FINALS: UCSP and maintaining identity is a

difficult task due to multiple

1. Enculturation/Socialization factors such as family life,
environment, and social status.
- are often defined as the lifelong
process of experiencing, learning,
DIFFERENT AREAS OF IDENTITY
imbibing, and transmitting culture.
DEVELOPMENT:
It is linked with forming identities,
learning norms/values, and social - Religious identity
roles. It shapes our membership
- Political Identity
in society.
- Vocational Identity
★ Socialization
- Ethnic Identity
- is the process through which we
learn the norms, customs, values, - Gender Identity
and roles of the society from birth
through death.
B. Norm and Values
- mainly focuses on the
acquisition of knowledge, Norms
language, values, skills and
- refer to rules and expectations
habits of society.
that guide the individual’s
★ Enculturation
behavior in society.
- the process by which we learn
the requirements of our Values
surrounding culture and acquire
- refer to a society’s defined set of
the behaviors and values
what is good and desirable.
appropriate for this culture.
- according to Lau and Chan
- focuses more on the acquisition
(2021), they defined values as
of cultural traits.
“standards or ideas with which
we evaluate actions, people,
A. Identity Formation/Development
things or situations.
- a stage in the adolescent life
- In contrast with our personal
cycle. The search for identity
values, moral values help us
begins in the adolescent years,
determine what is morally right or
we are more open to ‘trying on’
wrong.
different behaviors and
appearances to discover who we C. Statuses and Roles
are.
Status
- We are likely to cycle through a
number of identities to find one - is simply understood as one’s
that suits them best. Developing social position in society.
ex. being a son or daughter, a high
school graduate, a teacher, a doctor, a
writer, a member of a particular group,
etc.
- “relative social position within a
group.”
- since each individual has status,
he/she is expected to fulfill “roles”
in society.
- we all learn these through
enculturation/socialization
Deviance
2. Conformity and Deviance
- all agents of socialization (family,
state, education, peers, media,
etc.) contribute in shaping the
social expectations.
Conformity
- is a type of social influence
involving a change in belief or
behavior in order to fit in with a
group.
THREE TYPES OF CONFORMITY:
- Compliance/group acceptance
- Internalization (acceptance of
group norms)
- Identification or group
membership
Williams (2012) identifies at reasons for
conformity:
- informational influence
- to avoid punishments and gain
rewards
- risk of disapproval from other
group members
- lack of alternatives (other
choices)
- fear of disrupting the group’s
operations (being independent)
- absence of communication
- no feeling of responsibility for
group outcomes
- powerlessness
- refers to rule-breaking behavior
of some kind which fails to
conform to the norms and
expectations of a particular
society or social group.
- It is closely related to the concept
of crime, which is law breaking
behavior. Criminal behavior is
usually deviant, but not all
deviant behavior is criminal.
A. Social Control
- a tool used by societal groups to
maintain order and ensure that
their collective will is being
followed by members.
- is the process whereby society
seeks to ensure conformity to the
dominant values and norms in
that society. This process can be
either informal, as in the exercise
of control through customs,
norms, and expectations, or
formal, as in the exercise of
 control through laws or other
official regulations.
- to avoid social ostracism – society’s
rejection of an individual because of
his/her actions which run against social
norms. This will compel people to
conform with rather than to deviate.
B.Forms of deviance (ritualism,
retreatism, rebellion, and innovation)
- In 1938, Robert K. Merton
developed his Social Strain
Theory, which included the five
modes of adaptation.
- considered a foundational
character in the development of
modern sociology, Merton
specifically discussed deviance,
as it related to peoples' social
deviance from society. There are
five specific ways in Merton's
theory that people can fit
themselves into society regarding
typical goals and standards of
success.
Innovation
- is the willing acceptance of a
society's standards of success
and what ''good goals'' are, but
pursuing them by anything other
than standard means.
- for example, an innovator wants
a good career but does not want
to go to college when graduating
from high school. In January
2022, Elizabeth Holmes was
convicted of fraud. Hailed as the
female entrepreneur who
dropped out of Stanford to start
her own company at the age of
19, she ultimately cheated her
way to success by lying and
manipulation.
Ritualism
- adopts typical practices and
means of getting to goals but
does so without having any
aspirations toward those goals.
- the ritualist graduates from high
school, enroll in college without
deciding on a major or direction
and is in school for four years
without developing a plan for
after or developing any goals for
the end of college. They graduate
with thousands of dollars of debt
without being committed to any
career, simply following the path
laid out for them by society.
Retreatism
- is the tendency of some people to
withdraw from the society of
which they are a part, rejecting
both the goals and the means of
achieving those goals. In the
previous example of the high
school to college transition, the
retreatist might not graduate from
high school. They might drop out,
live out of their car, drop contact
with their family, and choose not
to pursue a career of any kind.
Rebellion
- is also the rejection of both the
goals and means typical to a
society, but they do not withdraw.
Instead, the rebels replace the
goals and the path they take to
get to those goals with their own
set of both. The rebel does not
graduate high school and does
not desire to go to college. They
do not care about money or
having a family, or any other goal
people typically try to achieve.
Perhaps the rebel lives in the
basement, plays video games
with online opponents, and
commits petty crimes around
town.
DEFINING CULTURE AND SOCIETY
FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF
ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY
Society as a Group of People Sharing a
Common Culture
Society
- a group of people that follows or
shares the same culture and has
common rules and regulations.
- Sociologists define society as the
people who interact in such a
way as to share a common
culture.
- The cultural bond may be ethnic
or racial, based on gender, or due
to shared beliefs, values, and
activities. - The term society can
also have a geographic meaning
and refer to people who share a
common culture in a particular
location.
- Culture and Society are intricately
related. A culture consists of the
“objects” of a society, whereas a
society consists of the people
who share a common cult.
Society as a Complex Whole
- society is viewed as a complex
