Integrated Strategies For The Control and Prevention of Dengue and Malarial Vectors

INTEGRATED STRATEGIES FOR THE CONTROL AND
PREVENTION OF DENGUE AND MALARIAL VECTORS
By
IMRAN AHMED
2011-GCUF-05336
Thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the degree of
DOCTORATE OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
ZOOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY, FAISALABAD
August 2017
DEDICATED
To
Hazrat Muhammad
(Peace Be Upon Him)
And
My adorable and affectionate
Parents
DECLARATION
The work reported in this thesis was carried out by me under the supervision of Dr. Shabab
Nasir (Assistant Professor) Department of Zoology, Government College University
Faisalabad, Pakistan.
I hereby declare that the title of thesis “Integrated strategies for the control and prevention
of dengue and malarial vectors” and the contents of thesis are the product of my own
research and no part has been copied from any published source (except the references,
standard mathematical or genetic models /equations /formulas /protocols etc). I further
declare that this work has not been submitted for the award of any other degree /diploma.
The university may take action if the information provided is found inaccurate at any stage.
Signature of the Student..........................
Registration No.:2011-GCUF-05336
Plagiarism Undertaking
I solemnly declared that research work presented in the thesis titled “Integrated strategies
for the control and prevention of dengue and malarial vectors” is solely my research work
with no significant contribution from any other person. Small contribution/help wherever
taken has been duly acknowledged and that complete thesis has been written by me.
I understand the zero-tolerance policy of the HEC and Government College University
Faisalabad toward plagiarism. Therefore, I as an Author of above-titled thesis declare that
no portion of my thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as a reference is properly
referred/cited.
I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above-titled thesis even
after the award of Ph.D. degree, the University reserves the rights to withdraw/revoke my
Ph.D. degree and that HEC and the University has the right to publish my name on the
HEC/University website on which names of students are placed who submitted plagiarized
thesis.
Student/Author Signature ----------------------
Name: Imran Ahmed

CERTIFICATE BY THE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE
We certify that the contents and form of a thesis submitted by Mr. Imran Ahmed,
Registration No. 2011-GCUF-05336 have been found satisfactory and in accordance with
the prescribed format. I recommend it to be processed for the evaluation by the External
Examiner for the award of the degree.
Signature of Supervisor
Name: Dr. Shabab Nasir
Designation with Stamp
Member I
Signature
Name: Dr. Farhat Jabeen
Member-II
Signature
Name: Dr. Faisal Hafeez
Chairperson
Signature with Stamp
Dean / Academic Coordinator
Signature with Stamp

LIST OF CONTENTS
Title Page No.
List of Contents ..................................................................................................................... i

List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... iii
List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii
List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... ix
Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... xi
Abstract ..............................................................................................................................xii
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................. 1
Chapter 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................................................ 4
2.1 Toxicity of insecticides against the mosquito larvae ................................................ 4
2.1.1 Pesticide resistance and relevant problems……………………………………...5
2.2 Biochemical control and their importance…………………………………………7
2.2.1 Toxicity of plant extracts against the mosquito larvae .......................................... 8

2.3 Toxicity of Bti against mosquito larvae .................................................................. 12
2.4 Integrated strategies to control the mosquitoes ........................................................ 14
Chapter 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................................................................... 16
3.1 Mosquito larvae collection ....................................................................................... 16
3.2 Mosquito rearing ...................................................................................................... 16
3.3 Collection of plant samples ...................................................................................... 16
3.4 Handling of plant samples ........................................................................................ 22
3.5 Extractions................................................................................................................ 22
3.6 Phytochemical Screening ......................................................................................... 22
3.7 Synthetic insecticides ............................................................................................... 23
3.8 Use of Bti ................................................................................................................. 23
3.9 Screening of plant extract and commercial insecticides .......................................... 25
3.10 Mixing Treatments ................................................................................................. 25
3.11 Data collection........................................................................................................ 25
3.12 Statistical analysis .................................................................................................. 26
Chapter 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...................................................................... 27
4.1Screening trials…......………………………………………………………………27
i
4.1.1 Comparison of mean according to an interval of time with Bti ............................ 31
4.1.2 Analysis of variance table for significance ........................................................... 32
4.2Mixing trials…...……………………………………………………………………33
4.2.1Mixture of plant extracts with Bti .......................................................................... 33

4.2.2 Mixture of plant extracts with significant chemicals ........................................... 82
4.2.3 Mixture of Bti with significant chemicals ........................................................... 131
4.2.4 Mixture of plant extracts with Bti and significant chemicals .............................. 138
4.3 Phytochemical components of significant plant extract ........................................ 191
4.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 193
4.4.1Screening trials ..................................................................................................... 193
4.4.2Mixing trials ......................................................................................................... 194
4.4.3Mixture of plant extracts with Bti ........................................................................ 194
4.4.4 Mixture of plant extracts with significant chemicals .......................................... 197
4.4.5 Mixture of Bti with significant chemicals ........................................................... 198
4.4.6 Mixture of plant extracts with Bti and significant chemicals .............................. 199
4.4.7 Phytochemical components of significant plant extracts ..................................... 201
Chapter 5: SUMMARY ............................................................................................... 203
Conclusion.................................................................................................................... 205
Future Recommendations............................................................................................. 206
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 207
ii
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page No.
Table 3.1: Name of the plants used for control the mosquito genera 17
Table 3.2: Insecticides used for the control of mosquito genera 23
Table 4.1: P-value for mortality with ether extract and chemicals under different
screening designs for main-effects model 28
Table 4.2: Significant plant extracts through ether and insecticides 28

Table 4.3: P-value for mortality with methanol extract under different screening
designs for main-effects model 29
Table 4.4: Significant plant extracts through methanol 29
Table 4.5: P-value for mortality with water extract under different screening designs
for main-effects model 30
Table 4.6: Significant plant extracts through water 30
Table 4.7: Showed the significant plant extracts and insecticides 31
Table 4.8: Analysis of variance table for mortality (%) and comparison of mean with
Bti reference to time intervals 31
Table 4.9: Comparison of mean with Bti reference to time intervals 31
Table 4.10: Analysis of variance table for significance 32
Table 4.11: Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding Bti with plant extracts
through ether against Anopheles mosquitoes. 34
Table 4.12: LC50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for significant plant extracts
through the ether with Bti against Anopheles larvae 38
Table 4.13: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different concentration for plant extracts through the
ether with Bti against Anopheles larvae 41
through methanol against Anopheles mosquitoes 42
through methanol with Bti against Anopheles larvae 46
Table 4.16: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for methanol extracts with Bti
against Anopheles larvae 48
iii
through the water against Anopheles mosquitoes 50
through the water with Bti against Anopheles larvae 54
Table 4.19: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for plant extracts through the
water with Bti against Anopheles larvae 56
through ether against Aedes mosquitoes 58
through the ether with Bti against Aedes larvae 62
Table 4.22: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different concentration for the potent plant through the
ether with Bti against Aedes larvae 64
through methanol against Aedes mosquitoes 66
through methanol with Bti against Aedes larvae 70
Table 4.25: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different concentrations for methanol extracts with Bti
against Aedes larvae 72
through the water against Aedes mosquitoes 74
through the water with Bti against Aedes larvae 78
water with Bti against Aedes larvae 80
Table 4.29: Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding significant chemicals
with plant extracts through ether against Anopheles mosquitoes 83
with ether with significant insecticides against Anopheles larvae 87
Table 4.31: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for ether extracts with
significant insecticides against Anopheles larvae 89
Table 4.32: Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding significant insecticides
with plant extracts through methanol against Anopheles mosquitoes 91
with methanol with significant insecticides against Anopheles larvae 95
iv
Table 4.34: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for methanol extracts with
with plant extracts through the water against Anopheles larvae 99
through the water with significant insecticides against Anopheles
larvae 103
Table 4.37: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for plant extract with water with
with plant extracts through ether against Aedes mosquitoes 107
through the ether with significant insecticides against Aedes larvae 111
significant insecticides against Aedes larvae 113
with plant extracts through methanol against Aedes mosquitoes 115
with methanol with significant insecticides against Aedes larvae 119
Table 4.43: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for methanol extract with
significant insecticides against Aedes larvae 121
with plant extracts through the water against Aedes mosquitoes 123
through the water with significant insecticides against Aedes 127
Table 4.46: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for plant extract through the
water with significant insecticides against Aedes 129
with Bti against Anopheles 132
Table 4.48: LC50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for significant insecticides and
Bti against Anopheles larvae 133
Table 4.49: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for Bti with deltamethrin and
mortein liquid against Anopheles larvae 134
v
with Bti against Aedes larvae 135
Bti against Aedes larvae 137
mortein liquid against Aedes larvae 137
Table 4.53: Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding Bti and significant
insecticides with plant extracts through ether against Anopheles mosquitoes
139
through the ether with significant insecticides and Bti against Anopheles
larvae 143
significant insecticides and Bti against Anopheles larvae 145
insecticides with plant extracts through methanol against Anopheles
mosquitoes 147
through methanol with significant insecticides and Bti against Anopheles
larvae 151
significant insecticides and Bti against Anopheles larvae 153
insecticides with plant extracts through the water against Anopheles
mosquitoes 155
through the water with significant insecticides and Bti Anopheles
larvae 159
water with significant insecticides and Bti against Anopheles larvae 161
insecticides with plant extracts through ether against Aedes mosquitoes 163
with ether with significant insecticides and Bti against Aedes larvae 167
vi
ether with significant insecticides and Bti against Aedes larvae 169
Table 4.65: Percent mortality and LC50 (Mean ± SE) in combination of two significant
factors after 32 hrs against Aedes aegypti larvae 171
Table 4.66: Percent mortality and LC50 (Mean ± SE) in combination of three significant
Table 4.67: Percent mortality and LC50 (Mean ± SE) in combination of four significant
Table 4.68: Percent mortality and LC50 (Mean ± SE) in combination of five and six
significant factors after 32 hrs against Aedes aegypti larvae 174
insecticides with plant extracts through methanol against Aedes mosquitoes
175
methanol with significant insecticides and Bti against Aedes larvae 179
significant insecticides and Bti against Aedes larvae 181
insecticides with plant extracts through the water against Aedes mosquitoes
183
through the water with significant insecticides and Bti Aedes larvae 187
water with significant insecticides and Bti against Aedes larvae 189
Table 4.75: Phytochemical components of significant plant extracts through ether 191
Table 4.76: Phytochemical components of significant plant extracts through

methanol 191
Table 4.77: Phytochemical components of significant plant extracts through water 192
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page No.
Figure 3.1: Plants used in the trials 18

Figure 3.2: Bti used in the mixing trial 23
Figure 3.3: Methanol extracts 24
Figure 3.4: Water Extracts 24
Figure 3.5: Mosquito larvae during mixing trials 24
Figure 3.6: Significant insecticides used during mixing trials 24
Figure 3.7: Dropper 24
viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
α Alpha
β Beta
< Less than
> Greater than
μg/mL Microgram per mililitre
ml/Kg Milliliter per kilogram
mg/L Milligram per litre
mL Millilitre
L Litre
g/ha Grams per hectare
Ae. Aedes
An. Anopheles
ANOVA Analysis of variance
BMP Best Management Practice
Bti Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis
ºC Centigrade scale
Conc. Concentration
CDC The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Cx. Culex
DDT Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane
DF Dengue fever
F1 First Generation
GC Gas chromatography
Hrs Hrs
IGRs Insect growth regulators
IMM Integrated Mosquito Management
IPM Integrated pest management
ix
IRM Insecticide resistance management
IRS Indoor residual spraying
ITN Insecticide-treated (bed) net
ITNs Insecticide-treated mosquito nets
IVM Integrated Vector Management
LC50 Lethal concentration resulting in 50 percent mortality
LC-MS Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
LD10 Lethal dose resulting in 10 percent mortality
LD50 median lethal dose concentration
LD95 95% lethal dose concentration
LLN Long lasting nets
LT50 Lethal time period resulting in 50 percent mortality
OP Organophosphate
Ppm Parts per million
PY Pyrethroids
RR50 Median resistance ratio
RRLT50 Resistance ratio of median lethal time
RRLT90 Resistance ratio of 90% lethal time
SF Synergistic factor
Sig. Significant
sp Species
Tx. Toxorhynchites
vs versus
WDG Water dispersible granule
WHO World Health Organization
WHOPES World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme
x
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I have the pearl of my eyes to admire blessing of the compassionate and omnipotent
because the words are bound. Knowledge is limited and time is short to express His Dignity.
It is one of the infinite blessings of Allah that He bestowed me with potential and ability to
complete the present research program in time and make a material contribution towards
the deep oceans of knowledge. All praise is due to Allah, my creator, my shaper out of the
nougat, my fashioner.
I need, cognizant of my deeds, The One and only, who is nearer to me than my
jugular vein, to whom are ascribed the traits of absolute perfection and beauty. I pay all my
respects to Holly Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (Peace Be upon Him) and his faithful
Companions, who are forever a true torch of guidance for humanity as a whole.
I am grateful to acknowledge Dr. Shabab Nasir, Department of Zoology, Dr.

Faisal Hafeez, Department of Entomology, Ayub Agriculture Research Institute,
Faisalabad, for their dynamic guidance and sympathetic attitude during this study.
I am very much thankful to my loving and kind teachers Prof. Dr. Farhat Jabeen
and Prof. Dr. Tayyaba Sultana, Department of Zoology, Government College University
Faisalabad. Sincere thanks are due to my affectionate parents, brothers, sisters, and uncle
for their prayers, encouragement and moral support.
Last but not least; I owe a debt of gratitude to my loving Mother for her prayers,
patience, and encouragement during the entire study period.
IMRAN AHMED
xi
ABSTRACT
Mosquitoes are vectors of many life-threatening human diseases. In the absence of
vaccine and treatment for most of these diseases, the only solution is to control mosquitoes
by using insecticides. Any significant reduction in mosquito populations effectively lowers
disease transmission risk in an area. At present, broad-spectrum synthetic insecticides are
widely used in mosquito control especially when disease outbreaks threaten human health.
Continuous use of these chemicals sooner or later results in development of resistance in
vector species, biological magnification of toxic substances through the food chain, and
adverse effects on environmental quality and non-target organisms. In the present study,
the emphasis is given on larval mosquito control using plant products (botanicals) mixed
with reduced rates of some synthetic insecticides (temephos, deltamethrin, mixture of
allethrin and resmethrin, and methoprene) or a microbial control agent (Bacillus
thuringiensis israelensis) for obtaining a sustainable and more effective method of
mosquito control. Combined use of these insecticidal products may exploit physiological
tradeoffs to stop or slow down resistance evolution. Low rates of synthetic chemicals are
usually softer to the environment and non-target species. Extracts of many plant species
have shown biological activity against mosquitoes and other insects. These compounds are
biorational products which are relatively non-toxic to people and exhibit fewer or no side-
effects to the environment. Unfortunately, when used alone plant chemicals are not as
efficacious as the other insecticides in mosquito management.
In the present study, extracts of fourteen indigenous (medicinal) plant species belonging to
eleven families (Amaranthaceae, Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Cannbaceae, Cucurbitacea,
Convolvulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Gentianaceae, Meliaceae, Solanaceae, Zingiberaceae)
were tested against laboratory reared Anopheles and Aedes larvae. Ether, methanol and
water were used as solvent for phytochemical extractions. Essential oils were distilled with
Soxhlet apparatus. Mixtures of plant extracts with B. thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) and
synthetic insecticides were evaluated for joint action mainly in terms of toxicological effect.
For all bioassays, the mortality data were collected 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 hrs. Post-
treatment against 2nd and 3rd instar larvae and analyzed using standard statistical procedures
including ANOVA and Tukey HSD test. Probit analysis was also used to calculate LC50
and LT50.
xii
In the initial trials with plant extracts alone, the highest mortality (70-90%) was obtained
with ether extracts and the minimal toxicity (30-65%) was observed with aqueous extracts
against both Anopheles and Aedes larvae. Ether extracts of Citrullus colocynthis (L.)
produced the highest mortality (88.2%) followed by Datura stramonium L. (86.61%) and
Swertia chirayaita (Roxb. ex Fleming) H. Karst. (83.78%). Among the aqueous extracts,
D. stramonium L. showed the highest mortality (52.33%). In these trials, all mortality
responses were found to be time and concentration dependent.
In the mixing trials of plant extracts with chemical insecticides or Bti, most combinations
lead to additive and synergistic interactions. Extracts from Azadirachta indica A. Juss, C.
colocynthis, D. stramonium, D. wrightii Regel and S. chirayaita mixed with low to
moderate rates of synthetic insecticides or Bti produced up to 100% mortality of both
Anopheles and Aedes larvae. Among different combinations, the most potent treatments
were ether extracts from C. colocynthis, D. stramonium, A. indica (leaves) and S. chirayaita
with Bti (LC50: 68 ppm 32 hrs. post-treatment and LT50: 1.04 hrs. at 10% concentration
mixture of plant extracts with Bti) and with synthetic insecticides (LC50: 77.7 ppm 32 hrs.
post-treatment and LT50: 1.55 hrs. at 10% concentration of mixture of plant extracts with
insecticides) against Aedes larvae. In some combinations, mixture contents antagonized
effect of each other. Moreover, Anopheles larvae were found to be more susceptible than
Aedes larvae. Different outcomes of the mixing trials are probably attributed to individual
or combined effects of the ingredients on the insect endocrine system (through enhanced
metabolic detoxication). Nevertheless, future studies should explore underlying
mechanisms for variance in the joint mortality. In the phytochemical analyses, flavonoids,
alkaloids, steroids, tannins, terpenes and anthraquinones were found in different plants used
in this study. Among them, flavonoids, steroids and tannins were more common in the
promising plant species and hence might have played a role in their toxicity to mosquito
larvae. To summarize, the results of this laboratory study indicate that the extracts of
indigenous plants C. colocynthis and D. stramonium combined with reduced rate of
chemical insecticides or Bti can provide an effective control of mosquito vectors of human
diseases such as dengue fever and malaria. Integrated use of these compounds may provide
an eco-friendly solution to mosquito management with no or minimal side effects on human
health and non-target species. Nevertheless, the use of these mixtures should be further
analyzed under the field condition to determine their efficacy and residual activity against
mosquito populations and non-target effect in the natural larval habitats.
xiii
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Mosquitoes are vectors of many life-threatening human diseases like malaria,

dengue fever, Zika virus and filariasis (Ghosh et al., 2012). There are different kinds of
mosquitoes in the world but medically three genera are important, i.e., Anopheles, Aedes,
and Culex (Rathy et al., 2015). Anopheles mosquitoes are responsible for malarial disease
in human beings that is at the top in vector-borne diseases (Govindarajan and Sivakumar,
2011). Malaria is endemic in 91 countries, approximately 40% of the world population at
risk. In 2013, about 198 million cases of malaria were reported worldwide with 0.5 million
deaths, mostly children in the African region (Anonymous, 2014). Culex is responsible for
malaria in animals and West Nile virus in human beings. Aedes mosquitoes are responsible
for dengue fever, filariasis, chikungunya, yellow fever and Zika virus. There are more than
50 million cases of dengue infection worldwide each year (Sinha et al., 2004). Dengue
hemorrhagic fever affects about 500,000 patients worldwide (WHO, 2011). These diseases
are mostly viral, there is neither a proper vaccine nor an effective treatment is available for
most of these diseases. The only solution is to manage the mosquito population (Abbas et
al., 2013). Different kinds of mosquito repellents present in the market are mainly prepared
with active ingredients of synthetic origin (Zhu et al., 2016). In future there is chance that
the used synthetic insecticides may cause the development of resistance in vector species,
the biological magnification of toxic substances through the food chain and adverse effects
on human health (Sinha et al., 2004). Due to the effect of these substances, the human body
immune system becomes weak against the diseases (Land and Miljand, 2014). Long-term
exposure of parathyroid based mosquito repellents to cause clinical, biochemical and
neurological changes in the newborn babies and children (Sinha et al., 2004). Therefore,
alternative methods of control are needed. For this purpose, a new strategy IMM (Integrated
Mosquito Management) is introduced for the mosquito management. Under Integrated
Mosquito Management (IMM), the stress is given on the application of alternative
strategies in mosquito control such as the use of selective chemicals, plant extracts, and Bti
(Ghosh et al., 2011). Reasonable control strategies involve reducing breeding sites which
provide long-term control for mosquito populations by controlling mosquito populations
during larval stages (Fillinger et al., 2004). Larviciding enable control measures to be
conducted over the small scale when mosquitoes are concentrated in breeding pools, before
1
adults spread throughout the community. Larval and adult mosquitoes have primarily been
controlled with a variety of chemical insecticides (Wilke et al., 2009). The emergence of
resistance in insect populations to chemical pesticides have led to increased interest in
biological control agents, including some naturally occurring entomopathogenic bacteria,
such as Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) and plant extracts (Bhan et al., 2015). These
two biological insecticides, more their environmental safety and particularly to
nematoceran diptera (especially mosquitoes), have become mosquito control agents of
choice almost all over the world (Becker, 1998; Fillinger et al., 2003). Along with the use
of growth regulators and selective chemicals is a safe method (Ghosh et al., 2012).
Essential oils are volatile in nature. They are found in a number of plants. They are
extracted from different parts of plants. On the basis of chemical nature, they are a mixture
of many compounds including isoprenoids monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (Ghosh et al.,
2012). These chemicals act as carriers of the smell which found chiefly in the aromatic
plants. They possess antibacterial, antifungal, antisemite, and insecticidal properties. For
this reason, essential oils are used as pharmaceuticals, flavor enhancers in food products,
odorants in fragrances and insecticides (Rathy et al., 2015).
Use of Bti is an effective biological control agent that produces toxins for killing
various species of mosquitoes while having almost no effect on other organisms (Chilcott
et al., 1990; Levy, 1990). Bti has shown the highest level of biological activity against
mosquito species i.e.; Culex and Aedes are highly susceptible while Anopheles is less
susceptible (Charles et al., 1996). Some species of mosquitoes are more susceptible than
others (Chui et al., 1995). In Punjab Province, mosquitoes belonging to genera Culex,
Anopheles and Aedes are commonly found. Large populations of these mosquitoes occur
almost round the year. Among these, Anopheles spp. not only causes a biting nuisance
primarily in summer months but is also a serious threat to public health due to its potential
for malaria transmission. About ¼th of the Punjab population is at risk of malaria (Qasim
et al., 2014). Punjab is the populous province of Pakistan. Since 2010, dengue outbreaks
occur every year in Punjab especially during rainy season when the conditions are
conducive for mosquito breeding. Dengue fever was first reported during 1994 and a huge
epidemic occurred in Punjab province during 2011 with 100 confirmed cases daily
(Shakoor et al., 2012).
2
Punjab is an agricultural province and different types of trees, herbs, and shrubs
are present here. So, this study is proposed to evaluate our local weeds, herbs, and shrubs
separately and in combination with Bti and growth regulators with the following objectives:
 To evaluate the larvicidal activity and variation in this activity according to

mosquito species of selective insecticides and growth regulators against larvae of
Anopheles and Aedes species.

mosquito species and nature of active ingredient of selective plants against larvae
of Anopheles and Aedes species.

mosquito species of Bti against larvae of Anopheles and Aedes species.

mosquito species and plants in combination with Bti and different selective
insecticides and growth regulators against larvae of Anopheles and Aedes species.
3
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Toxicity of insecticides against the mosquito larvae
Larvicides are used in water body where mosquito larvae develop or where it may provide
a habitat for mosquitoes. Now a days insect-growth regulators, light mineral oils, and some
organophosphates (deltamethrin, temephos, and altosid) are used as mosquito larvicides in
all over the world. As mineral oils and organophosphates can also kill other aquatic animals
such as fish and crustaceans in the water medium, these chemicals should be used only
when totally required.
Harbison et al. (2018) studied the success of three preparations of methoprene like
briquettes, pellets and granules against mosquitoes. They treated water bowls after every
4 weeks. Untreated bowls were also detected for comparison with the treated bowls. All of
the preparations evaluated in the study verified some degree of control measured with the
untreated bowls, with pupae successfully emerging as adults. Pellets reapplied every
28 days provided suggestively more effective control than the other formulations.
Mohiddin et al. (2016) studied the application of temephos and Bti in vector control
against Aedes albopictus larvae. The mosquito larvae were tested against 2 types of
larvicides, temephos with diagnostic dosage 0.012 mg/L and operational dosage 1 mg/L
and Bti with operational dosage ranging from 6 000 international toxic units per liter to 24
000 international toxic unit per L. A total of 20 late 3rd and early 4th instar larvae were
selected and shifted into paper cup sized 300 mL using wide-mouthed pipette. The larvae
were dispersed into each 300 mL paper cup containing 50 mL of tap water. The test was
replicated five times for each concentration tested. The mortality was recorded after 24 hrs
of contact and noted lethal time was based on 2 hrs for temephos and 6 hrs for Bti. The
control contained of ethanol for temephos and only tested water for Bti. The result showed
that Ae. albopictus from Flat Hamna, Kampung Sungai Gelugor and Kampung Tanjung
Tokong were still vulnerable to Bti and temephos. However, higher lethal time and
resistance ratio were detected in strain from Flat Hamna which was a known dengue hot
spot area in north east of Penang. The use of temephos and Bti in vector control program
in these selected areas is still relevant in the control of Aedes larvae populations.
4
Jacquet et al. (2015) studied that the pre experience of Ae. aegypti larvae to the
herbicide atrazine suggestively condensed their feeling to the organophosphate insecticide
temephos. Mosquito larvae were pre out for forty eight hours to non-lethal applications of
normal ranging from 1 to 10 μg/l commonly run into in the field, appeared to some extent
less thoughtful to temephos than non-pre-exposed larvae. No essential increase in
glutathione transferase, or α- and β-esterase activities was detected in pre-exposed larvae,
while P 450 mono oxygenase activities improved.
Kemabonta & Nwankwo (2013) studied the effects of temephos and spinosad on
wild and laboratory reared An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti larvae. They calculated the LC5 ,
LC50 and LC95 values. Their combined action was also studied in the ratio 1:1 based on
their twenty four hours single action LC50 values. Spinosad was found 1.261, 2.478 and
2.522 times more effective on reared An. gambiae larvae than An. gambiae from the habitat,
Ae. aegypti from the habitat and reared Ae. aegypti while temephos was 1.099, 1.892 and
2.190 times more toxic on reared Ae. aegypti than Ae. aegypti from the habitat, reared An.
gambiae and An. gambiae from the habitat.
Argentina et al. (2011) evaluated spinosad and temephos as larvicide in a tire dump
under the shade of a tree. After the application of larvicides, samples were selected weekly
from 7 casually selected tires. The results indicated that the efficacy of spinosad against
mosquito larvae was like to that of temephos, both being operative for up to 91 days post
experement. In addition, spinosad permitted the formation of the mosquito predator
Toxorhynchites sp.
Uthai et al. (2011) applied WHO recommended dosage of temephos (1ppm) to

control mosquito larvae in the water medium under natural conditions. Then the particular
temephos effective concentration was simulated to determine its continued effectiveness
by using small enamel coated jars (50 liters), for which the average temperature and
relative humidity were 27.71 ± 1.12 ºC and 71.06 ± 2.88 % respectively. The results
were found with a concentration of 0.12 ppm use with the Tx. splendens and Micronecta
sp, results showed that the 100% mortality, the time of exposure was 2 hours and 1 hour,
respectively.
2.1.1 Pesticide resistance and relevant problems

Tabbabi & Daaboub (2018) studied the temephos resistance against An.
labranchiae from Tunisia. Six number of An. labranchiae were selected as larvae from
5
natural habitat of Northern and Central Tunisia. These trials were carried out according to
the WHO protocol. Results showed that the field residents offered low and medium
resistance ratios 6.2<RR50< 29.8 to temephos insecticide. The resistance ratios of this
species were higher than noted in other countries.
Bellinato et al. (2017) studied the insecticidal resistance of organophosphates and

pyrethroids against Ae. aegypti in Brazil. They measured resistance to temephos
deltamethrin and diflubenzuron against Ae. aegypti from 12 towns distributed all over the
country. High levels of resistance to neurotoxic insecticides were observed in almost all
inhabitants: RR95 to temephos various between 4.0 and 27.1; the lowest RR95 to
deltamethrin was 13.1, and values higher than 70.0 were noted. In contrast, all samples
were susceptible to diflubenzuron (RR95 < 2.3).
Chaiphongpachara & Laddawan (2017) studied the resistance of Ae. aegypti against
temephos (GPO-1 and Zeolite) and compare temephos's resistant rate in epidemic
subdistricts, Ladyai; Suan Luang; and Jompluak of Samut Songkhram province, Thailand.
They used temephos chemicals from 2 brands: GPO-1 (Temephos 1% W/W Sand Granule)
and Zeolite (Temephos 1% W/W Zeolite Granule). First, prepare solutions of GPO-1 and
Zeolite into five concentrations: 100, 10, 1, 01, and 0.012 ml/L of water. Then, pour 100
ml of each solution into sampling containers for tested Ae. aegypti and 100 ml of distilled
water for controlled Ae. aegypti. After that, add 10 larvae in each container, classifying by
area. They used 5 concentrations 100, 10, 1, 0.1, and 0.012 ml/L with three replications to
find median lethal concentration (LC50and LC90) and (RR50and RR90) with probit analysis
method. They found that Ae. aegypti in these 3 areas had no resistance against temephos of
both brand (RR < 5) and no statistic difference (P < 0.05) among all three sub districts.
Although, there are reports of temephos resistance of mosquito larva in many areas of
Thailand, but the results of our study showed no resistance in Samut Songkhram province.
Goindin et al. (2017) studied the mosquito resistance to insecticides against Ae.
aegypti in the Guadeloupe and Saint Martin islands. They worked as Ae. aegypti resistance
and mechanisms linked with deltamethrin, malathion, and temephos. Ae. aegypti
mosquitoes populations were collected from six different habitat of Guadeloupe and Saint
Martin. Larvae were experimented for Malathion and temephos bioassays, and adult
mosquitoes for deltamethrin bioassays, following WHO protocol. Resistance ratios (RR50)
noted for Ae. aegypti larvae showed high resistance levels to temephos (from 8.9 to 33.1-
6
fold) and low resistance levels to malathion (from 1.7 to 4.4-fold). Adult females showed
reasonable resistance levels to deltamethrin concerning the time necessary to affect 50% of
individuals, varying from 8.0 to 28.1-fold.
Kanani et al. (2015) studied the insecticidal resistance of temephos, deltamrthrine

and lambdacyhalothrin in contradiction of five mosquito species collected from two
localities in the Jordan Valley. Diagnostic concentration of temephos (0.25mg/L) was
applied against the larvae, while diagnostic concentrations of deltamethrin (0.025%) and
lambdacyhalothrin (0.03g/m2) were applied against the adults. The procedures of WHO
were applied. A total of 25 larvae were used for adult or larval test for each repeat. Results
showed that all larvae of the tried species in both localities were at risk to temephos. All
population of An. superpictus adults showed a passage vulnerability (96% pooled
mortality) to deltamethrin.
Singh et al. (2014) studied the effect of temephos to control the number of mosquito
vectors viz. An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti in municipal areas of India. The susceptibility
status of Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi to temephos in several areas of municipal
corporation of Delhi was estimated using the WHO technique for determining larval
vulnerability test. Results shown that the larval mortality of Ae. aegypti selected from
different areas ranged between 64.88% to 98.22%. The highest mortality was calculated
from Sangam Vihar (98.22%) and less was noted from Majnu ka tila (64.88%). Ae. aegypti
larvae collected from Sangam Vihar locality was present fully vulnerable to temephos, from
two areas Uttam Nagar and Pitampura of experimental area were accepting to temephos.
The results showed the development of resistance against temephos in the larvae of Ae.
aegypti in some areas in Delhi.
2. 2 Biochemical control and their importance
Biopesticide are naturally occurring, genetically modified or natural agents which

are distinguished from synthetic pesticides by their specific modes of action, low use
volume, and specific target (Nawrot et al., 1989; Massoud et al., 2001). Biochemical pest
control agents include into 5 general biologically functional classes i.e., (1)
semiochemicals, (2) hormones, (3) natural plant regulators and insect growth regulators,
(4) enzymes and (5) microbial pest control agents (Munhenga et al., 2008). In the mid-
seventies, WHO and other relative agriculture and health departments introduced studies
7
into current biological control agents and identification of new ones (El-Maghraby et al.,
2012). Biological control is much known as a proper technique for controlling the pests due
to its least environmental.
2. 2.1 Toxicity of plant extracts against mosquito larvae
Vivekanandhan et al. (2018) studied the efficacy of Acacia nilotica seed oil and
seed pod solvent extracts against three species of mosquitoes. Seed pod powder was taken
out with different solvents and hydro distilled seed oil chemical constituents were firm by
Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. Larvicidal and adulticidal ability of seed hydro
distilled essential oil and solvent extracts were applied against larval and adult mosquitoes.
The seed hydro distilled oil provided strong larvicidal activity against An. stephensi, LC50
5.239, LC90 9.713 mg/L, Ae. aegypti, (LC50 3.174, LC90 11.739 mg/L); and Cx.
quinquefasciatus, (LC50 4.112, LC90 12.325 mg/L). Smoke toxicities were 82% in Cx.
quinquefasciatus, 90% in Ae. aegypti, and 80% mortality in An. stephensi adults, while 100
percent mortality was noted for commercial mosquito coil.
Pavela & Govindarajan (2017) estimated the larvicidal activity of Zanthoxylum
monophyllum leaf essential oil and its major chemical ingredients against mosquito. The
important oil of Z. monophyllum contains 36 compounds with the 2 major mixtures being
Germacrene D-4-ol (19.40 %) and α-Cadinol (12.30). The larvicidal exploit of the essential
oil against An. subpictus, Ae. albopictus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was determined and
LC50 values were calculated at 41.50, 45.35 and 49.01 µg/mL, in that order. The two major
compounds Germacrene D-4-ol and α-Cadinol were experimented for acute toxicity against
larvae of mosquito vectors.
Jawalkar et al. (2016) studied the insecticidal property of Datura stramonium seed
extracts in contrast to the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) in the laboratory. The tests were
focused at (28±3) ºC and (78±3) % relative humidity. It was detected that Soxhlet’s
extracted oil of D. stramonium seed in ethanol, chloroform, and acetone were most
effective to control the pest whereas extracts in methanol and n-hexane gave poor results.
The results recommend that the mortality was better with increase in concentration as well
as exposure time and the extracts of D. stramonium seed may be of higher value in grain
storage against S. oryzae, especially persistence in agriculture.
8
Kumuda et al. (2015) studied the larvicidal efficacy of Heracleum rigens seeds
through petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and acetone extracts against
2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larvae of the laboratory-reared Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti.
The larval susceptibility tests were conducted following the WHO standard procedure
(WHO, 2005). The LC50 values of H. rigens for Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti
respectively are 7.19 and 40.64 ppm against 2nd instar; 24.80 and 91.55 ppm against 3rd
instar and 69.25 and 113.69 ppm against 4th instar larvae. The results suggest that 2nd instar
larvae were significantly susceptible compared to 3rd and 4th instar larvae and that H. rigens
may contain promising larvicides against different mosquito species.
Ji et al. (2015) studied the toxic effects of Amorpha fruticosa against mosquito
larvae in the natural habitat. The results showed that amorphigenin and rotenone can
decline the mitochondrial complex I activity both in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting the
enzyme activity.
Nasir et al. (2015) evaluated the efficacy of essential oils against the larvae and
pupae of Ae. aegypti. Results showed higher mortality in early life stages than later ones.
Ginger was the most effective with least LC50 after 8 hour (142 ppm) and 16 hour (8.5 ppm)
against 1st instar larvae followed by peppermint, basil, eucalyptus, and neem. However,
eucalyptus and peppermint were effective after 24 hours (66 and 84 ppm) and 48 hour (19.5
and 17 ppm), in that order.
Rathy et al. (2015) studied the larvicidal ability of water extracts of 10 potent plants
against mosquito larvae of Ae. albopictus due to problem of insecticidal resistance. They
calculated mortality percentages and LC50. Among plants under experimentation, Ocimum
gratissimum, Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia chebula, Aegle marmelos, and Lantana
camara were the maximum effective results.
Yu et al. (2015) studied the mosquitocidal activity of the extracts of seaweed

