Chapter 6-12
Friday, 27 November 2020 2:37 pm
Socialization and Enculturation (pg. 37-55)
• Socialization
- Refers to the lifelong process of social interaction through which
people acquire their identities and necessary survival skills
- Considered as the central process of social life
• Internalization
- Process of accepting the social norms, attitudes, roles, and
values transmitted by people and social groups within society as
one's own
○ Functionalist view
▪ Society is seen as the primary factor for how
individuals learn to think and behave
○ Interpretevist sociologists
▪ Socialization as an interaction process between
individuals and other members of society
▪ Gives importance to the independence of the
individuals and their capacity to define their own
personal views of ideas
○ William Wentworth
▪ Two way process between the individual
▪ Synthesized view of socialization, how factors such as
free will, human anatomy influence each other
□ Social context - culture, language, social
structures that define social class; social
historical events
□ Content - ideas, beliefs, behaviors, and
information that is passed on
□ Results - outcome of socialization, practice
behaviors, etc.
□ Self - Identity - Image; unique results of
socialization, unique sense of identity
• Enculturation
○ Describes process of being socialized into a specific culture
○ Helps individuals become functional members of society
○ Becoming familiar with one's own culture
Agents of Socialization
Conformity, Deviance, and Social Control
• Conformity
- Refers to the process of altering one's thoughts and actions to
adapt to the accepted behavior within his/her group or society
- To act in accordance or harmony; comply
- To conform to rules; One has to conform in order to succeed in
this company
- Conformity can be regarded as either good or bad
Types of Conformity
○ Compliance - outward conformity to social pressure but privately
disagreeing with it; lowest level of conformity. Results to
normative social influence
○ Identification - Adopting a certain behavior because it enables
him/her to have a satisfying relationship with the members of
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• Deviance
- Behavior that elicits a strong negative reaction from group members
and involves actions that violate commonly held social norms
View of Sociologists
○ Pluralist model
▪ Portrays media as an ideological marketplace that
enhances debate and electoral choice
○ Market model
▪ Suggests that media reflects the views of the general
public, and media presents what they think the people want
○ Structural-Functionalist Framework - considers crime and
deviance as the result of structural tensions and lack of moral
regulation within society
▪ Anomie - Emile Durkheim: social control becomes an
effective, breakdown of traditional life or a period of social
change
○ Structural Strain Theory (Robert Merton)
▪ Tensions and strains between socially approved goals and
an individual's ability to meet them will lead to deviance.
○ Subcultural View
▪ Emergence of deviant behavior within certain groups in
society or subcultures. Set of values and behavior prevalent
within these groups makes them prone to engage in deviant
or criminal behavior.
▪ Subculture - group within a culture that differs from the
general consensus. Have unique sets of beliefs and values
that don’t necessarily align with wider culture
○ Symbolic-Interactionist View
▪ Deviance as a socially constructed phenomenon influenced
largely by interpersonal relationships between members of
society.
○ Conflict Perspective
▪ Social science perspective that holds stratification is
dysfunctional and harmful in society, benefits the rich in
powerful at the expense of the poor
▪ Social life as a competition, focuses on the distribution of
resources, power, and inequality.
▪ Derives from Karl Marx, who believed that society is a
dynamic entity constantly undergoing change driven by
class conflict.
○ Control Theory
▪ Considers deviance as emerging because of inadequate
social controls
○ Broken Windows Theory
▪ Direct relationship between social disorder and deviance.
Concept: each problem that goes unattended in a given
environment affects people's attitude toward environment
and leads to more problems
• Social Control
▪ Defined as any systematic means and practices used to
maintain norms, rules, and laws.
• Sanctions
▪ Most common means of social controls, often employed to
address conflicts and violations of social norms
□ Formal Sanctions - provided for by laws and other
regulations in society
□ Informal Sanctions - commonly imposed by smaller
societies, communities, or groups
 ○
him/her to have a satisfying relationship with the members of
his/her group
○ Internalization/Acceptance - involves both public compliance and
internal acceptance of the norms and standards imposed by the
group. Permanent and deeply rooted response to social
influence
Human Dignity and Human Rights
• Human dignity
- Refers to the idea that a person has the innate right to be
values, respected, and treated well.
• Human rights
- Legal, social, and ethical principles that consider the human
person as deserving of liberties and protections by virtue of his
or her human dignity
Characteristics:
1. They are universal because they belong to all human beings
regardless of race, religion, gender, or other characteristics
2. They are fundamental since they cannot be taken away from
any human being
3. They are indivisible as various rights are interrelated and given
equal importance
4. They are absolute since they cannot be qualified and are
considered necessities for living a genuine life.
Social Institutions (pg. 89-98)
• Social institutions
- Organized set of elements such as beliefs, rules, practices, and
relationships that exist to attain social order.
1. Institutional approach - social institutions are ordered sets of
rules, norms, beliefs, or values that organize human behavior
2. Relational approach - focuses on social relations rather than
rules, norms, beliefs, or values.
• Family, Marriage and Kinship
○ Nuclear Families (Immediate families) - families that are
composed of parents and children
○ Extended Families - families composed of nuclear families
and other relatives
○ Reconstituted families - composed of the spouses and
children from a previous marriage
