Enculturation and Socialization
Social Learning Theorists
- Proponents of the social learning theory
argue that the set of behaviors of an
individual acquired through enculturation
and socialization processes.
Social Biologists
- Proponents of sociobiology counter this
perspective by advocating that humans
acquire their behavior genetically.
Socialization
- Refer to the process by which an individual
is oriented and taught by his/her society’s
norms.
Enculturation
- The concept of socialization studied in
anthropology.
Identity Formation
- An individual learns the norms of his/her
society.
Individualization
- Related to the concept of personal identity.
Role Learning Theory
- Promotes the arguments that individuals
learn a repertoire of social roles from their
society.
Theory on Symbolic Interactionism
- Promotes the idea that individuals construct
their notion of the self through social
interaction.
Norms and Values
- Concept of cultural values refers to all those
ideas held in society that are considered
good, acceptable and right.
Social Goal
- Members of the society aspire for
Conflict Theory
- Values and goals are sometimes the source
of conflict within the society, as individuals
have varying access and experience to it.
Functionalism Theory
- Argues that values exist to create unity and
harmony within the structure and fulfill the
needs of the individuals.
Four Categories of Norms
Folkways
- Are the socially approved behaviors that
have no moral underpinning.
Mores
- Norms related to moral conventions.
Taboos
- Are behaviors that are absolutely forbidden
in a specific culture.
Laws
- Consist of rules and regulations that are
implemented by the state, making them the
prime source of social control.
Status and Role
- Our forms of social interaction are always
within the context of our status and that of
the people we are interacting with.
Status
- An individual’s position in his/her society
which carries with it a set of defined right
and obligations.
Roles
- Are the sets of expectations from people
who occupy a particular status.
Role Performance
- The behavior of an individual within a social
space in accordance to his/her status.
Role Set
- Sometimes a status has multiple roles
attached to it. This multiplicity of roles within
a given status is called role set.
 Role Strain Conflict Theory
- Conflicts of the variety of roles we perform. - Society consists of opposing groups of
This implies that the individual is having people whose access to power is unequal.
difficulty in performing the required role.
Structural – functionalist Theory
Role Exit
- Proposes two perspective in the formation
- The process of discontinuing with a role. of deviant behavior.
Conformity Formation of Deviant Behavior
- The act of following the roles and goals of Macrolevel “Anomie” / social disorganization
one’s society.
Microlevel
Deviance
- Product of role strain
- The act of violating the prescribed social
Cultural Goals
norms often associated with stigma.
- Consists of the value that are important for
Stigma
the society.
- A strong sense of disapproval on
Institutional Means
noncomforting behavior from members of a
society. - Process that have been established through
social structure.
Theories that explain the existence of deviants
Conformists
Social Control Theory
- Individuals who accept their society’s
- Deviance is primarily caused by a lack in
cultural goals and that of the
stronger social bonds within a society.
accomplishment to it.
Rational Choice Theory
Innovators
- Individual’s decision to follow or to go
- Accepts the goal but not the process.
against social norms is dependent on their
perceived cost and benefit of such action. Ritualism
Differential Association Theory - Individuals who reject the goal but accepts
the process.
- Conformity/deviance is learned by an
individual from those he/she associates Retreatism
with.
- Who rejects both the goal and approach;
Labelling Theory form of rebellion.
- Actions that are not considered deviant until Social Control
they are labeled as such by members of the
community. - Maintain social order and stability.

