Week 1, Report 2: Measurement

Title:

Measurement:
Length, Mass, Volume, Density, and Time

Laboratorial Report 2
Created to fulfill the assignment for Mechanic and heat EN222 subject

By:
I Wayan Surya Aryana (2014370006)

Lecturers:
Lina J Diguna
Fatih

Sampoerna University
Jakarta, June 8th, 2015
Week 1, Report 2: Measurement

Abstract
Measurement is an essential activity that need to be presented in the physics experiment;
when the measurement is close to the perfect, the experiment is said to be success. In this second
physics laboratorial activity, the students are undergoing five activities toward the concept of
measurement. Determining length, sensing mass, calculating volume, comparing density, and
checking time are what the student have done in laboratory; by using the concept of percent error
and reading graph, the students are expected to be able to understand the basic concept of
measurement and its SI measurement unit.

Keyword: Length, Mass, Volume, Density, Time, Error, Slope, Graph.

Week 1, Report 2: Measurement

Chapter I
Objective

1. Student is expected to be able to perform a basic measurement about distance, density, and
time.
2. Student is expected to be able to use a proper unit in calculating the volume and density of an
object.
3. Student is expected to be able to construct graph using spreadsheet software due to the
relationship between the circumference of a circle and its diameter.
Week 1, Report 2: Measurement

Chapter II
Methodology
1. Material

The materials that being used in the second physics lab-activity are as what they are shown in
the table 1 as follow:

Table 1. Materials

Source of Materials Label or Box Bag Quantity Item Description

3 Box-like object
2 Pencil or pen
1 Chair or step tool
Student 5 Circular object of different size
1 Computer and spreadsheet program
1 Lab partner
1 Cup filled with tap water
1 Cylinder, 25 ml
1 Ruler, Metric
1 Digital scale
1 Scale-spring-500 g
1 Digital Stopwatch
Laboratories
1 Tape measurement
Marble, bolt, and 1 Bolt, small metal
Spring bag
String and weight 1 4 meter string
bag

2. Procedure

2.1. Activity 1: Length, Time, and Mass Measurement

Length
a. Setting the data-record table as shown below:

Table 2. Estimation of Various Measurement

Measurement Estimated Actual % Error

Length (m)
Time (s)
Mass (g)

b. Estimating the length of a meter by putting a pen or pencil at one end of the table and
placing a second pen or pencil about one meter away from the first.
Week 1, Report 2: Measurement

c. Using the tape measurement to measure the actual length of your meter estimation.
d. Recording the length of your meter estimation.
e. Calculating the percent error.

Time
a. Estimating a 30-s time period while someone else times you using a stopwatch.
b. Recording the actual time of your estimation.
c. Calculating the percent error of the estimation from the actual time.

Mass
a. Picking up a small paperback book or similar small object.
b. Estimating the mass of the object.
c. Determining the actual mass of the object using the 500-g spring scale.
d. Recording the estimation mass and the actual mass.
e. Calculating the percent error.

2.2. Activity 2: Measuring Using Instrument of Varying Degrees of Precision.

a. Choosing three object.
b. Setting three tables as shown below:

Table 3. Measurement of Object 1 Using Various Instrument

Length (cm) Width (cm) Height (cm) Volume (cm3)

Object Being Measured
Hand (hand unit)
Hand (cm)
Ruler
Meter tape
Week 1, Report 2: Measurement

Table 4. . Measurement of Object 2 Using Various Instrument

Length (cm) Width (cm) Height (cm) Volume (cm3)

Object Being Measured
Hand (hand unit)
Hand (cm)
Ruler
Meter tape

Table 5. Measurement of Object 3 Using Various Instrument

Length (cm) Width (cm) Height (cm) Volume (cm3)

Object Being Measured
Hand (hand unit)
Hand (cm)
Ruler
Meter tape

c. Using hand as what it is instructed below:

 Spreading out your hand and use the measuring tape to measure the distance
from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the little finger in centimeter and record
the value
 Using hand to measure the length, width, and height of the three rectangular
items.
 Converting the hand unit to centimeter and record in the table 3.

d. Using metric ruler and meter tape as what it is instructed below:

 Using the metric ruler to measure the length, width, and height of the same
objects in step c.
 Recording the data in the table 4 by using the nearest half-millimeter
 Measuring the length, width, and height if the box with the tape measure.
 Recording the measurement data in the table 4.