web of relationships existing out
of man's interaction with one
another. It has several definitions
throughout the different branches
of social sciences.
- an understanding of a part can
only be achieved in relation to
other parts of the system.
- society cannot exist without
culture.
Society according to social science
experts:
"Society is a social organism possessing
a harmony of structure and function."
- August Comte (The Father of
Sociology)
"Society is a system consisting of the
interactions of many individuals within a
situation through commonly understood
cultural norms of generalized symbols
and associated meanings." - Talcott
Parsons (American Sociologist)
"Society is a complex of organized
associations and institutions within a
community."
- G.D.H. Cole (English Political Theorist
and Economist)
"Society is a system of usages and
procedures of authority and mutual aid
of many groupings and divisions, of
controls of human behavior and
liberties."
- Robert Macher and Charles Page
(Social Scientists)
“Complex Society”
- in various parts of the world,
including the valleys of the
Tigris-Euphrates, Nile, Indus, and
 Huang rivers, larger and denser
settlements began to emerge.
These large concentrations of
people are referred to as complex
societies or civilizations, which
share many features, including
having a dense population, an
agriculture-based economy, a
social hierarchy, a division of
labor and specialization, a
centralized government,
monuments, record-keeping and
writing, and complex systems of
belief.
- society is intricate because it
involves many parts, like people,
institutions, and systems, all
interacting and affecting each
other. This complexity arises from
how individuals and groups within
society interact, as well as the
cultural, economic, political, and
social systems at work. To grasp
this complexity, we can look at it
through the perspectives of
anthropology and sociology.
Cultural Relativism
Anthropological Perspectives on Society
- Anthropology offers unique
perspectives for studying society,
setting it apart from related
disciplines like history, sociology,
and psychology. Key
anthropological perspectives
include holism, cultural relativism,
comparison, and fieldwork.
Holism
- emphasizes studying the
interconnected aspects of human
life, recognizing that a complete
understanding of humanity.
- requires examining multiple
facets such as culture, history,
and economics.
- Anthropology takes a holistic
approach by studying all aspects
of a culture and society,
recognizing that various societal
elements like religion, economy,
and politics are interconnected.
- Anthropologists are interested in
humanity as a whole and how
different aspects of life interact.
We cannot fully understand what
it means to be human by studying
only one aspect of our complex
history, language, body, and
society.
- encourages understanding other
cultures from their own viewpoint
without judgment.
- it is crucial for avoiding
ethnocentrism, the tendency to
judge other cultures based on
one's own cultural norms. It
enables anthropologists to
appreciate the unique cultural
practices and values of different
societies without imposing their
 own biases.
- this perspective fosters a deeper
understanding of why societies
function the way they do, even if
their practices seem unusual or
unfamiliar.
Comparison (Comparative)
- is a fundamental approach that
explores both commonalities and
differences among humans,
cultures, and societies.
- Anthropologists often engage in
cross-cultural comparisons to
identify similarities and
differences between societies.
This comparative approach helps
us understand the vast array of
ways in which societies have
adapted to different contexts and
addressed various challenges.
They use comparison to learn
what humans have in common,
how we differ, and how we
change.
- through comparison, we expand
our knowledge about the
numerous possible responses to
a wide range of social, cultural,
and environmental factors,
enriching our understanding of
the human experience and its
variations.
Fieldwork
- particularly ethnography, involves
immersive research with the
subjects being studied.
- Anthropologists conduct their
research in the field with the
species, civilization, or groups of
people they are studying.
Fieldwork is referred to as
ethnography, which is both the
process and result of cultural
anthropological research. They
immerse themselves in the
culture they study, living among
the people, and observing their
customs, beliefs, and practices to
gain a deeper understanding.
Sociological Perspectives on Society
The sociological perspective involves
examining society objectively, looking for
patterns and explanations in human
behavior and social structures. It seeks
to understand how individuals' actions
contribute to the broader social context.
There are three major sociological
perspectives:
❖ Structural Functionalism
- this perspective views society as
a complex system in which each
part has a purpose, contributing
to the overall stability and
functioning of society.
- even seemingly negative
aspects, like crime, are seen as
playing a role in maintaining
 social order.
- this perspective views society as
a system with various
interdependent parts that
contribute to its stability and
functioning. It analyzes how
social institutions maintain social
order.
- society is a system of
interconnected parts that work
together in harmony to maintain a
state of balance and social
equilibrium for the whole.
❖ Symbolic Interactionism
- this perspective explores how
individuals and groups construct
meaning through symbols and
interactions. It highlights the
importance of shared symbols,
language, and communication in
shaping social reality.
- all about how people
communicate and create
meaning through symbols like
words, gestures, and signs. It
shows how shared symbols and
interactions shape our
understanding of the world
around us.
❖ Conflict Theory
- posits that societal conflicts arise
from the unequal distribution of
resources, power, and social
status. It emphasizes the role of
social divisions, particularly class
conflict, in driving social change.
- conflict theorists emphasize the
inequalities and power struggles
within society.
- this perspective explains various
aspects of our social world by
looking at which groups have
power and benefit from a
particular social arrangement.
The following perspectives can be
expressed under conflict perspective:
Marxist Perspective
- refers to a method of
socioeconomic analysis that uses
a materialist interpretation of
historical development, better
known as historical materialism,
to understand class relations and
social conflict and a dialectical
perspective to view social
transformation.
- offer distinct lenses through
which sociologists analyze and
explain the dynamics of society,
contributing to a deeper
understanding of human behavior
and societal structures
Feminist Perspective
- analyzes gender stratification
through the intersection of
gender, race, and class; it also
focuses on disseminating gender
inequality and the promotion of
women's interests.

