MODULE 5

Context, Content, Processes

and Consequences of
1. Explain how individual learn culture through
socialization;
2. Identify the values and norms to be
observed in interacting with others in the society;
3. Share ways on how to be a competent
member of society
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Socialization
Socialization
❑ process by which an individual
is oriented and taught by his
or her society’s norms.

❑ Enculturation

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Identity Formation
▪ Such differentiation from the general
social template is called individuation.
This can be related to the concept of
personal identity.

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▪ Social identity is a person’s notion of
who he or she is in society.
▪ Roles
▪ Statuses

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▪ Two types of Identity
Primary Identity Secondary Identity

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▪ Theories on Identity
1. Role learning theory - promotes the argument
that individuals learn a repertoire of social roles
from their society. They then reproduce this
repertoire in their behavior.
CONFORMITY= acceptance
NONFORMITY= ostracism
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▪ Theories on Identity
2. Symbolic Interactionism- promotes the idea
that individuals construct their notion of the self through
social interactions performed within the society.
- creative process

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Norms and Values
▪ The concept of
cultural values refers
to all those ideas held
in society that are
considered good,
acceptable, and right.
▪ social goals. 12
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▪ Conflict theory
values and goals are
sometimes the source of
conflict within the
society, as individuals
have varying access and
experiences relating to
values and goals. 14
▪ Functionalist
theory
values exist to create
unity and harmony
within the structure
and fulfill the needs
of the individuals 15
▪ these consists of the rules and
regulations on behavior.
▪ the norms that are created in reference
to these values may vary

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▪ Categories of Norms

Folkways Mores

Taboos Laws

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▪ Folkways
These are the
socially approved
behaviors that have
no moral
underpinning.
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▪ Mores
These are related to
moral conventions.
Acceptable in
religious practices.

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▪ Taboos
These are behaviors
that are absolutely
forbidden in a
specific culture.

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▪ Laws
Laws consist of the
rules and regulations
that are
implemented by the
state.
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Status and Role
▪ individual’s positions in his or her
society, which carries with a set of
defined rights and obligations.

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▪ the set of expectation from
people who occupy a particular
status.

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▪ The behavior of an
individual within a
social space in
accordance to his or
her status is called
role performance.
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▪ The multiplicity of
roles within a given
status is called a role
set.

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▪ Role strain stems from
the divergent
expectations of the
statuses that an
individual
simultaneously
occupies. 28
▪ The process of
discontinuing with a
role is labeled as role
exit.

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Conformity and
Deviance
▪ It is the act of
following the
roles and goals
of one’s society.

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▪ It is the act of
violating the
prescribed
social norms.
▪ stigma
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 Structural- Social
functionalist control
theory theory
Rational
Conflict
choice
theory
theory
Differential
Labeling association
theory theory 33
▪ Social control theory

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▪ Rational choice theory

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▪ Differential association theory

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▪ Labeling theory

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▪ Conflict theory

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▪ Structural-functionalist theory

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Social Control
▪ To maintain social order and stability,
social control is needed.
▪ The two elements that promote social
control are internalization and sanctions.

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▪ Internalization - is an integral part of
communicating and incorporating social
norms to an individual’s personality.

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▪ One key element in ensuring that individuals
are able to internalize social norms is the
establishment of sanctions.
▪ 1. Formal sanctions 3. Positive sanctions
▪ 2. Informal sanctions 4. Negative sanctions
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▪ Formal sanctions
- A reward or punishment given by a formal
organization or regulatory agency, such as a
business, school, or government.
- Positive formal sanctions
- Negative formal sanctions 45
▪ Informal sanctions
- The majority of norms are enforced informally.
- Spontaneous expression of approval or
disapproval given by an individual or group.
- Positive informal sanctions
- Negative informal sanctions
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Thanks!

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