(Bryopsis pennata) against Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. They noted strong ovicidal
activity with LC50 values of 229.3 and 250.5 μg/mL. They also identified thirteen
compounds; Bis-(3-oxoundecyl) tetra sulfide through LC-MS analysis.
Liu et al. (2014) studied the properties of essential oil of Iris henryi leaves against
Ae. albopictus. The oil was gained by hydro distillation and investigated by gas
chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and larval mortalities
9
calculated at several essential oil concentrations ranging from 12.5-200 μg/mL. A total of
25 components of the essential oil of I. henryi were known and the major compounds in
the essential oil were safrole (54.09 %), myristicin (22.24 %), and 1, 8-cineole (5.43 %).
The essential oil had an advanced content of (76.48 %) of phenylpropanoids than mono
terpenoids (10.79 %) and sesquiterpenoids (11.72 %). The essential oil exhibited larvicidal
activity against Ae. albopictus with a median lethal concentration of 35.43 μg/mL.
Rathy et al. (2014) studied the efficacy of plant extracts through bioassay method
as per WHO procedures with minor changes. Mortality percentages and LC50 were planned
after treatment sets for a period of 96 hours. Of many plants studied, 29 displayed 100%
larvicidal activity in contrast to the 3rd instar larvae of mosquitoes at variable concentrations
of the extract. Poten plants have the potential to be recycled as active larvicides, telling an
eco-friendly process for the control of mosquito vectors.
Ravichandran et al. (2014) considered the larvicidal activity of Neem (Melia

azedarach) and Papaya (Carica papaya) from side to side acetone, methanol, ethanol, ethyl
acetate, and chloroform solvents in againt to Cx. quinquefasciatus. The result was indicated
that acetone extract show the highest mortality rate than the other solvents. Thus C. papaya
extract displayed the highest mortality rate of 61.6% mortality in 24 hrs at 500 ppm and
93.3% in 48 hrs at 300 ppm. The LC50 and LC90 assessment were found to be 80.56 ppm
and 380.67 ppm, 60.89 ppm, and 150.75ppm in that order. M. azedarach extract displayed
the highest mortality rate of 90% at 500 ppm in 24hrs and 93.3% in 48 hrs at 500 ppm.
LC50 and LC90 value were found to be 305.20 ppm and 756.23 ppm, 179.29 and 450.09
ppm in that order. M. azedarach calculated the maximum result of bioactive components
in methanol extract against Cx. quinquefasciatus.
Singh et al. (2014) studied the extract of Agave sisalana as a larvicide against An.
stephensi, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. Initial results showed that the 2%
dilution of the leaf extract manufactured 100 percent mortality of 3rd instar larvae of An.
stephensi and 1% dilution formed 100% mortality in the case of Cx. quinquefasciatus and
Ae. aegypti. The methanol and petroleum ether extracts of Ag. Sisalana leaves were
effective against 3rd and 4th instar larvae of An. stephensi, Cx. Quinquefasciatus. This study
exposed that Ag. sisalana leaf extract keeps larvicidal activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus,
Ae. aegypti and An. Stephensi.
10
Rita & John (2013) studied three plants Citrullus colocynthis, Leucas aspera, and
Strychnos nux-vomica for their larvicidal actions against the 3rd instar of Cx.
quinquefasciatus. The mortality percentage of the mosquito larvae was measured at
different periods of exposure (24hrs, 48hrs, and 72hrs). Hexane, chloroform and ethyl
acetate were applied as solvents for the basic extracts. C. colocynthis showed the maximum
larvicidal effect 100% mortality in 750 ppm and 1000 ppm in hexane extract at the 24hrs
period of exposure. L. aspera also exposed the same activity in hexane extract at 24 hrs,
while S. nux-vomica displayed slightly lower effect.
Tong & Bloomquist (2013) evaluated the phytochemicals for instance synergistic
properties with carbaryl and permethrin in contradiction of 4th instars larvae of Ae. aegypti.
Essential oils displayed significant synergistic properties with carbaryl at 10-50 mg/liter,
but paradoxically wholly of them decreased the toxicity of permethrin against Ae. aegypti
larvae. The results showed that cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases and carboxyl esterase
were perhaps targets for these natural synergists. Thus, the appliance of synergism was
most likely inhibition of metabolism and not relating target side effects.
Tennyson et al. (2013) studied the bioactivity of 10 plant oils, cedarwood, nutmeg,
palmarosa, citronella, clove, eucalyptus, lemongrass, orange, pine and tulsi at 125, 250, 500
and 1000 ppm concentrations against the 3rd instar larvae of A. aegypti. Larval mortality
was observed after 24 hrs. Among the plant oils tested, orange oil exhibited the highest
larvicidal activity with LC50 of 85.93, trailed by palmarosa 50 with 88.78, tulsi with 92.48
and nutmeg oil with 93.62 ppm.
Kalimuthu et al. (2012) assessed the properties of leaf extract of Cadaba indica lam
with different solvents ethanole, hexane, chloroform, and petroleum ether for larvicidal
activity in struggle of mosquitoes such as dengue vector, Ae. aegypti. The ethanol extract
had greater mortality with the standards of LC50115.70, 96.09, 144.50, and 143.75 ppm and
LC90 215.46, 204.98, 233.82 and 260.86 ppm was detected. The results recommend ethanol
extract of C.indica lam have likely to be used as a good larvicidal action an ideal sustainable
methodology for the control of dengue vector, Ae. aegypti as target species of vector control
plans.
11
2.3 Toxicity of Bti against mosquito larvae
Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, Bacillus sphaericus and methoprene are three bio
pesticides that may be used to water bodies and other breeding areas such as stormwater
holding areas, ditches, or ponds for control the populations of mosquito larvae. Bio
pesticides contain products derived from naturally occurring bacteria and insect growth
regulators (IGRs). Bti has been applied universal as a biological pesticide since 1980 for
mosquito control. Bti was registered by EPA in 1983 and has been applied as a Best
Management Practice option to control mosquito larvae in breeding areas.
Dylo et al. (2014) performed laboratory experiments using Bacillus thuringiensis

israelinsis to found the efficiency of Bti against Anopheles and Culex mosquito larvae from
Zomba. In this study, 6 concentrations of Bti were prepared and 360 mosquito larvae were
presenting to these different concentrations and results were noticed after 10 hrs, 24 hrs and
48 hrs. Results indicated that the minor effective dosage that can be applied to control Culex
mosquito larvae in Zomba after 48hrs of disclosure is 47.73g/ha. The LT50 and LT90 being
7.5hrs and 24.3 hrs in that order. On the other hand, Anopheles mosquito larvae require
103.41g/ha of Bti which is nearly double as much as that essential by Culex. Anopheles
LT50 is 6.2 hrs and LT90 is 18.5 hrs. It was detected that when Culex and Anopheles
mosquito larvae were use to the same dosage of a liquid formulation of Bti (0.01ml/L) there
was no significant change in their mortalities.
Land & Miljand (2014) evaluated the efficacy of Bti against mosquitoes and other
target organisms. VectoBac G is a granular formulation of the bacterium Bti. In line for to
its mode of action, Bti is considered to be safe for fish, birds, and mammals, including
livestock and pets. In spite of a fairly large number of studies, no amount of resistance to
Bti in the field had been described. There were studies on the effectiveness of Bti treatment
in relations of mosquito abundance, while the results had mixed. It may thus be sensible to
conduct a systematic analysis in that area. The same is probably true also for the persistence
of Bti in the surroundings.
Schafer & Lundstrom (2014) studied the influence of Bti larviciding on the large
quantity of larval and adult mosquitoes in four experimental sites, all characterized by a
CDC trap site and a 5 km radius. The four ranges changed with respect to their mosquito
control history and the coverage of larval habitats with Bti larviciding. The Bti usages
12
provided a significant decline of mosquito larval large quantity, and normally 100%
reduction was succeeded.
Jahan & Hussain (2011) studied the susceptibility of late 3rd instars laboratory
reared An. stephensi and field-collected Cx. quinquefasciatus in Lahore, Pakistan to a
technical powder of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar Israelensis (Bti) and a technical powder
of Bacillus sphaericus (Bsph) were studied in the laboratory. At 24 hrs post-treatment the
LC50 and LC95 values for An. stephensi amounted to 0.041 and 0.11 ppm, respectively. At
48 hour post-treatment, these values were reduced to 0.025 ppm LC50 and 0.083 ppm LC95.
In comparison, Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae at 24 hrs post-treatment required 0.048 ppm Bti
to achieve the LC50 level and 0.128 ppm to achieve LC95 level; the 48 hrs LC50 for this
species was exceptionally low (0.02 ppm). In general, both species exhibited somewhat
similar levels of larval susceptibility to the technical powder of Bti. The LC50 and LC95
values of Bsph against An. stephensi at 24 hrs as well as 48 hrs post-treatment were rather
high, exceeding 1 ppm at the LC95 level. However, Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae were highly
susceptible to Bsph with LC50 and LC95 values of 0.043 and 0.12 ppm, respectively at 24
hrs, and at 48 hrs post-treatment, 0.08 ppm LC50 and 0.11 ppm LC95.
Ostman et al. (2008) considered the protein crystals manufactured by Bacillus

thuringiensis israelensis against the larvae of flood water mosquitoes in Ephemeral
marshes. At this point they exposed, a large scale experiment in six natural marshes that
the concentrations of heterotrophic protozoans were on an average 4.5 times higher in
marshland places cured with Bti than in control areas. In addition, the taxonomic richness
of heterotrophic protozoans increased on an average of 60% in areas with Bti application
compared to control areas.
Gustavo et al. (2002) assessed the Bti a target definite and environmentally safer
control agent against different species of mosquitoes. Experiments were done to determine
the liability of 2nd and 3rd instar larvae of Ae. aegypti to Vectobac 12 AS (aqueous
suspension,6O0 ITU/mg). A median lethal concentration of 0.0104 ppm and second lethal
concentration of 0- 18 ppm were introduced after 24 hrs of contact to the agent. The values
obtained were adjusted for meadow presentation and were further tested in the meadow by
the State Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico Vector Control Program. Suspensions of Bti were
13
shifted into pipe water trucks and shifted to domestic sector gal metal water drums. Larval
populations were declined after 2 week.
2.4 Integrated strategies to control the mosquitoes
Zhu et al. (2016) studied the development of Insecticide Resistance Management

(IRM) policies in urban systems. According to mechanisms of insecticide resistance and
reducing insecticide collection pressure by applying many chemical and non-chemical
methods. The main focus on the used insecticides and physiological mechanisms
underlying insecticide resistance in 6 insect pests such as house fly, German cockroach,
mosquitoes, red flour beetle, bed bugs and head louse.
Sarwar et al. (2015) studied the biological control of disease vector method through
the Integrated Vector Management (IVM) program against Aedes mosquitoes. Biological
control strategies of dengue carrier mosquitos amplified to maintain existing natural
enemies, beginning new natural enemies, situation up a lasting population, and intervallic
relief of natural enemies. Then non-toxic biological control technique is start to control a
key vector, the compact use of pesticides and increased persistence of natural enemies
frequently decrease the transmission of important mosquito’s borne diseases in the public
areas.
Abbas et al. (2014) studied for the mosquito suppression was to control mosquito
breeding. Suppression could be completed by biological procedures. Apply the botanicals
was effect method for controlling DF vector. Community based suppression processes
including educating people about its prevention and control methods and personal
information also play a big role to prevent its existence.
Ghosh et al. (2012) studied on the application of another strategies in mosquito

control. The excess use of synthetic insecticides causes the development of resistance in
vector species. Use of active toxic agents from plant extracts as a mosquito control.
Biological methods are nontoxic, easily available, bio degradable and show broad-spectrum
target specific activities against different species of mosquitoes. Use of only one method
cannot control this harmful disease but the combination of all above interventions,
discussed in this paper, also prevent the DF vector and finally may help in the suppression
programs of vector borne diseases.
14
Kamareddine et al. (2012) studied the effects of many control strategies against
Anopheles vector. Yet, the development of insecticide resistant mosquito strains, along with
many health, environmental issues. This review offerings most hopeful biological control
implements for malaria suppression, namely fungi, bacteria, larvivorous fish, parasites and
viruses.
Akel & Suliman (2011) studied the role of killifish (Aphanius dispar dispar) as a
biological source for the contrl of mosquito larvae in the aqueous medium. Larvaciding
process by applying chemicals to control mosquitoes in the earlier resulted in a very
hazardous effect on the environment and human health for example bioaccumulation of
DDT. Biological control of mosquito larvae by using fish had displayed several advantages
in excess of chemicals, but exogenous fishes such as Gambusia affinis may had negative
effects on other fishes and destroy the habitat of mosquito in the aqueous medium.
15
Chapter 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was carried out to assess the larvicidal activities of aqueous and
oil extracts of commonly used plants, which are believed to have the medicinal importance.
Commonly used commercial insecticides and Bti separately (as a control as well) and in
combination. The study was carried out in the following steps:
3.1 Mosquito larvae collection
Mosquito larvae were collected with a dipper from different sites such as industrial,
non-industrial, sewerage, ponds, agriculture fields, and fish ponds. These habitats were
selected for the prevalence of Anopheles and Aedes larvae because these larvae were
present in different habitats. Samples were brought to the entomology laboratory at the
Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad for rearing. Mosquito
larvae of the selected species were subjected to larvicidal testing in their natural breeding
habitat. (Nasir et al., 2015).
3.2 Mosquito rearing
After rearing in glass cages, the adults were identified using standard classification
manual (Qasim et al., 2014) up to genus level. Anopheles (An. stephensi & An. culicifacies)
and Aedes (Ae. aegypti & Ae. albopictus) genus were reared separately. Male mosquitoes
were fed with a 10% sugar solution while females were fed with rat blood (Nasir et al.,
2017). After egg laying, hatched larvae (2nd & 3rd) instar were used for this study. Twenty
larvae of each group were introduced into beakers separately containing 250 ml of their
water along with fish diet.
3.3 Collection of plant samples
Plant samples were selected based on their local availability and insecticidal
properties. The plant parts were collected from healthy plants, free from dust, dirt and other
impurities. These experimental materials were brought to the entomology laboratory at the
Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad for subsequent
processing.
16
Table 3.1: Name of the plants used in the larval mosquito bioassay studies
Sr. Common Part

Scientific Name Family Order
No. Name Used
1 Aak Calotropis procera Aiton Apocynaceae Gentianales Leaf
2 Adrak Zingiber Zingiberaceae Zingiberales
Corm
officinale Roscoe
3 Akas/Amer Cuscuta pentagona Convolvulaceae Solannales
Plant
bel Engelm
4 Bathua Chenopodium album L. Amaranthaceae Caryophyllales Leaf
5 Bhang Cannabis sativa L. Cannbaceae Rosales Plant
6 Chebbr Melothria scabra Naudin Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitales Fruit
7 Chirata Swertia chirayita (Roxb. Gentianaceae Gentianales
Fruit
ex Fleming) H. Karst
8 Datura Datura stramonium L. Solanaceae Solanales Fruit
9 Datura Datura wrightii Regel. Solanaceae Solanales Leaf
10 Hernoli Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae Malpighiales Leaf
11 Kasni Cichorium intybus L. Asteraceae Asterales Leaf
12 Kortumma Citrullus colocynthis L. Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitales Fruit
13 Karela Momordica charantia L. Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitales Fruit
14 Neem Azadirachta indica A. Meliaceae Sapindales
Leaf
Juss
15 Neem Seeds Azadirachta indica A. Meliaceae Sapindales
Seed
Juss
17
Plants used to control the mosquito genera
A B
C D
A: Azadirachta indica B: Cichorium intybus
C: Datura wrightii D: Datura stramonium
Figure 3.1: Plants used in the trials
18
E F
G H
E: Calotropis procera F: Momordica charantia
G: Cuscuta pentagona H: Chenopodium album
19
I J
K L
I: Citrullus colocynthis J: Melothria scabra
K: Swertia chirayaita L: Ricinus communis
20
M N
M: Cannabis sativa N: Zinzibero officinale
O: Azadirachta indica (fruit)
21
3.4 Handling of plant samples
After washing the collected plant parts, samples were dried under shade and then
oven dried (Alkan et al., 2015). Dried Plant material was transferred into powdered form
by using a grinder. The powder was then used to extract the phytochemicals via aqueous
and oil extraction.
3.5 Extractions
Aqueous Extraction
In order to prepare an extract from each plant 50g of each crushed plant parts were
put in a separate plastic bottle containing 1 liter of water for 7 days. These were allowed to
settle over one week and were shaken thrice every day (8 hrs interval). The aqueous
suspension was cleaned through muslin cloth. The filtrate was then served as a stock
solution for the experiment. The extracts were serially diluted to 10, 1.0, 0.1, 0.01, 0.01 and
0.01% concentrations. Briefly, 10, 1.0, 0.1. 0.01, 0.01 and 0.01% each were collected
distinctly from 1000 ml of the stock solution. Yet, 10% was equivalent to 100 ml, 1% was
equivalent to 10 ml while 0.1% was 1 ml of the stock solution (Olaitan & Abiodun, 2011).
Oil Extraction
Essential oils were extracted from the selected plant parts with the help of the
Soxhlet apparatus (Cheng et al., 2009). Different concentrations (10, 1.0, 0.1, 0.01, 0.01 &
0.01%) were formulated in their respective solvent petroleum ether or methanol (Nasir et
al., 2017).
3.6 Phytochemical Analysis
Plant extracts were analysed through the standard procedure given by Trease and
Evans (1989) and Sofowora (1993).
22
3.7 Synthetic insecticides
Temephos, Deltamethrin, Hexane, Altosid, Mortein liquid, Nemokill, and Bti were used for
this study.
Table 3.2: Insecticides used for the control of mosquito genera.
NO. Chemicals Trade Chemical Active ingredient Manufacturer

mark
group country
®
1 Temephos Abate Organophosphate 1.1% w/w Malaysia
2 Deltamethrin Deltamethrin Pyrethroid 2.5% w/v China

2.5 EC
N Hexane Organic China
3 Hexane 68%
compound
4 Altosid Altosid® Pro Methoprene 1.5% USA
G
Mortein® Allethrin (2.09 g/kg) Australia
Mortein
5 Pyrethroid and Resmethrin (0.39
liquid
g/kg)
6 Neem oil Neemkill Plant extract Neem oil India
Six concentration of each treatment was applied during the experiment.
3.8 Use of Bti

Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) is a group of bacteria used to control the
larval stages of mosquito. Mosquito larvae treated with Bti generally, cease feeding within
1 hour, show reduced activity by two hrs, extreme sluggishness by four hrs and general
paralysis by six hrs after ingestion (Chilcott et al., 1990).
Figure 3.2: Bti used in the mixing trial
23
Figure 3.3: Methanol extracts Figure 3.4: Water Extracts
Figure 3.5: Mosquito larvae during mixing trial
Figure 3.6: Significant insecticides used during mixing trial Figure 3.7: Dropper
24
3.9 Screening trials of selected plant extracts and commercial insecticides
Screening trials were conducted by using 6 concentrations and 3 replications of each
treatment along with the control group as follows.
(a) Screening trial with ether extracts of selected plants.

(b) Screening trial with methanol extracts of selected plants
(c) Screening trial with water extracts of selected plants.
(d) Screening trial with selected synthetic insecticides.
(e) Screening trial with Bti
3.10 Mixing Treatments

In this study, plant extracts, Bti and significant insecticides were used in combination.
(a) Plant extracts (ether, methanol and aqueous) with Bti

(b) Plant extracts (ether, methanol and aqueous) with significant insecticides
(c) Bti with control significant insecticides
(d) Plant extracts (ether, methanol and aqueous) with Bti and significant insecticides
Again 6 concentrations of each combination with 3 replications of each were used along
with the control group. Mortality data was calculated to check to knockdown effect after 2,
4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 hrs.
3.11 Data collection

Data of mortality was collected with care. All the reading was noted after the
interval of 2, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hrs for screening trials and 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 hrs for
mixing trials.
25
3.12 Statistical analysis
The mortality observed was corrected using Abbott’s formula during the
observation of the larvicidal potentiality of the plant extracts. After recording mortality
data, it was subjected to ANOVA for determining the significant plants and insecticides.
Statistical analysis of the experimental data was performed with MS Excel 2007 to find the
Mean and Standard deviation, LC50 and LT50 using probit analysis with Minitab. The data
of mixing treatments were subjected to Abbott’s formula for corrected mortality as follows.
Abbott’s formula
n in T after treatment
Corrected % = (1 - ) * 100
n in Co after treatment
Where : n = Insect population, T = treated, Co = control
26
Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The present study was performed for a period of 2 years from September 2014 to
September 2016 for the control and management of dengue and malaria vectors. This study
introduced the comparison between the biological and chemical controls against the
mosquito larvae of Anopheles and Aedes through the use of plant extracts, Bti and selected
insecticides.
Experiments were conducted on larvae of mosquitoes reared in the Entomology

laboratory at Zoology Department, Government College University Faisalabad. Seven sets
of beakers (One for control and six for treatments) were taken and placed on laboratory
shelves. The control set was applied for environmental effects and the solutions were
prepared in petroleum ether, methanol and distilled water. The plant extracts were applied
on beakers containing 20 larvae and different concentration (10, 1.0, 0.1, 0.01, 0.01 and
0.01%) with 3 replications. The beaker contains 50 ml water from habitat and 199 ml of
tap water and 1 ml of prepared solution for the trial. Then mortality percentage of mosquito
observed after a respective interval of time with 3 replications.
4.1 Screening trials
Screening trials for the larvae of mosquito were conducted in the Entomology
laboratory of Zoology Department, Government College University Faisalabad and Ayub
Agriculture research institute, Faisalabad. For the screening trials, different plant extracts
with (petroleum ether, methanol, and water), Bti and selected insecticides were used. For
this purpose, different concentrations (10, 1.0, 0.1, 0.01, 0.01 and 0.01%) from 52 samples
were made. Mortality percentage observed of Anopheles and Aedes larvae with different
concentrations of plant extracts, Bti and insecticides at different post-treatment time
intervals. Then significant plant extracts and insecticides were selected due to the high
percent mortality.
27
Table 4.1. P-value for mortality with ether extract and chemicals under different screening
designs for main-effects model.
Df 2-level factorial df 2-level factorial
Sources Sources
F-value p-value F-value p-value
Model 21 78.16 <0.01** N-Bhang plant 1 2.98 0.4531
A-Neem leaf 1 1.14 0.015* O-Zinger plant 1 6.12 0.3471
B-Kasni leaf 1 141.37 0.4914 P-Neem seeds 1 3.57 0.4213
C-Datura leaf 1 70.86 <0.01** Q-Temephos 1 8.67 0.5231
D-Datura fruit 1 7.44 0.321 R-Deltamethrin 1 82.98 <0.01**
E-Akk leaf 1 0.34 0.4514 S-Hexane 1 76.87 0.4532
F-Karela fruit 1 0.043 0.8780 T-Altosid 1 2.14 0.6534
G-Amber plant 1 5.83 0.0862 U-Mortein 1 13.78 0.041*

liquid
H-Bathua leaf 1 2.58 0.1191 V-Neemkill 1 3.78 0.4325
J-Khor tumma 1 11.37 0.011* W-Bti 1 10.09 <0.013*

fruit
K-Chebber 1 0.51 0.0901 Residual 501

fruit
L-Charita plant 1 9.34 0.0162* Cor. Total 522
M-Hernoli leaf 1 3.67 0.3290
*means significant at p<0.05 **means highly significant at p<0.01
Table 4.2: Significant plant extracts through ether and insecticides.

Sr. No. Single factors % mortality at 0.01 LC50 ±SE FL at 95% C.I
% con. ±SE
1 Kor tumma 68.17±0.095 125.22±0.014 115.14-131.25
2 Datura leaf 66.61±0.113 133.63±0.035 125.35-142.33
3 Charita 63.78±0.223 144.12±0.116 135.65-162.47
4 Neem leaf 63.58±0.203 145.02±0.126 136.55-164.35
5 Bti 57.5±0.0 188.41±0.039 178.22-197.20
6 Deltamethrin 76.943±0.747 168.50±0.054 152.14-186.33
7 Mortein liquid 73.943±0.310 155.35±0.066 147.31-164.36
28
Table 4.3: P-value for mortality with methanol extract under different screening designs
for main- effects model.
Sources Sources
A-Neem leaf 1 1.14 0.0212 O-Zinger plant 1 5.91 0.3471
C-Datura leaf 1 50.86 0.5001
D-Datura fruit 1 6.14 0.3210
E-Akk leaf 1 0.24 <0.01**
F-Karela fruit 1 0.033 0.8780
G-Amber plant 1 4.03 0.0762
H-Bathua leaf 1 2.08 0.1222
J-Khor tumma 1 10.25 0.011*

fruit
K-Chebber 1 Residual 301

0.44 0.010*
fruit
L-Charita plant 1 8.24 0.0122* Cor. Total 322
Table 4.4: Significant plant extracts through methanol.

% con. ±SE
1 Kor tumma 56.41±0.101 143.63±0.035 130.35-172.33
2 Chariata plant 57.5±0.0 192.31±0.029 181.22-207.20
3 Akk leaf 48.11±0.075 135.32±0.024 120.24-141.55
4 Chebber fruit 53.58±0.213 154.12±0.106 135.65-166.35
29
Table 4.5: P-value for mortality with water extract under different screening designs for
main- effects model.
Sources Sources
A-Neem leaf 1 1.11 0.4982 O-Zinger plant 1 5.47 0.3371
C-Datura leaf 1 55.66 0.01*
D-Datura fruit 1 5.31 0.011*
E-Akk leaf 1 0.24 0.4011
F-Karela fruit 1 0.0143 0.6980
G-Amber plant 1 4.43 0.0662
H-Bathua leaf 1 1.88 0.1071
J-Khor tumma 1 9.77 0.021*

fruit
K-Chebber 1 Residual 285

0.31 0.017*
fruit
L-Charita plant 1 9.10 0.2262 Cor. Total 303
Table 4.6: Significant plant extracts through water

% con. ±SE
1 Datura leaf 46.52±0.023 152.43±0.035 135.04-162.93
2 Datura fruit 46.41±0.141 153.73±0.015 133.35-175.21
3 Kor tumma 48.27±0.125 155.32±0.024 137.44-175.25
4 Chebr fruit 43.48±0.113 160.22±0.146 146.35-180.47
30
Table 4.7: Showed the significant plant extract and insecticides.
Sr. No. Ether Methanol Water Insecticides
1 Kor tumma Kor tumma Datura leaf Deltamethrine
2 Datura leaf Chariata Datura fruit Mortein liquid
3 Chariata Akk leaf Kor tumma BTI
4 Neem leaf Chebr fruit Chebr fruit
4.1.1 Comparison of mean according to an interval of time with Bti

Time was a highly significant factor. Time is directly proportional to mortality.
Table 4.8 : Analysis of variance table for mortality percentage compare with Bti
reference to time intervals.
Source of variation Degrees of Sum of squares Mean squares F-value

freedom
Time 4 10283.9 2571.0 668.82**

Error 10 38.4 3.84
Total 14 10322.4
** = Highly significant (P<0.01)
Table 4.9: Comparison of means with Bti reference to time intervals.
Time (hrs) Mean±SE
2 16.67±2.200 E
8 32.22±0.553 D
12 54.44±1.110 C
16 75±0.0 B
24 87.50±0.0 A
Means sharing similar letters are statistically non-significant (P>0.05).
Table 4.8 showed that the mean squares value 2571.0 and F value 668.82** for
the significance of Bti reference to the time interval. Table 4.9 showed that the mortality
31
value with Bti (16.67±2.200) after 2 hrs which increased to (87.50±0.0) after the interval
of 24 hrs.
4.1.2 Analysis of variance table for significance