Culture as a Complex Whole
1. Culture
- encompasses beliefs, practices,
values, attitudes, laws, norms,
artifacts, symbols, knowledge,
and everything that a person
learns and shares as a member
of society (E.B Taylor, 1920).
- The word "culture" derives from a
French term, which in turn
derives from the Latin "colere,"
which means to tend to the earth
and grow, or cultivation and
nurture
- It is the features of everyday
existence (such as diversions or
a way of life) shared by people in
a place or time.
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE:
- SYMBOLS
- LANGUAGE
- NORMS
- VALUES
- ARTIFACTS
Anthropological Perspectives on
Culture:
Cultural Relativism
- is a foundational concept in
anthropology. It emphasizes the
importance of understanding a
culture within its own context,
without imposing one's own
cultural values and judgments.
- anthropologists practice cultural
relativism to seek appreciation for
the unique qualities of each
culture and view all cultural
practices, no matter how different
from their own, as equally valid
expressions of human existence.
Historical Particularism (Historical)
- believes that each group of
people has its own unique culture
influenced by its history,
geography, and environment.
- focuses on studying societies and
cultures within specific historical
contexts. It explores how events,
developments,and changes over
time have shaped culture and
society.
Anthropological Functionalism
- believes that cultural elements
and practices are interrelated and
interdependent and persist
because they have a purpose.
Anthropological Structuralism
- conveys that cultural phenomena
and practices have a relationship
to one another by which human
organize and structure their
experiences.
Cultural Materialism