e. Performing the calculation as follow:

 Calculating the volume using three different set of measurement and record it.
Week 1, Report 2: Measurement

2.3. Activity 3: Graphing Data and Determining π

a. Setting up the data table as what it is shown below:

Table 6. Determination of π

Object Diameter D (cm) Circumference C (cm) Slope % Error

b. Selecting five circular object of different size.

c. Using the metric ruler or tape measurement to measure the diameter D in centimeter
of each object to two decimal points and record the data in the table 6.
d. Using tape measurement, measure the circumference C in centimeter of each object
to two decimal point and record the data in the table 6.
e. Graphing C versus D using a computer spreadsheet program.
f. Using linear line fit command from the program menu to plot a best-fit line.
g. Recording the slope of each line in the table 6.
h. Calculating the percent error of the value obtained from the slope from the true value
of π.
i. Recording the percent error in the table 6.

2.4. Activity 4: Density Measurement.

a. Setting up the data like what it is shown below:

Table 7. Density Measurement

Measurement Value
Mass using scale (Ms)
Mass of displaced water (Md)
Volume using ruler (Vr)
Volume using displacement (Vd )
Density 1 (ρ1 = Ms/Vr)
Density 2 (ρ2 = Ms/Vd)
Density 3 (ρ3 = Md/Vr)
Density 4 (ρ3 = Md/Vd)
Week 1, Report 2: Measurement

b. Finding the mass of the bolt using a digital scale and then compare this value to the
mass of the water displaced by bolt using the following steps:
 Using the digital scale to find the mass (Ms) in gram of the metal bolt.
 Filling the graduated cylinder to exactly the 10-ml line with water.till the
graduated cylinder at a 45 to 60 degree angle and allow the bolt to slowly slide
down the side of the graduated cylinder until it rest at the bottom. Be careful not
to allow any water to splash out of the graduated cylinder.
 Calculating the final volume minus 10 ml. this is the amount of water displaced
by the bolt.
 Determining the mass (Md) of the volume of water that was displaced by the bolt.
c. Taking a moment to compare the values for Ms and Md.
d. Finding the volume of the volt with ruler and with displacement by using the
following steps:
 Using ruler to measure in millimeter the length, width, and the height of the metal
bolt.
 Calculate the volume (Vr).
 Calculate the volume (Vd).
e. Taking a moment to compare the values of Vr and Vd.
f. Calculate the density of bolt.
g. Taking a moment to compare all the type of density and consider which density type
is more accurate.

2.5. Activity 5: Time Measurements.

Aye Opened
a. Setting the table as what it is shown below:

Table 8. Time Measurement Using Visual Cues

Drop time (s)

Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Average
Week 1, Report 2: Measurement

b. Measuring and marking a verticals distance of 2 m from the floor up.

c. Standing on the chair and hold a small box or similar object at the marked height in
one hand and the stopwatch in the other hand.
d. Starting the stopwatch at the same instant time the releasing of the falling object.
e. Stopping the stopwatch when the object is hitting the floor.
f. Record the times to nearest tenth of a second in table 8.
g. Repeating the trial to three times.
h. Finding the average drop time of the object.
i. Recording it in the table 8.

Aye Closed

a. Setting the table as what it is shown below:

Table 9. Time Measurement Using Visual Cues

Drop time (s)

Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Average

b. Repeating the step of the eye opened activity, however in this time the eye is closed.
Week 1, Report 2: Measurement

Chapter III
Result and Discussion

1. Experimental Theory

Physics is fundamentally an experimental science-based study that importantly aiming

at the flawless result of its measurement. In physics experiment, it is important to regard the
measurement process as an essential process that need to be precisely and accurately done;
every experiment, as a result, need to have a perfect-close result of its scientific measurement.
By using an international unit standard, every unit that involved in physics experiment is
consequently become well determined and therefore is expected to be able to create a
similarity in an international level standard. Regarding International System of Unit or
commonly called as SI is theoretically a modern form of the metric system that use the units
of ten as its basis in processing the experimental data number, therefore by aiming at the same
standard, the physics measurement is then expected not to have a vague result in every
different country indeed it should shows a resemblance and unity perception due to what
measurement means and aiming for.
Length, temperature, volume, mass, and density, as a result of the international
standardized, have been possessing an international unit. Length, as a variable that being used
to measure the length of something, is having meter as its SI unit. In line with length,
temperature has Kelvin as its SI unit. Volume has liter as its SU unit and mass has kilogram
as its SI. Density, since there are liquid form and solid form of an object, is sometimes
performed by using two different unit; the density of liquids are usually reported in grams per
milliliter (g/ml), the density of solid, however, are usually reported in grams per cubic
centimeter (g/cm3).
Due to the experiment, the formula that being used are as follows:
𝑀 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝜌 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
=
𝑀 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝜌 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

