turbulence effect this results in larger basin
./" length to settle the targeted particle in a desired limit.
V
oI - The fall velocity WI = W - w'
-1.6 -1.2 -0.8 -0.4 o 0.4 0.8 1.2 1. 6
A cq =m-aV
Figure: Velikanov's relation W= f (~ for designing settling basins
0.132
Where, a= JH
Settling length for turbulent flow is compu.ted from the settling velocity in stagnant water (tJ and
the flow- through velocity is calculated uSing the formula
Now, Settling time ts =H and Travelling time tt =J:.
m V
318

319
 • ~
"'~ ~; ..--
~
-' - " - ~

For a particle to settle within basin, settling time should be equal to travelling ,time
. so

L
-:-
H
v OJ

So length of basin L = HV
OJ

~
Now considering turbulence effect, L = OJ-OJ'

HV
L=----
0.132 V
OJ- JH
3
L == _ _H_2_V_ _
OJJH -0.132 V

10.12 Types of settling basin based on flushing operations

Based on flushing operational consideration the Settling Basin can be divided into two types:
a. Continuous flushing Settling Basin (Dufour, Bieri types)
b. Discontinuous flushing Settling Basin
The choice between settling basins with periodic or continuous flushing shall be made based on
the topography, availability of water, type and size of power plant, cost of construction, ease of
operation and maintenance, power outage or reduction.

A. ContinuouS flushing settling basin

Settling basins with continuous flushing shall be designed to supply sediment-free water to the
water conveyance system through simultaneous settling of the suspended sediments and flushing
of deposited sediments. The flushing shall be achieved by continuously abstracting water from the
bottom of the settling basin during operation.
a. use surplus water (10 to 15% of plant design flow) during rainy season for flushing.
b. more convenient from a power plant operation view point as flushing operations do not
interfere with power production.
.if:'t- t' l {" . i:J11 ! ~. :'
c. Flushing can be done intermittently during low flow season.
d. to improve reliability and enhance operating flexibility, it can usually be constructed with a ~. Balancing
~, screenGall<>rv screen
.i. , . .-i'
D'e,orm" 'ti . .
. ~ . a pn :<.' , ,..,~ ~,.j
JOints
~
. .
Watefstop"l < S!!9l1lleot,,>;· FI
i" "r
rr '. " ~T ''',,1' ..i ~~
•• ',. >"J .. , '.'" 'i " . 1, • . , . ' 10., '
'j . , . . . . . ' • dfv.r" W"il us,"n!,! gate
' . "-
!''if C' (~'i~'lf ~'~f'I' ',',,,.- ".,,{, I
minimum of two basins.
e. much more care is required for its operation to minimize the clogging of sediment
. ... j' ."
rl1l.!Jie 10.6' L
, . . '
't d" . . _ ,' <!" ,_... '" .... :" .
?ngl U Inal section Slisinw'lf
" '.

' t~;.(,:<':
' h" co' n
.. •. ! . !
' .. J ... ".
, " "~' '". Ii.):
",

I. ~ • I 1Ibl'!1
.<., . :
," .of',"settlftig'
," . IIIUOUS 1-L f hishlng "
, , ~: , ":." ~ • j~ '·v. ~. ("f.:'L "lj ,~" 'L.~ :,' . .... G!·:>l ...:'l~'"
extracting system.

320
 ,. .
Section A-A SectionB-B Section C-C .
SeCtion D~D

Figure 10-9 : Plan-~nd section-of conventional settling balin

. -, .
8. Hooper type-settling basin
. - Water level and water flow is maintained in the basin throughout the flushing period in order to
facilitate continuous pow8r generation. Removal of sediments while the basin i~ operationa! may ,,
: :-Flushing tunnel
be achieved with continuous'ftushing or intermittent flushing or by use of some kind of sunctlon or
. dredging device.
• . In order to remove the settled particles by flushing, it is necessary to generate a current close to
the particles, able to erode and carry the particles away with the flushing flow without mixing them
with the main water flow in the basin.
. . I~ ' L ' -I

.. 6 1. .· ._.:... :~---=t -:' ..·---~·----------1 :~

''''''.'Ii'''. -_ •
-
.•_._._._._ ._._._._._._.. :_:_:_:_ :_:
~. ',-. _. _ . _. _ .-. -. -. _ . - . _ . - --
, -.
I