This table showed that the type of solvent used extracts (plant extracts, plant type, time,
concentration and their interaction were highly significant in case of response mortality.
Table 4.10: Analysis of variance table for significance
Source of variation Degrees of Sum of squares Mean squares F-value

freedom
Extracts (Types) 2 327784 163892 9468.73**

Plants (P) 14 54684 3906 225.66**
Time (T) 4 173934 43483 2512.21**
Conc 5 324476 64895 3749.26**
Ins x P 28 39601 1414 81.71**
Ins x T 8 7941 993 57.35**
Ins x Conc 10 8390 839 48.47**
PxT 56 3281 59 3.39**
P x Conc 70 6879 98 5.68**
T x Conc 20 3438 172 9.93**
Ins x P x T 112 3887 35 2.01**
Ins x P x Conc 140 14094 101 5.82**
Ins x T x Conc 40 6325 158 9.14**
P x T x Conc 280 6001 21 1.24*
Error 560 9693 17
Total 1349 990409
NS = Non-significant (P>0.05); * = Significant (P<0.05); ** = Highly significant (P<0.01)
Table (4.10) showed a comparison between the plant extracts and chemicals with
different concentrations and intervals of time. This table showed that plant extracts,
insecticides, time, concentrations, and their combinations were highly significant.
32
4.2 Mixing Trials
After screening trials, significant plant extracts, insecticides and Bti were mixed in different
combinations and mortality was noted under different time intervals (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 &
128 hrs) with different concentrations (10, 1.0, 0.1, 0.01, 0.01 & 0.01%).
4.2.1 Mixture of plant extracts with Bti
The ether, methanol and water extracts proved themselves as highly toxic to
mosquito’s larvae (Anopheles & Aedes) and this response was time and concentration
dependent. The highest mortality was seen in the case of 10% concentration of the solution
and a long interval of time with the Anopheles and Aedes larvae. After 32 hrs, highest
mortality (90%) was seen with plant extracts by using ether as a solvent which was highest
than the methanol extracts (85%) and water extracts (75%) with 10% concentration of
solutions. While the lowest concentration (0.01%) of plant extracts through the ether with
Bti showed (50%) mortality followed by methanol extracts (40%) and water extracts (35%)
against Anopheles larvae. While the lowest concentrations (0.01%) of plant extracts
through ether showed (100%) mortality followed by methanol extracts (72%) and water
extracts (70%) against Anopheles larvae. In case of Aedes larvae, 100% mortality was
observed with all combinations of plant extracts with 10% concentrations of solution.
While the lowest concentrations (0.01%) of plant extracts through ether showed (100%)
mortality followed by methanol extracts (70%) and water extracts (65%) after 128 hrs.
After 64 hrs, the least LC50 value (40ppm) and (45ppm) was observed that the best mixing
plant extracts C. colocynthis, D. stramonium, A. indica, and Swertia chirayaita through
ether with Bti for Anopheles and Aedes larvae respectively and the least effective plant
extracts were D. wrightii and M. scabra extract through water with Bti due to the highest
LC50 value (226 & 238 ppm) against Anopheles and Aedes larvae. The time of mortality
LT50 data showed that the mixing extract of C. colocynthis and D. stramonium through
ether with Bti took remarkably less time at 10% (0.83hrs), (0.91hrs) followed by the
methanol (4.26hrs), (5.46hrs) and water (12.10hrs), (12.30hrs) for Anopheles and Aedes
respectively. This time interval increased with a decrease in concentrations. The mixing
extract of M. scabra extract through water with Bti took remarkably highest time interval
at 0.01% (115.90 hrs), (125.30hrs) than all the high time intervals at 0.01% ether (20.13hrs),
(22.32hrs) and methanol (57.54hrs), (59.45hrs) extracts with Bti for Anopheles and Aedes
larvae respectively.
33
Table 4.11(a): Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding Bti with plant extracts
through ether against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor tumma+Bti Datura+Bti Charita+Bti Neem leaf+Bti Kor tumma &
Datura+Bti
2 50.56±4.24g 27.78±3.88g 23.61±3.10g 27.22±2.92g 43.33±5.08g
4 56.94±5.15f 42.50±3.95f 31.67±2.86f 38.33±3.10f 51.11±5.14f
8 64.17±5.31e 55.0±4.14e 39.44±3.61e 52.50±3.41e 60.0±5.19e
16 75.28±4.74d 63.33±4.41d 56.67±3.68d 63.61±3.35d 70.0±4.90d
32 80.83±4.45c 76.39±3.87c 74.17±3.16c 71.67±3.33c 78.33±4.35c
64 92.78±2.07b 91.67±2.06b 92.50±2.07b 92.78±1.95b 93.61±2.05b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 94.29±1.93a 84.76±3.32a 75.95±5.01a 76.67±4.38a 94.29±1.80a
1 88.81±2.82b 75.71±5.02b 68.57±5.69b 73.57±5.13b 85.95±3.27b
0.1 79.76±3.68c 68.33±5.49c 61.67±6.08c 67.86±5.24c 71.43±4.84c
0.01 71.43±4.26d 61.67±6.03d 57.14±6.60d 62.86±5.88d 65.71±5.33d
0.01 60.24±5.47e 54.52±6.57e 51.67±7.07e 54.76±6.49e 59.29±5.65e
0.01 51.67±5.65f 46.43±6.48f 43.33±7.26f 46.67±6.62f 48.81±6.20f
2 10 75±0.0f 58.33±1.67j 41.67±1.67m 46.67±1.67l 78.33±1.67ef
1 66.67±1.67h 35±0.0o 35±0.0n 35±0.0n 61.67±1.67j
0.1 56.67±1.67j 28.33±1.67p 26.67±1.67p 30±0.0o 40±0.0m
0.01 45±0.0l 20±0.0r 20±0.0q 25±0.0p 35±0.0n
0.01 35±0.0n 15±0.0s 15±0.0r 16.67±1.67r 30±0.0o
0.01 25±0.0p 10±0.0t 3.33±1.67s 10±0.0s 15±0.0q
4 10 90±0.0c 70±0.0g 50±0.0k 55±0.0j 86.67±1.67d
1 75±0.0f 55±0.0k 40±0.0m 50±0.0k 70±0.0h
0.1 61.67±1.67i 45±0.0m 35±0.0n 45±0.0l 50±0.0l
0.01 50±0.0k 35±0.0o 30±0.0o 35±0.0n 40±0.0m
0.01 35±0.0n 25±0.0q 20±0.0q 25±0.0p 35±0.0n
0.01 30±0.0o 25±0.0q 15±0.0r 20±0.0q 25±0.0p
8 10 95±0.0b 80±0.0e 65±0.0h 70±0.0g 95±0.0b
1 85±0.0d 70±0.0g 50±0.0k 65±0.0h 80±0.0e
0.1 70±0.0g 60±0.0ij 40±0.0m 60±0.0i 60±0.0j
0.01 60±0.0i 50±0.0l 35±0.0n 50±0.0k 50±0.0l
0.01 40±0.0m 40±0.0n 26.67±1.67p 40±0.0m 40±0.0m
0.01 35±0.0n 30±0.0p 20±0.0q 30±0.0o 35±0.0n
16 10 100±0 a 90±0.0c 80±0.0e 75±0.0f 100±0 a
1 95±0.0b 80±0.0e 70±0.0g 80±0.0e 90±0.0c
0.1 80±0.0e 65±0.0h 60±0.0i 70±0.0g 70±0.0h
0.01 75±0.0f 60±0.0ij 50±0.0k 65±0.0h 65±0.0i
0.01 56.67±1.67j 50±0.0l 45±0.0l 51.67±1.67k 55±0.0k
0.01 45±0.0l 35±0.0o 35±0.0n 40±0.0m 40±0.0m
32 10 100±0 a 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 90±0.0c 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 100±0 a
0.1 90±0.0c 85±0.0d 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 80±0.0e
0.01 80±0.0e 76.67±1.67f 70±0.0g 70±0.0g 75±0.0g
0.01 65±0.0h 61.67±1.67i 65±0.0h 60±0.0i 65±0.0i
0.01 50±0.0k 50±0.0l 55±0.0j 50±0.0k 50±0.0l
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 76.67±1.67f 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 76.67±1.67f 76.67±1.67fg
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
Means sharing a similar letter in a cell are statistically non-significant (P>0.05).
34
(b) Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding Bti with plant extracts through
ether against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor Kor Datura Datura
tumma&Charita+Bti tumma&Neem leaf&charita+Bti leaf&Neem
leaf+Bti leaf+Bti
2 32.22±3.39g 33.33±3.70g 29.44±3.59g 26.67±3.21g
4 41.39±3.33f 42.50±3.62f 39.17±3.46f 38.06±3.43f
8 47.50±4.01e 47.50±4.01e 45.0±3.50e 44.17±3.67e
16 63.61±4.76d 62.50±4.68d 61.67±4.41d 60.83±3.92d
32 75.83±4.28c 75.56±3.81c 75.0±3.50c 76.67±3.75c
64 93.33±2.18b 93.33±2.18b 93.33±2.18b 93.33±2.18b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 82.62±4.13a 83.81±3.78a 80.0±4.18a 79.05±4.25a
1 75.71±4.65b 74.29±4.53b 72.38±4.96b 71.43±5.25b
0.1 67.62±5.72c 68.57±5.44c 67.38±5.67c 67.86±6.15c
0.01 63.57±5.79d 63.33±5.77d 62.86±6.0d 60.71±6.36d
0.01 55.24±6.24e 55.0±6.27e 53.57±6.65e 53.57±6.70e
0.01 44.29±6.69f 44.76±6.77f 44.05±6.91f 44.29±6.85f
2 10 53.33±1.67i 56.67±1.67j 50±0.0k 48.33±1.67k
1 45±0.0k 45±0.0l 41.67±1.67m 36.67±1.67n
0.1 30±0.0o 35±0.0n 36.67±1.67n 30±0.0o
0.01 30±0.0o 30±0.0o 25±0.0p 20±0.0q
0.01 25±0.0p 25±0.0p 15±0.0q 15±0.0r
0.01 10±0.0r 8.33±1.67r 8.33±1.67r 10±0.0s
4 10 60±0.0h 65±0.0h 60±0.0i 60±0.0i
1 55±0.0i 55±0.0j 50±0.0k 48.33±1.67k
0.1 43.33±1.67kl 45±0.0l 40±0.0m 40±0.0m
0.01 40±0.0m 40±0.0m 40±0.0m 35±0.0n
0.01 30±0.0o 30±0.0o 30±0.0o 30±0.0o
0.01 20±0.0q 20±0.0q 15±0.0q 15±0.0r
8 10 75±0.0e 75±0.0f 70±0.0g 70±0.0g
1 60±0.0h 60±0.0i 55±0.0j 55±0.0j
0.1 50±0.0j 50±0.0k 45±0.0l 45±0.0l
0.01 40±0.0m 40±0.0m 40±0.0m 40±0.0m
0.01 35±0.0n 35±0.0n 35±0.0n 30±0.0o
0.01 25±0.0p 25±0.0p 25±0.0p 25±0.0p
16 10 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 85±0.0d 80±0.0e
1 80±0.0d 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 75±0.0f
0.1 70±0.0f 70±0.0g 70±0.0g 70±0.0g
0.01 65±0.0g 65±0.0h 65±0.0h 60±0.0i
0.01 41.67±1.67lm 40±0.0m 40±0.0m 45±0.0l
0.01 35±0.0n 35±0.0n 35±0.0n 35±0.0n
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
1 90±0.0c 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 85±0.0d
0.1 80±0.0d 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 90±0.0c
0.01 75±0.0e 73.33±1.67f 75±0.0f 75±0.0f
0.01 65±0.0g 65±0.0h 65±0.0h 65±0.0h
0.01 45±0.0k 50±0.0k 50±0.0k 50±0.0k
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 75±0.0e 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 75±0.0f
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
35
(c) Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding Bti with plant extracts through
ether against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Charita+ neem Kor tumma+ Datura leaf+ Kor
leaf+Bti datura leaf+ charita+ neem tumma+datura
charita+Bti leaf+Bti leaf+ charita+
neem leaf+Bti
2 21.11±2.51g 33.06±3.19g 33.06±2.56g 33.61±3.05g
4 30.0±2.43f 48.33±3.26f 46.94±2.80f 48.61±3.25f
8 42.50±3.03e 63.33±3.55e 61.67±3.33e 61.11±3.85e
16 59.17±3.86d 75.83±2.92d 73.33±3.02d 74.17±3.16d
32 75.0±3.96c 88.33±2.49c 86.67±2.29c 92.50±1.68c
64 93.33±2.18b 96.67±1.34b 95.0±1.85b 97.50±0.93b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 73.57±5.61a 85.0±4.15a 83.81±4.36a 86.19±3.78a
1 69.05±5.92b 79.76±4.50b 77.38±4.61b 80.71±4.59b
0.1 65.0±6.71c 75.95±5.17c 73.81±5.15c 74.29±5.33c
0.01 57.86±6.62d 71.43±5.44d 70.71±5.62d 68.81±6.09d
0.01 52.14±6.78e 65.48±5.80e 64.29±5.68e 63.57±5.79e
0.01 43.33±7.11f 55.71±6.72f 55.71±6.17f 61.43±6.96f
2 10 35.0±2.89n 50.0±2.89k 46.67±1.67k 53.33±1.67ij
1 28.33±1.67o 43.33±3.33lm 41.67±1.67l 43.33±3.33kl
0.1 25±0.0p 35±0.0n 35±0.0m 35±0.0m
0.01 20±0.0q 35±0.0n 35±0.0m 30±0.0n
0.01 15±0.0r 25±0.0o 25±0.0o 25±0.0o
0.01 3.33±1.67s 10±0.0p 15±0.0p 15±0.0p
4 10 45±0.0l 65±0.0h 65±0.0g 70±0.0g
1 40±0.0m 60±0.0i 55±0.0i 61.67±1.67h
0.1 30±0.0o 55±0.0j 51.67±1.67j 50±0.0j
0.01 25±0.0p 45±0.0l 40±0.0l 35±0.0m
0.01 25±0.0p 40±0.0m 40±0.0l 40±0.0l
0.01 15±0.0r 25±0.0o 30±0.0n 35±0.0m
8 10 60±0.0i 85±0.0d 80±0.0d 85±0.0d
1 55±0.0j 75±0.0f 75±0.0e 75±0.0f
0.1 45±0.0l 66.67±1.67gh 65±0.0g 65±0.0h
0.01 40±0.0m 60±0.0i 60±0.0h 56.67±1.67i
0.01 30±0.0o 53.33±1.67jk 50±0.0j 45±0.0k
0.01 25±0.0p 40±0.0m 40±0.0l 40±0.0l
16 10 80±0.0e 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
1 75±0.0f 85±0.0d 80±0.0d 85±0.0d
0.1 65±0.0h 80±0.0e 75±0.0e 75±0.0f
0.01 55±0.0j 70±0.0g 70±0.0f 70±0.0g
0.01 45±0.0l 65±0.0h 65±0.0g 65±0.0h
0.01 35±0.0n 60±0.0i 55±0.0i 55±0.0i
32 10 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 85±0.0d 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 100±0 a
0.1 90±0.0c 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 95±0.0b
0.01 70±0.0g 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 60±0.0i 80±0.0e 80±0.0d 80±0.0e
0.01 50±0.0k 70±0.0g 70±0.0f 90±0.0c
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 75±0.0f 85±0.0d 80±0.0d 95±0.0b
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
36
Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding Bti with plant extracts
through ether against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
Table (4.11) showed that the highest mortality (100±0.0) percentage was noted with
a high concentration (10%) after a long interval of time (128hrs) while less mortality
(3.33±1.67) was noted with low concentration (0.01%) after a short interval of time (2hrs)
against Anopheles larvae. After 2 hrs, highest mortality (78.33%) was noted with kor
tumma and datura leaf with Bti followed by kor tumma with Bti (75%), kor tumma, datura
leaf, chariata and neem leaf with Bti (56.67%) and least mortality value (35.0±2.89)
chariata with Bti with high concentration (10%) of solution against Anopheles larvae. After
the interval of 128 hrs, 100% mortality was noted with all the combinations of plant extracts
with Bti in all the concentrations as shown in the table.
37
Table 4.12: LC50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for significant plant extracts through the ether with Bti against Anopheles larvae.
Sig. Plant extracts through ether Vs Bti 2 hrs 4 hrs 8 hrs 16 hrs 32 hrs 64 hrs
1. Kor tumma +Bti 268.10±2.0 246.50±1.50 213.0870±1.3000 163.4450±0.2150 121.1268±0.0615 90.0360±0.0210
2. Datura leaf +Bti 260.30±2.0 240.30±1.60 205.5870±0.3700 140.1050±0.0640 110.047±0.033 82.02±0.01
3. Charita +Bti 280.20±2.0 266.70±1.60 220.1870±0.1300 160.020±0.010 123.01±0.01 100.050±0.0
4. Neem leaf +Bti 276.20±2.0 259.60±0.50 219.8890±0.0200 164.0650±0.0480 130.09±0.09 94±0.01
5. Kor tumma , Datura +Bti 162.50±1.0 145.90±0.60 115.3580±0.5300 85.2290±0.1130 71.0408±0.0198 60.083±0.042
6. Kor tumma, Charita +Bti 180.90±1.0 160.20±0.50 135.5280±0.3100 105.0170±0.0110 89.025±0.022 73.02±0.02
7. Kor tumma, Neem leaf +Bti 175.90±1.0 157.70±0.40 133.4520±0.2700 102.0170±0.0110 87.042±0.031 69.05±0.04
8. Datura leaf, charita +Bti 170.80±1.0 151.90±0.50 124.4480±0.2900 98.080±0.060 83.015±0.013 65.02±0.02
9. Datura leaf, Neem leaf+Bti 165.70±1.0 147.10±1.70 117.4770±0.3500 82.070±0.050 78.011±0.010 60.01±0.01
10. Charita, neem leaf +Bti 190.80±1.0 170.40±0.50 141.3200±0.2300 110.030±0.030 99.040±0.020 80±0.0
11. Kor tumma, datura leaf, charita +Bti 177.50±2.0 157.50±1.20 133.3530±0.4200 101.1350±0.9940 84.0188±0.0147 67.02±0.02
12. Datura leaf, charita, neem leaf +Bti 195.0±1.0 165.0±1.0 134.2520±0.4700 108.8980±0.8290 90.0108±0.0101 79.01±0.01
13. Kor tumma, datura leaf, charita, neem leaf +Bti 142.10±2.0 124.10±1.30 99.6560±0.6300 82.5170±0.3820 61.0205±0.0170 40.02±0.033
38
LC50 of significant plant extracts through the ether with Bti against Anopheles
larvae.
Table (4.12) showed that the LC50 values for with kor tumma and Bti against
Anopheles larvae were (268.20±2.0) ppm after 2 hrs that decreased after the interval of 64
hrs to (90.0360±0.0210) ppm. The LC50 for datura leaf and Bti were (260.30±2.0) ppm after
2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (82.02±0.01) ppm while this value for charita and
Bti was (280.20±2.0) ppm after 2 hrs that decreased after 64 hrs to (100.050±0.0) ppm. The
LC50 value for neem leaf and Bti was (276.20±2.0) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after
64 hrs LC50 (94±0.01) ppm while the LC50 value for kor tumma, datura leaf and Bti was
(162.50±1.0) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (60.083±0.042) ppm. The
LC50 value for kor tumma, charita and Bti was (180.90±1.0) ppm after 2 hrs that also
decreased after 64 hrs to (73.02±0.02) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, neem leaf and
Bti was (175.90±1.0) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (69.05±0.04) ppm.
The LC50 value for datura leaf, charita and Bti was (170.80±1.0) ppm after 2 hrs that also
decreased after 64 hrs to (65.02±0.02) ppm. The LC50 value for datura leaf, neem leaf and
Bti was (165.70±1.0) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (60.01±0.01) ppm.
The LC50 value for charita, neem leaf and Bti was (190.80±1.0) ppm after 2 hrs that also
decreased after 64 hrs to (80±0.0) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, datura leaf, charita,
and Bti was (177.50±2.0) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (67.02±0.02)
ppm. The LC50 value for datura leaf, charita, neem leaf, and Bti was (195.0±1.0) ppm after
2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (79.01±0.01) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma,
datura leaf, charita, neem leaf, and Bti was (142.10±2.0) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased
after 64 hrs to (40.02±0.033) ppm.
From this table we can note that the solution having mixture of kor tumma, datura
leaf, charita, neem leaf, and Bti had less LC50 value that means this mixture of kor tumma,
datura leaf, charita, neem leaf, and Bti was more potent and played a significant role in
mortality as shown in the table.
39
Table 4.13: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different concentration for plant extracts through the ether with Bti against Anopheles larvae.
Sig. Plants extracts Vs Bti 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.10% 1.0% 10.0%
1. Kor tumma (Ether)- Bti 13.03±1.79 9.29±1.13 7.68±0.72 4.73±0.48 3.29±0.33 1.69±0.29
2. Datura(Ether) - Bti 17.02±2.05 11.26±1.30 7.26±0.95 4.53±0.72 3.66±0.51 1.91±0.38
3. Charita (Ether) – Bti 20.05±2.01 13.21±1.42 10.57±1.12 7.14±0.94 5.55±0.67 3.63±0.49
4. Neem leaf(Ether) - Bti 17.73±2.0 11.46±1.31 6.61±0.91 3.47±0.77 2.10±0.56 1.05±0.52
5. Kor tumma & Datura(Ether) - Bti 8.17±1.78 5.95±1.16 4.14±0.84 3.07±0.65 1.61±0.36 0.83±0.30
6. Kor tumma, Charita (Ether) - Bti 19.24±2.25 12.48±1.35 8.18±0.89 6.86±0.71 4.38±0.53 2.37±0.38
7. Kor tumma, Neem leaf(Ether) - Bti 19.66±2.11 12.62±1.36 8.25±0.90 6.38±0.70 4.50±0.58 2.66±0.38
8. Datura leaf, charita(Ether) - Bti 20.37±2.12 13.81±1.37 9.64±0.89 7.80±0.73 5.16±0.61 2.98±0.44
9. Datura leaf, Neem leaf (Ether)- Bti 19.13±2.13 12.82±1.36 8.78±0.95 6.99±0.65 4.59±0.62 2.71±0.47
10. Charita, neem leaf(Ether) - Bti 20.13±2.07 13.84±1.45 9.25±1.07 7.15±0.70 5.62±0.63 3.39±0.51
11. Kor tumma, datura leaf, charita (Ether)- Bti 10.75±1.10 8.63±0.80 6.74±0.59 4.75±0.48 2.06±0.43 1.26±0.33
12. Datura leaf, charita, neem leaf(Ether) - Bti 10.48±1.21 8.47±0.87 6.39±0.60 4.09±0.55 2.02±0.49 1.16±0.34
13. Kor tumma, datura leaf, charita, neem leaf(Ether) - Bti 8.68±0.85 6.28±0.89 4.74±0.62 3.12±0.51 2.01±0.40 0.94±0.33
40
LT50 of significant plant extracts through the ether with Bti against Anopheles
larvae.
Table (4.13) showed that the LT50 values with kor tumma and Bti against Anopheles
larvae were (13.03±1.79) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (1.69±0.29) ppm at
10.0% concentration. The LT50 values for datura leaf and Bti was (17.02±2.05) hrs at 0.01%
concentration that decreased to (1.91±0.38) hrs at 10.0% concentration. The LT50 values for
charita and Bti were (20.05±2.01) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (3.63±0.49)
hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for neem leaf and Bti was
(17.73±2.0) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (1.05±0.52) hrs at 10.0%
concentration. The LT50 values for kor tumma, datura leaf, and Bti was (15.71±1.78) hrs at
0.01% concentration that decreased to (0.83±0.30) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the
solution. The LT50 values for kor tumma, charita, and Bti was (19.24±2.25) hrs at 0.01%
concentration that decreased to (2.37±0.38) at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50
values for kor tumma, neem leaf, and Bti was (19.66±2.11) hrs at 0.01% concentration that
decreased to (2.66±0.38) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for
datura leaf, charita, and Bti was (20.37±2.12) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to
(2.98±0.44) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for datura leaf, neem
leaf, and Bti LT50 were (19.13±2.13) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (2.71±0.47)
hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for charita, neem leaf, and Bti
was (20.13±2.07) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (3.39±0.51) hrs at 10.0%
concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for kor tumma, datura leaf, charita, and Bti
concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for datura leaf, charita, neem leaf, and Bti
concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for kor tumma, datura leaf, charita, neem
leaf, and Bti was (8.68±0.85) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (0.94±0.33) hrs at
10.0% concentration of the solution.
From this table, we can note that the solution having a mixture of kor tumma, datura
leaf and Bti had a less LT50 value that means this mixture of kor tumma and datura leaf with
Bti was more potent and played a significant role in mortality as shown in the table.
41
through methanol against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor tumma+Bti Charita+Bti Akk leaf+Bti Chebr fruit+Bti Kor tumma&
charita+Bti
2 23.61±3.02g 19.17±2.89g 18.06±2.86g 9.44±2.28g 23.06±2.18g
4 32.78±2.75f 24.72±3.09f 25.83±2.84f 18.33±2.39f 35.83±3.09f
8 45.83±3.67e 32.50±3.58e 31.11±4.25e 27.50±2.60e 45.83±3.67e
16 52.50±4.01d 45.83±3.92d 46.67±3.81d 36.67±3.62d 52.78±3.97d
32 65.83±4.11c 60.0±3.64c 61.67±4.06c 45.83±4.40c 64.17±4.28c
64 81.67±4.12b 77.50±4.24b 75.0±4.14b 77.50±4.99b 80.0±3.77b
128 90.83±2.92a 84.17±4.28a 88.33±3.81a 87.50±4.24a 90.0±2.97a
10 74.05±4.69a 68.10±5.06a 70.24±5.06a 62.38±5.96a 72.14±4.92a
1 67.86±5.26b 61.67±5.77b 61.67±5.78b 53.57±6.65b 67.86±4.99b
0.1 61.43±5.53c 54.29±6.19c 54.29±6.14c 47.86±6.86c 62.14±5.37c
0.01 55.71±5.71d 48.57±5.67d 45.0±6.41d 42.14±7.17d 56.43±5.30d
0.01 47.14±5.44e 37.86±5.31e 39.52±5.80e 32.14±6.68e 45.95±5.11e
0.01 30.71±4.33f 24.29±4.03f 26.43±4.08f 21.43±3.57f 31.19±4.20f
2 10 43.33±1.67lm 36.67±1.67j 36.67±1.67l 26.67±1.67m 35±0.0m
1 33.33±1.67o 28.33±1.67kl 26.67±1.67n 15±0.0p 30±0.0n
0.1 25±0.0q 20±0.0mn 20±0.0o 10±0.0q 25±0.0o
0.01 20±0.0r 20±0.0mn 15±0.0p 5±0.0r 25±0.0o
0.01 15±0.0s 10±0.0op 10±0.0q 0±0.0s 15±0.0q
0.01 5±0.0t 0±0.0q 0±0.0r 0±0.0s 8.33±1.67r
4 10 50±0.0k 45±0.0i 45±0.0k 35±0.0k 50±0.0j
1 41.67±1.67mn 33.33±1.67jk 35±0.0l 25±0.0n 50±0.0j
0.1 35±0.0o 25±0.0lm 25±0.0n 20±0.0o 40±0.0l
0.01 30±0.0p 25±0.0lm 25±0.0n 15±0.0p 35±0.0m
0.01 25±0.0q 15±0.0no 15±0.0p 10±0.0q 25±0.0o
0.01 15±0.0s 5±0.0pq 10±0.0q 5±0.0r 15±0.0q
8 10 65±0.0h 55±0.0gh 60±0.0h 45±0.0i 65±0.0h
1 60±0.0i 45±0.0i 45±0.0k 35±0.0k 60±0.0i
0.1 50±0.0k 35±0.0jk 35±0.0l 30±0.0l 50±0.0j
0.01 45±0.0l 25.0±7.64lm 10±0.0q 25±0.0n 45±0.0k
0.01 35±0.0o 20±0.0mn 21.67±1.67o 15±0.0p 35±0.0m
0.01 20±0.0r 15±0.0no 15±0.0p 15±0.0p 20±0.0p
16 10 75±0.0f 65±0.0f 70±0.0f 60±0.0g 75±0.0f
1 65±0.0h 60±0.0fg 60±0.0h 50±0.0h 65±0.0h
0.1 60±0.0i 55±0.0gh 50±0.0j 40±0.0j 60±0.0i
0.01 50±0.0k 45±0.0i 45±0.0k 30±0.0l 50±0.0j
0.01 40±0.0n 30±0.0jkl 30±0.0m 20±0.0o 41.67±1.67l
0.01 25±0.0q 20±0.0mn 25±0.0n 20±0.0o 25±0.0o
32 10 85±0.0d 80±0.0de 85±0.0d 75±0.0e 85±0.0d
1 80±0.0e 75±0.0e 75±0.0e 60±0.0g 80±0.0e
0.1 75±0.0f 60±0.0fg 70±0.0f 50±0.0h 75±0.0f
0.01 65±0.0h 60±0.0fg 55±0.0i 40±0.0j 60±0.0i
0.01 55±0.0j 50±0.0hi 50±0.0j 25±0.0n 50±0.0j
0.01 35±0.0o 35±0.0jk 35±0.0l 25±0.0n 35±0.0m
64 10 100±0 a 95±0.0ab 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
1 95±0.0b 90±0.0bc 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.1 90±0.0c 90±0.0bc 85±0.0d 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 85±0.0d 80±0.0de 70±0.0f 85±0.0d 85±0.0d
0.01 70±0.0g 65±0.0f 65±0.0g 70±0.0f 70±0.0g
0.01 50±0.0k 45±0.0i 45±0.0k 35±0.0k 50±0.0j
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0b 95±0.0ab 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 95±0.0b 85±0.0cd 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 90±0.0c 75±0.0e 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 85±0.0d
0.01 65±0.0h 50±0.0hi 55±0.0i 50±0.0h 65±0.0h
42
methanol against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor tumma& akk Kor tumma& Charita& akk Charita& chebre
leaf+Bti chebr fruit+Bti leaf+Bti fruit+Bti
2 26.67±3.23g 22.50±4.11g 20.56±3.52g 21.67±3.23g
4 36.94±3.41f 35.83±4.34f 31.11±2.48f 31.67±2.39f
8 46.67±4.18e 46.67±3.68e 41.67±3.33e 41.67±2.39e
16 52.78±4.07d 52.50±4.01d 50.0±3.50d 51.67±3.68d
32 62.50±4.36c 62.50±3.75c 61.67±3.68c 64.17±4.05c
64 80.0±3.90b 78.33±3.62b 67.50±3.82b 73.33±3.62b
128 90.0±2.97a 89.17±2.92a 85.56±3.54a 87.22±3.34a
10 76.67±4.22a 77.38±3.69a 71.19±4.63a 70.0±4.86a
1 70.0±4.67b 68.81±4.46b 62.38±4.66b 65.0±5.07b
0.1 61.43±5.10c 59.29±5.39c 54.29±5.05c 58.81±5.23c
0.01 53.57±5.23d 50.71±5.52d 49.29±4.83d 50.0±5.35d
0.01 45.71±5.12e 44.29±5.49e 40.71±4.83e 42.86±4.66e
0.01 31.67±4.23f 31.67±4.58f 29.05±4.0f 31.67±4.15f
2 10 46.67±1.67k 51.67±1.67k 41.67±1.67mn 40±0.0k
1 36.67±1.67m 36.67±1.67n 31.67±1.67o 35±0.0l
0.1 30±0.0n 20±0.0q 25±0.0p 26.67±1.67mn
0.01 25±0.0o 15±0.0r 20±0.0q 15±0.0o
0.01 15±0.0q 10±0.0s 5±0.0s 10±0.0p
0.01 6.67±1.67r 1.67±1.67t 0±0.0t 3.33±1.67q
4 10 55±0.0i 60±0.0i 46.67±1.67kl 45±0.0j
1 51.67±1.67j 55±0.0j 40±0.0n 40±0.0k
0.1 40±0.0l 40±0.0m 30±0.0o 35±0.0l
0.01 35±0.0m 30±0.0o 30±0.0o 30±0.0m
0.01 25±0.0o 20±0.0q 25±0.0p 25±0.0n
0.01 15±0.0q 10±0.0s 15±0.0r 15±0.0o
8 10 70±0.0g 70±0.0g 60±0.0i 55±0.0h
1 65±0.0h 60±0.0i 55±0.0j 50±0.0i
0.1 50±0.0j 50±0.0k 45±0.0lm 45±0.0j
0.01 40±0.0l 40±0.0m 40±0.0n 40±0.0k
0.01 35±0.0m 35±0.0n 30±0.0o 35±0.0l
0.01 20±0.0p 25±0.0p 20±0.0q 25±0.0n
16 10 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 75±0.0f 75±0.0f
1 66.67±1.67h 65±0.0h 60±0.0i 65±0.0g
0.1 55±0.0i 55±0.0j 50±0.0k 55±0.0h
0.01 45±0.0k 45±0.0l 45±0.0lm 45±0.0j
0.01 40±0.0l 40±0.0m 40±0.0n 40±0.0k
0.01 30±0.0n 30±0.0o 30±0.0o 30±0.0m
32 10 90±0.0c 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 85±0.0d
1 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 80±0.0e
0.1 70±0.0g 70±0.0g 65±0.0h 75±0.0f
0.01 55±0.0i 55±0.0j 55±0.0j 55±0.0h
0.01 50±0.0j 50±0.0k 50±0.0k 50±0.0i
0.01 35±0.0m 40±0.0m 40±0.0n 40±0.0k
64 10 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
1 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 80±0.0e 85±0.0d
0.1 90±0.0c 85±0.0d 70±0.0g 80±0.0e
0.01 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 65±0.0h 75±0.0f
0.01 70±0.0g 70±0.0g 60±0.0i 65±0.0g
0.01 50±0.0j 50±0.0k 40±0.0n 45±0.0j
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 75±0.0f 75±0.0f
0.01 65±0.0h 65±0.0h 58.33±3.33ij 63.33±3.33g
43
methanol against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Akk leaf& chebr Kor tumma+ Charita+ akk Kor tumma+
fruit+Bti charita& akk leaf&chebr charita&akk leaf,
leaf+Bti fruit+Bti chebr fruit+Bti
2 24.17±2.40g 29.72±3.49g 25.56±2.83g 25.83±2.95g
4 33.61±1.75f 33.33±3.68f 33.61±2.58f 38.33±2.86f
8 42.50±2.87e 36.67±3.26e 40.0±2.21e 42.78±2.86e
16 51.67±3.68d 47.50±3.11d 47.50±2.69d 50.0±3.36d
32 61.67±4.06c 60.83±4.05c 58.33±3.26c 60.0±3.70c
64 75.83±3.67b 74.17±3.09b 73.33±3.26b 75.0±3.50b
128 88.33±2.86a 86.94±3.08a 87.50±2.69a 88.33±2.86a
10 70.71±5.13a 74.52±4.18a 67.86±4.48a 72.14±4.26a
1 65.71±5.05b 62.86±4.74b 60.0±5.0b 66.43±4.58b
0.1 57.14±5.31c 57.14±4.58c 57.14±4.92c 56.90±5.03c
0.01 51.43±4.99d 47.86±4.74d 51.43±4.62d 51.67±4.92d
0.01 44.29±4.29e 40.48±4.43e 44.29±4.20e 45.0±4.05e
0.01 34.52±4.10f 33.57±4.81f 32.86±4.51f 33.81±4.31f
2 10 38.33±1.67n 51.67±1.67j 43.33±1.67l 45±0.0l
1 35±0.0o 40±0.0l 30±0.0o 35±0.0n
0.1 25±0.0q 35±0.0m 30±0.0o 26.67±1.67p
0.01 20±0.0r 25±0.0o 25±0.0p 21.67±1.67q