• Kinship - social structure defined by relations among individuals
linked by blood or marriage ties
○ Matrilineal kinship - one's descent is based on female line
○ Patrilineal kinship - one's descent is based on the male line Political Change
○ Bilineal kinship - decent system based on both male and
female lines.
• Marriages
○ Monogamous - spouse cannot have more than one spouse
○ Polygamy - husband can take many wives
○ Polygandry - wife can have many husbands
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Legitimacy and Types of Authority
1. Traditional Authority
- Always existed, inherited or occupied a position that has been
passed on to them
- Based on long established customs and traditions that do not need
to be justified
2. Charismatic Authority
- Presumed special extraordinary characteristics or qualities
possessed by a certain individual; people with charisma are often
very popular
- "Born leaders and heroes"
- Unstable type of authority
3. Legal-Rational Authority
- Most typical type of authority in modern societies
- Legitimized by a clearly defined set of written rules and laws
- Leaders can rightfully wield authority if they obtain their position
according to established procedures such as elections or through
appointment
Types of Political Organizations and Leadership Structures
• Political Organizations - groups within a culture responsible for
public decision making and leadership, maintaining social cohesion
and order, protecting group rights, and ensuring safety from external
threats
• Political Dynasties - succession from rulers from the same line of
descent
• Political Clientelism - giving material good in return for electoral
support (Susan Stokes)
• Political Liberalization - liberal democratic regimes that are
characterized by a representative form of democracy where political
office is gained through formal and competitive elections
• Political Culture - pattern of orientation to political objects such as
parties, government, constitution, expressed in beliefs, symbols and
values
- Occurs when there is an alteration in the way authority is exercised
in a particular state. Shift in the relationship between those who
govern and those who are governed
- The Constitution created 3 branches of government
○ Legislative: makes the laws; Congress is made up of two
houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives
○ Executive - enforces the laws
○ Judicial - interpret the laws
• Revolution - defined by political scientist (Theda Skocpol) - "rapid
and basic transformation of a society's state and class structures
that are accompanied and in
Political Institutions (pg. 102-109)
• Politics - refers to activities through which people make,
preserve, and amend the general rules under which they live. It
involves the dynamic of conflict resolution and cooperation as
well as the exercise of power
• Power - refers to the ability to do something in order to achieve
a desired outcome
• Authority - legitimate power
Two Primary Forms of Revolutions
1. Political Revolution - replacement or transformation of the
government without altering other aspects of society maintaining
the relationship between socioeconomic classes
2. Social Revolution - large scale transformation of social
structures, organizations, and institutions such as the
government
Cultural Change
- Modification of a society through innovation, invention,
discovery, or contact with other societies.
Why do cultures change?
1. Discovery
2. Invention
3. Diffusion
• Technology - skills and tools people use, invention leads to
demands of certain resources
• Changing Environment - people are influenced by their
surroundings
• New Ideas - people conserve resources more than ever, such
as recycling. Culture is adapted or borrowed to fit different
culture needs
New Challenges to Human Adaptation and Social Change (pg.
164-174)
• Global warming and climate change: drastic changes in climate
patterns all over the world. Use of certain chemicals are called
greenhouse gases
• Climate change
- Rise in average surface temperatures on earth mostly due to the
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Sources of Social and Cultural Change
• Social Change - transformation that alter the roles and status of
the people as well as the structure and organization of society
and institutions (Robert Maclver and Charles Page)
• Cultural Change - broader, social change is an integral part. It is
the dynamic process where the living cultures of the world
change and adapt to external internal forces.
Causes of Social Change
1. Technology
- Made lives of people easier, emergence of social media and
other platforms
- "Technology is the driving force behind globalization" -Thomas
Friedman
○ Globalization is the economic, cultural, and political
processes that connect state and non-state elements in a
manner that transcends territorial boundaries
2. Social Institutions
- Established set of norms and subsystem in a society. Helps
meet basic needs of society, different sectors carry out different
tasks and responsibilities.
3. Population
- Number of people is continuously increasing in some countries
- Will also affect the economy because of lower tax
- Fast population growth will also affect the environment and
natural resources
4. Environment
- Numerous natural disasters
- The way humans interact with the environment and the way
people utilize resources aggravate the impact of natural
disasters.
5. Modernization
- Typical result of social change
- Process of increased differentiation and specialization within a
society, around its industry and infrastructure
Process of Social Change
• Innovation - process of introducing new ideas, things, and
methods in society
• Diffusion - spread of certain elements from one group to
another.
• Acculturation - individuals or groups learn aspects of a culture
that is not on their own; blending two or more cultures resulting
in the emergence of a hybrid culture that combines certain
elements.
• Social Contradiction - two social groups or classes are so
indifferent that a compromise between them is impossible.
- Brought by new irreconcilable views and concerns.
- Eventually causes social tensions, and when left unresolved,
these may bring about conflicts
 patterns all over the world. Use of certain chemicals are called
greenhouse gases

