GENERAL PHYSICS PRACTICUM

"MEASUREMENT"
Compiled to fulfill General Physics Practicum Course assignments

Supporting Lecturer:

Sabani S.Pd., M.Si.

Iwan Martua Simbolon 4223111066

BILINGUAL MATHEMATICS EDUCATION S-1 STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF MATH AND SCIENCE MEDAN STATE UNIVERSITY
SEPTEMBER 2022

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 FOREWORD

Praise be to God Almighty, for His grace, the author was able to complete the Practicum Report
entitled "Measurement" to fulfill the task of the General Physics Practicum Course. The author would like
to thank Mr. Sabani S.Pd., M.Sc. for the tutorial and all the opportunities that have been given to the
author in making this report.

Realize that this report is far from perfect. Therefore, suggestions and constructive criticism are
highly expected for better works in the future. Hopefully this report will be useful for readers and for the
writer himself in particular.

Medan, 29 September 2022

Iwan Martua Simbolon

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD .................................................................................................................................. 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER I .................................................................................................................................... 4
PRELIMINARY ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Measurement Purpose ........................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Literature Review .................................................................................................................. 4
1. Vernier calipers ....................................................................................................................... 4
2. Screw Micrometer ................................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER II................................................................................................................................... 7
TOOLS AND MATERIALS .......................................................................................................... 7
2.1 TOOLS .................................................................................................................................. 7
2.2 MATERIALS ........................................................................................................................ 7
CHAPTER III ............................................................................................................................... 11
EXPERIMENT PROCEDUR ....................................................................................................... 11
3.1 EXPERIMENT PROCEDUR ............................................................................................. 11
CHAPTER IV ............................................................................................................................... 13
DISCUSSION AND RESULT ..................................................................................................... 13
A. Task After Experiment .......................................................................................................... 13
CHAPTER V ................................................................................................................................ 18
CLOSING ..................................................................................................................................... 18
5.1 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 18
5.2 SUGGESTION .................................................................................................................... 18

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 CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

1.1 Background
Measurement is an activity to compare something that can be measured (quantity) with something
that has been determined as a benchmark (unit). In the world of physics, doing measurement or
experiment is the most important thing to determine the desired result. In conducting experiments
between one person with another person will surely have different results.

Measurement activities often get uncertain values because of this including scientific nature.
Even a scientist, if he takes measurements, he will get uncertainty value but they still accept the
measurement result because of the uncertainty always appears on a measurement. All figures obtained
from the measurement results and plus one figure is called a significant figure.

There is definitely no measuring tool that is perfect both in terms of manufacture and terms of
implementation. Here are some errors caused by the measuring instrument. Error calibration. Zero point
error, and Tool component error

1.2 Measurement Purpose

The objectives of this practicum are:

1. Studying the use of measuring instruments for measurements of length, mass and volume.

2. Read the measurement results from the measuring instruments used exactly

3. Knowing the Procedure or steps of using measuring instruments

4. Knowing what is a length measuring instrument and a mass measuring instrument

5. Knowing the Parts of the Measuring instrument used

6. Studying the use of rectification theory / error from results in measurements

1.3 Literature Review

1. Vernier calipers
The Vernier calipers is a long-term measuring instrument that has two scales, namely the main
scale and the nonius scale. The calipers can be used to measure:

a. The outer part of an object

b. The inside of an object (a hollow object)

c. The depth of an object.

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 The accuracy of the readings depends on the nonius scale in this case is 0; 10 mm; 0.05 mm; or
0.02 mm. Things that must be considered when using the calipers are:

a. The motion measuring jaw (launcher) should be able to slide on the measuring rod well without
swaying.

b. Checks the zero position as well as the alignment of the surfaces of both jaws.

c. Measuring objects wherever possible should not be measured using only the tip of the
measuring jaw (should be slightly inward).

d. The measurement pressure should not be too strong so as to allow bending the measuring jaw
or the tongue to measure the depth.

e. Nonius scale readings are carried out after the calipers are carefully lifted from the measuring
object (after the launcher is turned off). Tilting the calipers so that the plane of the nonius scale is almost
parallel to the field of view, thereby making it easier to determine the nonius line that becomes in line
with the main scale line scale.

2. Screw Micrometer
A micrometer is a linear measuring instrument that has better accuracy than the calipers. In
general, it has a precision of up to 0.01 mm, so it is actually unable to measure up to the accuracy of 1
micrometer (although the name of this tool is a micrometer). Sometimes there are also those made with a
carefulness of 0.05 mm and even 0.002 mm.