0.01 15±0.0s 18.33±1.67p 20±0.0q 20±0.0q
0.01 11.67±1.67t 8.33±1.67q 5±0.0s 6.67±1.67r
4 10 41.67±1.67m 55±0.0i 46.67±1.67k 55±0.0j
1 40±0.0mn 45±0.0k 40±0.0m 50±0.0k
0.1 35±0.0o 40±0.0l 40±0.0m 40±0.0m
0.01 35±0.0o 30±0.0n 35±0.0n 35±0.0n
0.01 30±0.0p 20±0.0p 25±0.0p 30±0.0o
0.01 20±0.0r 10±0.0q 15±0.0r 20±0.0q
8 10 60±0.0i 60±0.0h 55±0.0i 60±0.0i
1 55±0.0j 45±0.0k 45±0.0kl 55±0.0j
0.1 40±0.0mn 40±0.0l 40±0.0m 41.67±1.67m
0.01 40±0.0mn 30±0.0n 40±0.0m 40±0.0m
0.01 35±0.0o 25±0.0o 35±0.0n 35±0.0n
0.01 25±0.0q 20±0.0p 25±0.0p 25±0.0p
16 10 75±0.0f 70±0.0f 65±0.0h 70±0.0g
1 65±0.0h 55±0.0i 55±0.0i 65±0.0h
0.1 55±0.0j 50±0.0j 50±0.0j 50±0.0k
0.01 45±0.0l 40±0.0l 45±0.0kl 45±0.0l
0.01 40±0.0mn 40±0.0l 40±0.0m 40±0.0m
0.01 30±0.0p 30±0.0n 30±0.0o 30±0.0o
32 10 85±0.0d 90±0.0c 75±0.0f 80±0.0e
1 75±0.0f 70±0.0f 70±0.0g 75±0.0f
0.1 70±0.0g 65±0.0g 65±0.0h 65±0.0h
0.01 55±0.0j 55±0.0i 55±0.0i 55±0.0j
0.01 50±0.0k 45±0.0k 50±0.0j 50±0.0k
0.01 35±0.0o 40±0.0l 35±0.0n 35±0.0n
64 10 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 95±0.0b
1 90±0.0c 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 85±0.0d
0.1 80±0.0e 75±0.0e 80±0.0e 80±0.0e
0.01 75±0.0f 70±0.0f 70±0.0g 75±0.0f
0.01 65±0.0h 60±0.0h 65±0.0h 65±0.0h
0.01 50±0.0k 60±0.0h 50±0.0j 50±0.0k
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 90±0.0c 85±0.0d 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 75±0.0f 75±0.0e 75±0.0f 75±0.0f
0.01 70±0.0g 66.67±1.67g 70±0.0g 70±0.0g
44
through methanol against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
(0±0.0) was noted with low concentration (0.01%) after a short interval of time (2hrs)
against Anopheles larvae. After 2 hrs, highest mortality (51.67%) was noted with kor
tumma, chariata and akk leaf with Bti followed by kor tumma and akk leaf with Bti (46%),
kor tumma, chariata, akk leaf and chebr fruit with Bti (45%) and least mortality value
(26.67±1.67) chebr fruit with Bti with high concentration (10%) of solution against
Anopheles larvae. After the interval of 128 hrs, 100% mortality was noted with all the
combinations of plant extracts with Bti in (10% and 1%) the concentrations as shown in the
table.
45
Table 4.15: LC50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for significant plant extracts through methanol with Bti against Anopheles larvae.
Sig. Plant extracts Vs Bti 2 hrs 4 hrs 8 hrs 16 hrs 32 hrs 64 hrs
Kor tumma (Methanol)-Bti 308.0±2.20 270.30±1.40 236.0580±0.0430 199.0100±0.0270 156.01±0.081 119.0510±0.021
Charita (Methanol)-Bti 329.40±3.0 280.50±1.65 251.0110±0.0110 210.050±0.040 166.020±0.024 127.060±0.012
Akk leaf (Methanol)-Bti 306.10±1.20 269.50±0.40 234.0130±0.0150 196.040±0.080 153.010±0.043 115.020±0.026
Chebr fruit (Methanol)-Bti 320.40±4.0 282.0±1.50 278.010±0.0440 206±0.0300 168.020±0.060 133.030±0.024
Kor tumma, charita (Methanol)-Bti 295.90±6.0 262.80±3.50 229.0630±0.0410 199.0100±0.0270 149.04±0.055 101.070±0.031
Kor tumma, akk leaf (Methanol)-Bti 289.70±2.60 260.50±1.30 224.0630±0.0440 191.0140±0.0290 141.08±0.048 93.01±0.021
Kor tumma, chebr fruit (Methanol)-Bti 292.50±3.10 265.80±1.60 231.0600±0.0430 201.0130±0.090 149.014±0.049 96.03±0.021
Charita, akk leaf (Methanol)-Bti 302.30±3.0 277.70±1.50 240.0320±0.0280 213.030±0.0120 155±0.061 109.01±0.030
Charita, chebre fruit (Methanol)-Bti 311.30±2.0 272.90±0.90 238.0500±0.0320 200.010±0.0210 159.010±0.081 121.02±0.042
Akk leaf, chebr fruit (Methanol)-Bti 301.80±5.0 265.50±2.40 231.0500±0.0340 191.020±0.0120 152.010±0.042 110.03±0.022
Kor tumma, charita, akk leaf (Methanol)-Bti 284.50±3.0 256.40±1.50 221.0140±0.0440 182.010±0.0210 139.05±0.064 93.02±0.032
Charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit (Methanol)-Bti 303.50±2.25 267.40±1.30 233.0130±0.0560 194±0.0210 156.01±0.051 99.01±0.031
Kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit (Methanol)-Bti 279.50±2.0 235.40±1.21 202.0130±0.0650 171±0.0330 131.01±0.061 85.020±0.031
46
LC50 of significant plant extracts through methanol with Bti against Anopheles
larvae.
The Table (4.15) showed that the LC50 of Anopheles larvae with kor tumma and Bti
was (308.0±2.20) ppm after 2 hrs that decrease after the interval of 64 hrs to
(119.0510±0.021) ppm. The LC50 value for charita and Bti was (329.40±3.0) ppm after 2
hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to (127.060±0.012) ppm. The LC50 value for akk leaf
and Bti was (306.10±1.20) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to
(115.020±0.026) ppm. The LC50 value for chebr fruit and Bti was (320.40±4.0) ppm after
2 hour that also decreases after 64 hrs to (133.030±0.024) ppm. The LC50 value for kor
tumma, charita plant, and Bti was (295.90±6.0) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64
hrs to (101.070±0.031) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, akk leaf and Bti was
(289.70±2.60) ppm after 2 hour that also decreases after 64 hrs to (93.01±0.021) ppm. The
LC50 value for kor tumma, chebr fruit, and Bti was (292.50±3.10) ppm after 2 hour that also
decreases after 64 hrs to (96.03±0.021) ppm. The LC50 value for charita, akk leaf and Bti
was (302.30±3.0) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to (109.01±0.030) ppm.
The LC50 value for charita, chebre fruit, and Bti was (311.30±2.0) ppm after 2 hrs that also
decreases after 64 hrs to (121.02±0.042) ppm. The LC50 value for akk leaf, chebr fruit, and
Bti was (301.80±5.0) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to (110.03±0.022)
ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, and Bti was (284.50±3.0) ppm after
2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to (93.02±0.032) ppm. The LC50 value for charita, akk
leaf, chebr fruit, and Bti was (303.50±2.25) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs
to (99.01±0.031) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit, and Bti
From this table we can note that the solution having mixture of kor tumma, charita,
akk leaf and chebr fruit with Bti had less LC50 value that means this mixture of kor tumma,
charita, akk leaf and chebr fruit with Bti was more potent and played a significant role in
47
Table 4.16: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for methanol extracts with Bti against Anopheles larvae.
Sig. Plants Vs Bti 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.10% 1.0% 10.0%
1. Kor tumma (Methanol)-Bti 32.71±4.24 22.30±3.47 14.44±2.04 10.35±1.53 8.31±1.27 5.52±0.87
2. Charita (Methanol)-Bti 35.93±4.56 23.18±2.91 15.79±1.93 12.69±1.68 8.74±1.20 6.45±0.82
3. Akk leaf (Methanol)-Bti 38.54±3.62 23.68±3.08 16.98±2.01 11.74±1.54 8.78±1.16 5.68±0.87
4. Chebr fruit (Methanol)-Bti 34.09±8.63 25.56±3.06 22.18±2.52 18.46±2.13 14.55±1.70 9.31±1.35
5. Kor tumma, charita (Methanol)-Bti 40.12±5.01 21.44±2.38 15.81±1.87 11.69±1.37 9.41±1.03 5.20±0.82
6. Kor tumma, akk leaf (Methanol)-Bti 36.89±5.38 23.01±3.0 15.56±1.89 10.13±1.44 9.08±0.99 4.26±0.68
7. Kor tumma, chebr fruit (Methanol)-Bti 41.33±7.71 28.79±3.82 20.19±2.27 14.73±1.67 10.89±1.37 7.56±0.94
8. Charita, akk leaf (Methanol)-Bti 44.98±6.59 25.41±3.53 20.04±2.29 13.90±1.55 9.24±1.13 5.82±0.79
9. Charita, chebre fruit (Methanol)-Bti 51.42±6.81 33.42±4.61 23.58±2.54 16.62±1.86 11.52±1.29 7.82±0.92
10. Akk leaf, chebr fruit (Methanol)-Bti 54.42±6.81 37.87±4.84 24.99±2.71 17.94±2.04 12.45±1.34 9.92±0.96
11. Kor tumma, charita, akk leaf (Methanol)-Bti 54.42±6.81 37.87±4.84 25.26±2.68 17.71±2.01 11.79±1.30 7.86±0.81
12. Charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit (Methanol)-Bti 57.54±7.51 39.28±5.03 27.39±3.11 18.74±2.19 11.74±1.20 6.37±0.65
13. Kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit (Methanol)-Bti 30.24±2.56 22.13±2.78 14.73±1.51 11.04±1.24 8.50±0.77 5.10±0.57
48
LT50 of significant plant extracts through methanol with Bti against Anopheles
larvae.
Table (4.16) showed that the LT50 value for Anopheles larvae with kor tumma and
Bti was (32.71±4.24) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (5.52±0.87) hrs at 10.0%
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for charita and Bti was (35.93±4.56) hrs at
solution. The LT50 value for akk leaf and Bti was (30.24±3.62) hrs at 0.01% concentration
that decreased to (5.10±0.87) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value
for chebr fruit and Bti was (34.09±8.63) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to
(9.31±1.35) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for kor tumma,
charita and Bti was (40.12±5.01) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (5.20±0.82)
at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for kor tumma, akk leaf and Bti was
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for kor tumma, chebr fruit, and Bti was
(41.33±7.71) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (7.56±0.94) at 10.0%
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for charita, akk leaf and Bti was (44.98±6.59)
hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (5.82±0.79) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the
solution. The LT50 value for charita, chebr fruit, and Bti was (51.42±6.81) hrs at 0.01%
concentration that decreased to (7.82±0.92) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The
LT50 value for akk leaf, chebr fruit, and Bti was (54.42±6.81) hrs at 0.01% concentration
for kor tumma, akk leaf, charita, and Bti was (54.42±6.81) hrs at 0.01% concentration that
decreased to (7.86±0.81) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for
charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit Bti was (57.54±7.51) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased
to (6.37±0.65) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for kor tumma,
charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit, and Bti was (38.96±2.56) hrs at 0.01% concentration that
decreased to (5.10±0.57) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution.
akk leaf and chebr fruit with Bti had less LT50 value that means this mixture of kor tumma,
charita, akk leaf and chebr fruit with Bti was more potent and played a significant role in
49
through the water against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Datura leaf+Bti Datura fruit+Bti Kor tumma+Bti Chebr fruit+Bti Datura
leaf&datura
fruit+Bti
2 21.94±2.11g 18.89±2.57g 17.78±2.07g 9.72±1.59g 19.72±2.0g
4 29.17±2.15f 28.33±2.39f 30.83±1.63f 17.50±2.07f 21.67±2.39f
8 41.39±1.75e 37.50±3.03e 40.83±2.56e 27.50±2.07e 32.50±2.69e
16 49.17±2.92d 48.33±2.39d 51.11±2.90d 39.44±1.93d 47.50±2.69d
32 61.67±2.39c 61.94±2.29c 63.33±2.39c 58.33±3.18c 68.33±3.62c
64 71.67±2.59b 72.50±2.40b 71.67±2.59b 67.50±3.41b 80.83±2.15b
128 91.11±1.54a 92.78±1.95a 92.78±1.58a 89.17±2.26a 91.11±2.34a
10 64.05±5.05a 65.95±4.65a 65.71±5.22a 55.71±5.96a 65.95±5.48a
1 59.76±4.92b 59.52±5.32b 60.0±5.38b 51.43±6.12b 59.29±6.42b
0.1 56.43±4.99c 53.57±5.47c 55.71±5.22c 47.38±6.20c 55.24±6.18c
0.01 51.43±5.17d 50.0±5.89d 51.19±5.31d 44.05±6.29d 50.0±6.24d
0.01 44.29±5.05e 43.57±5.85e 44.29±5.49e 40.0±6.46e 45.48±6.26e
0.01 37.86±5.20f 36.19±5.21f 38.81±5.30f 26.43±4.92f 34.05±5.43f
2 10 33.33±1.67n 36.67±1.67n 30±0.0o 20±0.0o 31.67±1.67o
1 30±0.0o 26.67±1.67p 25±0.0p 15±0.0p 25±0.0p
0.1 25±0.0p 20±0.0q 20±0.0q 10±0.0q 21.67±1.67q
0.01 20±0.0q 15±0.0r 16.67±1.67r 8.33±1.67q 20±0.0q
0.01 15±0.0r 10±0.0s 10±0.0s 5±0.0r 13.33±1.67r
0.01 8.33±1.67s 5±0.0t 5±0.0t 0±0.0s 6.67±1.67t
4 10 40±0.0m 45±0.0l 40±0.0m 30±0.0m 40±0.0m
1 35±0.0n 35±0.0n 35±0.0n 25±0.0n 25±0.0p
0.1 35±0.0n 30±0.0o 35±0.0n 20±0.0o 25±0.0p
0.01 30±0.0o 25±0.0p 30±0.0o 15±0.0p 15±0.0r
0.01 20±0.0q 20±0.0q 25±0.0p 10±0.0q 15±0.0r
0.01 15±0.0r 15±0.0r 20±0.0q 5±0.0r 10±0.0s
8 10 50±0.0k 55±0.0j 55±0.0j 40±0.0k 50±0.0k
1 48.33±1.67k 50±0.0k 50±0.0k 35±0.0l 40±0.0m
0.1 45±0.0l 40±0.0m 45±0.0l 30±0.0m 35±0.0n
0.01 40±0.0m 35±0.0n 40±0.0m 25±0.0n 30±0.0o
0.01 35±0.0n 25±0.0p 30±0.0o 20±0.0o 25±0.0p
0.01 30±0.0o 20±0.0q 25±0.0p 15±0.0p 15±0.0r
16 10 65±0.0h 65±0.0h 70±0.0g 50±0.0i 65±0.0h
1 60±0.0i 55±0.0j 60±0.0i 45±0.0j 55±0.0j
0.1 55±0.0j 50±0.0k 55±0.0j 41.67±1.67k 50±0.0k
0.01 45±0.0l 45±0.0l 46.67±1.67l 40±0.0k 45±0.0l
0.01 40±0.0m 40±0.0m 40±0.0m 35±0.0l 40±0.0m
0.01 30±0.0o 35±0.0n 35±0.0n 25±0.0n 30±0.0o
32 10 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 80±0.0e 70±0.0f 85±0.0d
1 70±0.0g 70±0.0g 70±0.0g 65±0.0g 80±0.0e
0.1 65±0.0h 65±0.0h 65±0.0h 65±0.0g 75±0.0f
0.01 60±0.0i 60±0.0i 60±0.0i 60±0.0h 70±0.0g
0.01 55±0.0j 55±0.0j 55±0.0j 60±0.0h 60±0.0i
0.01 45±0.0l 46.67±1.67l 50±0.0k 30±0.0m 40±0.0m
64 10 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 80±0.0d 90±0.0c
1 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 80±0.0d 90±0.0c
0.1 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 75±0.0e 85±0.0d
0.01 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 70±0.0f 80±0.0e
0.01 60±0.0i 65±0.0h 60±0.0i 60±0.0h 75±0.0f
0.01 55±0.0j 55±0.0j 55±0.0j 40±0.0k 65±0.0h
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 95±0.0b
0.01 90±0.0c 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 85±0.0d 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 81.67±1.67e 76.67±1.67f 81.67±1.67e 70±0.0f 71.67±1.67g
50
the water against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Datura Datura Datura Datura fruit&
leaf&kor leaf&chebr fruit&kor chebr fruit+Bti
tumma+Bti fruit+Bti tumma+Bti
2 18.89±2.54g 14.72±1.78g 15.0±1.98g 9.72±1.87g
4 21.11±2.70f 16.94±2.33f 18.33±2.39f 15.28±1.83f
8 33.33±2.39e 27.50±2.07e 30.0±2.62e 26.67±2.39e
16 50.83±2.84d 44.17±1.91d 49.44±2.86d 44.17±3.24d
32 66.67±3.94c 62.50±3.41c 63.33±3.68c 58.33±3.68c
64 80.0±2.89b 74.17±3.67b 75.28±3.22b 74.17±3.39b
128 91.11±2.04a 89.44±2.25a 90.56±2.32a 88.61±2.49a
10 69.05±5.51a 60.95±6.36a 65.0±6.01a 60.71±6.59a
1 60.0±6.41b 55.0±6.24b 57.86±6.35b 54.29±6.75b
0.1 54.52±6.07c 51.19±6.36c 52.38±6.35c 49.29±6.34c
0.01 49.29±6.31d 45.71±6.36d 45.95±6.28d 42.86±6.52d
0.01 42.14±6.06e 38.57±6.0e 40.0±5.95e 36.43±5.66e
0.01 35.24±5.44f 30.95±5.15f 31.90±5.39f 28.10±5.60f
2 10 36.67±1.67m 26.67±1.67o 30±0.0o 23.33±1.67p
1 25±0.0o 20±0.0p 20±0.0q 15±0.0r
0.1 21.67±1.67p 16.67±1.67q 15±0.0r 10±0.0s
0.01 15±0.0q 10±0.0r 10±0.0s 5±0.0t
0.01 10±0.0r 10±0.0r 10±0.0s 5±0.0t
0.01 5±0.0s 5±0.0s 5±0.0t 0±0.0u
4 10 41.67±1.67l 30±0.0n 35±0.0n 26.67±1.67o
1 25±0.0o 25±0.0o 25±0.0p 20±0.0q
0.1 25±0.0o 21.67±1.67p 20±0.0q 20±0.0q
0.01 15±0.0q 15±0.0q 15±0.0r 10±0.0s
0.01 10±0.0r 5±0.0s 10±0.0s 10±0.0s
0.01 10±0.0r 5±0.0s 5±0.0t 5±0.0t
8 10 50±0.0k 40±0.0l 45±0.0l 40±0.0l
1 40±0.0l 35±0.0m 40±0.0m 35±0.0m
0.1 35±0.0m 30±0.0n 35±0.0n 30±0.0n
0.01 30±0.0n 25±0.0o 25±0.0p 25±0.0op
0.01 25±0.0o 20±0.0p 20±0.0q 20±0.0q
0.01 20±0.0p 15±0.0q 15±0.0r 10±0.0s
16 10 70±0.0g 55±0.0i 65±0.0h 60±0.0h
1 60±0.0i 50±0.0j 60±0.0i 55±0.0i
0.1 50±0.0k 45±0.0k 51.67±1.67jk 50±0.0j
0.01 50±0.0k 45±0.0k 50±0.0k 45±0.0k
0.01 40±0.0l 40±0.0l 40±0.0m 35±0.0m
0.01 35±0.0m 30±0.0n 30±0.0o 20±0.0q
32 10 90±0.0c 80±0.0e 85±0.0d 80±0.0e
1 80±0.0e 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 70±0.0f
0.1 70±0.0g 70±0.0g 70±0.0g 65±0.0g
0.01 65±0.0h 60±0.0h 60±0.0i 55±0.0i
0.01 55±0.0j 50±0.0j 50±0.0k 45±0.0k
0.01 40±0.0l 40±0.0l 40±0.0m 35±0.0m
64 10 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
1 90±0.0c 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 85±0.0d
0.1 85±0.0d 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 80±0.0e
0.01 80±0.0e 75±0.0f 71.67±3.33fg 70±0.0f
0.01 70±0.0g 60±0.0h 65±0.0h 60±0.0h
0.01 60±0.0i 50±0.0j 55±0.0j 55±0.0i
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 90±0.0c
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 80±0.0e
0.01 76.67±1.67f 71.67±1.67g 73.33±3.33fg 71.67±1.67f
51
the water against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor tumma& Datura leaf+ Datura fruit+kor Datura leaf+
chebrfruit+Bti datura fruit&kor tumma&chebr datura fruit+kor
tumma+Bti fruit+Bti tumma& chebr
fruit+Bti
2 8.89±1.43g 9.72±1.83g 9.72±2.04g 8.33±1.98g
4 15.83±1.91f 16.67±2.18f 17.22±2.43f 19.17±2.47f
8 24.17±2.37e 26.67±3.10e 27.50±3.41e 37.50±3.41e
16 41.67±3.33d 42.78±3.64d 42.50±4.36d 52.50±3.95d
32 56.67±3.48c 57.50±3.82c 59.17±4.28c 71.67±4.35c
64 74.17±3.39b 74.17±3.39b 73.33±3.94b 84.17±2.75b
128 88.61±2.49a 88.61±2.49a 87.78±2.50a 96.11±0.86a
10 58.81±7.04a 63.10±6.55a 67.14±6.43a 69.76±6.44a
1 54.29±6.50b 55.24±6.34b 55.71±6.72b 62.38±7.26b
0.1 47.86±6.26c 48.10±6.26c 47.14±6.09c 55.71±6.69c
0.01 41.67±6.56d 41.43±6.62d 40.24±6.32d 50.0±7.34d
0.01 35.0±5.79e 35.0±5.79e 34.29±5.84e 40.0±6.68e
0.01 28.10±5.60f 28.10±5.60f 27.38±5.44f 38.81±7.26f
2 10 16.67±1.67p 21.67±1.67o 26.67±1.67no 23.33±1.67p
1 15±0.0p 16.67±1.67p 10±0.0r 11.67±1.67s
0.1 10±0.0q 10±0.0q 10±0.0r 10±0.0s
0.01 6.67±1.67r 5±0.0r 6.67±1.67rs 5±0.0t
0.01 5±0.0r 5±0.0r 5±0.0s 0±0.0u
0.01 0±0.0s 0±0.0s 0±0.0t 0±0.0u
4 10 25±0.0n 30±0.0m 33.33±3.33lm 35±0.0n
1 25±0.0n 25±0.0n 25±0.0o 25±0.0p
0.1 20±0.0o 20±0.0o 20±0.0p 25±0.0p
0.01 10±0.0q 10±0.0q 10±0.0r 15±0.0r
0.01 10±0.0q 10±0.0q 10±0.0r 10±0.0s
0.01 5±0.0r 5±0.0r 5±0.0s 5±0.0t
8 10 35±0.0l 45±0.0j 50±0.0i 60±0.0i
1 35±0.0l 40±0.0k 40±0.0k 50±0.0k
0.1 30±0.0m 30±0.0m 30±0.0mn 40±0.0m
0.01 20±0.0o 20±0.0o 20±0.0p 30±0.0o
0.01 15±0.0p 15±0.0p 15±0.0q 25±0.0p
0.01 10±0.0q 10±0.0q 10±0.0r 20±0.0q
16 10 60±0.0h 65±0.0g 70±0.0f 80±0.0e
1 55±0.0i 55±0.0i 60±0.0g 65±0.0h
0.1 45±0.0j 46.67±1.67j 45±0.0j 55±0.0j
0.01 40±0.0k 40±0.0k 35±0.0l 45±0.0l
0.01 30±0.0m 30±0.0m 25±0.0o 35±0.0n
0.01 20±0.0o 20±0.0o 20±0.0p 35±0.0n
32 10 80±0.0e 85±0.0d 90±0.0b 90±0.0c
1 65±0.0g 65±0.0g 70±0.0f 90±0.0c
0.1 60±0.0h 60±0.0h 60±0.0g 80±0.0e
0.01 55±0.0i 55±0.0i 55±0.0h 75±0.0f
0.01 45±0.0j 45±0.0j 45±0.0j 50±0.0k
0.01 35±0.0l 35±0.0l 35±0.0l 45±0.0l
64 10 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 85±0.0c 95±0.0b
0.1 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 75±0.0e 85±0.0d
0.01 70±0.0f 70±0.0f 70±0.0f 85±0.0d
0.01 60±0.0h 60±0.0h 60±0.0g 70±0.0g
0.01 55±0.0i 55±0.0i 50±0.0i 70±0.0g
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 85±0.0c 95±0.0b
0.01 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 80±0.0d 90±0.0c
0.01 71.67±1.67f 71.67±1.67f 71.67±1.67ef 96.67±1.67b
52
through the water against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
against Anopheles larvae. After 2 hrs, highest mortality (36.67%) was noted with datura
fruit with Bti followed by datura leaf with Bti (33.33%) datura leaf and datura fruit with Bti
(31.67%) and least mortality value (16.67±1.67) kor tumma and chebr fruit with Bti with
high concentration (10%) of solution against Anopheles larvae. After the interval of 128
hrs, 100% mortality was noted with all the combinations of plant extracts with Bti in (10%
and 1%) the concentrations as shown in the table.
53
Table 4.18: LC50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for significant plant extracts through the water with Bti against Anopheles larvae.
Sig. Plant extracts through Water Vs Bti 2 hrs 4 hrs 8 hrs 16 hrs 32 hrs 64 hrs
Datura leaf +Bti 431.30±3.40 383.20±3.0 343.0240±1.0200 296.0250±0.0510 242.060±0.0320 195.0220±0.030
Datura fruit +Bti 436.40±3.50 394.40±3.30 350.0160±2.0200 301.010±0.0540 261.030±0.0330 205.0320±0.040
Kor tumma +Bti 441.30±2.20 399.80±1.60 360.0460±0.0400 310.010±0.0310 369±0.0200 213±0.090
Chebr fruit +Bti 455.30±1.0 415.70±0.80 391.0500±0.0600 326.0300±0.0400 280.0200±0.0200 232.0100±0.0800
Datura leaf, datura fruit +Bti 410.30±1.40 362.10±1.20 321.0130±1.0100 275.0220±0.050 231.0150±0.030 189.0130±0.010
Datura leaf, kor tumma +Bti 416.30±2.30 371.70±1.30 330.0420±0.0400 280.0370±0.0300 237.0260±0.0150 197.0170±0.020
Datura leaf, chebr fruit +Bti 439.30±1.05 401.10±1.0 360.020±0.0500 322.0330±0.0380 274.0290±0.0200 226.0150±0.020
Datura fruit, kor tumma +Bti 402.50±2.50 371.30±1.80 340.0260±0.0200 300.0220±0.0100 221.0170±0.050 174.0130±0.010
Datura fruit, chebr fruit +Bti 413.10±1.10 363.30±0.80 315.050±0.0100 280.0180±0.080 230.0150±0.070 193.0110±0.030
Kor tumma, chebr fruit+Bti 413.30±1.04 360.20±0.70 312.030±0.0300 275.0210±0.0280 225.0140±0.0150 189.090±0.020
Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma +Bti 393.10±1.20 355.20±0.80 305.050±0.0400 260.040±0.0220 210.0130±0.0160 167.070±0.030
Datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit +Bti 399.10±1.04 350.30±0.60 300.060±0.0200 255.040±0.0180 205.0110±0.0140 172.090±0.040
Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit +Bti 382.10±3.03 336.40±2.60 285.0610±0.0400 240.010±0.0310 193.010±0.0200 163±0.080
54
LC50 of significant plant extracts through the water with Bti against Anopheles
larvae.
Table (4.18) showed that the LC50 of Anopheles larvae with datura leaf and Bti was
(431.30±3.40) ppm after 2 hrs that decreases after the interval of 64 hrs to
(195.0220±0.030) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit and Bti was (436.40±3.50) ppm after
2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to (205.0320±0.040) ppm. The LC50 value of kor
tumma and Bti was (441.30±2.20) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to
(213±0.090) ppm. The LC50 value of chebr fruit and Bti was (455.30±1.0) ppm after 2 hrs
that also decreases after 64 hrs to (232.0100±0.0800) ppm. The LC50 value of datura leaf,
datura fruit, and Bti was (410.30±1.40) ppm after 2 hour that also decreases after 64 hrs to
(189.0130±0.010) ppm. The LC50 value of datura leaf, kor tumma and Bti was
(416.30±2.30) ppm after 2 hour that also decreases after 64 hrs to (197.0170±0.020) ppm.
The LC50 value of datura leaf, chebr fruit, and Bti was (439.30±1.05) ppm after 2 hrs that
also decreases after 64 hrs to (226.0150±0.020) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit, kor
tumma, and Bti was (402.50±2.50) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to
(174.0130±0.010) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit, chebr fruit, and Bti was
(413.10±1.10) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to (193.0110±0.030) ppm.
The LC50 value of kor tumma, chebr fruit, and Bti was (413.30±1.04) ppm after 2 hrs that
also decreases after 64 hrs to (189.090±0.020) ppm. The LC50 value of datura leaf, datura
fruit, kor tumma, and Bti was (393.10±1.20) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs
to (167.070±0.030) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit, and Bti
Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit, and Bti was (382.10±3.03) ppm after 2 hrs
that also decreases after 64 hrs to (163±0.080) ppm.
From this table, we can note that the solution having a mixture of datura leaf, datura
fruit, kor tumma chebr fruit and Bti had less LC50 that means this mixture of datura leaf,
datura fruit, kor tumma chebr fruit and Bti was more potent and played a significant role in
55
Table 4.19: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for plant extracts through the water with Bti against Anopheles larvae.
Sig. Potent plant Vs Bti 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.10% 1.0% 10.0%
1. Datura leaf (Water) - Bti 60.53±11.58 27.94±2.56 10.25±1.42 7.01±1.06 4.48±0.76 2.68±0.58
2. Datura fruit (Water) - Bti 78.31±17.90 30.26±5.0 17.30±2.32 12.32±1.44 8.0±0.99 4.24±0.76
3. Kor tumma(Water) - Bti 79.27±16.78 25.49±3.84 20.87±2.51 12.34±1.44 8.03±0.99 3.72±0.68
4. Chebr fruit (Water) - Bti 115.90±6.23 38.94±4.51 23.58±2.41 17.56±1.85 12.88±1.36 6.82±0.92
5. Datura leaf, datura fruit (Water) - Bti 60.99±13.82 18.75±3.02 10.47±1.46 7.58±1.04 5.26±0.80 3.20±0.63
6. Datura leaf, kor tumma (Water) - Bti 52.49±10.52 24.06±3.06 14.42±1.78 9.60±1.12 8.37±0.74 3.25±0.54
7. Datura leaf, chebr fruit (Water) - Bti 58.26±9.45 19.87±4.55 12.25±2.33 7.70±1.49 4.21±1.23 2.70±0.74
8. Datura fruit, kor tumma (Water)- Bti 64.95±15.77 30.07±4.71 16.67±2.57 10.90±1.75 5.81±1.14 3.08±0.70
9. Datura fruit, chebr fruit (Water) - Bti 59.46±11.92 26.46±4.28 15.87±2.17 9.07±1.28 6.17±0.92 3.54±0.72
10. Kor tumma, chebr fruit (Water) - Bti 50.79±12.06 24.71±4.41 14.37±2.14 10.09±1.39 5.95±0.88 3.93±0.66
11. Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma (Water) - Bti 50.54±8.02 32.37±5.92 18.43±2.99 9.34±1.59 6.49±1.09 2.50±0.61
12. Datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit (Water) - Bti 55.70±9.80 24.87±4.55 14.25±2.33 9.70±1.49 8.21±1.23 3.70±0.74
13. Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit(Water) - Bti 49.69±9.87 20.68±3.03 15.17±2.0 8.98±1.22 4.44±0.81 2.10±0.55
56
LT50 of significant plant extracts through the water with Bti against Anopheles.
Table (4.19) showed that the LT50 value for Anopheles larvae of datura leaf and Bti
concentration of the solution. The LT50value for datura fruit and Bti was (78.31±17.90) hrs
at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (4.24±0.76) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the
solution. The LT50 value for kor tumma and Bti was (79.27±16.78) hrs at 0.01%
LT50 value for chebr fruit and Bti was (115.90±6.23) hrs at 0.01% concentration that
datura leaf, datura fruit, and Bti was (60.99±13.82) hrs at 0.01% concentration that
datura leaf, kor tumma and Bti was (52.49±10.52) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased
to (3.25±0.54) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for datura leaf,
chebr fruit, and Bti was (58.26±9.45) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to
(2.70±0.74) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for datura fruit, kor
tumma, and Bti was (64.95±15.77) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (3.08±0.70)
hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for datura fruit, chebr fruit, and
Bti was (59.46±11.92) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (3.54±0.72) hrs at
10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for kor tumma, chebr fruit, and Bti was
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma Bti
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit, and
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr
fruit, and Bti was (49.69±9.87) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (2.10±0.55)
hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution.
From this table, we can note that the solution having a mixture of datura leaf, kor
tumma, and Bti had a less LT50 value that means this mixture of datura leaf, kor tumma,
and Bti was more potent and played a significant role in mortality as shown in the table.
57
through ether against Aedes larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor tumma+Bti Datura+Bti Charita+Bti Neem leaf+Bti Kor tumma &
Datura+Bti
2 47.65±4.12g 26.78±3.88g 22.41±3.10g 25.22±2.92g 41.33±5.08g
4 53.84±5.15f 40.50±3.95f 30.27±2.86f 35.33±3.10f 49.11±5.14f
8 62.07±5.31e 52.50±4.14e 38.44±3.61e 50.50±3.41e 57.0±5.19e
16 73.18±4.74d 61.33±4.41d 54.67±3.68d 60.61±3.35d 67.0±4.90d
32 76.73±4.45c 73.39±3.87c 72.17±3.16c 70.67±3.33c 75.33±4.35c
64 88.68±2.07b 87.67±2.06b 89.50±2.07b 90.78±1.95b 90.61±2.05b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 91.13±1.73a 80.76±3.32a 73.95±5.01a 73.67±4.38a 91.29±1.80a