- considers the idea that culture is

influenced by technology,
resources, economic values, and
the utilization of things.

*Anthropological Perspectives on
Society can also be applied in studying
culture.

Participant Observation and Fieldwork

Holistic Perspective (Holism)

Sociological Perspective of Culture:

Functionalism - studies culture in terms

of values.

Conflict Theory - it believes that a

society is a system of material
production that has an effect on the rest
of culture. People who have less power
also have fewer opportunities to adapt
to cultural change.

Symbolic Interactionism - it sees culture

as being created and maintained by the
ways people interact and in how
individuals interpret each other’s
actions.

*Sociological Perspectives on Society

can also be applied in studying culture.
Aspects of Culture
Dynamic, Flexible & Adaptive
- keep in mind that culture is not
fixed and is ever-changing.
- culture is dynamic as it responds
to the changing needs of time,
alongside the motion and actions
within and around it.
Learned
- culture is capable of being
flexible to be able to face any
challenges that life brings.
- People use technology, ideas,
and activities in order to survive
and expand human culture and
society, this only depicts that
culture is adaptive.
- cultural adaptation enables
humans or groups to adjust,
survive, and thrive in their
environment. One way humans
culturally adapt to their
environment is through the use of
tools.
Shared
- keep in mind that in a group or
society, many people have similar
customs, traditions, and ways of
doing things.
- people's practices and ideas to
help them feel like they belong to
the same group.
- We humans are the basic unit of
culture, therefore sharing it with
other people is a must even
though there is a social
differentiation.
- culture is shared because the
members of a cultural group
typically understand a common
set of symbols and practices.
- in mind that people do not inherit
their culture; rather, they learn it
as they grow and interact with
others.
- we learn culture from families,
peers, institutions, and media.
The process of learning culture is
known as enculturation. In
essence, culture is not something
we are born with but something
we develop as we grow and
interact with the world around us.
Culture is learned through
language and modeling, not
genetically transmitted. It is
encoded in the structure,
vocabulary, and semantics of
language.
- this knowledge and the way
individuals act are passed down
from generation to generation
through lessons and daily life
experiences.
Symbolic
- keep in mind that every culture
uses special signs and actions,
like words, gestures, and
traditions, to share significant
meanings.
- It can be found throughout an
organization, from how people
greet one another to the clothes
each person wears.
Cultures Change
- symbols play a crucial role in
cultural expression and
preservation because they
enable individuals within a
society to understand and
connect to one another.
- symbols can indicate status and
trigger certain behaviors.
- symbolic culture, or nonmaterial
culture, is the ability to learn and
transmit behavioral traditions
from one generation to the next
by the invention of things that
exist entirely in the symbolic
realm.
Relative
Patterned Social Interactions
- keep in mind that what a culture
believes and does isn't the same
everywhere; it depends on the
culture's point of view.
- what's considered normal in one
place may be different
somewhere else
- cultural relativism acknowledges
that what may be considered
normal or acceptable in one
culture may be viewed as
strange, immoral, or
unacceptable in another. It
emphasizes the importance of
understanding and respecting
different cultural perspectives
without imposing one's own
values and beliefs on others.
- refers to the process of significant
alterations or transformations in
the shared beliefs, values, and
practices of a particular group or
community over time. Notably,
culture changes across different
periods because each generation
adds unique aspects before
bequeathing to posterity.
- The term "cultural change" is
used by sociologists and in public
policy to denote the way society
is changed. Society takes on new
cultural traits, behavior patterns,
and social norms, and creates
new social structures as a result.
- social interaction is the mutual
influence of two or more people
on each other's behavior.
- these situations are guided by
accepted traditions, social mores,
and anticipated behavior in that
 community. may change. A simple social
exchange may lead to
- according to Thompson and cooperation. A small competition
Hickey (2005), social interaction may result in a big conflict.
is the “mutual influence of two or
more people on each other’s Requires Language and Communication
behavior and is the foundation of
- Language, as a primary form of
the whole social order." Social
communication, plays a crucial
interaction can help us filter the
role. However, culture is not
parts of the culture that we
limited to verbal communication
learned so that we can identify
alone; it also involves non-verbal
what suits us and what does not.
forms of expression, such as
Integrated and at times Unstable gestures, symbols, art, and
rituals.
- culture can be integrated - verbal language, nonverbal
because it serves as an communication, symbols, and
adhesive, bringing people gestures are all important
together around common values components of cultural
and traditions. It is, however, transmission and understanding.
unstable at times due to the These forms of communication
introduction of new ideas or are essential for sharing
conflicts in society concerning information, beliefs, values, and
established cultural norms and cultural practices.
practices.