⃒𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒⃒

%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100%
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Week 1, Report 2: Measurement

⃒𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 1 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 2⃒

%𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 100%
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

∑(𝑥 − x̅ )^2
𝜎= √
𝑁 −1

2. Discussion 1: Length, Time, and Mass Measurement

Table 9. Estimation Result of Various Measurements

Measurement Estimated Actual % Error

Length (m) 14.0 13.8 1.45
Time (s) 30.00 30.62 2.02
Mass (g) 40 50 20

By using the formula of percent error the percent error of each prediction (length, time,
and mass) is recorded in the table; the calculations are shown as follows:

⃒14.0 − 13.8⃒
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = × 100%
13.8
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 1.45%

⃒30.00 − 30.62⃒
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = × 100%
30.62
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 2.02%

⃒40 − 50⃒
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = × 100%
50
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 20%

Answering Question
The results shown in the table are basically based on the calculation performed under
the table 9. Based on the observations, the calculations are basically telling that, in physics
experiment, using an estimation or prediction to determine the value of certain object must
definitely resulting an error. This is fundamentally grounded by the essence of prediction
Week 1, Report 2: Measurement

itself; the more the prediction is used by someone on a certain case, the least possibilities of
prediction error will be. Therefore, by looking at the result, it is reasonable to conclude that
predicting length is easier rather that predicting mass because some people have been getting
used to predicting length compared to predicting mass; and by that, it is also acceptable to say
that the data of length prediction is more reliable compared to the data of mass prediction.
In short, it is important to correctly perform an estimation (in this case length, time, and
mass) because the estimation itself is directly proportional to the value of the percent error in
the experiment. When the error is big (more than five percent), the data used in the experiment
is consequently said to be failed or unreliable; cannot be used to determine the value of the
result.

3. Discussion 2: Measuring Using Instrument of Varying Degree of Precision

Table 10. Measurement of Object 1 Using Various Instruments

Length (cm) Width (cm) Height (cm) Volume (cm3)

Object Being Measured Book Book Book Book
Hand (hand unit) 1 5/4 1/6 0.208
Hand (cm) 18.50 23.10 3.00 1282.05
Ruler 18.60 23.20 2.00 863.00
Meter tape 18.6 23.3 2 866.80

Based on the table 10, the measurement using hand is really showing a visible error. By
determining the mater tape as an acceptable value, the error of the measurement using hand
and ruler are as follow:

⃒1282.05 − 866.80⃒
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 100%
866.80
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 47.90%

⃒863.00 − 866.80⃒
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 100%
866.80
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.44%
Week 1, Report 2: Measurement

Table 11. Measurement of Object 2 Using Various Instruments

Length (cm) Width (cm) Height (cm) Volume (cm3)

Object Being Measured Hand phone Hand phone Hand phone Hand phone
Hand (hand unit) 3/4 1/3 1/10 0.02
Hand (cm) 13.90 6.20 1.85 159.40
Ruler 14.30 7.30 1.40 146.15
Meter tape 14.30 7.40 1.40 148.15

In line with the result shown by table 10, table 11 is also showing the bigger error of the
measurement using hand compared to using ruler. By determining the mater tape as an
acceptable value, the error of the measurement using hand and ruler are as follow:

⃒159.40 − 148.15⃒
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 100%
148.15
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 7.60%

⃒146.15 − 148.15⃒
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 100%
148.15
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 1.35%

Table 12. Measurement of Object 2 Using Various Instruments

Length (cm) Width (cm) Height (cm) Volume (cm3)

Object Being Measured Table Table Table Table
Hand (hand unit) 10/3 13/2 25/6 90.30
Hand (cm) 61.65 120.25 77.10 571574.10
Ruler 60.00 121.00 76.50 555390.00
Meter tape 60.00 120.00 78.50 565200.00

By observing the table, it can be shown that a hand measurement, in contrast to two
different trial above, reflecting less error comparing to the ruler measurement . By determining
the mater tape as an acceptable value, the error of the measurement using hand and ruler are
as follow:

⃒571574.10 − 565200.00⃒
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 100%
565200.00
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 1.15%
Week 1, Report 2: Measurement

⃒555390.00 − 565200.00⃒
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 100%
565200.00
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 1.70%

The three tables above, in conclusion, can basically reveal that, the percent error of an
experimental result is really depending on how accurate is the tool used in measuring the data. When
hand is being used to measure the length of a certain data, the precision of the data measurement is
lost while converting the “hand unit” of the data to be another unit (in this case another unit is SI).
However, it is in contrast to ruler and meter tape; considering that those two measurement tools are
being used without converting its unit to another units, the percent error of their results is consequently
less than the hand measurement tool.

Answering Questions

Besides revealing the percent error due to the measurement tool that is being used, the three
tables are also implicitly stating that the influence of the measurement tool to determine the percent
error is decreasing when the measurement is done to the bigger object. By doing observation, it can be
shown that, when the hand is used to measure the small object (hand phone) the error is bigger rather
that when the hand is used to measure a bigger object (table). In short, hand is adequate to be used as
a measurement tool is when hand is used to measure a big object.
When a variables of a calculation are altered by the chance of error, the value of the finals result
of the calculation will also be shifted toward a bigger error. Therefore when the length, width, and
height of a calculation is being off a little, the value of the volume will be changed toward an error.

4. Discussion 3: Graphing Data and Determining π

Table 13.Determination of π

Object Diameter D (cm) Circumference C (cm) Slope % Error

Dumble 2.50 8.00 3.20 1.85%
Cap of a bottle 3.10 10.50 3.40 8.20%
Betray 3.30 10.80 3.25 3.40%
Glass 6.40 21.40 3.20 1.80%
Chair 28.20 60.30 2.10 33.16%

Based on table, the graph of circumference versus diameter is as follow:

Week 1, Report 2: Measurement

Graph Circumference Versus Diameter

70

60,3
60

50
Circumference

40

30
21,4
20
10,5 10,8
8
10

0
2,5 3,1 3,3 6,4 28,2
Diameter

Based on the observation, the shape of the graph is not linear; this is basically because the graph
is made up of lines that has different slope. Besides the difference of the slope regard the graph as a
nonlinear graph, the difference of the slope in each line is also regard the error that is contained in each
data taken. Since the slope of each line is indicating the π (and the value of the π is ideally constant
which is 3.142), therefore when the graph is performing a nonlinear line, the graph is
consequently indicating an error. The value of the error is basically calculated by comparing
the difference between slope and π to the value of π which is 3.14.
Week 1, Report 2: Measurement

5. Discussion 4: Density Measurement

Table 14. Density Measurement

Measurement Value
Mass using scale (Ms) 8.00 × 10-3 kg
Mass of displaced water (Md) 2.00 × 10-3 kg
Volume using ruler (Vr) 3.30 cm3
Volume using displacement (Vd ) 1.50 cm3
Density 1 (ρ1 = Ms/Vr) 2.40 g/cm3
Density 2 (ρ2 = Ms/Vd) 5.30 g/cm3
Density 3 (ρ3 = Md/Vr) 0.60 g/cm3
Density 4 (ρ3 = Md/Vd) 1.30 g/cm3

The density that is being showed in the table are basically determined by using the calculation
bellow:
ρ1 = Ms/Vr
ρ1 = 8.00 × 10-3 kg /3.30 cm3
ρ1 = 8.00 × 10-3 kg /3.30 cm3
ρ1 = 2.40 g/cm3

ρ2 = Ms/Vd
ρ1 = 8.00 × 10-3 kg /1.50 cm3
ρ1 = 5.30 g/cm3

ρ3 = Md/Vr
ρ3 = 2.00 × 10-3 kg /3.30 cm3
ρ3 = 0.60 g/cm3

ρ3 = Md/Vd
ρ3 = 2.00 × 10-3 kg /1.50 cm3
ρ3 = 1.30 g/cm3
Week 1, Report 2: Measurement

Answering Question
In the experiment, especially when measuring the displaced water, the error is occurred;
it is basically grounded by the limitation of the scale of the graduated cylinder. When the
displaced water is too small and the graduated cylinder cannot precisely read the displaced
water scale, the experiment is consequently said to be occurring an error. Therefore the
accurate value of calculation is came from the data that is not gotten from the displaced water
data. As a result the most accurate density value is the first density which is ρ1 = 2.40 g/cm3
The Archimedes principles is stating that the raising force of the fluid is equal to the
weight of the object.
Fraise = W object
ρ fluid × g ×v object in fluid = ρ object × g × v object
ρ fluid × g ×v object in fluid = ρ object × g × v object