..:"-' f" I I\ Figure 10·11 : Plan and sectional view of Hopper system of settling basin
PlAN
, ,~\)~~~.
I I
. -

~t===~i4~~, ·z;·' .
Slope 2%-3%
..
t C. Bieri type
In Bieri type of settling basin, the shutter mechanism in the bottom of the basin is made of two
plates with a series of opening. One plate is fixed while other can be moved horizontally. Flushing
is facilitated when openings in each plate falls together. Sensor can be places in the bottom of the
. ELEVATION
plate so as to sense the volume of sediment deposited in the chamber. Once the sediment
collected increases the desired level of deposition, one plate moved over another and sediment is
flushed. And after flushing the plate is again moved and flushing operation stopped. This type of
C~stof~eir
. ~ , 1=?:t " I~~ settling basin is exists in Middle Marsyangdi hydropower project.
fill ··· ) . .. . Back .
. . . '. 11.. ' ' .:, ' , •. ,, ' .
" ",,' . . ~ . .
-- - ---- - -~- - - - -- - ---
FkJIhing dlanne! Flushing canal
-SECTION

Figure 10-10; Plan_ section ~f1iooper Iype.d8lander

Cross section
Longitudinal section

Figure 10·12 : Sectional view of Bieri desander

324 325
 E. Split and settle
The split and settle concept is new approach to exclusion of sediment in water withdrawn from
rivers with high sediment loads.
Flushing canal
The basic principles of design of split and settle type of settling basin is the concentration of
sediment is not uniform over the cross section of a water conduit. The concentration is higher close
---------------
to bottom than higher up in the water column in the low in an open channel or a pressurized tunnel
flow. The split and settle concept takes advantage of this difference in sediment conceotrati9n river
depth. '\
The flow in the tunnel upstream of the settling facilities (the approach flow) is split horizontally at
the first tunnel cross. The bottom water contains relatively more sediments than the water higher
up. The bottom water (say 20% to 40% of the total flow) is therefore diverted to the upstream
Sedimentation basin
settling tunnels running parallel to the main tunnel. The settling tunnels are processing the "dirtiest"
part of the water flow. The transit velocity is reduced in order to facilitate settling the major part of
. baSIn
' r suspended load in relatively small caverns. The "cleanest" water flows into the main tunnel where
Sedimentation I -A the transit velocity is reduced somewhat (60 to 80% of the velocity in the approach tunnel).
~ ,,-. U/s settling tunnel (left) ", _ Dis seW;og ,"onel (left) ~
Split point 1 ,
I

Q)
~
Split point 2 :\ I I
.l!l
.. ..

ro
.5 _ main tunnel
Main tunnel

~"drnce
E
,g
•
\

, Flow control ,"0001

Approach \

tunnel
\
,
'~ U/s settling tunnel (right) '~ DIs settling tunnel (right)

_ Upperflow
Floating unit (serpent) -- - .. Lowerflow
Serpentine system is a new type of During flushing position Flushing outlet • ............ Flushing flow
desanding basin flushing system which ~as
developed by Hakoon Stole at the Norwegla.n Solved Example 10·1
Institute of Science and Technolo~y. Thl~
type of settling basin is construct~d I.n Andhl Design Analytical method for O.2mm diameter of particle, T= 25 °C, S=2.65. Calculate the settling
Khola, Jhimruk Khola and Khlmtl Khola velocity (fal/ velocity) (VU.
hydropower plants in Nepal.
DepOSited sediments Note: The dynamic viscosity or simply viscosity (,11) of water at 20°C = 0.01 Poise = 1 Centipoise
One or more flushing channels are located. at
the bottom of the settling basin. The flushing [1 poise = 19m/ (sec-cm) =0.1 kg/(sec-m);:: 0.1 N sec/m2]
Floating unit (serpent)
channel is connected to the settling basin by During flushing position
a longitudinal slot. A float unit (The serpent)
Kinematic viscosity is (u = ,11) whose unit is m2/sec
covers the slope in downstrea~ ~nd. A Flushing canal p
channel is connected to a flushing It. The
Section
flushing ,11 . O.Olkg /(sec-m)
Hence for water at 20°C, u = - = =Ixi 0- 6 m2 / sec =Imm 2 / sec
P I 000 kg / m3

327
326