• Climate change
- Rise in average surface temperatures on earth mostly due to the
burning of fossil fuels.
- Consequence of unchecked pollution when carbon emissions
caused by human activity enter the air.
- Major causes of climate change: burning of fossil fuels releases
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere
- Effects of climate change: steady rise in earth's average
temperature brought by melting of ice caps, warming ocean
waters bring increase in strong storms and cyclones

How does it affect societies?

- Access to drinking water has become limited
- Loss of forests greatly affected air quality, water supply, and
biodiversity
- Loss of crops, livestock with detrimental effects

• Migration - movement of people from one place to another for

the purpose of temporary or permanent residence
○ Emigration (out-migration) - movement of people out of
their own native country
○ Immigration - movement of people into a country that is not
their native land

Responding to Social, Cultural, and Political Change (pg.

178-194)

• Citizenship
- Refers to the legal status of an individual in a particular state
• Deliberative View
that allows him/her to enjoy certain rights and protection
- Citizens being involved in dialogue, information exchange, and decision
- Citizens: Beneficiaries of social welfare programs and other making
public services, and are guaranteed protection from internal and - Active participants are able to make decisions and contribute to public
external threats welfare

• Difference Democratic View

- The practice of one's citizenship is not limited to direct involvement in
government, or in public events or engagements such as government "fora"
or forum: gathering or assembly
- Citizen should be active in civil society and in the private sector

• Cosmopolitan View
- Extends citizenship beyond the state to regional and international levels.
Citizens should also involve themselves in regional and international issues
and concerns

• Participatory Governance
- Puts emphasis on democratic engagement through deliberative practices.
- Seeks to deepen citizen participation by examining conventions and
practices of the traditional view which hinders the realization of true
participatory governance
- Governance pertains to processes and institutions that contribute to public
decision

• Culture - though media is considered a significant in bridging cultural

3 Categories of Public Governance
1&2. Civic & Political - those that deal with issues related to human rights
3. Development - planning, budgeting, monitoring, and accountability of
social, economic, development policies and programs
• CPEA (Nations Committee of Experts on Public Administration)
- One of the many public that contribute to shared visions in planning,
budgeting, monitoring accountability of development policies and
programs
- Forms of participation:
○ Information
○ Consultation
○ Involvement
○ Collaboration
○ Empowerment
• Information Society or Network Society - revolution that transformed
media and society, internet becoming widely available worldwide and
increasingly used by large parts of global population
• New media - various forms of electronic communication made
possible by digital or computer technology
• Social media - electronic communication that facilitate social
interaction and the formation of online communities through the
differences, it has also given rise to diversity and pluralization
• Globalization - more than expansion of activities beyond the boundaries of
particular nation states
• Social movements - sustained, organized, collective effort that seeks to
bring about change
○ Reform movement - aims to introduce changes in the political
structures and processes of their respective societies
○ Revolutionary movement - aims to cause massive and deep changes
in society and politics
○ Religious movement - intended to bring about religious reform
Perspective on Social Movements
• Collective Behavior Approach
- Social movements are socially deviant groups
- Individuals are guided by rational behavior, political action outside the
government is a violation of social norms
- Known as 'relative deprivation'
• Resource Mobilization Approach
- Social Movements need to have an organization structure in order to be
successful
- Need to mobilize available resources in a strategic fashion in order to get
what they want. Success in achieving their goals depends on the amount
and kind of resources they possess
• Political Process Approach

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 increasingly used by large parts of global population
• New media - various forms of electronic communication made
possible by digital or computer technology
• Social media - electronic communication that facilitate social
interaction and the formation of online communities through the
exchange of user-generated context
• Social networking gained a different view and new dimensions with
the advent of new media
• New media and e - politics - helps improve the quality of political life
by contributing to a general transfer of power from governments and
political elites to public, information from government to citizens
3 key ways of Political Change Sources
1. Electronic communication has altered the conduct of
elections
2. New media offers citizens wider and easier access to
information and more accessible venues to engage in political
discussion
3. New media supported the development of political and social
movements and further increased their effectiveness. This has
given rise to a new style of activists politics which is sometimes
called NEW POLITICS.
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- Need to mobilize available resources in a strategic fashion in order to get
what they want. Success in achieving their goals depends on the amount
and kind of resources they possess
• Political Process Approach
- Emphasizes the eternal political environments in analyzing social
movements
- Stresses the role of political opportunity provided by the political system and
opening political space for movement activity
New Social Movements: Gender and Environment
• LGBT movement: shared collective identity and their goal to acceptance
from both state and society
• Ecological movement: utilize these types of strategies in their pursuit of
preserving the environment
• Mass media campaign - expose those whose activities destroy the
environment