In other word the formula can be expressed as follow:

𝑀 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝜌 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
=
𝑀 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝜌 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

The principle is basically used in this experiment; when the object is slid down slowly
to the graduated cylinder, the water in the graduated cylinder is raised with an amount that is
equal to the volume of the object. Based on the formula, it can be seen that the floating objects
displaced a mass of fluid that is equal to its own mass, and the mass of a submerged object is
diminished by the mass of the displaced fluid.
Week 1, Report 2: Measurement

6. Discussion 5: Time Measurements

Table 15. Aye Opened Time Measurement

Drop time (s)

Trial 1 1.0
Trial 2 0.9
Trial 3 1.1
Average 1.0

Based on the table, it can be shown that, between the first trial, the second trial, and
the third trial, the time take of the object to reach the floor is not too visible in difference.
Therefore, by seeing the average of the time taken which is one second, the data can be said
to be accurate.

Table 16. Aye Closed Time Measurement

Drop time (s)

Trial 1 1.6
Trial 2 1.8
Trial 3 1.2
Average 1.5

Differ from what it is shown in the table 15, table 16 is showing an irregular difference
between each trial. By considering that the observation is limited by just hearing the sound of
the falling object (without seeing it as what it is done in the table 15), the data taken in the aye
closed observation is having a greater error compared to the aye opened observation.

Answering Question

In an experiment, individual data is said to be inaccurate; by assuming that the

possibilities of an error may occurred in an individual data, therefore the data taken is done
more than once. After getting several individual data, those data then can be proceed
(compering to each other); therefore, by finding the average of the data, the result then can be
said to be perfect-close data. In short the average data is more accurate compared to the
individual data due to the possibilities of error that may contained by individual data.
Week 1, Report 2: Measurement

When the many trial are run and then recorded, the possibilities of having the highest
data and the lowest data to be disregarded may be occurred; in this case, the highest data and
the lowest data is said to be vanishing each other. When this is happened the technique can
still be used (it has no effect to the final result) because the data taken is so many. When the
two data is disregarded, there are still several data that can be used to determine the final result
or average.

In doing an observation due to the data taken process, the technique that is being used
in observing/getting the data may be different. Some may be visual, some may be aural, or
some may be both (visual and aural). Those technique are having their own weaknesses and
therefore one of those technique may not be used in a certain experimental. In the case of the
time measurement, the different between those three are as follows:

Visual Aural Both

Since the data take can be Since the data cannot be seen Since the observer can see
seed directly, therefore thedirectly and the movement and hear the object fall and
difference between the time of the sound vibration need reach the floor, this
when the object reach the time to be heard in the techniques may be the best
floor and the time when the observer ear, therefore the in measuring the time
observer see the object reach
difference between the time
the floor is just slightly when the object reach the
difference (small error) floor and the time when the
observer see the object reach
the floor is bigger compared
to the visual technique
(grater error)
Less disturbance Grate sound disturbance -
(due to another student
activities in the same place)
Independent to the material The data may be difference if -
in the current place. the material that is being
used by the sound vibration
is difference also.
Week 1, Report 2: Measurement

Chapter IV
Conclusion
1. Conclusion

a. Distance/length measurement is using meter as its SI unit; Mass measurement is using

kilogram as its SI unit; Density measurement is using g/cm3 or g/ml as its SI unit; and
time measurement is using second as its SI unit.
b. Calculation in determining volume and density is commonly using both manual
calculation and Archimedes principle; the acceptance density of the object being
measured is ρ1 = 2.40 g/cm3.
c. Graph is shown in the discussion 3.

2. Recommendation

a. Due to the vague steps, the experiment would be better if the procedure is clearly stating
the calculation steps of the experiment.
Week 1, Report 2: Measurement

References
(2015). Experimental Error and Uncertainty Guidance. South Jakarta: Lonestar Collage (Sampoerna
University). Retrieved June 12, 2015

Physicsjhs. (2010, October 13). Archimedes low. Retrieved from Physics For Junior High School:
https://physicsjhs.wordpress.com/2010/10/13/archimedes-low/