A screw micrometer consists of two parts, namely a fixed part and a rotatable part (outer sheath).
Similarly, the screw micrometer calipers have two scales, namely the main scale contained in the fixed
part and the nonius scale located on the rotatable part

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Screw micrometer parts:

a) Fixed scale or main scale.

b) Key

c) Play scale, Player.

d) Upper jaw, Sliding jaw.

The functions of the screw micrometer include:

a. Measuring the thickness of the outer diameter of a metal, wire and so on

b. Measuring the thickness of a material for example: books, paper, small boxes and so on

c. Measuring the length of a not very large part

d. Measuring the distance of two very close points.

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 CHAPTER II

TOOLS AND MATERIALS

2.1 TOOLS
Number Tools Amount
1 Vernier Calipers 1
2 Screw Micrometer 1
3 Three Arm Balance 1

As for the tools and materials carried out for practicum, namely:

a. Caliper, Used as a long-term tool. This tool is used to measure length, width, height, Outer
Diameter, Inner Diametr, and Depth diameter.

b. Secrub micrometer, used specifically to measure the length, thickness or outer diameter of a
small tool

c. Three-Arm Balance, Used To measure the mass of an object

2.2 MATERIALS
Number Materials Amount
1 Measuring Cup 1
2 Solid Ball 1

1. Measuring Cup, used as a medium or material to be measured inner diameter, outer diameter, and depth
diameter.

2. Small iron ball (Pejal Ball), dugunkana for as a material or medium to be measured in length diameter

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Pre-experiment Task
1. What is the smallest scale of each measuring instrument you know?

2. Write down the Functions of the parts of the screw micrometer!

x. y
3. Determine uncertainty (a) for a  !
2z
4. What are the measurement results with nonius aids as shown by the following figure:

5. Prove the equation using geometric analysis!

Answer
1.The smallest scale of the measuring instrument:

1. Calipers The smallest scale of the calipers is 0.1 mm or 0.01 cm. Next, consider the nonius
scale. On the nonius scale there are 50 scale lines.

2. Micrometer Secrup Micrometer Secrop is a measuring instrument that can measure objects
with units of measurement that have the smallest scale up to 0.01 mm.

3. Three-Arm Balance The three-arm balance or Ohauss balance is a measuring instrument for the
mass of objects with the smallest scale of 0.01 grams.

2. Micrometer screw parts

a) Upper jaw, Sliding jaw.

b) Key

c) Fixed scale or main scale.

d) Play scale, Player

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Functions of the screw micrometer parts:

1. Fixed shaft: The fixed shaft is a part of the screw micrometer that serves to hold the object
being measured. The object to be measured is placed between the fixed shaft and the sliding shaft.

2. Sliding Shaft: The sliding shaft is a part of the screw micrometer that serves as a suppressor for
objects when measured. As the name implies, the sliding shaft can be shifted according to the size of the
object being measured.

3. Locking: The lock is a part of the screw micrometer that serves to lock the sliding shaft. If it is
locked, the sliding shaft will not move, so the observer can see the measurement results.

4. Main Scale: Well, this main scale is the part that you often see when using a screw micrometer.
This section serves to show the main thickness of the object whose units are mm.

5. Nonius scale: The nonius scale is an additional scale or a rotary scale. The nonius scale serves
as an additional scale to the main scale. This part is the part that you can't find on a ruler, ruler, or meter
because its value is very small.

6. Rotary: The screw is part of the micrometer screw which functions to turn left or right of a
sliding shaft.

7. Frame: The frame is part of the micrometer screw shaped like the letter c. The frame is made of
metal which is quite thick and strong. The material that makes up the frame must be ensured that it is
resistant to changes in environmental temperature so that it does not expand or shrink easily. Therefore,
the frame is covered with plastic to reduce heat transfer even from the hands.

The functions of the screw micrometer include:

1. Measuring the thickness of the outer diameter of a metal, wire and so on

2. Measuring the thickness of a material for example: books, paper, small boxes and so on

3. Measuring the length of a part that is not too large

4. Measuring the distance of two very close points

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 x. y
3. uncertainty (a) for a  !
2z

4. What are the measurement results with nonius tools

Main scale = 16

Nonius scale = 9

The results of the measurements above are:

Main scale = 16

Nonius scale = 9=9×0,01=0,09

so that the result of the measurement is 16.29 cm so that the result of the measurement is 16.29 cm