1 85.81±2.82b 72.71±5.02b 65.57±5.69b 70.57±5.13b 81.95±3.27b
0.1 75.76±3.68c 65.33±5.49c 59.67±6.08c 63.86±5.24c 68.43±4.84c
0.01 69.43±4.26d 58.67±6.03d 55.14±6.60d 60.86±5.88d 62.71±5.33d
0.01 57.24±5.47e 51.52±6.57e 49.67±7.07e 52.76±6.49e 56.29±5.65e
0.01 49.67±5.65f 44.43±6.48f 41.33±7.26f 43.67±6.62f 45.81±6.20f
2 10 72±0.0f 55.33±1.67j 40.67±1.67m 43.67±1.67l 75.33±1.67ef
1 63.67±1.67h 33±0.0o 33±0.0n 33±0.0n 58.67±1.67j
0.1 52.67±1.67j 27.33±1.67p 25.67±1.67p 28±0.0o 37±0.0m
0.01 42±0.0l 20±0.0r 19±0.0q 22±0.0p 32±0.0n
0.01 33±0.0n 15±0.0s 14±0.0r 15.67±1.67r 28±0.0o
0.01 23±0.0p 10±0.0t 3.07±1.45s 9.500±0.0s 14±0.0q
4 10 88±0.0c 67±0.0g 49±0.0k 52±0.0j 83.67±1.67d
1 72±0.0f 52±0.0k 39±0.0m 48±0.0k 67±0.0h
0.1 60.67±1.67i 43±0.0m 33±0.0n 43±0.0l 48±0.0l
0.01 48±0.0k 34±0.0o 29±0.0o 32±0.0n 38±0.0m
0.01 32±0.0n 24±0.0q 19±0.0q 24±0.0p 33±0.0n
0.01 28±0.0o 23±0.0q 15±0.0r 19±0.0q 24±0.0p
8 10 95±0.0b 76±0.0e 63±0.0h 68±0.0g 92±0.0b
1 82±0.0d 68±0.0g 48±0.0k 62±0.0h 77±0.0e
0.1 67±0.0g 58±0.0ij 38±0.0m 57±0.0i 57±0.0j
0.01 57±0.0i 48±0.0l 33±0.0n 48±0.0k 48±0.0l
0.01 38±0.0m 38±0.0n 25.67±1.67p 38±0.0m 38±0.0m
0.01 33±0.0n 28±0.0p 19±0.0q 28±0.0o 33±0.0n
16 10 100±0 a 85±0.0c 76±0.0e 72±0.0f 100±0 a
1 92±0.0b 76±0.0e 68±0.0g 77±0.0e 87±0.0c
0.1 78±0.0e 62±0.0h 58±0.0i 67±0.0g 68±0.0h
0.01 72±0.0f 57±0.0ij 49±0.0k 60±0.0h 63±0.0i
0.01 53.67±1.67j 47.50±0.0l 43±0.0l 48.67±1.67k 52±0.0k
0.01 44±0.0l 32±0.0o 33±0.0n 37±0.0m 38±0.0m
32 10 100±0 a 92±0.0b 92±0.0b 89±0.0c 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 88±0.0c 82±0.0d 82±0.0d 100±0 a
0.1 88±0.0c 82±0.0d 72±0.0f 72±0.0f 77±0.0e
0.01 75±0.0e 72.67±1.67f 66±0.0g 67±0.0g 72±0.0g
0.01 62±0.0h 60.67±1.67i 61±0.0h 58±0.0i 62±0.0i
0.01 47±0.0k 47±0.0l 52±0.0j 48±0.0k 48±0.0l
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 91±0.0b 93±0.0b 93±0.0b 100±0 a
0.01 88±0.0c 86±0.0c 93±0.0b 93±0.0b 92±0.0b
0.01 89±0.0c 89±0.0c 89±0.0c 89±0.0c 87±0.0c
0.01 76.67±1.67f 73±0.0f 72±0.0f 72.67±1.67f 73.67±1.67fg
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
58
ether against Aedes larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor Kor Datura Datura
tumma&Charita+Bti tumma&Neem leaf&charita+Bti leaf&Neem
leaf+Bti leaf+Bti
2 30.22±3.39g 31.33±3.70g 27.44±3.59g 24.67±3.21g
4 38.39±3.33f 39.50±3.62f 36.17±3.46f 35.06±3.43f
8 44.50±4.01e 44.50±4.01e 42.0±3.50e 41.17±3.67e
16 60.61±4.76d 59.50±4.68d 59.67±4.41d 57.83±3.92d
32 71.83±4.28c 71.56±3.81c 71.0±3.50c 72.67±3.75c
64 89.33±2.18b 89.33±2.18b 89.33±2.18b 89.33±2.18b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 78.62±4.13a 79.81±3.78a 80.0±4.18a 75.05±4.25a
1 72.71±4.65b 71.29±4.53b 69.38±4.96b 68.43±5.25b
0.1 64.62±5.72c 64.57±5.44c 63.38±5.67c 63.86±6.15c
0.01 60.57±5.79d 60.33±5.77d 59.86±6.0d 57.71±6.36d
0.01 53.24±6.24e 53.0±6.27e 51.57±6.65e 51.57±6.70e
0.01 42.29±6.69f 42.76±6.77f 42.05±6.91f 42.29±6.85f
2 10 50.33±1.67i 54.67±1.67j 48±0.0k 46.33±1.67k
1 43±0.0k 43±0.0l 40.67±1.67m 34.67±1.67n
0.1 28±0.0o 33±0.0n 34.67±1.67n 28±0.0o
0.01 27±0.0o 28±0.0o 23±0.0p 19±0.0q
0.01 24±0.0p 25±0.0p 14±0.0q 14±0.0r
0.01 09±0.0r 08.03±1.67r 8.03±1.67r 09±0.0s
4 10 60±0.0h 63±0.0h 60±0.0i 58±0.0i
1 55±0.0i 55±0.0j 50±0.0k 48.33±1.67k
0.1 43.33±1.67kl 45±0.0l 40±0.0m 40±0.0m
0.01 40±0.0m 40±0.0m 40±0.0m 35±0.0n
0.01 30±0.0o 30±0.0o 30±0.0o 30±0.0o
0.01 20±0.0q 20±0.0q 15±0.0q 15±0.0r
8 10 75±0.0e 75±0.0f 70±0.0g 70±0.0g
1 60±0.0h 60±0.0i 55±0.0j 55±0.0j
0.1 50±0.0j 50±0.0k 45±0.0l 45±0.0l
0.01 40±0.0m 40±0.0m 40±0.0m 40±0.0m
0.01 35±0.0n 35±0.0n 35±0.0n 30±0.0o
0.01 25±0.0p 25±0.0p 25±0.0p 25±0.0p
16 10 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 85±0.0d 80±0.0e
1 80±0.0d 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 75±0.0f
0.1 70±0.0f 70±0.0g 70±0.0g 70±0.0g
0.01 65±0.0g 65±0.0h 65±0.0h 60±0.0i
0.01 41.67±1.67lm 40±0.0m 40±0.0m 45±0.0l
0.01 35±0.0n 35±0.0n 35±0.0n 35±0.0n
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
1 90±0.0c 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 85±0.0d
0.1 80±0.0d 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 90±0.0c
0.01 75±0.0e 73.33±1.67f 75±0.0f 75±0.0f
0.01 65±0.0g 65±0.0h 65±0.0h 65±0.0h
0.01 45±0.0k 50±0.0k 50±0.0k 50±0.0k
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 75±0.0e 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 75±0.0f
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
59
ether against Aedes larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Charita+ neem Kor tumma+ Datura leaf+ Kor tumma+
leaf+Bti datura leaf+ charita+ neem datura leaf+
charita+Bti leaf+Bti charita+ neem
leaf+Bti
2 19.11±2.51g 31.06±3.19g 31.06±2.56g 31.61±3.05g
4 28.0±2.43f 46.33±3.26f 46.94±2.80f 48.61±3.25f
8 42.50±3.03e 63.33±3.55e 59.67±3.33e 59.11±3.85e
16 56.17±3.86d 72.83±2.92d 70.33±3.02d 71.17±3.16d
32 71.0±3.96c 84.33±2.49c 82.67±2.29c 88.50±1.68c
64 89.33±2.18b 92.67±1.34b 91.0±1.85b 93.50±0.93b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 70.57±5.61a 82.0±4.15a 80.81±4.36a 83.19±3.78a
1 66.05±5.92b 76.76±4.50b 74.38±4.61b 77.71±4.59b
0.1 62.0±6.71c 72.95±5.17c 70.81±5.15c 71.29±5.33c
0.01 55.86±6.62d 69.43±5.44d 68.71±5.62d 66.81±6.09d
0.01 50.14±6.78e 63.48±5.80e 62.29±5.68e 61.57±5.79e
0.01 41.33±7.11f 53.71±6.72f 53.71±6.17f 59.43±6.96f
2 10 33.0±2.89n 48.0±2.89k 44.67±1.67k 51.33±1.67ij
1 27.33±1.67o 41.33±3.33lm 39.67±1.67l 41.33±3.33kl
0.1 24±0.0p 34±0.0n 34±0.0m 33±0.0m
0.01 19±0.0q 33±0.0n 33±0.0m 28±0.0n
0.01 14±0.0r 24±0.0o 24±0.0o 24±0.0o
0.01 3.03±1.67s 09±0.0p 14±0.0p 14±0.0p
4 10 43±0.0l 63±0.0h 63±0.0g 68±0.0g
1 40±0.0m 60±0.0i 55±0.0i 61.67±1.67h
0.1 30±0.0o 55±0.0j 51.67±1.67j 50±0.0j
0.01 25±0.0p 45±0.0l 40±0.0l 35±0.0m
0.01 25±0.0p 40±0.0m 40±0.0l 40±0.0l
0.01 15±0.0r 25±0.0o 30±0.0n 35±0.0m
8 10 60±0.0i 85±0.0d 80±0.0d 85±0.0d
1 55±0.0j 75±0.0f 75±0.0e 75±0.0f
0.1 45±0.0l 66.67±1.67gh 65±0.0g 65±0.0h
0.01 40±0.0m 60±0.0i 60±0.0h 56.67±1.67i
0.01 30±0.0o 53.33±1.67jk 50±0.0j 45±0.0k
0.01 25±0.0p 40±0.0m 40±0.0l 40±0.0l
16 10 80±0.0e 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
1 75±0.0f 85±0.0d 80±0.0d 85±0.0d
0.1 65±0.0h 80±0.0e 75±0.0e 75±0.0f
0.01 55±0.0j 70±0.0g 70±0.0f 70±0.0g
0.01 45±0.0l 65±0.0h 65±0.0g 65±0.0h
0.01 35±0.0n 60±0.0i 55±0.0i 55±0.0i
32 10 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 85±0.0d 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 100±0 a
0.1 90±0.0c 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 95±0.0b
0.01 70±0.0g 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 60±0.0i 80±0.0e 80±0.0d 80±0.0e
0.01 50±0.0k 70±0.0g 70±0.0f 90±0.0c
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 75±0.0f 85±0.0d 80±0.0d 95±0.0b
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
60
through ether against Aedes larvae.
against Aedes larvae. After 2 hrs, highest mortality (73.33%) was noted with kor tumma
and datura leaf with Bti followed by kor tumma with Bti (70%), kor tumma and neem leaf
with Bti (54.67%) and least mortality value (34.0±2.89) chriata and neem leaf with Bti with
high concentration (10%) of solution against Aedes larvae. After the interval of 128 hrs,
100% mortality was noted with all the combinations of plant extracts with Bti in all the
concentrations as shown in the table.
61
Table 4.21: LC50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for significant plant extracts through the ether with Bti against Aedes
larvae.
Sig. Plant extracts through Ether Vs Bti 2 hrs 4 hrs 8 hrs 16 hrs 32 hrs 64 hrs
Kor tumma +Bti 288.40±2.80 266.50±1.90 223.0975±1.6000 199.4550±0.3150 141.1368±0.0715 98.0360±0.0310
Datura leaf +Bti 275.30±2.30 244.50±1.80 225.5870±0.3800 154.1150±0.0742 121.057±0.043 90.02±0.031
Charita +Bti 301.30±1.99 280.60±1.70 240.1770±0.4500 176.020±0.020 135.041±0.031 110.050±0.044
Neem leaf +Bti 294.60±3.10 285.60±2.50 239.8790±0.0320 180.0750±0.0490 143.027±0.018 101.020±0.011
Kor tumma , Datura leaf+Bti 188.40±1.66 169.60±0.95 135.3590±0.5500 93.2290±0.1130 78.0408±0.0198 66.083±0.049
Kor tumma, Charita +Bti 190.70±1.30 169.50±0.80 142.5480±0.3600 115.0170±0.0210 95.025±0.0122 79.022±0.042
Kor tumma, Neem leaf +Bti 185.50±1.41 162.70±1.10 140.4520±0.2900 110.0170±0.0210 91.042±0.0231 75.05±0.024
Datura leaf, charita +Bti 187.40±1.22 164.60±0.90 145.4380±0.1900 114.050±0.0160 93.015±0.0113 77.012±0.012
Datura leaf, Neem leaf+Bti 177.60±1.60 157.15±1.20 127.4770±0.4500 90.080±0.0250 85.011±0.0130 68.031±0.021
Charita, neem leaf +Bti 208.80±1.30 187.30±1.03 155.3200±0.3300 120.030±0.030 108.020±0.0120 88.021±0.018
Kor tumma, datura leaf, charita +Bti 191.50±2.20 170.50±1.60 146.3530±0.4400 111.1350±0.9960 92.0188±0.0147 77.032±0.042
Datura leaf, charita, neem leaf +Bti 205.0±1.40 178.0±1.10 151.2521±0.4800 118.8980±0.8290 99.0118±0.0131 86.011±0.0201
Kor tumma, datura leaf, charita, neem leaf +Bti 156.20±2.30 136.10±1.50 109.6520±0.6600 90.5180±0.4820 68.0215±0.0180 45.012±0.043
62
LC50 of significant plant extracts through the ether with Bti against Aedes
larvae.
Table (4.21) showed that the LC50 values for with kor tumma and Bti against Aedes
larvae were (288.40±2.80) ppm after 2 hrs that decreased after the interval of 64 hrs to
(98.0360±0.0310) ppm. The LC50 for datura leaf and Bti was (275.30±2.30) ppm after 2 hrs
that also decreased after 64 hrs to (90.02±0.031) ppm while this value for charita and Bti
was (301.30±1.99) ppm after 2 hrs that decreased after 64 hrs to (110.050±0.044) ppm. The
LC50 value for neem leaf and Bti was (294.60±3.10) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased
after 64 hrs LC50 (101.020±0.011) ppm while the LC50 value for kor tumma, datura leaf
and Bti was (188.40±1.66) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to
(66.083±0.049) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, charita and Bti was (190.70±1.30)
ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (79.022±0.042) ppm. The LC50 value for
kor tumma, neem leaf and Bti was (185.50±1.41) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after
64 hrs to (75.05±0.024) ppm. The LC50 value for datura leaf, charita and Bti was
LC50 value for datura leaf, neem leaf and Bti was (177.60±1.60) ppm after 2 hrs that also
decreased after 64 hrs to (68.031±0.021) ppm. The LC50 value for charita, neem leaf and
Bti was (208.80±1.30) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (88.021±0.018)
ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, datura leaf, charita, and Bti was (191.50±2.20) ppm
after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (77.032±0.042) ppm. The LC50 value for datura
leaf, charita, neem leaf, and Bti was (205.0±1.40) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after
64 hrs to (86.011±0.0201) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, datura leaf, charita, neem
leaf, and Bti was (156.20±2.30) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to
(45.012±0.043) ppm.
leaf, charita, neem leaf, and Bti had less LC50 value that means this mixture of kor tumma,
63
Table 4.22: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different concentration for plant extracts through the ether with Bti against Aedes larvae.
Sig. Plant extracts Vs Bti 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.10% 1.0% 10.0%
Kor tumma (Ether) – Bti 14.03±1.89 8.29±1.13 5.68±0.72 3.13±0.48 2.29±0.23 1.89±0.12
Datura leaf (Ether) – Bti 19.02±2.15 12.26±1.30 8.26±0.95 5.53±0.72 3.66±0.51 2.21±0.21
Charita (Ether) – Bti 22.05±2.11 14.21±1.42 10.57±1.12 8.14±0.94 5.55±0.67 3.93±0.31
Neem leaf (Ether) – Bti 18.73±2.04 12.06±1.31 7.61±0.91 5.47±0.77 3.10±0.56 2.55±0.22
Kor tumma & Datura leaf (Ether) - Bti 16.71±1.98 7.95±1.16 5.14±0.84 3.27±0.65 1.61±0.36 1.91±0.15
Kor tumma, Charita (Ether) - Bti 21.24±2.35 13.48±1.35 9.18±0.89 5.96±0.71 3.88±0.53 2.57±0.19
Kor tumma, Neem leaf (Ether) - Bti 20.66±2.21 11.62±1.36 7.25±0.90 5.38±0.70 3.50±0.58 2.96±0.24
Datura leaf, charita (Ether) - Bti 21.37±2.22 12.81±1.37 7.64±0.89 6.18±0.73 4.16±0.61 3.18±0.33
Datura leaf, Neem leaf (Ether) - Bti 21.13±2.23 12.72±1.36 7.78±0.95 5.99±0.78 4.59±0.62 2.93±0.25
Charita, neem leaf (Ether) – Bti 22.13±2.17 13.84±1.45 10.25±1.07 7.15±0.70 5.62±0.63 3.89±0.32
Kor tumma, datura leaf, charita (Ether) - Bti 11.75±1.20 6.63±0.80 4.74±0.59 3.75±0.48 2.81±0.43 1.56±0.23
Datura leaf, charita, neem leaf (Ether) - Bti 11.48±1.31 6.97±0.87 4.99±0.60 4.09±0.55 3.12±0.49 1.36±0.14
Kor tumma, datura leaf, charita, neem leaf (Ether) - Bti 10.68±1.25 5.28±0.89 3.24±0.62 1.99±0.51 1.91±0.40 1.04±0.23
64
LT50 of significant plant extracts through the ether with Bti against Aedes
larvae.
Table (4.22) showed that the LT50 values with kor tumma and Bti against Aedes
larvae were (14.03±1.89) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (1.89±0.12) hrs at
10.0% concentration. The LT50 values for datura leaf and Bti was (19.02±2.15) hrs at 0.01%
concentration that decreased to (2.21±0.21) hrs at 10.0% concentration. The LT50 values
for charita and Bti were (22.05±2.11) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to
(3.93±0.31) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for neem leaf and
concentration. The LT50 values for kor tumma, datura leaf, and Bti was (16.71±1.98) hrs at
0.01% concentration that decreased to (1.91±0.15) at 10.0% concentration of the solution.
The LT50 values for kor tumma, charita, and Bti was (21.24±2.35) hrs at 0.01%
concentration that decreased to (2.57±0.19) at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The
LT50 values for kor tumma, neem leaf, and Bti was (20.66±2.21) hrs at 0.01% concentration
that decreased to (2.96±0.24) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values
for datura leaf, charita, and Bti was (21.37±2.22) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased
to (3.18±0.33) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for datura leaf,
neem leaf, and Bti LT50 were (221.13±2.23 hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to
(2.93±0.25) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for charita, neem
leaf, and Bti was (22.13±2.17) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (3.89±0.32) hrs
at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for kor tumma, datura leaf, charita,
and Bti was (11.75±1.20) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (1.56±0.23) hrs at
10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for datura leaf, charita, neem leaf,
and Bti was (11.48±1.31) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (1.36±0.14) hrs at
10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for kor tumma, datura leaf, charita,
neem leaf, and Bti was (10.68±1.25) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to
(1.04±0.23) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution.
leaf, charita, neem leaf, and Bti had less LT50 values that mean this mixture of kor tumma,
65
through methanol against Aedes larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc.(%) Kor tumma+Bti Charita+Bti Akk leaf+Bti Chebr fruit+Bti Kor tumma&
charita+Bti
2 22.61±3.02g 18.17±2.89g 17.06±2.86g 9.44±2.28g 21.06±2.18g
4 31.78±2.75f 23.72±3.09f 24.83±2.84f 17.33±2.39f 34.83±3.09f
8 44.83±3.67e 31.50±3.58e 30.11±4.25e 26.50±2.60e 44.83±3.67e
16 50.50±4.01d 43.83±3.92d 44.67±3.81d 34.67±3.62d 50.78±3.97d
32 62.83±4.11c 57.0±3.64c 58.67±4.06c 42.83±4.40c 61.17±4.28c
64 77.67±4.12b 73.50±4.24b 71.0±4.14b 73.50±4.99b 76.0±3.77b
128 86.75±2.22a 80.17±4.28a 84.33±3.81a 83.50±4.24a 86.0±2.97a
10 70.05±4.69a 64.10±5.06a 66.24±5.06a 58.38±5.96a 68.14±4.92a
1 64.86±5.26b 58.67±5.77b 58.67±5.78b 50.57±6.65b 64.86±4.99b
0.1 58.43±5.53c 51.29±6.19c 51.29±6.14c 44.86±6.86c 59.14±5.37c
0.01 52.71±5.71d 45.57±5.67d 42.0±6.41d 39.14±7.17d 53.43±5.30d
0.01 45.14±5.44e 35.86±5.31e 37.52±5.80e 30.14±6.68e 43.95±5.11e
0.01 29.71±4.33f 23.29±4.03f 25.43±4.08f 20.43±3.21f 30.19±4.20f
2 10 41.33±1.67lm 34.67±1.67j 34.67±1.67l 25.67±1.67m 33±0.0m
1 31.33±1.67o 27.33±1.67kl 25.67±1.67n 14±0.0p 29±0.0n
0.1 24±0.0q 19±0.0mn 19±0.0o 9±0.0q 24±0.0o
0.01 19±0.0r 18±0.0mn 14±0.0p 4.50±0.0r 23±0.0o
0.01 14±0.0s 09±0.0op 09±0.0q 0±0.0s 14±0.0q
0.01 4.50±0.0t 0±0.0q 0±0.0r 0±0.0s 7.83±1.67r
4 10 48±0.0k 43±0.0i 43±0.0k 33.50±0.0k 48±0.0j
1 41.67±1.67mn 33.33±1.67jk 35±0.0l 25±0.0n 50±0.0j
0.1 35±0.0o 25±0.0lm 25±0.0n 20±0.0o 40±0.0l
0.01 30±0.0p 25±0.0lm 25±0.0n 15±0.0p 35±0.0m
0.01 25±0.0q 15±0.0no 15±0.0p 10±0.0q 25±0.0o
0.01 15±0.0s 5±0.0pq 10±0.0q 5±0.0r 15±0.0q
8 10 65±0.0h 55±0.0gh 60±0.0h 45±0.0i 65±0.0h
1 60±0.0i 45±0.0i 45±0.0k 35±0.0k 60±0.0i
0.1 50±0.0k 35±0.0jk 35±0.0l 30±0.0l 50±0.0j
0.01 45±0.0l 25.0±7.64lm 10±0.0q 25±0.0n 45±0.0k
0.01 35±0.0o 20±0.0mn 21.67±1.67o 15±0.0p 35±0.0m
0.01 20±0.0r 15±0.0no 15±0.0p 15±0.0p 20±0.0p
16 10 75±0.0f 65±0.0f 70±0.0f 60±0.0g 75±0.0f
1 65±0.0h 60±0.0fg 60±0.0h 50±0.0h 65±0.0h
0.1 60±0.0i 55±0.0gh 50±0.0j 40±0.0j 60±0.0i
0.01 50±0.0k 45±0.0i 45±0.0k 30±0.0l 50±0.0j
0.01 40±0.0n 30±0.0jkl 30±0.0m 20±0.0o 41.67±1.67l
0.01 25±0.0q 20±0.0mn 25±0.0n 20±0.0o 25±0.0o
32 10 85±0.0d 80±0.0de 85±0.0d 75±0.0e 85±0.0d
1 80±0.0e 75±0.0e 75±0.0e 60±0.0g 80±0.0e
0.1 75±0.0f 60±0.0fg 70±0.0f 50±0.0h 75±0.0f
0.01 65±0.0h 60±0.0fg 55±0.0i 40±0.0j 60±0.0i
0.01 55±0.0j 50±0.0hi 50±0.0j 25±0.0n 50±0.0j
0.01 35±0.0o 35±0.0jk 35±0.0l 25±0.0n 35±0.0m
64 10 100±0 a 95±0.0ab 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
1 95±0.0b 90±0.0bc 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.1 90±0.0c 90±0.0bc 85±0.0d 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 85±0.0d 80±0.0de 70±0.0f 85±0.0d 85±0.0d
0.01 70±0.0g 65±0.0f 65±0.0g 70±0.0f 70±0.0g
0.01 50±0.0k 45±0.0i 45±0.0k 35±0.0k 50±0.0j
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0b 95±0.0ab 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 95±0.0b 85±0.0cd 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 90±0.0c 75±0.0e 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 85±0.0d
0.01 65±0.0h 50±0.0hi 55±0.0i 50±0.0h 65±0.0h
66
methanol against Aedes larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor tumma& akk Kor tumma& Charita&akk Charita& chebre
leaf+Bti chebr fruit+Bti leaf+Bti fruit+Bti
2 25.67±3.23g 21.50±4.11g 19.56±3.52g 20.67±3.23g
4 35.94±3.41f 34.83±4.34f 30.11±2.48f 30.67±2.39f
8 44.67±4.18e 44.67±3.68e 39.67±3.33e 39.67±2.39e
16 50.78±4.07d 50.50±4.01d 48.0±3.50d 49.67±3.68d
32 59.50±4.36c 59.50±3.75c 58.67±3.68c 61.17±4.05c
64 76.0±3.90b 74.33±3.62b 64.50±3.82b 70.33±3.62b
128 86.0±2.97a 85.17±2.92a 81.56±3.54a 83.22±3.34a
10 73.67±4.22a 74.25±3.15a 68.19±4.63a 66.0±4.86a
1 67.0±4.67b 65.81±4.46b 59.38±4.66b 62.0±5.07b
0.1 59.43±5.10c 57.29±5.39c 52.29±5.05c 56.81±5.23c
0.01 51.57±5.23d 48.71±5.52d 47.29±4.83d 48.0±5.35d
0.01 43.71±5.12e 42.29±5.49e 38.71±4.83e 40.86±4.66e
0.01 30.67±4.23f 30.67±4.58f 28.05±4.0f 30.67±4.15f
2 10 44.67±1.67k 49.67±1.67k 39.67±1.67mn 38±0.0k
1 34.67±1.67m 34.67±1.67n 29.67±1.67o 34±0.0l
0.1 28±0.0n 19±0.0q 24±0.0p 25.67±1.67mn
0.01 24±0.0o 15±0.0r 19±0.0q 14±0.0o
0.01 14±0.0q 09±0.0s 4.50±0.0s 09±0.0p
0.01 6.07±1.67r 01.07±1.67t 0±0.0t 3.03±1.67q
4 10 53±0.0i 58±0.0i 44.67±1.67kl 43±0.0j
1 51.67±1.67j 55±0.0j 40±0.0n 40±0.0k
0.1 40±0.0l 40±0.0m 30±0.0o 35±0.0l
0.01 35±0.0m 30±0.0o 30±0.0o 30±0.0m
0.01 25±0.0o 20±0.0q 25±0.0p 25±0.0n
0.01 15±0.0q 10±0.0s 15±0.0r 15±0.0o
8 10 70±0.0g 70±0.0g 60±0.0i 55±0.0h
1 65±0.0h 60±0.0i 55±0.0j 50±0.0i
0.1 50±0.0j 50±0.0k 45±0.0lm 45±0.0j
0.01 40±0.0l 40±0.0m 40±0.0n 40±0.0k
0.01 35±0.0m 35±0.0n 30±0.0o 35±0.0l
0.01 20±0.0p 25±0.0p 20±0.0q 25±0.0n
16 10 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 75±0.0f 75±0.0f
1 66.67±1.67h 65±0.0h 60±0.0i 65±0.0g
0.1 55±0.0i 55±0.0j 50±0.0k 55±0.0h
0.01 45±0.0k 45±0.0l 45±0.0lm 45±0.0j
0.01 40±0.0l 40±0.0m 40±0.0n 40±0.0k
0.01 30±0.0n 30±0.0o 30±0.0o 30±0.0m
32 10 90±0.0c 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 85±0.0d
1 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 80±0.0e
0.1 70±0.0g 70±0.0g 65±0.0h 75±0.0f
0.01 55±0.0i 55±0.0j 55±0.0j 55±0.0h
0.01 50±0.0j 50±0.0k 50±0.0k 50±0.0i
0.01 35±0.0m 40±0.0m 40±0.0n 40±0.0k
64 10 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
1 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 80±0.0e 85±0.0d
0.1 90±0.0c 85±0.0d 70±0.0g 80±0.0e
0.01 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 65±0.0h 75±0.0f
0.01 70±0.0g 70±0.0g 60±0.0i 65±0.0g
0.01 50±0.0j 50±0.0k 40±0.0n 45±0.0j
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 75±0.0f 75±0.0f
0.01 65±0.0h 65±0.0h 58.33±3.33ij 63.33±3.33g
67
methanol against Aedes larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Akk leaf & chebr Kor tumma+ Charita+ akk Kor tumma+
fruit+Bti charita& akk leaf& chebr charita+ akk
leaf+Bti fruit+Bti leaf+ chebr
fruit+Bti
2 23.17±2.40g 28.72±3.49g 24.56±2.83g 24.83±2.95g
4 31.61±1.75f 31.33±3.68f 31.61±2.58f 36.33±2.86f
8 40.50±2.87e 34.67±3.26e 38.0±2.21e 40.78±2.86e
16 49.67±3.68d 45.50±3.11d 45.50±2.69d 48.0±3.36d
32 58.67±4.06c 57.83±4.05c 55.33±3.26c 57.0±3.70c
64 72.83±3.67b 71.17±3.09b 70.33±3.26b 72.0±3.50b
128 84.33±2.86a 82.94±3.08a 83.50±2.69a 84.33±2.86a
10 67.71±5.13a 71.52±4.18a 64.86±4.48a 69.14±4.26a
1 62.71±5.05b 59.86±4.74b 58.0±5.0b 63.43±4.58b
0.1 55.14±5.31c 55.14±4.58c 55.14±4.92c 54.90±5.03c
0.01 49.43±4.99d 45.86±4.74d 49.43±4.62d 49.67±4.92d
0.01 42.29±4.29e 38.48±4.43e 42.29±4.20e 43.0±4.05e
0.01 33.52±4.10f 32.57±4.81f 31.86±4.51f 32.81±4.31f
2 10 36.33±1.67n 49.67±1.67j 41.33±1.67l 43±0.0l
1 33±0.0o 38±0.0l 28±0.0o 34±0.0n
0.1 24±0.0q 34±0.0m 27±0.0o 25.67±1.67p
0.01 18±0.0r 24±0.0o 24±0.0p 20.67±1.67q
0.01 14±0.0s 17.33±1.67p 18±0.0q 19±0.0q
0.01 10.67±1.67t 8.03±1.67q 4.50±0.0s 6.07±1.67r
4 10 39.67±1.67m 53±0.0i 44.67±1.67k 53±0.0j
1 40±0.0mn 45±0.0k 40±0.0m 50±0.0k
0.1 35±0.0o 40±0.0l 40±0.0m 40±0.0m
0.01 35±0.0o 30±0.0n 35±0.0n 35±0.0n
0.01 30±0.0p 20±0.0p 25±0.0p 30±0.0o
0.01 20±0.0r 10±0.0q 15±0.0r 20±0.0q
8 10 60±0.0i 60±0.0h 55±0.0i 60±0.0i
1 55±0.0j 45±0.0k 45±0.0kl 55±0.0j
0.1 40±0.0mn 40±0.0l 40±0.0m 41.67±1.67m
0.01 40±0.0mn 30±0.0n 40±0.0m 40±0.0m
0.01 35±0.0o 25±0.0o 35±0.0n 35±0.0n
0.01 25±0.0q 20±0.0p 25±0.0p 25±0.0p
16 10 75±0.0f 70±0.0f 65±0.0h 70±0.0g
1 65±0.0h 55±0.0i 55±0.0i 65±0.0h
0.1 55±0.0j 50±0.0j 50±0.0j 50±0.0k
0.01 45±0.0l 40±0.0l 45±0.0kl 45±0.0l
0.01 40±0.0mn 40±0.0l 40±0.0m 40±0.0m
0.01 30±0.0p 30±0.0n 30±0.0o 30±0.0o
32 10 85±0.0d 90±0.0c 75±0.0f 80±0.0e
1 75±0.0f 70±0.0f 70±0.0g 75±0.0f
0.1 70±0.0g 65±0.0g 65±0.0h 65±0.0h
0.01 55±0.0j 55±0.0i 55±0.0i 55±0.0j
0.01 50±0.0k 45±0.0k 50±0.0j 50±0.0k
0.01 35±0.0o 40±0.0l 35±0.0n 35±0.0n
64 10 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 95±0.0b
1 90±0.0c 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 85±0.0d
0.1 80±0.0e 75±0.0e 80±0.0e 80±0.0e
0.01 75±0.0f 70±0.0f 70±0.0g 75±0.0f
0.01 65±0.0h 60±0.0h 65±0.0h 65±0.0h
0.01 50±0.0k 60±0.0h 50±0.0j 50±0.0k
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 90±0.0c 85±0.0d 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 75±0.0f 75±0.0e 75±0.0f 75±0.0f
0.01 70±0.0g 66.67±1.67g 70±0.0g 70±0.0g
68
through methanol against Aedes larvae.
against Aedes larvae. After 2 hrs, highest mortality (49.67%) was noted with kor tumma,
chariata and akk leaf with Bti followed by kor tumma and akk leaf with Bti (44.67%) kor
tumma with Bti (41.33%) and least mortality value (25.67±1.67) chebr fruit with Bti with
100% mortality was noted with all the combinations of plant extracts with Bti in (10% and
1%) the concentrations as shown in the table.
69
Table 4.24: LC50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for significant plant extracts through methanol with Bti against Aedes larvae.
Sig. Plant extracts Vs Bti 2 hrs 4 hrs 8 hrs 16 hrs 32 hrs 64 hrs
Kor tumma (Methanol)-Bti 317.40±3.20 287.30±2.40 256.0550±0.0500 216.0100±0.0170 170.021±0.051 129.0540±0.016
Charita (Methanol)-Bti 359.40±4.08 300.50±3.40 274.0150±0.0600 230.0250±0.0240 180.030±0.064 142.0460±0.022
Akk leaf (Methanol)-Bti 336.10±3.0 285.50±2.20 254.0130±0.0400 216.0150±0.0250 169.010±0.083 131.020±0.016
Chebr fruit (Methanol)-Bti 340.40±3.40 302.60±2.30 298.010±0.0300 226.050±0.0150 188.020±0.040 138.020±0.024
Kor tumma, charita (Methanol)-Bti 325.50±6.0 282.80±4.50 244.0630±0.0700 219.0100±0.0570 165.024±0.085 121.070±0.011
Kor tumma, akk leaf (Methanol)-Bti 309.70±5.08 280.40±3.30 244.0630±0.0800 206.0140±0.0590 155.018±0.088 113.051±0.031
Kor tumma, chebr fruit (Methanol)-Bti 312.20±6.10 285.60±4.60 251.0680±0.0700 221.0120±0.0490 162.014±0.039 106.03±0.021
Charita, akk leaf (Methanol)-Bti 322.40±3.10 297.70±1.50 260.0420±0.0200 233.0130±0.0220 175.050±0.031 119.011±0.010
Charita, chebre fruit (Methanol)-Bti 331.40±2.0 292.50±1.70 258.0550±0.0400 220.050±0.010 174.020±0.051 131.022±0.042
Akk leaf, chebr fruit (Methanol)-Bti 321.60±5.0 285.50±2.40 251.0500±0.6500 201.0120±0.020 162.0110±0.062 120.013±0.022
Kor tumma, charita, akk leaf (Methanol)-Bti 304.50±3.20 266.40±1.30 241.0140±0.0130 202.0110±0.0110 159.055±0.044 103.022±0.032
Charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit (Methanol)-Bti 323.50±2.0 287.40±1.30 253.0130±0.0140 208.080±0.0150 170.061±0.031 109.021±0.017
Kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit (Methanol)-Bti 294.50±2.35 255.40±1.30 222.0130±0.0140 186.0100±0.0110 146.041±0.021 94.010±0.011
70
LC50 of significant plant extracts through methanol with Bti against Aedes
larvae.
Table (4.24) showed that the LC50 of Aedes larvae with kor tumma and Bti was
(317.40±3.20) ppm after 2 hrs that decrease after the interval of 64 hrs to
(129.0540±0.016) ppm. The LC50 value for charita and Bti was (359.40±4.08) ppm after 2
hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to (142.0460±0.022) ppm. The LC50 value for akk leaf
and Bti was (336.10±3.0) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to
(131.020±0.016) ppm. The LC50 value for chebr fruit and Bti was (340.40±3.40) ppm after
2 hour that also decreases after 64 hrs to (138.020±0.024) ppm. The LC50 value for kor
tumma, charita plant, and Bti was (325.50±6.0) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after
64 hrs to (121.070±0.011) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, akk leaf and Bti was
The LC50 value for kor tumma, chebr fruit, and Bti was (312.20±6.10) ppm after 2 hour
that also decreases after 64 hrs to (106.03±0.021) ppm. The LC50 value for charita, akk
leaf and Bti was (322.40±3.10) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to
(119.011±0.010) ppm. The LC50 value for charita, chebre fruit, and Bti was (331.40±2.0)
ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to (131.022±0.042) ppm. The LC50 value
for akk leaf, chebr fruit, and Bti was (321.60±5.0) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after
64 hrs to (120.013±0.022) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, and Bti
was (304.50±3.20) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to (103.022±0.032)