- this means that while cultures or

systems can function well
together and have a sense of
unity, they can also experience
moments of instability and
disruption caused by various
circumstances. These disruptions
have the potential to change the
system and cause conflicts and
instability.

- The patterns of social interaction

are connected to each other and
may change from time to time.
The type of our social interaction
BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL nature’s way of helping creatures fit
EVOLUTION: FROM EARLY TO into their environment better.
MODERN HUMANS IN THE FOSSIL
RECORD 7 STAGES OF HUMAN EVOLUTION:

Ardipithecus
➔ CHARLES DARWIN
[5.8 million to 4.4 million years ago]
- English naturalist, geologist, and
● Earliest Hominidae genus.
biologist, widely known for his
● Lived in present-day Ethiopia.
contributions to evolutionary
● Fossil named “Ardi” found in
biology.
Ethiopia's Middle Awash in 1994.
- Darwin's theory of evolution by
● Early hominids that were bipedal,
natural selection, introduced in
but still tree-dwelling.
"On the Origin of Species"
● Primarily ate fruits, leaves.
(1859), forms the bedrock of
● Used basic, natural tools made in
modern evolutionary theory.
materials such as sticks and
➔ Darwin's proposal suggests that
rocks.
species can change and evolve
● Mixture of ape-like and
over time. New species arise
human-like features.
from pre-existing ones, and all
species ultimately share a
Australopithecus (Southern Apes)
common ancestor. Each species
[4.4 million to 1.4 million years ago]
has its own distinct set of genetic
● Flourished in Southern Africa.
differences from this common
● Notable Australopithecus
ancestor, which accumulate
Specimen: "Lucy,"a well
gradually over extended periods.
preserved skeleton. 3.2 mya,
Ethiopia (1974) by Donald
EVOLUTION - a processthat results in
Johanson.
changes in the genetic material of a
● Bipedal similar to humans, but
population over time and it reflects the
small-brained like apes.
adaptation of organisms to their
● Ate plants, occasional insects.
environment.
● Protruding face and ape-like
teeth.
BIOLOGICAL OR GENETIC
● Mostly terrestrial but still able to
EVOLUTION - changes in inherited
climb trees.
traits of a population over generations