Primary Deviance Internalization

- Type of act that does not end with the - Integral part of communicating and
individual being labeled as such. incorporating social norms to an individual’s
personality.
Secondary Deviance
Sanctions
- Type of act that results from being labeled
by society as deviant. - Are powerful in leading an individual to
conform to social norms.
Three Categories
Formal Sanctions
Informal Sanctions
Positive Sanctions
Human Grouping Classification
Social Group
- Composed of individuals who are united by
their similar characteristics, and with these
similarities, they interact.
Social Category
- Composed of individuals who are united by
their similar characteristics, but do not
interact.
Social Aggregate
- Composed of individuals who are gathered
in one place but neither interacting nor
having the same characteristics.
Social Networks
- Social structure consisting of people who
have the varying degrees of relations and
interrelationships; presented visually by a
sociogram.
Type of Human Social Groupings
In – group
- a social group in which an individual directly
affiliates and expresses loyalty to.
Three Primary Characteristics
1. Members use titles, external symbols, and
dress to distinguish themselves from the
outer group.
2. Members apply positive stereotypes to their
in-group and negative stereotypes to the
out-group.
3. Members tend to clash or compete with
members of the out-group. This competition
with the other group can also strengthen the
unity within each group.
Intergroup Aggression
- Takes place as members of the in-group
harm individuals from the out-group due to
their undesirable traits that clash with the in-
group’s prescribed norms.
Out-group
- A group that an individual is not part of.
Reference Group
- A group to which an individual or another
group is compared, considered as ideal.
Two effects on an individual’s self – evaluation
1. Normative effect – positive
2. Comparison effect – negative
Primary and Secondary Groups
Primary Groups
- Direct sources of an individual’s social skills
and knowledge.
Secondary Groups
- More formal in context as the relationships
and interactions in them are limited to a
particular role that an individual play within a
group.
Small Groups
The type and extent of human interaction depends
on the size of the group that they belong in. Primary
relationships are created in small groups whereas
secondary relationships are experienced in large
groups.
Some examples of small groups include dyads (2
individuals) and triads (3 individuals).
Social Loafing
- A phenomenon of free riding which is a
problem that can be experienced by larger
groups, as some individuals tend to depend
on other’s initiative to perform tasks that are
originally expected of them.
Leadership and Conformity
Conformity
 - The behavior of an individual that relates to there are four main descent rules that are
following the prescribed norms of his or her recognized.
group.
Group – think
Unilineal Descent
- A united acceptance and practice of idea
- this allows an individual to be affiliated to the
that is believed as a form of group loyalty
descent of one sex group only -either male or
which is usually practiced by smaller
female.
groups.
There are two types of unilineal descents:
Two types of leaders
matrilineal and patrilineal.
Formal Organization
Matrilineal Descent
- When a secondary group is directed by its
- leads an individual to trace kinship relations
goals.
through the female's line.
Informal Organization
Patrilineal Descent
- Are formed within a formal organization and
- leads an individual to trace kinship relations
characterized by informal relations between
through the male's line.
members.
clan
Organizations use rational planning to achieve their
objectives. This process implies identification of - an expansion of unilineal descent groups creates
tasks, roles, implementation of programs, and a kinship group.
general policies.
phratries
Organization Models
- further expansion of clans into larger descent
Bureaucratic Organization Model groups.
Collectivist Organization Model Bilateral Descent
Kinship - allows an individual to trace kinship ties on both
side of the family.
- refers to the "web of social relationships" that
humans form as part of a family, which is the Kinship by Marriage
smallest unit of society. There are several points
that you can learn from this definition. Marriage

• A family is a socioeconomic unit. - is defined as the socially or ritually recognized

• A family can have one or more parents.
• A family can have parents who are not married.
• A family can have parents with same gender.
• A family should have at least one child.
Kinship by Blood
One factor that allows an individual to identify
another individual as a family member is through
consanguinity, popularly called as Blood Relatives.
Kinship connections are perceived to be of great
importance in some societies. Due to this, descent
rules are created and followed. In Anthropology,
union or legal contract between spouses that
establishes rights and obligations between them
and their children and between them and their in-
laws.
There are four types of families based on marriage
systems:
Patrifocal and Matrifocal
- this style of family is focused on one parent: a
father (patrifocal) or a mother (matrifocal).
Monogamous
- this type of family consists of a single couple and
their child or children.
Polygamous - this type of residence pattern allows the couple to
choose to live either with the wife's mother's area or
-this type of family consists of several parents and
the household's father's area.
their children.

2 Types of Polygamy
Transnational Families
• Polyandry
- families tend to practice alternative forms of
- is a marriage pattern wherein a woman is allowed residency patterns that are not based on lineage
to marry several men. perpetuation, but more so on economic reasons
• Polygyny such as job offers, educational advancement, and
job placements.
- is a marriage practice that allows a man to marry
several women. Reconstituted Families

Extended Family - this type of family, the current spouses were

previously married and had children.
- this type of family has several married couples
and their children living in one household.
7 Major Residency Patterns Markon – refers to the difference between the
original selling price and cost of an item.
Patrilocal Residence
Selling Price – is the market price that a product will
- upon marriage, the woman is expected to transfer be sold.
to the residence of her husband's father.
Cost – is the actual price that the product was
Matrilocal Residence bought from a manufacturer or wholesaler.
-upon marriage, the man is expected to take Markup – an increase in the original selling price.
residence with his wife's mother's area.
Markdown – a reduction on the original selling
Neolocal Residence price.
- this is an arrangement that requires both spouses Markup – is obtained by getting the difference of
to leave their households and create, their own at the new selling price and the original selling price.
times even in a different locality.
Avuncolocal Residence
- this is a complex residency pattern as it requires
two residence transfers.
Natalocal Residence
- this arrangement allows both spouses to remain
with their own households after marriage.
Matrifocal Residence
- this type of residency rule arises when the father
is economically and physically unable to provide
support for the family, thereby ascribing the role of
sole provider and caregiver to the woman.
Ambilocal Residence