ppm. The LC50 value for charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit, and Bti was (323.50±2.0) ppm after
2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to (109.021±0.017) ppm. The LC50 value for kor
tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit, and Bti was (294.50±2.35) ppm after 2 hrs that also
decreases after 64 hrs to (94.010±0.011) ppm.
akk leaf, chebr fruit, and Bti had less LC50 value that means this mixture of kor tumma,
charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit, and Bti was more potent and played a significant role in
71
Table 4.25: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different concentrations for methanol plant extracts with Bti against Aedes larvae.
Sig. Plant extracts Vs Bti 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.10% 1.0% 10.0%
1. Kor tumma (Methanol)-Bti 34.71±5.24 23.30±3.47 14.44±2.04 10.35±1.53 8.31±1.27 6.32±0.97
2. Charita (Methanol)-Bti 37.93±5.56 23.18±2.91 15.79±1.93 12.69±1.68 8.74±1.20 5.88±0.92
3. Akk leaf (Methanol)-Bti 32.24±4.62 22.68±3.08 14.73±2.01 11.04±1.54 8.58±1.16 6.18±0.87
4. Chebr fruit (Methanol)-Bti 37.09±4.63 27.56±3.06 22.18±2.52 18.46±2.13 14.55±1.70 11.11±1.35
5. Kor tumma, charita (Methanol)-Bti 42.12±5.01 20.44±2.38 15.81±1.87 11.69±1.37 9.41±1.03 6.10±0.82
6. Kor tumma, akk leaf (Methanol)-Bti 38.89±5.38 25.01±3.0 16.56±1.89 12.13±1.44 9.08±0.99 5.46±0.68
7. Kor tumma, chebr fruit (Methanol)-Bti 52.23±7.71 32.79±3.82 22.42±2.27 15.33±1.67 12.89±1.37 8.44±0.94
8. Charita, akk leaf (Methanol)-Bti 46.85±6.59 28.36±3.53 22.44±2.29 15.77±1.55 12.14±1.13 6.22±0.79
9. Charita, chebre fruit (Methanol)-Bti 55.25±6.51 35.12±4.61 23.28±2.54 18.12±1.66 12.32±1.29 8.42±0.92
10. Akk leaf, chebr fruit (Methanol)-Bti 54.42±6.71 38.87±4.84 24.99±2.71 17.54±2.04 12.85±1.34 10.22±0.96
11. Kor tumma, charita, akk leaf (Methanol)-Bti 53.42±6.81 38.63±4.84 25.26±2.68 18.61±2.01 11.65±1.30 8.26±0.81
12. Charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit (Methanol)-Bti 57.54±7.51 39.28±5.03 27.39±3.11 19.54±2.19 11.52±1.20 6.97±0.65
13. Kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit (Methanol)-Bti 39.96±2.56 27.13±2.78 17.98±1.51 13.39±1.24 9.35±0.77 6.18±0.57
72
LT50 of significant plant extracts through methanol with Bti against Aedes
larvae.
Table (4.25) showed that the LT50 value for Aedes larvae with kor tumma and Bti
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for charita and Bti was (37.93±5.56) hrs at
solution. The LT50 value for akk leaf and Bti was (32.24±4.62) hrs at 0.01% concentration
for chebr fruit and Bti was (37.09±4.63) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to
charita and Bti was (42.12±5.01) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (6.10±0.82)
at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for kor tumma, akk leaf and Bti was
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for kor tumma, chebr fruit, and Bti was
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for charita, akk leaf and Bti were (46.98±6.59)
solution. The LT50 value for charita, chebr fruit, and Bti was (54.42±6.81) hrs at 0.01%
LT50 value for akk leaf, chebr fruit, and Bti was (54.42±6.81) hrs at 0.01% concentration
for kor tumma, akk leaf, charita, and Bti was (54.42±6.81) hrs at 0.01% concentration that
charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit Bti was (57.54±7.51) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased
to (6.97±0.65) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for kor tumma,
charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit, and Bti was (39.96±2.56) hrs at 0.01% concentration that
akk leaf, chebr fruit, and Bti had less LT50 value that means this solution of kor tumma,
charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit, and Bti was more potent and played a significant role in
73
through the water against Aedes larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Datura leaf+Bti Datura fruit+Bti Kor tumma+Bti Chebr fruit+Bti Datura leaf,
datura fruit+Bti
2 20.94±2.11g 17.89±2.57g 16.78±2.07g 9.72±1.59g 18.72±2.0g
4 28.17±2.15f 27.33±2.39f 29.83±1.63f 16.50±2.07f 20.67±2.39f
8 39.39±1.75e 35.50±3.03e 38.83±2.56e 26.50±2.07e 30.50±2.69e
16 47.17±2.92d 46.33±2.39d 49.11±2.90d 37.44±1.93d 45.50±2.69d
32 58.67±2.39c 58.94±2.29c 60.33±2.39c 55.33±3.18c 65.33±3.62c
64 68.67±2.59b 69.50±2.40b 68.67±2.59b 65.50±3.41b 76.83±2.15b
128 87.11±1.54a 88.78±1.95a 88.78±1.58a 85.17±2.26a 87.11±2.34a
10 61.05±5.05a 62.95±4.65a 62.71±5.22a 52.71±5.96a 62.95±5.48a
1 56.76±4.92b 56.52±5.32b 57.0±5.38b 49.43±6.12b 56.29±6.42b
0.1 53.43±4.99c 50.57±5.47c 52.71±5.22c 44.38±6.20c 52.24±6.18c
0.01 49.43±5.17d 48.0±5.89d 49.19±5.31d 42.05±6.29d 48.0±6.24d
0.01 42.29±5.05e 41.57±5.85e 42.29±5.49e 38.0±6.46e 43.48±6.26e
0.01 36.86±5.20f 34.19±5.21f 36.81±5.30f 25.43±4.92f 32.05±5.43f
2 10 31.33±1.67n 35.67±1.67n 28±0.0o 19±0.0o 29.67±1.67o
1 28±0.0o 25.67±1.67p 24±0.0p 14±0.0p 24±0.0p
0.1 24±0.0p 19±0.0q 19±0.0q 9±0.0q 20.67±1.67q
0.01 19±0.0q 14±0.0r 15.67±1.67r 8.03±1.67q 19±0.0q
0.01 14±0.0r 9±0.0s 9±0.0s 4.50±0.0r 13.33±1.67r
0.01 8.03±1.67s 4.50±0.0t 4.50±0.0t 0±0.0s 6.07±1.67t
4 10 38±0.0m 43±0.0l 38±0.0m 28±0.0m 38±0.0m
1 35±0.0n 35±0.0n 35±0.0n 25±0.0n 25±0.0p
0.1 35±0.0n 30±0.0o 35±0.0n 20±0.0o 25±0.0p
0.01 30±0.0o 25±0.0p 30±0.0o 15±0.0p 15±0.0r
0.01 20±0.0q 20±0.0q 25±0.0p 10±0.0q 15±0.0r
0.01 15±0.0r 15±0.0r 20±0.0q 5±0.0r 10±0.0s
8 10 50±0.0k 55±0.0j 55±0.0j 40±0.0k 50±0.0k
1 48.33±1.67k 50±0.0k 50±0.0k 35±0.0l 40±0.0m
0.1 45±0.0l 40±0.0m 45±0.0l 30±0.0m 35±0.0n
0.01 40±0.0m 35±0.0n 40±0.0m 25±0.0n 30±0.0o
0.01 35±0.0n 25±0.0p 30±0.0o 20±0.0o 25±0.0p
0.01 30±0.0o 20±0.0q 25±0.0p 15±0.0p 15±0.0r
16 10 65±0.0h 65±0.0h 70±0.0g 50±0.0i 65±0.0h
1 60±0.0i 55±0.0j 60±0.0i 45±0.0j 55±0.0j
0.1 55±0.0j 50±0.0k 55±0.0j 41.67±1.67k 50±0.0k
0.01 45±0.0l 45±0.0l 46.67±1.67l 40±0.0k 45±0.0l
0.01 40±0.0m 40±0.0m 40±0.0m 35±0.0l 40±0.0m
0.01 30±0.0o 35±0.0n 35±0.0n 25±0.0n 30±0.0o
32 10 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 80±0.0e 70±0.0f 85±0.0d
1 70±0.0g 70±0.0g 70±0.0g 65±0.0g 80±0.0e
0.1 65±0.0h 65±0.0h 65±0.0h 65±0.0g 75±0.0f
0.01 60±0.0i 60±0.0i 60±0.0i 60±0.0h 70±0.0g
0.01 55±0.0j 55±0.0j 55±0.0j 60±0.0h 60±0.0i
0.01 45±0.0l 46.67±1.67l 50±0.0k 30±0.0m 40±0.0m
64 10 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 80±0.0d 90±0.0c
1 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 80±0.0d 90±0.0c
0.1 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 75±0.0e 85±0.0d
0.01 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 70±0.0f 80±0.0e
0.01 60±0.0i 65±0.0h 60±0.0i 60±0.0h 75±0.0f
0.01 55±0.0j 55±0.0j 55±0.0j 40±0.0k 65±0.0h
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 95±0.0b
0.01 90±0.0c 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 85±0.0d 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 81.67±1.67e 76.67±1.67f 81.67±1.67e 70±0.0f 71.67±1.67g
74
the water against Aedes larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Datura Datura Datura Datura fruit&
leaf&kor leaf&chebr fruit&kor chebr fruit+Bti
tumma+Bti fruit+Bti tumma+Bti
2 17.89±2.54g 14.72±1.78g 15.0±1.98g 9.72±1.87g
4 20.11±2.70f 16.94±2.33f 18.33±2.39f 15.28±1.83f
8 32.33±2.39e 26.50±2.07e 29.0±2.62e 25.67±2.39e
16 48.83±2.84d 42.17±1.91d 47.44±2.86d 42.17±3.24d
32 63.67±3.94c 59.50±3.41c 60.33±3.68c 55.33±3.68c
64 76.0±2.89b 70.17±3.67b 71.28±3.22b 71.17±3.39b
128 87.11±2.04a 85.44±2.25a 86.56±2.32a 84.61±2.49a
10 66.05±5.51a 57.95±6.36a 62.0±6.01a 56.71±6.59a
1 57.0±6.41b 52.0±6.24b 55.86±6.35b 52.29±6.75b
0.1 52.52±6.07c 49.19±6.36c 50.38±6.35c 47.29±6.34c
0.01 47.29±6.31d 43.71±6.36d 43.95±6.28d 40.86±6.52d
0.01 40.14±6.06e 36.57±6.0e 38.0±5.95e 34.43±5.66e
0.01 34.24±5.44f 29.95±5.15f 30.90±5.39f 27.10±5.60f
2 10 35.07±1.67m 25.67±1.67o 29±0.0o 22.33±1.67p
1 24±0.0o 19±0.0p 19±0.0q 14±0.0r
0.1 20.67±1.67p 15.67±1.67q 14±0.0r 9±0.0s
0.01 14±0.0q 9±0.0r 9±0.0s 4.50±0.0t
0.01 9±0.0r 9±0.0r 9±0.0s 4.50±0.0t
0.01 4.50±0.0s 4.50±0.0s 4.50±0.0t 0±0.0u
4 10 39.67±1.67l 29±0.0n 33±0.0n 25.67±1.67o
1 25±0.0o 25±0.0o 24±0.0p 20±0.0q
0.1 25±0.0o 21.67±1.67p 20±0.0q 20±0.0q
0.01 15±0.0q 15±0.0q 15±0.0r 10±0.0s
0.01 10±0.0r 5±0.0s 10±0.0s 10±0.0s
0.01 10±0.0r 5±0.0s 5±0.0t 5±0.0t
8 10 50±0.0k 40±0.0l 45±0.0l 40±0.0l
1 40±0.0l 35±0.0m 40±0.0m 35±0.0m
0.1 35±0.0m 30±0.0n 35±0.0n 30±0.0n
0.01 30±0.0n 25±0.0o 25±0.0p 25±0.0op
0.01 25±0.0o 20±0.0p 20±0.0q 20±0.0q
0.01 20±0.0p 15±0.0q 15±0.0r 10±0.0s
16 10 70±0.0g 55±0.0i 65±0.0h 60±0.0h
1 60±0.0i 50±0.0j 60±0.0i 55±0.0i
0.1 50±0.0k 45±0.0k 51.67±1.67jk 50±0.0j
0.01 50±0.0k 45±0.0k 50±0.0k 45±0.0k
0.01 40±0.0l 40±0.0l 40±0.0m 35±0.0m
0.01 35±0.0m 30±0.0n 30±0.0o 20±0.0q
32 10 90±0.0c 80±0.0e 85±0.0d 80±0.0e
1 80±0.0e 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 70±0.0f
0.1 70±0.0g 70±0.0g 70±0.0g 65±0.0g
0.01 65±0.0h 60±0.0h 60±0.0i 55±0.0i
0.01 55±0.0j 50±0.0j 50±0.0k 45±0.0k
0.01 40±0.0l 40±0.0l 40±0.0m 35±0.0m
64 10 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
1 90±0.0c 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 85±0.0d
0.1 85±0.0d 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 80±0.0e
0.01 80±0.0e 75±0.0f 71.67±3.33fg 70±0.0f
0.01 70±0.0g 60±0.0h 65±0.0h 60±0.0h
0.01 60±0.0i 50±0.0j 55±0.0j 55±0.0i
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 90±0.0c
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 80±0.0e
0.01 76.67±1.67f 71.67±1.67g 73.33±3.33fg 71.67±1.67f
75
the water against Aedes larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor tumma& Datura leaf+ Datura fruit+kor Datura
chebrfruit+Bti datura fruit&kor tumma& chebr leaf+datura
tumma+Bti fruit+Bti fruit+kor
tumma+chebr
fruit+Bti
2 8.89±1.43g 9.72±1.83g 9.72±2.04g 8.33±1.98g
4 15.83±1.91f 16.67±2.18f 17.22±2.43f 19.17±2.47f
8 23.17±2.37e 25.67±3.10e 26.50±3.41e 36.50±3.41e
16 39.67±3.33d 40.78±3.64d 40.50±4.36d 50.50±3.95d
32 54.67±3.48c 55.50±3.82c 57.17±4.28c 68.67±4.35c
64 71.17±3.39b 71.17±3.39b 70.33±3.94b 80.17±2.75b
128 84.61±2.49a 84.61±2.49a 83.78±2.50a 92.11±0.86a
10 55.81±7.04a 60.10±6.55a 64.14±6.43a 66.76±6.44a
1 52.29±6.50b 52.24±6.34b 52.71±6.72b 59.38±7.26b
0.1 46.86±6.26c 46.10±6.26c 45.14±6.09c 52.71±6.69c
0.01 39.67±6.56d 39.43±6.62d 38.24±6.32d 48.0±7.34d
0.01 34.0±5.79e 34.0±5.79e 33.29±5.84e 39.0±6.68e
0.01 27.10±5.60f 27.10±5.60f 26.38±5.44f 37.81±7.26f
2 10 15.67±1.67p 20.67±1.67o 25.67±1.67no 22.33±1.67p
1 14±0.0p 15.67±1.67p 9±0.0r 10.67±1.67s
0.1 9±0.0q 9±0.0q 9±0.0r 9±0.0s
0.01 5.67±1.67r 4.50±0.0r 5.07±1.67rs 4.50±0.0t
0.01 4.50±0.0r 4.50±0.0r 4.50±0.0s 0±0.0u
0.01 0±0.0s 0±0.0s 0±0.0t 0±0.0u
4 10 24±0.0n 29±0.0m 31.33±3.33lm 33±0.0n
1 25±0.0n 25±0.0n 25±0.0o 25±0.0p
0.1 20±0.0o 20±0.0o 20±0.0p 25±0.0p
0.01 10±0.0q 10±0.0q 10±0.0r 15±0.0r
0.01 10±0.0q 10±0.0q 10±0.0r 10±0.0s
0.01 5±0.0r 5±0.0r 5±0.0s 5±0.0t
8 10 35±0.0l 45±0.0j 50±0.0i 60±0.0i
1 35±0.0l 40±0.0k 40±0.0k 50±0.0k
0.1 30±0.0m 30±0.0m 30±0.0mn 40±0.0m
0.01 20±0.0o 20±0.0o 20±0.0p 30±0.0o
0.01 15±0.0p 15±0.0p 15±0.0q 25±0.0p
0.01 10±0.0q 10±0.0q 10±0.0r 20±0.0q
16 10 60±0.0h 65±0.0g 70±0.0f 80±0.0e
1 55±0.0i 55±0.0i 60±0.0g 65±0.0h
0.1 45±0.0j 46.67±1.67j 45±0.0j 55±0.0j
0.01 40±0.0k 40±0.0k 35±0.0l 45±0.0l
0.01 30±0.0m 30±0.0m 25±0.0o 35±0.0n
0.01 20±0.0o 20±0.0o 20±0.0p 35±0.0n
32 10 80±0.0e 85±0.0d 90±0.0b 90±0.0c
1 65±0.0g 65±0.0g 70±0.0f 90±0.0c
0.1 60±0.0h 60±0.0h 60±0.0g 80±0.0e
0.01 55±0.0i 55±0.0i 55±0.0h 75±0.0f
0.01 45±0.0j 45±0.0j 45±0.0j 50±0.0k
0.01 35±0.0l 35±0.0l 35±0.0l 45±0.0l
64 10 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 85±0.0c 95±0.0b
0.1 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 75±0.0e 85±0.0d
0.01 70±0.0f 70±0.0f 70±0.0f 85±0.0d
0.01 60±0.0h 60±0.0h 60±0.0g 70±0.0g
0.01 55±0.0i 55±0.0i 50±0.0i 70±0.0g
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 85±0.0c 95±0.0b
0.01 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 80±0.0d 90±0.0c
0.01 71.67±1.67f 71.67±1.67f 71.67±1.67ef 96.67±1.67b
76
through the water against Aedes larvae.
against Aedes larvae. After 2 hrs, highest mortality (35.67%) was noted with datura fruit
with Bti followed by datura leaf with Bti (31.33%), datura leaf and datura fruit with Bti
(30.07%) and least mortality value (15.67±1.67) kor tumma and chebr fruit with Bti with
100% mortality was noted with all the combinations of plant extracts with Bti in (10 & 1%)
the concentrations as shown in the table.
77
Table 4.27: LC50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for significant plant extracts through the water with Bti against Aedes larvae.
Sig. Plant extracts through Water Vs Bti 2 hrs 4 hrs 8 hrs 16 hrs 32 hrs 64 hrs
Datura leaf +Bti 461.50±3.20 408.60±2.60 368.0280±1.0300 316.0290±0.0610 262.060±0.0360 210.0220±0.038
Datura fruit +Bti 466.50±3.60 424.40±3.20 380.0170±2.0300 326.010±0.0640 281.040±0.0350 225.0320±0.050
Kor tumma +Bti 471.30±2.40 425.80±1.90 390.0460±0.0500 340.010±0.0410 291.0200±0.0200 233±0.060
Chebr fruit +Bti 485.50±1.30 445.70±0.90 401.0500±0.0700 356.0300±0.0500 305.0200±0.0300 242.0100±0.090
Datura leaf, datura fruit +Bti 441.30±1.40 395.10±1.20 351.0130±1.0100 295.0220±0.050 251.0150±0.030 205.0130±0.010
Datura leaf, kor tumma +Bti 446.30±2.30 401.70±1.30 360.0420±0.0400 300.0370±0.0300 257.0260±0.0160 212.0170±0.030
Datura leaf, chebr fruit +Bti 469.38±2.05 431.10±1.70 385.040±0.0600 348.0330±0.0480 294.0280±0.0300 238.0120±0.020
Datura fruit, kor tumma +Bti 422.60±2.40 391.30±1.89 356.0240±0.0200 318.0200±0.0150 244.0170±0.050 190.0140±0.018
Datura fruit, chebr fruit +Bti 433.50±1.40 385.30±0.90 335.050±0.0150 300.0190±0.0270 245.0140±0.070 193.0110±0.030
Kor tumma, chebr fruit+Bti 436.30±1.54 380.20±0.70 332.040±0.0200 292.0250±0.0380 238.0140±0.0100 202.090±0.020
Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma +Bti 413.10±1.60 375.20±0.90 327.050±0.0450 280.040±0.0210 228.0130±0.0180 184.070±0.040
Datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit +Bti 419.10±1.54 372.30±0.80 320.060±0.0250 275.040±0.0180 225.0120±0.0140 191.090±0.051
Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit +Bti 402.10±2.03 336.40±1.60 305.0640±0.0470 260.030±0.020 213.020±0.010 181.014±0.08
78
LC50 of significant plant extracts through the water with Bti against Aedes
larvae.
Table (4.27) showed that the LC50 of Aedes larvae with datura leaf and Bti was
(461.50±3.20) ppm after 2 hrs that decreases after the interval of 64 hrs to
(210.0220±0.038) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit and Bti was (466.50±3.60) ppm after
2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to (225.0320±0.050) ppm. The LC50 value of kor
tumma and Bti was (471.30±2.40) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to
(233±0.060) ppm. The LC50 value of chebr fruit and Bti was (485.50±1.30) ppm after 2 hrs
that also decreases after 64 hrs to (242.0100±0.090) ppm. The LC50 value of datura leaf,
datura fruit, and Bti was (441.30±1.40) ppm after 2 hour that also decreases after 64 hrs to
(205.0130±0.010) ppm. The LC50 value of datura leaf, kor tumma and Bti was
The LC50 value of datura leaf, chebr fruit, and Bti was (469.38±2.05) ppm after 2 hrs that
also decreases after 64 hrs to (238.0120±0.020) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit, kor
tumma, and Bti was (422.60±2.40) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to
(212.0170±0.030) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit, chebr fruit, and Bti was
(469.38±2.05) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to (238.0120±0.020) ppm.
The LC50 value of kor tumma, chebr fruit, and Bti was (436.30±1.54) ppm after 2 hrs that
also decreases after 64 hrs to (202.090±0.020) ppm. The LC50 value of datura leaf, datura
fruit, kor tumma, and Bti was (413.10±1.60) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs
to (184.070±0.040) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit, and Bti
Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit, and Bti was (402.10±2.03) ppm after 2 hrs
that also decreases after 64 hrs to (181.014±0.08) ppm.
From this table we can note that the solution having mixture of datura leaf, datura
fruit, kor tumma chebr fruit and Bti had less LC50 value that means this mixture of datura
leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma chebr fruit and Bti was more potent and played a significant
role in mortality as shown in the table.
79
Table 4.28: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for plant extracts through the water with Bti against Aedes larvae.
Sig. Plants Vs Bti 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.10% 1.0% 10.0%
1. Datura leaf - Bti (Water) 62.53±12.58 18.94±2.56 11.25±1.42 8.01±1.06 5.48±0.76 3.68±0.58
2. Datura fruit - Bti (Water) 91.33±18.90 34.26±5.0 17.30±2.32 12.32±1.44 8.0±0.99 5.24±0.76
3. Kor tumma - Bti (Water) 81.27±16.78 29.49±3.84 20.87±2.51 12.34±1.44 8.03±0.99 4.72±0.68
4. Chebr fruit - Bti (Water) 125.90±32.23 40.94±4.51 23.58±2.41 17.56±1.85 12.88±1.36 7.82±0.92
5. Datura leaf, datura fruit - Bti (Water) 63.99±13.82 20.75±3.02 10.47±1.46 7.58±1.04 5.26±0.80 4.20±0.63
6. Datura leaf, kor tumma - Bti (Water) 60.49±12.52 21.06±3.06 12.42±1.78 7.60±1.12 4.37±0.74 2.86±0.54
7. Datura leaf, chebr fruit - Bti (Water) 64.26±9.45 32.68±3.03 15.17±2.0 11.98±1.22 6.44±0.81 3.30±0.55
8. Datura fruit, kor tumma - Bti (Water) 74.95±16.77 30.07±4.71 16.67±2.57 11.90±1.75 6.81±1.14 4.08±0.70
9. Datura fruit, chebr fruit - Bti (Water) 61.46±12.92 26.46±4.28 15.87±2.17 9.07±1.28 6.17±0.92 4.54±0.72
10. Kor tumma, chebr fruit - Bti (Water) 53.79±12.06 24.71±4.41 14.37±2.14 10.09±1.39 5.95±0.88 4.63±0.66
11. Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma - Bti (Water) 47.54±8.02 32.37±5.92 18.43±2.99 9.34±1.59 6.49±1.09 3.05±0.61
12. Datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit - Bti (Water) 54.69±9.87 24.87±4.55 14.25±2.33 9.70±1.49 8.21±1.23 4.70±0.84
13. Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit - Bti (Water) 52.26±8.45 22.68±2.33 15.22±2.0 8.98±1.12 4.44±0.31 2.30±0.15
80
LT50 of significant plant extracts through the water with Bti against Aedes
larvae.
Table (4.28) showed that the LT50 value for Aedes larvae with datura leaf extract
through water and Bti was (62.53±12.58) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to
(3.68±0.58) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for datura fruit and
Bti was (91.33±18.90) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (5.24±0.76) hrs at
10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for kor tumma and Bti was
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for chebr fruit and Bti was (125.90±32.23)
solution. The LT50 value for datura leaf, datura fruit, and Bti was (63.99±13.82) hrs at
solution. The LT50 value for datura leaf, kor tumma and Bti was (60.49±12.52) hrs at 0.01%
LT50 value for datura leaf, chebr fruit, and Bti was (64.26±9.45) hrs at 0.01% concentration
for datura fruit, kor tumma, and Bti was (74.95±16.77) hrs at 0.01% concentration that
datura fruit, chebr fruit, and Bti was (61.46±12.92) hrs at 0.01% concentration that
decreased to (4.54±0.72) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for kor
tumma, chebr fruit, and Bti was (53.79±12.06) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased
datura fruit, kor tumma Bti was (47.54±8.02) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to
(3.05±0.61) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for datura fruit, kor
tumma, chebr fruit, and Bti was (54.69±9.87) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to
(4.70±0.84) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for datura leaf,
datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit, and Bti was (52.26±8.45) hrs at 0.01% concentration
that decreased to (2.30±0.15) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. From this table
we can note that the solution having mixture of datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr
fruit, and Bti had less LT50 value that means this mixture of datura leaf, datura fruit, kor
tumma, chebr fruit, and Bti was more potent and played a significant role in mortality as
shown in the table.
81
4.2.2 Mixture of plant extracts with significant insecticides
After 32 hrs, highest mortality (100%) was seen in all the types of plant extracts
mixed with insecticides by using 10% concentration of solutions. The lowest concentration
in (0.01%) showed more than (55% & 50%) mortality against Anopheles and Aedes larvae
respectively. After 64 hrs, the least LC50 value (22ppm & 25ppm) was observed that the
plant extracts C. colocynthis, D. stramonium, A. indica, and S. chirayaita through ether
with insecticides for Anopheles and Aedes larvae respectively and the least effective plant
extract was M. scabra extract through water with significant insecticides due to highest
LC50 values (195ppm) and (214ppm) against larvae of Anopheles and Aedes. The time of
mortality (LT50) data for Anopheles and Aedes which killed 50% of test mosquito’s
immature stages showed that the mixing extract of C. colocynthis and D. stramonium, S.
chirayaita and A. indica (leaf) through either with significant insecticides took remarkably
less time at 10% (0.95hrs), (1.55hrs) followed by the methanol (4.45hrs), (4.55hrs) and
water (7.82hrs), (14.50hrs) for Anopheles and Aedes respectively. This time interval
increased with a decrease in concentrations. The mixing extract of M. scabra extract
through water with significant insecticides took remarkably highest time interval at 0.01%
(62.90 hrs), (64.79hrs) than all the high time intervals at 0.01% ether (14.71hrs), (15.78hrs)
and methanol (29.47hrs), (33.47hrs) extracts with significant insecticides for Anopheles
and Aedes larvae respectively.
82
Table 4.29(a): Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding significant insecticides
with plant extracts through ether against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor tumma+ Datura Charita+sig.chem Neem Kor tumma,
sig.chem leaf+sig.chem leaf+sig.chem datura
leaf+sig.chem
2 56.11±7.11g 50.0±6.87g 52.22±5.68g 50.0±5.47g 61.39±6.80g
4 63.33±7.0f 59.17±6.69f 57.50±5.76f 57.78±5.83f 70.0±6.53f
8 72.22±6.53e 70.56±5.80e 70.83±5.76e 69.17±5.83e 77.50±5.52e
16 81.11±4.62d 79.17±4.82d 77.50±4.79d 78.89±4.78d 84.17±4.82d
32 88.61±3.28c 87.78±3.21c 88.33±3.28c 87.50±3.34c 91.67±3.02c
64 96.94±1.22b 96.67±1.34b 97.50±0.93b 97.78±0.92b 98.06±0.92b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 99.52±0.33a 98.57±0.78a 96.19±1.42a 95.95±1.53a 99.76±0.24a
1 95.71±1.52b 94.05±1.85b 92.86±2.22b 92.62±2.38b 98.57±0.78b
0.1 90.0±2.65c 82.62±3.88c 84.05±3.53c 83.33±3.85c 91.43±2.52c
0.01 75.48±4.65d 74.29±5.02d 73.81±4.72d 73.33±4.70d 82.38±3.66d
0.01 67.62±5.04e 66.67±5.28e 67.14±5.22e 66.19±5.53e 72.86±5.19e
0.01 50.24±7.34f 49.52±7.31f 52.14±6.99f 52.38±6.93f 54.52±6.50f
2 10 96.67±1.67a 90±0.0c 83.33±1.67ef 81.67±1.67e 98.33±1.67a
1 81.67±1.67de 78.33±1.67e 75±0.0h 71.67±1.67f 90±0.0c
0.1 68.33±1.67f 55±0.0i 60±0.0kl 55±0.0i 70±0.0g
0.01 45±0.0i 40±0.0l 45±0.0n 45±0.0k 55±0.0j
0.01 35±0.0j 30±0.0m 35±0.0p 30±0.0m 35±0.0m
0.01 10±0.0l 6.67±1.67o 15±0.0s 16.67±1.67n 20±0.0o
4 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 100±0 a
1 90±0.0bc 85±0.0d 80±0.0fg 81.67±1.67e 100±0 a
0.1 76.67±1.67e 60±0.0gh 65±0.0j 65±0.0g 80±0.0e
0.01 51.67±1.67gh 50±0.0j 50±0.0m 50±0.0j 65±0.0h
0.01 46.67±1.67hi 45±0.0k 40±0.0o 40±0.0l 50±0.0k
0.01 15±0.0l 15±0.0n 20±0.0r 20±0.0n 25±0.0n
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 98.33±1.67a 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 100±0 a
0.1 90±0.0bc 78.33±1.67e 78.33±1.67gh 75±0.0f 90±0.0c
0.01 65±0.0f 63.33±1.67fg 63.33±1.67jk 60±0.0h 76.67±1.67f
0.01 55±0.0g 56.67±1.67hi 58.33±1.67l 55±0.0i 61.67±1.67i
0.01 25±0.0k 30±0.0m 30±0.0q 30±0.0m 36.67±1.67m
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0ab 90±0.0c 85±0.0de 88.33±1.67cd 100±0 a
0.01 76.67±1.67e 75±0.0e 70±0.0i 73.33±1.67f 85±0.0d
0.01 65±0.0f 65±0.0f 65±0.0j 66.67±1.67g 75±0.0f
0.01 50.0±2.89ghi 45±0.0k 45±0.0n 45±0.0k 45±0.0l
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0bc 91.67±1.67bc 88.33±1.67cd 85±0.0de 95±0.0b
0.01 76.67±1.67e 75±0.0e 76.67±1.67gh 75±0.0f 90±0.0c
0.01 65±0.0f 65±0.0f 65±0.0j 65±0.0g 65±0.0h
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0ab 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 96.67±1.67ab 98.33±1.67a
0.01 86.67±1.67cd 85±0.0d 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
83
(b) Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding significant insecticides with plant
extracts through ether against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor tumma, Kor tumma, Datura leaf, Datura leaf, neem
charita+sig.inse. neem charita+sig.chem leaf+sig.inse.
leaf+sig.chem
2 56.94±5.80g 52.78±5.47g 52.50±5.53f 53.61±6.05g
4 65.0±5.90f 62.50±5.52f 63.33±5.76e 65.56±6.02f
8 74.17±5.40e 71.94±5.33e 72.22±5.32d 76.67±5.42e
16 83.33±4.57d 84.72±4.56d 85.0±4.45c 85.28±4.67d
32 91.67±3.02c 92.50±3.11c 93.06±2.97b 92.50±3.11c
64 98.33±0.90b 98.33±0.90b 98.33±0.90a 98.33±0.90b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 98.10±0.81a 96.90±1.17a 95.48±1.38a 97.62±0.95a
1 94.52±1.69b 91.19±2.53b 92.38±2.30b 94.76±1.90b
0.1 88.33±3.07c 85.24±3.76c 87.38±3.25c 88.33±3.11c
0.01 79.05±4.36d 81.43±4.42d 82.38±4.29d 81.67±4.61d
0.01 73.81±4.96e 75.24±4.79e 73.33±5.33e 75.0±5.07e
0.01 54.29±6.59f 52.38±6.98f 52.86±7.01f 52.86±6.89f
2 10 90±0.0c 86.67±1.67d 83.33±1.67d 88.33±1.67de
1 80±0.0ef 70±0.0f 71.67±3.33fg 76.67±1.67fg
0.1 61.67±1.67ij 55±0.0h 60±0.0h 61.67±1.67hi
0.01 50±0.0l 50±0.0i 50±0.0i 45±0.0k
0.01 41.67±1.67m 40±0.0j 35±0.0j 35±0.0l
0.01 18.33±1.67p 15±0.0m 15±0.0k 15±0.0n
4 10 96.67±1.67ab 91.67±1.67bc 90±0.0bc 95±0.0bc
1 86.67±1.67cd 80±0.0e 85±0.0cd 88.33±1.67de
0.1 76.67±1.67fg 70±0.0f 75±0.0f 75±0.0g
0.01 55±0.0k 58.33±1.67h 60±0.0h 60±0.0i
0.01 50±0.0l 55±0.0h 50±0.0i 55±0.0j
0.01 25±0.0o 20±0.0l 20±0.0k 20±0.0m
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0ab 100±0 a
1 95±0.0b 88.33±1.67cd 90±0.0bc 98.33±1.67ab
0.1 85±0.0d 76.67±1.67e 81.67±1.67de 86.67±1.67e
0.01 70±0.0h 71.67±1.67f 76.67±1.67ef 75±0.0g
0.01 60±0.0j 65±0.0g 60±0.0h 65±0.0h
0.01 35±0.0n 30±0.0k 30±0.0j 35±0.0l
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0ab 95±0.0bc
0.01 83.33±1.67de 90±0.0cd 90±0.0bc 91.67±1.67cd
0.01 75.0±2.89g 76.67±1.67e 76.67±1.67ef 80±0.0f
0.01 46.67±1.67l 46.67±1.67i 48.33±3.33i 45±0.0k
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0cd 91.67±1.67b 90±0.0de
0.01 65±0.0i 65±0.0g 66.67±1.67g 65±0.0h
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0cd 90±0.0bc 90±0.0de
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
84
(c) Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding significant insecticides with plant
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Charita& neem Kor tumma, Datura leaf+ Kor tumma+
leaf+sig.inse. datura leaf& charita&neem datura leaf+neem