DARWINISM - the idea that all living

things share a common family tree,
and species change over time. it’s
Homo habilis (Able Man)
[2.4 to 1.5 million years ago]
● Homo habilis inhabited parts of
sub-Saharan Africa.
● Initial fossils at Olduvai Gorge,
Tanzania (1959-1960)
● Early humans developed
advanced Oldowan stone tools,
created through rock striking.
● Primarily plants, sporadic meat,
and insects
● Human-like face with smaller
teeth.
Homo erectus(Upright Man)
[1.9 million to 143,000 years ago]
● Migrated through Africa, Europe,
South and Southeast Asia.
● The first to master fire and
spread across the globe.
● The first fossil discovery in
Indonesia at Solo River (1891) by
Eugène Dubois.
● Known for Acheulean hand axes,
versatile butchering and cutting
tools.
● Ate plant with a significant meat
reliance.
● Long legs and efficient body
shape for long-distance traveling.
Homo heidelbergensis
[700,000-200,000 years ago]
● Name emerged in 1908 from a
1907 jaw discovery.
● Found near Mauer, southeast of
Heidelberg, Germany.
● Used Acheulean hand axes and
cleavers.
● Skilled hunters, used tools for
hunting.
● Diet varied by region, focusing on
meat or seafood.
● Sturdy, well-adapted body for
hunting and gathering.
● Prominent brow ridges and
robust facial features.
Neanderthals (New Human Species)
[400,000-40,000 years ago]
● Thrived from Atlantic Europe to
Central Asia, spanning Belgium
to Asia.
● Evidence show that they bred
with homo sapiens.
● First fossils found in Feldhofer
Cave, Neander Valley, Germany
(1856).
● Diet: relying on meat and plants.
● Distinctive heavy brow ridges,
robust body, and wide nasal
openings.
Homo sapiens (Wise Men)
[Aprox. 300,000 years ago to the
present]
● Molecular clocks revealed the
evolutionary path from early
humans to Homo sapiens.
● Exact location as to where they
thrived is still in debate.
● Diverse traits from global
adaptability.
● Evolved complex language and
communication skills.
● Innovated advanced tools, art,
and tech.
Cultural Evolution RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
- The development and
1.LANGUAGE EVOLUTION
modification of religious doctrines
2.TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
and practices within a particular
3.CULTURAL NORMS
faith.
4.ARTISTIC STYLES
5.RELIGIOUS BELIEFS

LANGUAGE EVOLUTION
- The development of languages
over generations, with new words
and grammatical structures
emerging and old ones fading
away.

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS

- The progression from simple

tools to complex technology, like
the evolution of Acheulean
Handaxes from Oldowan Stone
Tools.

CULTURAL NORMS

- The shift in societal norms and

values, such as changing
attitudes toward gender roles,
marriage, or environmental
conservation.

ARTISTIC STYLES

- The transformation of art, music,

and fashion trends as they evolve
and influence each other over
time.
Ardipithecus ● There is no evidence for any specific cultural attributes.
● Possible use of simple tools like twigs, sticks by early humans.
● Unaltered stone tools used for processing hard foods in history.

Australopithecus ● Lived in small mixed-gender social groups.

● Females were lesser than males
● Stone tools used for butchering and marrow extraction.

Homo habilis ● Homo habilis had a culture blending chimpanzee and modern
human traits.

● Possible development of monogamy with one male and one

female partner.

● Group gatherings to process animals with stone tools, males as

guards.

● Scavenged meat, possibly hunted, and gathered plant foods.

● Potential use of stone tools and small huts or shelters.

Homo Erectus ● Occasional use of complex bifacial tools in northern China.

● Possible contact between various groups, maybe Homo
heidelbergensis involvement.
● Fewer stone tools found in East Asia; non-durable materials like
bamboo may have been used.
● Evidence of fire use about 500,000 years ago through burnt
stones, animal bones, charcoal, and ash.

Homo ● Possible use of animal hide clothing in cooler European regions,

Heidelbergensis limited evidence.
● They lived in cooperative groups.
● Engaged in large animal hunting.
● Created a range of tools, including stone hand axes and wooden
spears with stone spearheads.