5 Prove the equation by using geometry analysis! by using geometry analysis !

Answer

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 CHAPTER III

EXPERIMENT PROCEDUR

3.1 EXPERIMENT PROCEDUR

Length Measurement

a. Varnier calipers
1) Check whether the primary zero scale is implicated with the zero scale on the nonius scale.
If not, then the shift is noted.
2) Measuring the inner, outer diameter, as well as the depth of the tube.
3) Record the main scale that looks adjacent to the zero on the nonius scale.
4) Record the exact nonius line implicated with the line on the main scale
5) Read and record the measurement results 3 times

Table 1.2 inner diameter of the tube (d1):

No SU ( cm ) SN ( cm ) HP : ( d1 ± d1 )
1. 4,8 6 x 0,01 cm (4,86 cm ± 0,005 cm)

2. 4,8 0 x 0,01 cm (4,80 cm ± 0,005 cm)

3. 4,8 7x 0,01 cm (4,87 cm ± 0,005 cm)

Table1.3 outer diameter of the tube (d2) :

No SU ( cm ) SN ( cm ) HP : ( d2 ± d2 )
1. 5,1 6 x 0,01 cm (5,16 cm ± 0,005 cm)

2. 5,2 8 x 0,01 cm (5,28 cm ± 0,005 cm)

3. 5,2 7,6 x 0,01 cm (5,276 cm ± 0,005 cm)

Table 1.4 tube depth (t) :

No SU ( cm ) SN ( cm ) HP : ( t ± t )
1. 6,7 9,5 x 0,01 cm (6,795 cm ± 0,005 cm)
2. 6,6 9 x 0,01 cm (6,69 cm ± 0,005 cm)

3. 6,6 9,8 x 0,01 cm (6,698 cm ± 0,005 cm)

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Volume Measurement

b. Screw Micrometer
1) Checking the zero point of the micrometer of the coupler
2) Placing the ball between the spindle with the anvil
3) Turning the rached until it "clicks" three times.
4) Reading and recording the results of the measurement of the ball.
5) Repeating the measurement 3 times
6) Repeating the procedure 1 – 5 for paper thickness measurement

Table 1.5 Measurements of the diameter of the pejal ball d :

No SU ( cm ) SN ( cm ) HP : ( d ± d )
1. 1,85 5,5 x 0,001 (18,555 cm ± 0,0005)

2. 1,8 5 x 0,001 (18,5 cm ± 0,0005)

3. 1,8 5 x 0,001 (18,5 cm ± 0,0005)

Mass Measurement

c. Three Arm Balance

1) First check whether the needle swings from the balance sheet used shows a zero scale. If
not, note the shift.
2) Putting the steeping ball on the balance sheet disc.
3) Reading and recording the mass of the steeping ball to be determined by its density.
4) Repeat the measurement 3 times.
5) Entering data in the data table of the observation of Experimental
Data 3 times:

Experiment Table Using a Three-Arm Balance Sheet

Experiment Hundreds (g) Tens Units
1 200g 0 0,4
2 200g 0 0,3
3 200g 0 0,4

Tabel 1.9 pengukuran massa bola pejal :

No HP : ( m ± m ) gram
1. (200,4 ± 0,005) gram

2. (200,3 ± 0,005) gram

3. (200,4 ± 0,005) gram

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 CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSION AND RESULT

A. Task After Experiment

1) After doing the practicum, calculate the area of the practicum table!

2) Calculate the volume of the tube, the volume of the ball, the density of the type of ball as well
as the radius of curvature of the lens of both concave and convex lenses!

3) Which of the tools used is the most thorough? Explain!

4) You want to measure a piece of board (the size is ± 25 mm). If you want a 99% measurement
accuracy, can you use a crossbar or a calipers? Give your reasons!

5) What is the ratio of the precision of a screw micrometer to a calipers that have a nonius of
10.20, 50?

6) What is the ratio of the accuracy of the crossbar to the sferometer?

Answer

1. Because the practicum is done virtually, here I will measure my own study table. By using a
crossbar/ruler.
The crossbar has the smallest scale value (NST) of 1 mm or 0.1 cm. The uncertainty of the
crossbar is half of its smallest scale which is: 0.5 x 1 mm = 0.5 mm or0.05cm. Here my study
table is rectangular and to know the area of the table must first be known the length and
width.
Table length (measured by crossbar)= 120 cm Table width (measured by crossbar)=60 cm So
the area of my study table is 120 cm× 60cm= 7,200
2. A. Tube Volume
The formula for finding the volume of the tube is V=πxr²xt, in practicum experiments
everything has been obtained both radius and height but the practicum carried out is in the
form of repeated measurements so we have to look for the exact value of the measurement:

The first step is to find the radius of the tube used inside diameter

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d=
d=
d = 4,8583333333333

r=
=
=2,4291666666666

The second step is to determine the height of the tube

t = 6,76+6,65+6,665
=20,075 cm

The third step calculates the volume of the tube

V= πx xt
𝑉= 3,14 ×20,075
𝑉= 3,14 ×5,9008506944441×20,075
𝑉=371,96307394963

B.Ball Volume
The first step of searching for the radius of the ball

d=
d=
d = 1,85
r=
=
= 0,925 cm

The second step calculates the volume of the ball

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 V=
V=

V= ×3,14× 0,791453125
V= ×2,4851628125= 3,3135504166666

C.Ball density

The density formula is ρ = m/V, where m is the mass of the sphere and v is the volume of the sphere, in
the practicum video there is a measuring mass of the sphere but it turns out that it is not a ball that is
measured but a tubular object that is calculated in mass, so here that concludes that we can use the density
of the object in general to determine it.

Aluminum= 2.700

Butter=

Lead=

Compacted wood=

In the video the solid ball used is made of aluminum, so the density of the ball

the stick is 0,0027

Proof: 𝑉=3,3135504166666 and 𝛒=0,0027

=𝛒×V

m=0,0027×3,3135504166666= 0,0089465861249

𝒎𝒂𝒌𝒂 𝛒= =

=0,0026999999999 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑢 0,0027

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 1. We don't do practicum, so we can't calculate the area of the practicum table.
2. Which gives more careful measurement is the Screw Micrometer. Because the smallest scale that
the screw micrometer has is much smaller than the smallest scale of the crossbar and caliper.
3. 99% accuracy means relative uncertainty of 1%. The measured value (xo) is 25mm. So:

For absolute uncertainty of 0.25 mm, then the smallest scale value (NST) of the required tool is as
much as

The crossbar has an NST of 1 mm while the calipers can be NST of 0.1 mm. Thus, The caliper
accuracy of this measurement can reach 99% because its NST is smaller (More thorough) than
necessary.
4. Comparison of the accuracy of the screw micrometer with the caliper having a nonius of 10.20,
50
Answer:
1. 1. 99% accuracy means that the relative uncertainty is 1%. The value to be measured
(xo) is 25mm. So

For absolute uncertainty of 0.25 mm, then the Smallest Scale Value (NST) tool is required to be:

𝑁𝑆𝑇=2Δ𝑥=2×0,25=0,5

The crossbar has an NST of 1mm while the termsorong can have an NST of 0.1mm. Thus, the caliper
accuracy at this measurement can reach 99% because its NST is smaller (more thorough) than necessary.

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5. Comparison of the precision of the screw micrometer with the calipers
a. SN=10

The formula: Sn×NST

Caliper term : 10×0.01 = 0.1 cm

Screw micrometer : 10×0.001 = 0.01cm
The ratio : 0.01 :0.1

b. SN=20

The formula: Sn ×NST

Caliper term : 20×0.01 = 0.2 cm

Screw micrometer : 20×0.001 = 0.02cm

The ratio : 0.02 :0.2

c. c. SN=50
The formula:Sn×NST
Caliper term : 50×0.01 = 0.5 cm
Micrometer screw:50×0.001=0.05cm
The ratio : 0.05 : 05

6. Comparison of the accuracy of the crossbar with the sferometer

Answer:
1. 1. Accuracy of the crossbar
This crossbar or ruler has the smallest scale of 1 mm with an accuracy of about 0.5 mm
2. 2. Accuracy of the Sferometer The accuracy of the spirometer varies for example 0.01 mm
and 0.05 mm the height of the precision depends on the increase of the scale wheel on the
main scale when rotated 1 full turn if the number of scales on the wheels is 100 lines and will
rise as high as 1 mm if rotated 360 degrees then the precision of the tool is 1/100 mm or 0.01
mm

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 CHAPTER V

CLOSING

5.1 CONCLUSION
From the discussion material above where the measurements and inequalities have different
accuracy. In this Report we can see a comparison of the accuracy of each tool we use. Such as the
Calipers, Secruo micrometers, and Three-Arm Balances.

Long-Term Accuracy : 0,1 mm or 0,01 cm

Micrometer Secrup : 0,01 mm or 0,001 cm

Three-Arm Balance Sheet : 0,1 gram

So of the three tools, the tool that has the most thorough level of accuracy is the micrometer tool.

5.2 SUGGESTION
Of course, the author has realized that in the preparation of this report there are still many
mistakes and far from perfect words. The author will later improve the composition of this report with
guidelines from several sources. Hopefully, the results of our practicum report can be useful for readers.
Criticisms and suggestions from our readers are gladly welcomed. That's all the results of our report, the
author thank you

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