charita+sig.inse. leaf+sig.inse. leaf+sig.inse.
2 60.28±7.15g 65.0±7.79g 58.33±7.74g 60.83±8.08g
4 68.89±6.95f 72.22±6.97f 68.33±7.20f 70.83±6.47f
8 80.0±5.69e 81.11±5.36e 79.72±5.65e 80.0±5.19e
16 87.50±4.41d 88.33±4.0d 86.67±4.30d 85.83±4.05d
32 92.50±3.11c 93.33±2.68c 92.50±2.78c 92.78±2.11c
64 98.33±0.90b 98.33±0.90b 98.06±0.92b 97.50±0.93b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 98.81±0.68a 100±0 a 99.52±0.33a 100±0 a
1 97.62±0.95b 99.52±0.33a 98.57±0.78a 99.52±0.33a
0.1 92.38±2.43c 95.71±1.52b 92.62±2.45b 93.57±2.05b
0.01 87.14±3.37d 86.90±3.32c 86.67±3.57c 82.14±3.68c
0.01 76.19±4.60e 75.71±4.83d 67.86±5.98d 69.76±5.33d
0.01 51.43±7.46f 55.0±7.05e 55.0±7.05e 58.81±7.01e
2 10 91.67±1.67c 100±0 a 96.67±1.67ab 100±0 a
1 88.33±1.67d 96.67±1.67ab 90±0.0c 96.67±1.67b
0.1 71.67±1.67g 81.67±1.67d 71.67±1.67f 75±0.0f
0.01 60±0.0i 61.67±1.67f 56.67±1.67g 55±0.0i
0.01 45±0.0l 40±0.0h 25±0.0i 26.67±1.67m
0.01 5±0.0o 10±0.0j 10±0.0k 11.67±1.67n
4 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 80±0.0f 90±0.0c 80±0.0e 85±0.0d
0.01 70±0.0g 70±0.0e 70±0.0f 65±0.0h
0.01 53.33±1.67j 53.33±1.67g 40±0.0h 45±0.0j
0.01 15±0.0n 20±0.0i 20±0.0j 30±0.0l
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0b 98.33±1.67ab 96.67±1.67ab 95±0.0b
0.01 85±0.0e 81.67±1.67d 85±0.0d 75±0.0f
0.01 65±0.0h 66.67±1.67e 56.67±1.67g 70±0.0g
0.01 35±0.0m 40±0.0h 40±0.0h 40±0.0k
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 85±0.0d
0.01 80±0.0f 80±0.0d 70±0.0f 75±0.0f
0.01 50±0.0k 55±0.0g 55±0.0g 55±0.0i
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b
0.01 90±0.0cd 90±0.0c 85±0.0d 81.67±1.67e
0.01 65±0.0h 70±0.0e 70±0.0f 80±0.0e
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 98.33±1.67ab 90±0.0c
0.01 90±0.0cd 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 95±0.0b
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
85
Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding significant insecticides with
plant extracts through ether against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
against Anopheles larvae. After 2 hrs, highest mortality (100%) was noted with kor tumma,
datura leaf, chariata and neem leaf with significant insecticides followed by kor tumma and
datura leaf with significant insecticides (98.33%), kor tumma with significant insecticides
(96.67%) and least mortality value (81.67±1.67) neem leaf with significant insecticides
with high concentration (10%) of solution against Anopheles larvae. After the interval of
128 hrs, 100% mortality was noted with all the combinations of plant extracts with
significant insecticides in all the concentrations as shown in the table.
86
Table 4.30: LC50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for significant plant extracts with ether with significant insecticides against
Anopheles larvae.
Sig. Plants Vs Sig. Insecticides 2 hrs 4 hrs 8 hrs 16 hrs 32 hrs 64 hrs
Kor tumma - (ether)- significant insecticides 224.60±2.0 199.50±1.50 165.8300±1.1900 130.9110±0.3000 98.2436±0.0796 62.0812±0.0266
Datura leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 219.50±2.60 191.40±1.90 157.2280±1.3400 125.9360±0.8850 94.1399±0.0491 59.0315±0.0108
Charita (ether)- significant insecticides 240.50±2.35 210.20±1.49 178.7180±1.0400 149.9950±0.4150 120.1208±0.0513 92.0470±0.0201
Neem leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 237.50±3.10 206.70±1.80 174.3630±1.2000 143.7620±0.3110 116.1254±0.0527 85.0315±0.0140
Kor tumma, datura leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 216.50±4.0 186.40±2.30 156.3880±1.5800 122.4490±0.9730 89.6740±0.2243 35.1905±0.0647
Kor tumma, charita (ether)- significant insecticides 221.10±1.36 196.40±0.92 159.8690±0.4400 124.8040±0.1100 94.4105±0.0928 75.1094±0.0463
Kor tumma, neem leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 217.40±1.66 188.50±1.08 158.0640±0.6200 125.5890±0.4150 92.3240±0.1574 61.0533±0.0240
Datura leaf, charita (ether)- significant insecticides 231.15±2.65 204.60±1.30 170.1220±0.9500 137.8040±0.4770 109.3371±0.1538 55.0497±0.0220
Datura leaf, neem leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 229.20±3.15 201.50±2.60 169.3360±1.2500 122.4440±1.0630 90.4404±0.1870 36.0591±0.0235
Charita, neem leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 241.10±1.80 211.50±1.10 180.5410±0.6900 151.040±0.0640 124.5305±0.0232 55.1482±0.0113
Kor tumma, datura leaf, charita (ether)- significant insecticides 211.30±1.40 181.70±1.05 149.8310±0.7600 118.7550±0.3900 82.8120±0.2378 28.2705±0.0744
Datura leaf, charita, neem leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 217.50±4.06 188.60±3.10 158.7390±2.1500 124.9310±1.0280 87.4718±0.1393 32.1062±0.0315
Kor tumma, datura leaf, neem leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 206.50±1.30 177.70±0.80 147.8720±0.6020 112.8130±0.4140 70.7728±0.2561 22.1533±0.0413
87
LC50 of significant plant extracts through the ether with significant
insecticides against Anopheles.
Table (4.30) showed that the LC50 values for with kor tumma and significant
insecticides against Anopheles larvae were (224.60±2.0) ppm after 2 hrs that decreased
after the interval of 64 hrs to (62.0812±0.0266) ppm. The LC50 for datura leaf and
significant insecticides was (219.50±2.60) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs
to (59.0315±0.0108) ppm while this value for charita and significant insecticides was
(240.50±2.35) ppm after 2 hrs that decreased after 64 hrs to (92.0470±0.0201) ppm. The
LC50 value for neem leaf and significant insecticides was (237.50±3.10) ppm after 2 hrs
that also decreased after 64 hrs to (85.0315±0.0140) ppm while the LC50 value for kor
tumma, datura leaf and significant insecticides was (216.50±4.0) ppm after 2 hrs that also
decreased after 64 hrs to (35.1905±0.0647) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, charita
and significant insecticides was (221.10±1.36) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64
hrs to (75.1094±0.0463) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, neem leaf and significant
insecticides was (217.40±1.66) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to
(61.0533±0.0240) ppm. The LC50 value for datura leaf, charita and significant insecticides
was (231.15±2.65) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (55.0497±0.0220)
ppm. The LC50 value for datura leaf, neem leaf and significant insecticides was
(229.20±3.15) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (36.0591±0.0235) ppm.
The LC50 value for charita, neem leaf and significant insecticides was (241.10±1.80) ppm
after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (55.1482±0.0113) ppm. The LC50 value for
kor tumma, datura leaf, charita, and significant insecticides was (211.30±1.40) ppm after 2
hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (28.2705±0.0744) ppm. The LC50 value for datura
leaf, charita, neem leaf, and significant insecticides was (217.50±4.06) ppm after 2 hrs that
also decreased after 64 hrs to (32.1062±0.0315) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, datura
also decreased after 64 hrs to (22.1533±0.0413) ppm.
leaf, charita, neem leaf, and significant insecticides had less LC50 value that means this
mixture of kor tumma, datura leaf, charita, neem leaf, and significant insecticides was more
potent and played a significant role in mortality as shown in the table.
88
Table 4.31: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for ether plant extracts with significant insecticides against Anopheles larvae.
Sig. Plant extracts Vs Sig. Insecticides 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.10% 1.0% 10.0%
1. Kor tumma (Ether)- Significant insecticides 11.47±1.46 9.36±0.79 7.43±0.54 5.17±0.32 3.79±0.30 2.45±0.13
2. Datura leaf (Ether) - Significant insecticides 12.12±1.51 9.85±0.81 7.90±0.54 5.32±0.40 3.85±0.36 2.64±0.15
3. Charita (Ether) - Significant insecticides 13.88±1.39 11.63±0.79 9.72±0.58 7.84±0.39 5.07±0.30 3.83±0.31
4. Neem leaf (Ether) - Significant insecticides 13.67±1.59 11.18±0.80 9.79±0.60 7.13±0.38 5.19±0.29 3.91±0.11
5. Kor tumma, datura leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 10.13±1.33 8.28±0.58 6.0±0.42 4.21±0.30 2.64±0.43 1.13±0.23
6. Kor tumma, charita (ether) - Significant chemical 12.33±1.32 10.92±0.56 8.78±0.46 6.46±0.33 4.76±0.29 2.62±0.16
7. Kor tumma, neem leaf (Ether) - Significant insecticides 11.72±1.38 10.59±0.53 8.64±0.39 6.10±0.35 4.19±0.21 2.67±0.32
8. Datura leaf, charita (Ether) - Significant insecticides 13.40±1.34 11.29±0.54 9.50±0.38 7.60±0.34 5.05±0.20 3.57±0.18
9. Datura leaf, neem leaf (Ether) - Significant insecticides 12.39±1.36 10.82±0.52 8.76±0.37 6.50±0.33 4.02±0.29 2.65±0.14
10. Charita, neem leaf (Ether) - Significant insecticides 14.71±1.33 12.30±0.52 10.70±0.33 8.21±0.29 6.65±0.18 4.61±0.08
11. Kor tumma, datura leaf, charita (Ether) - Significant insecticides 11.21±1.18 9.55±0.52 7.66±0.34 5.79±0.30 3.45±0.43 1.63±0.23
12. Datura leaf, charita, neem leaf (Ether) - Significant insecticides 12.21±1.18 10.0±0.68 8.84±0.33 6.25±0.29 4.64±0.43 2.45±0.20
13. Kor tumma, datura leaf, neem leaf (Ether) - Significant 9.99±0.96 7.95±0.71 5.03±0.42 3.0±0.30 1.45±0.23 0.95±0.13
insecticides
89
LT50 of significant plant extracts through the ether with significant insecticides
against Anopheles larvae.
Table (4.31) showed that the LT50 values with kor tumma and significant
insecticides against Anopheles larvae were (11.47±1.46) hrs at 0.01% concentration that
decreased to (2.45±0.13) hrs at 10.0% concentration. The LT50 values for datura leaf and
significant insecticides were (12.12±1.51) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to
(2.64±0.15) hrs at 10.0% concentration. The LT50 values for charita and significant
insecticides were (13.88±1.39) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (3.83±0.31)
hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for neem leaf and significant
hrs at 10.0% concentration. The LT50 values for kor tumma, datura leaf, and significant
insecticides were (10.13±1.33) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (1.13±0.23) at
10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for kor tumma, neem leaf, and
(2.67±0.32) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for datura leaf,
charita, and significant insecticides were (13.40±1.34) hrs at 0.01% concentration that
datura leaf, neem leaf, and significant insecticides were (12.39±1.36) hrs at 0.01%
LT50 values for charita, neem leaf, and significant insecticides were (14.71±1.33) hrs at
solution. The LT50 values for kor tumma, datura leaf, charita, and significant insecticides
were (11.21±1.18) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (1.63±0.23) hrs at 10.0%
concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for datura leaf, charita, neem leaf, and
(2.45±0.20) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for kor tumma,
datura leaf, charita, neem leaf, and significant insecticides were (9.99±0.96) hrs at 0.01%
concentration that decreased to (0.95±0.13) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution.
From this table, we can note that the solution having a mixture of kor tumma, datura leaf
and significant insecticides had a less LT50 value that means this mixture of kor tumma,
datura leaf, and significant insecticides was more potent and played a significant role in
90
with plant extracts through methanol against Anopheles larvae of
mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor tumma+ Charita+ Akk leaf+ Chebr fruit+ Kor tumma&
sig.chem sig.chem sig.chem sig.chem charita+sig.chem
2 50.83±7.47g 36.11±5.19g 42.50±5.82g 45.56±5.76g 47.50±6.69g
4 60.56±7.35f 50.0±5.98f 55.83±6.25f 56.94±6.11f 57.50±6.71f
8 70.56±6.40e 63.06±5.63e 67.22±5.60e 69.44±5.57e 70.56±5.93e
16 77.50±5.32d 77.50±4.52d 77.50±4.52d 79.17±4.61d 83.89±3.87d
32 86.67±4.06c 88.06±3.94c 87.78±3.92c 87.78±3.82c 90.0±2.80c
64 96.11±1.64b 95.83±1.77b 96.11±1.64b 95.83±1.77b 96.67±1.34b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 98.57±0.78a 90.71±2.85a 95.71±1.73a 96.90±1.31a 97.38±1.07a
1 95.0±1.58b 85.48±3.90b 88.81±2.86b 88.57±2.97b 93.57±2.07b
0.1 88.10±2.77c 80.71±4.54c 81.90±4.33c 83.81±4.08c 84.52±4.07c
0.01 74.76±4.96d 73.10±5.32d 73.10±5.25d 75.24±4.95d 75.48±4.96d
0.01 62.38±6.0e 64.05±6.27e 64.52±6.05e 64.76±5.97e 64.76±6.0e
0.01 45.95±7.31f 43.57±7.83f 47.62±7.08f 49.05±6.68f 52.38±7.41f
2 10 90±0.0c 65.0±2.89h 78.33±1.67ef 83.33±1.67de 86.67±1.67cd
1 80±0.0e 51.67±1.67jk 65±0.0gh 63.33±1.67g 75.0±2.89g
0.1 66.67±1.67g 45±0.0l 45±0.0k 50±0.0i 51.67±1.67k
0.01 40±0.0k 35±0.0m 35±0.0l 40±0.0k 40±0.0l
0.01 25±0.0m 20±0.0n 25±0.0n 25±0.0n 25±0.0o
0.01 3.33±1.67o 0±0.0p 6.67±1.67p 11.67±1.67p 6.67±1.67q
4 10 100±0 a 80±0.0e 91.67±1.67bc 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
1 90±0.0c 70±0.0g 76.67±1.67f 76.67±1.67f 85±0.0de
0.1 75±0.0f 60±0.0i 66.67±1.67g 65±0.0g 65±0.0i
0.01 48.33±1.67j 50±0.0k 50±0.0j 50±0.0i 50±0.0k
0.01 35±0.0l 35±0.0m 35±0.0l 35±0.0l 35±0.0m
0.01 15±0.0n 5±0.0o 15±0.0o 20±0.0o 15±0.0p
8 10 100±0 a 90±0.0c 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 95±0.0b 81.67±1.67de 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 95±0.0b
0.1 85±0.0d 75.0±2.89f 76.67±1.67f 81.67±1.67de 80±0.0f
0.01 70±0.0g 60±0.0i 61.67±1.67h 66.67±1.67g 66.67±1.67hi
0.01 46.67±1.67j 51.67±1.67jk 50±0.0j 53.33±1.67hi 51.67±1.67k
0.01 26.67±1.67m 20±0.0n 30±0.0m 30±0.0m 30±0.0n
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 100±0 a
0.1 90±0.0c 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 90±0.0c 95±0.0b
0.01 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 80±0.0ef 81.67±1.67ef
0.01 60±0.0h 65±0.0h 65±0.0gh 65±0.0g 66.67±1.67hi
0.01 40±0.0k 45±0.0l 45±0.0k 45±0.0j 60±0.0j
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 91.67±1.67bc 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 75±0.0f 81.67±1.67de 81.67±1.67de 80±0.0ef 80±0.0f
0.01 55±0.0i 55±0.0j 55±0.0i 56.67±1.67h 70±0.0h
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 81.67±1.67de 80±0.0e 81.67±1.67de 80±0.0ef 85±0.0de
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
91
extracts through methanol against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor tumma& akk Kor tumma& Charita&akk Charita& chebr
leaf+ sig.chem chebr fruit+ leaf+ sig.chem fruit+ sig.chem
sig.chem
2 48.89±6.84g 49.72±6.79g 45.28±5.92g 53.89±5.80g
4 61.94±6.54f 61.67±6.33f 60.56±5.83f 65.28±5.96f
8 73.89±5.78e 74.17±5.72e 75.0±5.64e 76.11±5.61e
16 82.50±4.94d 82.50±4.94d 83.89±4.46d 83.61±4.52d
32 90.83±2.84c 91.39±2.68c 90.83±2.84c 90.83±2.84c
64 97.50±0.93b 97.50±0.93b 96.67±1.14b 96.67±1.14b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 98.57±0.86a 97.62±0.95a 95.48±1.98a 96.90±1.60a
1 93.10±2.28b 94.05±1.85b 91.90±2.64b 94.29±1.73b
0.1 88.33±3.57c 89.29±3.30c 87.38±3.58c 88.57±3.20c
0.01 78.33±4.82d 77.38±5.16d 79.29±4.91d 83.33±3.74d
0.01 65.0±5.73e 65.0±5.86e 66.19±5.38e 67.38±4.94e
0.01 52.86±7.36f 54.05±7.10f 53.10±7.36f 55.0±6.83f
2 10 90.0±2.89bc 88.33±1.67cd 75.0±2.89e 80.0±2.89e
1 71.67±1.67e 78.33±1.67fg 68.33±1.67f 80±0.0e
0.1 58.33±1.67fg 60±0.0i 56.67±1.67g 60±0.0ij
0.01 40±0.0i 35±0.0m 40±0.0j 55±0.0kl
0.01 28.33±3.33j 25±0.0n 26.67±1.67l 35±0.0n
0.01 5±0.0l 11.67±1.67p 5±0.0n 13.33±1.67p
4 10 100±0 a 95±0.0b 93.33±1.67bc 98.33±1.67ab
1 85±0.0cd 85±0.0de 80±0.0d 85±0.0d
0.1 70±0.0e 75±0.0gh 70±0.0f 75±0.0f
0.01 56.67±1.67fgh 55±0.0j 55±0.0gh 63.33±1.67hi
0.01 40.0±5.0i 40±0.0l 45±0.0i 45±0.0m
0.01 20±0.0k 20±0.0o 20±0.0m 25±0.0o
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 95±0.0ab 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.1 90±0.0bc 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 71.67±1.67e 71.67±1.67h 75±0.0e 80±0.0e
0.01 51.67±1.67gh 53.33±1.67jk 55±0.0gh 56.67±1.67jk
0.01 35±0.0ij 35±0.0m 35±0.0k 35±0.0n
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 85±0.0cd 85±0.0de 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 60±0.0f 60±0.0i 66.67±1.67f 65±0.0h
0.01 50±0.0h 50±0.0k 51.67±1.67h 51.67±1.67l
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0ab 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 80±0.0d 81.67±1.67ef 80±0.0d 80±0.0e
0.01 70±0.0e 71.67±1.67h 70±0.0f 70±0.0g
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0ab 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 90±0.0bc 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
92
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Akk leaf& chebr Kor tumma+ Charita+ akk Kor
fruit+ sig.chem charita& akk leaf& chebr tumma+charita+
leaf+ sig.chem fruit+ sig.chem akk leaf& chebr
fruit+ sig.chem
2 54.44±6.58g 58.61±7.71g 50.28±8.62g 53.33±9.56g
4 63.89±6.54f 65.83±7.19f 63.61±7.19f 66.39±7.39f
8 72.78±6.05e 74.17±5.96e 72.50±5.76e 75.83±5.71e
16 81.67±4.78d 82.22±4.56d 83.06±4.41d 83.61±4.18d
32 91.11±2.73c 91.67±2.49c 91.67±2.49c 90.83±2.47c
64 96.94±1.08b 96.67±1.14b 96.67±1.14b 96.67±1.14b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 98.57±0.78a 100±0 a 99.76±0.24a 100±0 a
1 93.81±2.01b 98.81±0.68b 98.57±0.78b 99.52±0.33a
0.1 89.76±2.75c 90.95±2.33c 85.95±3.61c 91.43±2.19b
0.01 80.95±3.91d 78.81±4.54d 78.10±4.91d 78.81±4.54c
0.01 63.10±5.79e 62.14±5.88e 59.76±6.78e 60.24±7.06d
0.01 54.52±7.01f 57.14±6.73f 55.95±7.13f 55.71±7.21e
2 10 90±0.0cd 100±0 a 98.33±1.67ab 100±0 a
1 75±0.0gh 91.67±1.67c 90±0.0c 96.67±1.67b
0.1 66.67±1.67i 71.67±1.67g 56.67±1.67h 73.33±1.67f
0.01 55±0.0k 46.67±1.67j 40±0.0j 40±0.0k
0.01 30±0.0o 26.67±1.67m 10±0.0m 5±0.0n
0.01 10±0.0q 15±0.0n 6.67±1.67m 5±0.0n
4 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 86.67±1.67de 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 76.67±1.67fg 80±0.0e 70±0.0f 81.67±1.67e
0.01 60±0.0j 55±0.0i 55±0.0h 61.67±1.67h
0.01 35±0.0n 35±0.0l 31.67±1.67k 30±0.0l
0.01 25±0.0p 25±0.0m 25±0.0l 25±0.0m
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 90±0.0cd 90±0.0c 80±0.0d 90±0.0c
0.01 71.67±1.67h 70±0.0g 70±0.0f 75±0.0f
0.01 45±0.0m 45±0.0j 45±0.0i 50±0.0j
0.01 35±0.0n 40±0.0k 40±0.0j 40±0.0k
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 85±0.0e 85±0.0d 86.67±1.67c 85±0.0d
0.01 60±0.0j 58.33±1.67h 61.67±1.67g 66.67±1.67g
0.01 50±0.0l 55±0.0i 55±0.0h 55±0.0i
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 90±0.0c
0.01 80±0.0f 80±0.0e 80±0.0d 80±0.0e
0.01 71.67±1.67h 75±0.0f 75±0.0e 75±0.0f
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 91.67±1.67bc 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 90±0.0cd 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
93
plant extracts through methanol against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
chariata, akk leaf and chebr fruit with significant insecticides followed by chariata, akk leaf
and chebr fruit with significant insecticides (98.33%), kor tumma and akk leaf with
significant insecticides (90%) and least mortality value (65%) chariata with significant
insecticides with high concentration (10%) of solution against Anopheles larvae. After the
interval of 128 hrs, 100% mortality was noted with all the combinations of plant extracts
with significant insecticides in all the concentrations as shown in the table.
94
Table 4.33: LC50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for significant plant extracts with methanol with significant insecticides against
Anopheles larvae.
Kor tumma (Methanol)- significant insecticides 276.70±2.05 246.80±1.70 216.641±1.100 184.761±0.268 156.157±0.048 90.035±0.011
Charita (Methanol)- significant insecticides 294.60±3.02 264.40±2.10 234.786±1.810 204.342±0.163 176.030±0.012 110.02±0.01
Akk leaf (Methanol)- significant insecticides 270.70±5.0 240.70±3.60 210.786±2.810 180.625±0.276 149.084±0.032 84.08±0.04
Chebr fruit (Methanol)- significant insecticides 301.60±4.20 275.70±3.40 235.564±2.130 202.906±0.413 178.105±0.041 114.014±0.06
Kor tumma, charita (Methanol)- significant insecticides 282.50±2.0 248.90±1.30 214.020±0.960 187.880±0.346 166.105±0.037 105.021±0.07
Kor tumma, akk leaf (Methanol)- significant insecticides 246.70±3.0 214.20±2.40 185.180±1.080 145.473±0.590 118.216±0.077 78.026±0.09
Kor tumma, chebr fruit (Methanol)- significant insecticides 251.60±4.30 226.90±3.80 192.180±2.080 151.562±0.635 124.214±0.082 83.031±0.011
Charita, akk leaf (Methanol)- significant insecticides 262.70±3.30 234.20±2.70 200.534±1.250 161.800±0.746 130.201±0.086 89.013±0.05
Charita, chebr fruit (Methanol)- significant insecticides 258.60±6.10 229.20±4.40 197.999±3.920 158.159±0.914 129.412±0.169 85.063±0.027
Akk leaf, chebr fruit (Methanol)- significant insecticides 247.50±2.60 216.20±1.90 187.550±1.550 147.172±0.444 120.291±0.104 80.063±0.023
Kor tumma, charita, akk leaf (Methanol)- significant insecticides 239.70±3.80 208.20±2.90 177.079±1.570 141.421±0.520 110.351±0.106 73.117±0.034
Charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit (Methanol)- significant insecticides 248.60±6.0 218.20±4.60 190.327±4.330 146.240±0.495 115.260±0.081 76.034±0.09
Kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit (Methanol)- significant insecticides 235.50±2.40 202.60±1.40 170.052±0.880 133.870±0.712 108.370±0.108 68.052±0.012
95
LC50 of significant plant extracts through methanol with significant
insecticides against Anopheles larvae.
Table (4.33) showed that the LC50 of Anopheles larvae with kor tumma and
significant insecticides was (276.70±2.05) ppm after 2 hrs that decrease after the interval
of 64 hrs to (90.035±0.011) ppm. The LC50 value for charita and significant insecticides
The LC50 value for akk leaf and significant insecticides was (270.70±5.0) ppm after 2 hrs
that also decreases after 64 hrs to (84.08±0.04) ppm. The LC50 value for chebr fruit and
significant insecticides was (301.60±4.20) ppm after 2 hour that also decreases after 64
hrs to (114.014±0.06) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, charita plant, and significant
insecticides was (282.50±2.0) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to
(105.021±0.07) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, akk leaf and significant insecticides
was (246.70±3.0) ppm after 2 hour that also decreases after 64 hrs to (78.026±0.09) ppm.
The LC50 value for kor tumma, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides was (251.60±4.30)
ppm after 2 hour that also decreases after 64 hrs to (83.031±0.011) ppm. The LC50 value
for charita, akk leaf and significant insecticides was (262.70±3.30) ppm after 2 hrs that
also decreases after 64 hrs to (89.013±0.05) ppm. The LC50 value for charita, chebre fruit
and significant insecticides was (258.60±6.10) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64
hrs to (85.063±0.027) ppm. The LC50 value for akk leaf, chebr fruit, and significant
(80.063±0.023) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, and significant
(73.117±0.034) ppm. The LC50 value for charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit, and significant
(76.034±0.09) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit, and
significant insecticides was (235.50±2.40) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs
to (68.052±0.012) ppm.
akk leaf, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides had less LC50 value that means this
mixture of kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides was more
96
Table 4.34: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for methanol plant extracts with significant insecticides against Anopheles larvae.
Sig. Plants Vs Sig. Insecticides 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.10% 1.0% 10.0%
97
LT50 of significant plant extracts through methanol with significant
Table (4.34) showed that the LT50 value for Anopheles larvae with kor tumma and
(10.64±0.13) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for charita and
(11.41±0.20) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for akk leaf and
(10.09±0.19) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for chebr fruit and
akk leaf and significant insecticides were (24.68±1.25) hrs at 0.01% concentration that
tumma, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides were (25.73±1.23) hrs at 0.01%
LT50 value for charita, akk leaf and significant insecticides were (24.54±1.24) hrs at 0.01%
LT50 value for charita, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides were (27.05±1.22) hrs at
solution. The LT50 value for akk leaf, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides were
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for kor tumma, akk leaf, charita, and
(6.21±0.12) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for charita, akk leaf,
chebr fruit significant insecticides were (21.70±1.11) hrs at 0.01% concentration that
tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides were (19.89±1.11) hrs at
solution. From this table we can note that the solution having mixture of kor tumma, charita,
akk leaf, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides had less LT50 value that means this mixture
of kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides was more potent
and played a significant role in mortality as shown in the table.
98
with plant extracts through the water against Anopheles larvae of
mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Datura leaf+ Datura fruit+ Kor tumma+ Chebr fruit+ Datura leaf&
sig.inse. sig.inse. sig.inse. sig.inse. datura fruit+
sig.inse.
2 56.67±5.22g 53.89±4.46g 53.33±4.18g 43.61±3.70g 47.22±4.84g
4 66.39±4.71f 62.78±3.86f 62.50±3.55f 53.61±3.61f 57.50±4.36f
8 75.28±4.40e 73.06±3.77e 74.17±3.16e 65.0±3.36e 70.0±4.39e
16 86.11±2.79d 84.44±2.77d 84.44±2.91d 74.72±3.44d 80.83±3.67d
32 92.50±1.95c 91.39±2.28c 91.67±1.81c 85.0±2.80c 90.83±2.26c
64 96.94±0.92b 95.83±1.09b 96.67±0.90b 94.17±1.77b 95.83±1.09b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 99.17±0.45a 100±0 a
10 97.86±0.81a 95.0±1.62a 94.05±1.85a 88.57±2.93a 94.05±1.85a
1 93.81±2.01b 88.81±2.82b 89.05±2.73b 82.38±3.69b 88.57±2.91b
0.1 85.95±3.34c 85.71±3.35c 83.10±3.64c 78.57±4.04c 82.62±4.28c
0.01 76.67±4.19d 76.67±4.10d 77.38±4.06d 72.86±4.53d 73.10±4.65d
0.01 70.95±4.70e 69.29±4.56e 73.57±4.50e 61.43±5.57e 61.43±6.17e
0.01 66.67±5.74f 65.71±5.62f 65.24±5.53f 57.86±5.37f 65.0±5.44f
2 10 90±0.0c 81.67±1.67ef 78.33±1.67f 65.0±2.89h 78.33±1.67e
1 75±0.0f 66.67±1.67j 68.33±1.67h 55±0.0j 65±0.0g
0.1 60±0.0i 60±0.0k 56.67±1.67j 50±0.0k 50±0.0i
0.01 50±0.0k 50±0.0m 50±0.0k 41.67±1.67l 40±0.0k
0.01 40±0.0l 40±0.0n 40±0.0l 30±0.0n 20±0.0n
0.01 25±0.0m 25±0.0o 26.67±1.67m 20±0.0o 30±0.0m
4 10 95±0.0b 86.67±1.67cd 85±0.0d 75±0.0f 85±0.0d
1 86.67±1.67d 75±0.0gh 75±0.0g 65±0.0h 75±0.0f
0.1 70±0.0g 70±0.0ij 65±0.0i 60±0.0i 60±0.0h
0.01 55±0.0j 55±0.0l 55±0.0j 51.67±1.67jk 50±0.0i
0.01 50±0.0k 50±0.0m 55±0.0j 35±0.0m 35±0.0l
0.01 41.67±1.67l 40±0.0n 40±0.0l 35±0.0m 40±0.0k
8 10 100±0 a 96.67±1.67ab 95±0.0b 85±0.0d 95±0.0b
1 95±0.0b 85±0.0de 85±0.0d 75±0.0f 85±0.0d