Neanderthals ● Culture centered on hunting, with scavenging and local plant

 gathering.
● Recent evidence shows Neanderthals engaging in symbolic and
artistic activities.
● They created the world's oldest cave paintings.
● Wore seashell body ornaments, indicating artistic and symbolic
thinking like humans.

Homo Sapiens ● Homo sapiens developed diverse cultures.

● Engaged in hunting, gathering, and agriculture.
● Created art, symbolic rituals, and complex societies.
● Utilized language for communication and passed down
knowledge.
● Displayed a rich cultural and symbolic heritage.
Stopped hunting 12,000 years ago.
Why should we - Artifacts are essential for studying ancient cultures.
learn about Archaeologists excavate sites to uncover and understand the
artifacts? past through these findings.

Ardi - Ardi, a 4.4 million-year-old hominid fossil, informs our

understanding of human evolution, not an artifact but a natural
window into our distant past.

Oldest Stone Tools - Australopithecus, left stone tools and other artifacts, offering
insights into their behaviors and evolution.

Oldowan Tools - Homo habilis crafted Oldowan tools from chipped stones, with
the first finds at Olduvai Gorge.

Acheulean Hand - Prehistoric stone tools with two faces that are used for cutting in
Axes butchering. it was madde by the Homo erectus and were are
the longest-used tool.

Laetoli Footprints - A footprint left by a hominin that belongs to australopithecus.

Mousterian Tools - A tool created by Neanderthals which were carefully crafted

and versatile. Used as scrapers, saws, and weapons.

Cave Paintings - An art that was introduced by Neandethals, this artifact reflects
the emergence of complex culture, communication and
symbolic thinking.

SWIMMING - A carving made by Homo Sapiens. This is the time where

REINDEER OF humans had started making objects that had no purpose other
MONTRASTUC than to reflect the patterns and sight they were experiencing.

Old Wooden Spears - Old wooden spears that were used by the Homo
Heidelbergensis, emphasizing their skills in hunting.
Lesson: Cultural and Sociopolitical
Evolution
THE FOUR SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS:
Hunter-gatherer Society
- Societies that rely primarily or
exclusively on hunting wild
animals, fishing, and gathering
wild fruits, berries, nuts, and
vegetables to support their diet.
Horticulturist Societies
- A horticultural society is one in
which people subsist through the
cultivation of plants for food
consumption without the use of
mechanized tools or the use of
animals to pull plows.
Agrarian Societies
- An agrarian society focuses its
economy primarily on agriculture
and the cultivation of large fields.
Industrial Societies
- Characterized by the widespread
use of technology and heavy
machinery to facilitate
production and the support of a
large population with a high
capacity for division of labor.
Pastoralism
- Pastoralism is one of the several
subsistence patterns and
revolves around herding
domesticated livestock.
TWO MAIN TYPES OF PASTORAL
SOCIETY:
❖ Nomadic people follow animals
as they migrate seasonally.
❖ Transhumant people control the
movement of their herds, moving
them from cool areas in the
summer to warmer locations in
the winter.
Industrial
- Industrialization is the process
whereby the economy shifted
from being based largely around
agriculture to being based on
industry and manufacturing.
Post-Industrial
- A post-Industrial society is one
that has transformed itself from
one that is based around mass
production of goods to one that is
focused on providing services.
THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
- The Neolithic Revolution , also
called the Agricultural Revolution,
marked the transition in human
mass
history from small, nomadic
bands of hunter-gatherers to
larger, agricultural settlements
and early civilization.
EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE RISE
OF THE STATE
- MESOPOTAMIA, EGYPT,
CHINA, AND INDIA
 - These four early civilizations had
the capacity to harvest their
sources from nearby bodies of
water, these settlements grew to
become complex territories and
other empires developed a
system of writings,
transformation, status and later
on establishment of the state.

DEMOCRATIZATION
- Demos – the common people.
- Kratia – power.
- The political power, direct or
indirect through participation,
competition, and liberty.
- Favors individual freedom over
collective equality.