0.1 81.67±1.67e 80±0.0f 75±0.0g 70±0.0g 78.33±1.67e
0.01 65±0.0h 66.67±1.67j 70±0.0h 65±0.0h 66.67±1.67g
0.01 55±0.0j 55±0.0l 65±0.0i 45±0.0l 45±0.0j
0.01 55±0.0j 55±0.0l 55±0.0j 50±0.0k 50±0.0i
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 86.67±1.67cd 95±0.0b
0.1 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 80±0.0e 90±0.0c
0.01 80±0.0e 80±0.0f 81.67±1.67e 71.67±1.67fg 75±0.0f
0.01 76.67±1.67f 71.67±1.67hi 75±0.0g 60±0.0i 60±0.0h
0.01 70±0.0g 70±0.0ij 65±0.0i 55±0.0j 65±0.0g
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 85±0.0d 85±0.0d
0.01 85±0.0d 78.33±1.67fg 85±0.0d 70±0.0g 80±0.0e
0.01 80±0.0e 80±0.0f 80±0.0ef 70±0.0g 80±0.0e
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 96.67±1.67b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 80±0.0e 90±0.0c
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b 100±0 a
99
extracts through the water against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Datura leaf& kor Datura leaf& Datura fruit& Datura fruit&
tumma+ sig.inse. chebr fruit+ kor tumma+ chebr fruit+
sig.inse. sig.inse. sig.inse.
2 54.44±3.36g 52.78±3.34g 56.11±4.35f 58.89±5.06f
4 64.17±3.48f 63.89±3.42f 69.44±3.72e 72.50±4.24e
8 73.61±3.50e 74.72±3.17e 80.0±3.26d 83.33±3.55d
16 83.33±3.02d 85.83±2.56d 90.83±2.47c 92.50±2.60c
32 90.83±2.26c 94.44±1.56c 96.67±1.34b 96.67±1.34b
64 96.67±0.90b 98.33±0.57b 99.44±0.38a 99.17±0.45a
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 93.81±1.95a 92.14±2.28a 93.81±1.95a 97.62±0.95a
1 88.81±2.86b 88.57±2.97b 93.10±2.06a 93.33±1.96b
0.1 84.05±3.76c 85.71±3.61c 87.14±2.92b 91.19±2.84c
0.01 75.48±3.93d 80.0±4.18d 84.29±4.22c 85.48±3.81d
0.01 74.76±4.03d 74.52±4.28e 82.14±4.26d 82.14±4.26e
0.01 65.71±5.22e 67.62±5.67f 67.38±5.89e 67.14±5.88f
2 10 76.67±1.67ef 73.33±1.67fg 76.67±1.67fg 88.33±1.67e
1 65±0.0h 63.33±1.67hi 75±0.0g 76.67±1.67h
0.1 56.67±1.67i 55±0.0j 65±0.0i 65±0.0j
0.01 48.33±1.67jk 50±0.0k 48.33±1.67k 53.33±1.67k
0.01 45.0±2.89k 45±0.0l 45±0.0k 45±0.0l
0.01 35±0.0m 30±0.0n 26.67±1.67m 25±0.0n
4 10 85±0.0d 81.67±1.67e 85±0.0e 95±0.0b
1 76.67±1.67ef 76.67±1.67f 85±0.0e 85±0.0f
0.1 65±0.0h 70±0.0g 75±0.0g 80±0.0g
0.01 60±0.0i 60±0.0i 66.67±1.67hi 70±0.0i
0.01 58.33±1.67i 55±0.0j 65±0.0i 65±0.0j
0.01 40±0.0l 40±0.0m 40±0.0l 40±0.0m
8 10 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 95±0.0bc 100±0 a
1 85±0.0d 85±0.0de 91.67±1.67cd 91.67±1.67cd
0.1 76.67±1.67ef 85±0.0de 80±0.0f 93.33±1.67bc
0.01 65±0.0h 70±0.0g 80±0.0f 80±0.0g
0.01 70±0.0g 65±0.0h 80±0.0f 80±0.0g
0.01 50±0.0j 53.33±1.67jk 53.33±1.67j 55±0.0k
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0d 100±0 a
0.01 75±0.0f 85±0.0de 95±0.0bc 95±0.0b
0.01 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 90±0.0d 90±0.0de
0.01 65±0.0h 70±0.0g 70±0.0h 70±0.0i
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 85±0.0d 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 80±0.0e 86.67±1.67cd 95±0.0bc 95±0.0b
0.01 80±0.0e 85±0.0de 85±0.0e 85±0.0f
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 95±0.0b 96.67±1.67ab 95±0.0b
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
100
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor tumma& Datura leaf+ Datura fruit+kor Datura leaf+
chebr fruit+ datura fruit&kor tumma&chebr datura fruit+kor
sig.inse. tumma+ sig.inse. fruit+ sig.inse. tumma& chebr
fruit+sig.inse.
2 66.11±5.75f 65.0±6.98f 64.17±8.17f 68.89±7.62g
4 80.0±4.90e 75.83±5.49e 75.83±6.41e 81.67±5.54f
8 87.50±3.88d 86.94±3.60d 87.50±3.95d 87.50±3.95e
16 92.50±2.78c 93.33±2.39c 93.33±2.39c 93.33±2.39d
32 97.50±0.93b 97.50±0.93b 96.67±1.34b 96.94±1.22c
64 99.17±0.45a 99.44±0.38a 99.17±0.45a 99.17±0.45b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 99.05±0.56a 99.76±0.24a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 96.67±1.44b 97.38±1.07b 98.57±0.70b 99.29±0.39b
0.1 95.0±1.58c 95.0±1.58c 97.62±1.12b 98.81±0.68b
0.01 93.10±2.28d 90.71±2.70d 92.14±2.53c 94.29±1.93c
0.01 82.14±4.11e 79.76±4.67e 73.57±6.37d 75.95±5.68d
0.01 67.86±6.0f 67.14±6.75f 66.67±6.48e 69.52±5.72e
2 10 93.33±1.67bc 98.33±1.67ab 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 81.67±1.67de 86.67±1.67e 91.67±1.67c 95±0.0b
0.1 80±0.0e 80±0.0f 86.67±1.67d 91.67±1.67c
0.01 71.67±1.67f 70±0.0h 70±0.0g 75±0.0e
0.01 45.0±2.89h 40±0.0j 20±0.0k 26.67±1.67j
0.01 25±0.0j 15±0.0l 16.67±1.67k 25±0.0j
4 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 95±0.0b 95±0.0c 98.33±1.67ab 100±0 a
0.1 90±0.0c 90±0.0d 96.67±3.33ab 100±0 a
0.01 85±0.0d 75±0.0g 80±0.0e 90±0.0c
0.01 70±0.0f 60±0.0i 45±0.0i 55±0.0h
0.01 40±0.0i 35±0.0k 35±0.0j 45±0.0i
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0b 95±0.0c 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 90±0.0d 95±0.0bc 95±0.0b
0.01 80±0.0e 78.33±1.67f 70±0.0g 70±0.0f
0.01 55±0.0g 58.33±1.67i 60±0.0h 60±0.0g
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 85±0.0d 85±0.0e 85±0.0d 85±0.0d
0.01 70±0.0f 75±0.0g 75±0.0f 75±0.0e
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 95±0.0c 95±0.0bc 95±0.0b
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0d 85±0.0d 86.67±1.67d
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 96.67±1.67bc 95±0.0bc 95±0.0b
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
101
plant extracts through the water against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
against Anopheles larvae. After 2 hrs, highest mortality (100%) was noted with datura leaf,
datura fruit, kor tumma and chebr fruit with significant insecticides followed by datura leaf
with significant insecticides (98.33%), kor tumma and chebr fruit with significant
insecticides (93.33%) and least mortality value (65.0±2.89) chebr fruit with significant
insecticides with high concentration (10%) of solution against Anopheles larvae. After the
interval of 128 hrs, 100% mortality was noted with all the combinations of plant extracts
with significant insecticides in all the concentrations as shown in the table.
102
Table 4.36: LC50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for significant plant extracts through the water with significant insecticides against
Anopheles larvae.
1. Datura leaf (Water) - significant. Insecticides 368.40±3.80 338.40±2.80 305.36±1.22 265.31±0.76 218.893±0.523 180.117±0.055
2. Datura fruit (Water)- significant insecticides 360.40±2.44 330.70±1.60 298.22±1.14 258.66±0.89 210.761±0.579 171.076±0.043
3. Kor tumma (Water)- significant insecticides 362.40±4.10 328.40±3.80 295.73±3.05 256.66±2.63 206.937±0.891 174.070±0.042
4. Chebr fruit (Water)- significant insecticides 382.70±6.0 341.50±5.50 313.43±3.85 282.47±2.60 226.086±0.062 195.06±0.04
5. Datura leaf, datura fruit (Water)- significant insecticides 358.40±3.50 328.40±2.80 293.84±1.04 252.30±0.60 206.187±0.115 167.018±0.010
6. Datura leaf, kor tumma (Water)- significant insecticides 356.40±2.80 325.40±1.80 289.21±1.43 248.58±0.53 202.604±0.319 164.119±0.094
7. Datura leaf, chebr fruit (Water)- significant insecticides 378.70±2.37 347.50±1.60 304.59±1.02 273.38±0.68 222.549±0.483 185.072±0.056
8. Datura fruit, kor tumma (Water)- significant insecticides 361.70±4.0 331.50±3.20 299.59±2.52 253.38±1.58 205.996±0.521 173.131±0.080
9. Datura fruit, chebr fruit (Water)- significant insecticides 378.70±2.52 348.50±2.05 314.59±1.52 274.38±1.08 231.976±0.466 184.185±0.094
10. Kor tumma, chebr fruit (Water)- significant insecticides 374.70±2.48 340.70±2.20 308.56±2.01 269.33±1.66 225.648±0.847 179.556±0.264
11. Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma (Water)- significant insecticides 350.70±3.30 320.70±2.30 284.59±1.52 243.81±1.31 198.166±0.941 158.309±0.106
12. Datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit (Water)- significant insecticides 344.70±2.51 313.50±2.20 279.59±1.42 236.18±0.58 190.550±0.403 153.243±0.068
13. Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit (Water)– sig. insecticides 340.70±2.60 308.60±1.90 272.59±1.52 230.38±1.08 184.719±0.334 149.509±0.149
103
LC50 of significant plant extracts through the water with significant
Table (4.36) showed that the LC50 of Anopheles larvae with datura leaf and
significant insecticides was (368.40±3.80) ppm after 2 hrs that decreases after the interval
of 64 hrs to (180.117±0.055) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit and significant chemicals
The LC50 value of kor tumma and significant insecticides was (362.40±4.10) ppm after 2
hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to (174.070±0.042) ppm. The LC50 value of chebr fruit
and significant insecticides was (382.70±6.0) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64
hrs to (195.06±0.04) ppm. The LC50 value of datura leaf, datura fruit, and significant
insecticides was (358.40±3.50) ppm after 2 hour that also decreases after 64 hrs to
(167.018±0.010) ppm. The LC50 value of datura leaf, kor tumma and significant
(164.119±0.094) ppm. The LC50 value of datura leaf, chebr fruit, and significant
(185.072±0.056) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit, kor tumma, and significant
(173.131±0.080) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit, chebr fruit, and significant
(184.185±0.094) ppm. The LC50 value of kor tumma, chebr fruit, and significant
(179.556±0.264) ppm. The LC50 value of datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, and
to (158.309±0.106) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit, and
to (153.243±0.068) ppm. Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit, and significant
insecticides were (340.70±2.60) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to
(149.509±0.149) ppm. From this table we can note that the solution having mixture of
datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma chebr fruit and significant insecticides had less LC50
value that means this mixture of datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma chebr fruit and
significant insecticides was more potent and played a significant role in mortality as shown
in the table.
104
Table 4.37: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for plant extracts with water with significant insecticides against Anopheles.
1. Datura leaf (Water)- significant insecticides 52.21±1.76 46.18±0.90 39.85±0.54 31.67±0.36 23.98±0.30 14.55±0.14
13. Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit (water) - Significant 41.38±2.65 34.01±1.45 26.94±1.29 21.61±0.88 14.52±0.51 7.82±0.31
insecticides
105
LT50 of significant plant extracts through the water with significant
Table (4.37) showed that the LT50 value for Anopheles larvae with datura leaf
extract through water and significant insecticides were (52.21±1.76) hrs at 0.01%
The LT50 value for datura fruit and significant insecticides were (56.44±1.82) hrs at 0.01%
The LT50 value for kor tumma and significant insecticides were (51.53±1.65) hrs at 0.01%
The LT50 value for chebr fruit and significant insecticides were (62.79±1.33) hrs at 0.01%
The LT50 value for datura leaf, datura fruit, and significant insecticides were (46.52±1.86)
hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (10.85±0.10) hrs at 10.0% concentration of
the solution. The LT50 value for datura fruit, kor tumma, and significant insecticides were
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for datura fruit, chebr fruit, and significant
hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for kor tumma, chebr fruit, and
(13.57±0.12) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for datura leaf,
datura fruit, kor tumma significant insecticides were (42.61±1.64) hrs at 0.01%
LT50 value for datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides were
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr
fruit, and significant insecticides were (41.38±2.65) hrs at 0.01% concentration that
fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides had less LT50 value that means
this mixture of datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides
was more potent and played a significant role in mortality as shown in the table.
106
with plant extracts through ether against Aedes larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc.(%) Kor Datura Charita+ Neem leaf+ Kor tumma,
tumma+sig.inse. leaf+sig.inse. sig.chem sig.chem datura leaf+
sig.chem
2 54.11±7.11g 48.0±6.87g 50.22±5.68g 48.21±4.21g 59.39±6.80g
4 60.33±7.0f 56.17±6.69f 54.50±5.76f 54.78±5.83f 67.0±6.53f
8 68.22±6.53e 67.56±5.80e 67.83±5.76e 66.17±5.83e 74.50±5.52e
16 77.11±4.62d 75.17±4.82d 73.50±4.79d 74.89±4.78d 80.17±4.82d
32 84.61±3.28c 83.78±3.21c 84.33±3.28c 83.50±3.34c 87.67±3.02c
64 92.94±1.22b 92.67±1.34b 93.50±0.93b 93.78±0.92b 94.06±0.92b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 95.52±0.33a 94.57±0.78a 92.19±1.42a 91.95±1.53a 95.76±0.24a
1 91.71±1.52b 90.05±1.85b 88.86±2.22b 88.62±2.38b 94.57±0.78b
0.1 86.0±2.65c 78.62±3.88c 80.05±3.53c 79.33±3.85c 77.43±2.52c
0.01 72.48±4.65d 71.29±5.02d 70.81±4.72d 70.33±4.70d 77.38±3.66d
0.01 64.62±5.04e 63.67±5.28e 64.14±5.22e 63.19±5.53e 69.86±5.19e
0.01 48.24±7.34f 47.22±5.25f 50.14±6.99f 50.38±6.93f 52.52±6.50f
2 10 91.67±1.67a 85±0.0c 77.33±1.67ef 76.67±1.67e 92.33±1.67a
1 16.67±1.67de 73.33±1.67e 71±0.0h 65.67±1.67f 85±0.0c
0.1 68.33±1.67f 51±0.0i 56±0.0kl 51±0.0i 66±0.0g
0.01 43±0.0i 38±0.0l 41±0.0n 41±0.0k 50±0.0j
0.01 33±0.0j 29±0.0m 33±0.0p 28±0.0m 33±0.0m
0.01 9±0.0l 6.07±1.67o 14±0.0s 15.67±1.67n 19±0.0o
4 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 88±0.0c 87±0.0c 100±0 a
1 88±0.0bc 85±0.0d 80±0.0fg 81.67±1.67e 100±0 a
0.1 76.67±1.67e 60±0.0gh 65±0.0j 65±0.0g 80±0.0e
0.01 51.67±1.67gh 50±0.0j 50±0.0m 50±0.0j 65±0.0h
0.01 46.67±1.67hi 45±0.0k 40±0.0o 40±0.0l 50±0.0k
0.01 15±0.0l 15±0.0n 20±0.0r 20±0.0n 25±0.0n
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 98.33±1.67a 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 100±0 a
0.1 90±0.0bc 78.33±1.67e 78.33±1.67gh 75±0.0f 90±0.0c
0.01 65±0.0f 63.33±1.67fg 63.33±1.67jk 60±0.0h 76.67±1.67f
0.01 55±0.0g 56.67±1.67hi 58.33±1.67l 55±0.0i 61.67±1.67i
0.01 25±0.0k 30±0.0m 30±0.0q 30±0.0m 36.67±1.67m
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0ab 90±0.0c 85±0.0de 88.33±1.67cd 100±0 a
0.01 76.67±1.67e 75±0.0e 70±0.0i 73.33±1.67f 85±0.0d
0.01 65±0.0f 65±0.0f 65±0.0j 66.67±1.67g 75±0.0f
0.01 50.0±2.89ghi 45±0.0k 45±0.0n 45±0.0k 45±0.0l
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0bc 91.67±1.67bc 88.33±1.67cd 85±0.0de 95±0.0b
0.01 76.67±1.67e 75±0.0e 76.67±1.67gh 75±0.0f 90±0.0c
0.01 65±0.0f 65±0.0f 65±0.0j 65±0.0g 65±0.0h
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0ab 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 96.67±1.67ab 98.33±1.67a
0.01 86.67±1.67cd 85±0.0d 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
107
extracts through ether against Aedes larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor tumma, Kor tumma, Datura leaf, Datura leaf, neem
charita+ sig.chem neem leaf+ charita+ sig.chem leaf+ sig.chem
sig.chem
2 54.94±5.80g 50.78±5.47g 50.50±5.53f 51.61±6.05g
4 62.0±5.90f 59.50±5.52f 60.33±5.76e 62.56±6.02f
8 71.17±5.40e 68.94±5.33e 69.22±5.32d 73.67±5.42e
16 79.33±4.57d 80.72±4.56d 81.0±4.45c 81.28±4.67d
32 87.67±3.02c 88.50±3.11c 89.06±2.97b 88.50±3.11c
64 94.33±0.90b 94.33±0.90b 94.33±0.90a 94.33±0.90b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 94.10±0.81a 92.90±1.17a 91.48±1.38a 93.62±0.95a
1 90.52±1.69b 87.19±2.53b 88.38±2.30b 90.76±1.90b
0.1 84.33±3.07c 81.24±3.76c 83.38±3.25c 84.33±3.11c
0.01 75.05±4.36d 77.43±4.42d 78.38±4.29d 77.67±4.61d
0.01 70.81±4.96e 72.24±4.79e 70.33±5.33e 72.0±5.07e
0.01 52.29±6.59f 50.38±6.98f 50.86±7.01f 50.86±6.89f
2 10 85±0.0c 81.67±1.67d 77.33±1.67d 84.33±1.67de
1 76±0.0ef 66±0.0f 65.67±3.33fg 72.67±1.67fg
0.1 57.67±1.67ij 51±0.0h 56±0.0h 57.67±1.67hi
0.01 45±0.0l 45±0.0i 46±0.0i 42±0.0k
0.01 36.67±1.67m 36±0.0j 31±0.0j 31±0.0l
0.01 17.33±1.67p 14±0.0m 14±0.0k 14±0.0n
4 10 91.67±1.67ab 85.67±1.67bc 85±0.0bc 90±0.0bc
1 86.67±1.67cd 80±0.0e 85±0.0cd 88.33±1.67de
0.1 76.67±1.67fg 70±0.0f 75±0.0f 75±0.0g
0.01 55±0.0k 58.33±1.67h 60±0.0h 60±0.0i
0.01 50±0.0l 55±0.0h 50±0.0i 55±0.0j
0.01 25±0.0o 20±0.0l 20±0.0k 20±0.0m
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0ab 100±0 a
1 95±0.0b 88.33±1.67cd 90±0.0bc 98.33±1.67ab
0.1 85±0.0d 76.67±1.67e 81.67±1.67de 86.67±1.67e
0.01 70±0.0h 71.67±1.67f 76.67±1.67ef 75±0.0g
0.01 60±0.0j 65±0.0g 60±0.0h 65±0.0h
0.01 35±0.0n 30±0.0k 30±0.0j 35±0.0l
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0ab 95±0.0bc
0.01 83.33±1.67de 90±0.0cd 90±0.0bc 91.67±1.67cd
0.01 75.0±2.89g 76.67±1.67e 76.67±1.67ef 80±0.0f
0.01 46.67±1.67l 46.67±1.67i 48.33±3.33i 45±0.0k
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0cd 91.67±1.67b 90±0.0de
0.01 65±0.0i 65±0.0g 66.67±1.67g 65±0.0h
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0cd 90±0.0bc 90±0.0de
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
108
extracts through ether against Aedes larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Charita, neem Kor tumma, Datura leaf, Kor tumma,
leaf+ sig.chem datura leaf, charita, neem datura leaf, neem
charita+ sig.chem leaf+ sig.chem leaf+ sig.chem
2 57.28±7.15g 62.0±7.79g 55.33±7.74g 57.83±8.08g
4 65.89±6.95f 69.22±6.97f 65.33±7.20f 67.83±6.47f
8 76.0±5.69e 77.11±5.36e 75.72±5.65e 76.0±5.19e
16 83.50±4.41d 84.33±4.0d 82.67±4.30d 81.83±4.05d
32 88.50±3.11c 89.33±2.68c 88.50±2.78c 88.78±2.11c
64 94.33±0.90b 94.33±0.90b 94.06±0.92b 93.50±0.93b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 94.81±0.68a 96.05±1.10a 95.52±0.33a 96.10±1.71a
1 93.62±0.95b 95.52±0.33a 94.57±0.78a 95.52±0.33a
0.1 88.38±2.43c 91.71±1.52b 88.62±2.45b 89.57±2.05b
0.01 83.14±3.37d 82.90±3.32c 82.67±3.57c 78.14±3.68c
0.01 73.19±4.60e 72.71±4.83d 64.86±5.98d 66.76±5.33d
0.01 49.43±7.46f 53.0±7.05e 53.0±7.05e 55.81±7.01e
2 10 85.67±1.67c 96±0.0a 91.67±1.67ab 100±0 a
1 82.33±1.67d 91.67±1.67ab 85±0.0c 92.67±1.67b
0.1 65.67±1.67g 75.67±1.67d 66.67±1.67f 71±0.0f
0.01 55±0.0i 55.67±1.67f 52.67±1.67g 50±0.0i
0.01 40±0.0l 37±0.0h 24±0.0i 23.67±1.67m
0.01 4±0.0o 9±0.0j 9±0.0k 10.67±1.67n
4 10 96±0.0a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 80±0.0f 90±0.0c 80±0.0e 85±0.0d
0.01 70±0.0g 70±0.0e 70±0.0f 65±0.0h
0.01 53.33±1.67j 53.33±1.67g 40±0.0h 45±0.0j
0.01 15±0.0n 20±0.0i 20±0.0j 30±0.0l
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0b 98.33±1.67ab 96.67±1.67ab 95±0.0b
0.01 85±0.0e 81.67±1.67d 85±0.0d 75±0.0f
0.01 65±0.0h 66.67±1.67e 56.67±1.67g 70±0.0g
0.01 35±0.0m 40±0.0h 40±0.0h 40±0.0k
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 85±0.0d
0.01 80±0.0f 80±0.0d 70±0.0f 75±0.0f
0.01 50±0.0k 55±0.0g 55±0.0g 55±0.0i
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b
0.01 90±0.0cd 90±0.0c 85±0.0d 81.67±1.67e
0.01 65±0.0h 70±0.0e 70±0.0f 80±0.0e
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 98.33±1.67ab 90±0.0c
0.01 90±0.0cd 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 95±0.0b
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
109
Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding significant insecticides
against Aedes larvae. After 2 hrs, highest mortality (100%) was noted with kor tumma,
datura leaf, chariata and neem leaf with significant insecticides followed by tumma and
datura leaf with significant insecticides (92.33%), kor tumma with significant insecticides
(91.67%) and least mortality value (76.67±1.67) neem leaf with significant insecticides
with high concentration (10%) of solution against Aedes larvae. After the interval of 128
hrs, 100% mortality was noted with all the combinations of plant extracts with significant
insecticides in all the concentrations as shown in the table.
110
Table 4.39: LC50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for significant plant extracts through the ether with significant insecticides against
Aedes larvae.
Kor tumma (ether)- significant insecticides 244.60±2.54 219.50±1.70 181.8420±1.1750 143.7120±0.3400 108.2546±0.0776 70.0612±0.0210
Datura leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 239.30±2.10 211.60±1.60 172.2380±1.2200 138.9040±0.8650 103.1419±0.0411 67.0302±0.0118
Charita (ether)- significant insecticides 265.50±3.15 231.50±2.39 194.7320±1.8400 164.8850±0.6350 132.1228±0.0563 101.0570±0.0501
Neem leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 261.30±3.40 226.50±1.90 192.4130±1.8800 158.6320±0.4410 126.1354±0.0627 95.0415±0.0244
Kor tumma, datura leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 240.50±4.40 206.40±3.50 171.4180±2.6300 136.4690±1.6630 99.6360±0.5343 42.1655±0.0887
Kor tumma, charita (ether)- significant insecticides 245.50±2.66 208.22±1.92 173.6590±1.8200 138.6640±0.7550 101.4305±0.0548 45.1154±0.0413
Kor tumma, neem leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 238.20±1.76 201.40±1.38 163.0620±0.6800 134.5360±0.5410 99.3540±0.2574 42.0533±0.0320
Datura leaf, charita (ether)- significant insecticides 255.15±2.44 222.32±1.70 187.1100±0.9800 152.8440±0.5470 121.3541±0.1368 62.0432±0.0305
Datura leaf, neem leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 249.25±3.52 218.50±2.84 183.2160±1.4100 134.2540±1.0123 98.3604±0.2670 39.0631±0.0315
Charita, neem leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 263.30±4.30 231.50±3.10 198.6310±2.3507 166.0240±1.1340 136.5125±0.9632 60.1542±0.0543
Kor tumma, datura leaf, charita (ether)- significant insecticides 231.20±2.22 196.50±2.05 161.3610±1.6340 131.7250±1.2140 88.8521±0.8678 32.3205±0.0854
Datura leaf, charita, neem leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 256.40±3.36 223.40±3.11 178.3490±2.3500 149.3310±2.0650 102.4258±0.3007 41.2132±0.0836
Kor tumma, datura leaf, neem leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 226.30±1.60 194.50±0.98 155.5420±0.7110 122.7930±0.4740 77.76558±0.3161 25.2112±0.0786
111
insecticides against Aedes larvae.
Table (4.39) showed that the LC50 values for with kor tumma and significant
insecticides against Aedes larvae were (244.60±2.54) ppm after 2 hrs that decreased after
the interval of 64 hrs to (70.0612±0.0210) ppm. The LC50 for datura leaf and significant
(67.0302±0.0118) ppm while this value for charita and significant insecticides was
(265.50±3.15) ppm after 2 hrs that decreased after 64 hrs to (101.0570±0.0501) ppm. The
LC50 value for neem leaf and significant insecticides was (261.30±3.40) ppm after 2 hrs
that also decreased after 64 hrs to (95.0415±0.0244) ppm while the LC50 value for kor
tumma, datura leaf and significant insecticides was (240.50±4.40) ppm after 2 hrs that also
and significant insecticides was (245.50±2.66) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64
hrs to (45.1154±0.0413) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, neem leaf and significant
(42.0533±0.0320) ppm. The LC50 value for datura leaf, charita and significant insecticides
was (255.15±2.44) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (62.0432±0.0305)
ppm. The LC50 value for datura leaf, neem leaf and significant insecticides was
(249.25±3.52) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (39.0631±0.0315) ppm.
The LC50 value for charita, neem leaf and significant insecticides was (263.30±4.30) ppm
kor tumma, datura leaf, charita, and significant insecticides was (231.20±2.22) ppm after 2
hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (32.3205±0.0854) ppm. The LC50 value for datura
also decreased after 64 hrs to (25.2112±0.0786) ppm.
leaf, charita, neem leaf, and significant insecticides had less LC50 value that means this
mixture of kor tumma, datura leaf, charita, neem leaf, and significant insecticides was more
112
Table 4.40: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for ether plant extracts with significant insecticides against Aedes larvae.
1. Kor tumma (ether)- significant insecticides 13.72±1.41 10.36±0.79 8.41±0.54 6.10±0.32 4.79±0.20 2.35±0.13
2. Datura leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 13.12±1.51 12.85±0.81 9.90±0.54 7.12±0.40 5.85±0.30 3.54±0.23
3. Charita (ether)- significant insecticides 15.78±1.39 10.63±0.79 7.72±0.58 5.84±0.39 3.07±0.28 1.93±0.11
4. Neem leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 14.67±1.39 11.18±0.80 9.19±0.60 7.43±0.38 5.19±0.29 3.21±0.08
5. Kor tumma, datura leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 12.13±1.33 9.28±0.58 7.0±0.42 5.21±0.30 3.64±0.23 2.33±0.09
6. Kor tumma, charita (ether)- significant insecticides 12.33±1.32 9.92±0.56 7.48±0.46 5.46±0.33 3.76±0.29 2.82±0.16
7. Kor tumma, neem leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 13.72±1.38 10.59±0.53 8.64±0.39 6.0±0.25 4.19±0.21 2.87±0.12
8. Datura leaf, charita (ether)- significant insecticides 13.40±1.34 10.29±0.54 8.50±0.38 6.60±0.24 4.05±0.10 3.77±0.02
9. Datura leaf, neem leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 13.39±1.36 9.82±0.52 7.76±0.37 5.50±0.33 3.82±0.19 2.65±0.04
10. Charita, neem leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 14.71±1.33 11.30±0.52 9.70±0.33 7.21±0.29 5.65±0.14 3.61±0.08
11. Kor tumma, datura leaf, charita (ether)- significant insecticides 12.21±1.18 8.55±0.52 6.66±0.34 4.79±0.20 2.65±0.13 1.85±0.03
12. Datura leaf, charita, neem leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 11.21±1.18 8.0±0.68 5.84±0.33 3.85±0.29 2.44±0.13 1.61±0.02
13. Kor tumma, datura leaf, neem leaf (ether)- significant insecticides 10.20±0.96 7.95±0.71 5.03±0.42 3.70±0.30 2.11±0.26 1.55±0.05
113
against Aedes larvae.
insecticides against Aedes larvae were (13.72±1.41) hrs at 0.01% concentration that
decreased to (2.35±0.13) hrs at 10.0% concentration. The LT50 values for datura leaf and
(3.54±0.23) hrs at 10.0% concentration. The LT50 values for charita and significant
hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for neem leaf and significant
hrs at 10.0% concentration. The LT50 values for kor tumma, datura leaf, and significant
insecticides were (12.13±1.33) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (2.33±0.09) at
10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for kor tumma, neem leaf, and
(2.87±0.12) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for datura leaf,
charita, and significant insecticides were (13.40±1.34) hrs at 0.01% concentration that
datura leaf, neem leaf, and significant insecticides were (13.39±1.36) hrs at 0.01%
LT50 values for charita, neem leaf, and significant insecticides were (14.71±1.33) hrs at
solution. The LT50 values for kor tumma, datura leaf, charita, and significant insecticides
were (12.21±1.18) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (1.85±0.03) hrs at 10.0%
concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for datura leaf, charita, neem leaf, and
(2.61±0.02) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for kor tumma,
datura leaf, charita, neem leaf, and significant insecticides were (10.20±0.96) hrs at 0.01%
From this table, we can note that the solution having a mixture of kor tumma, datura leaf
and significant insecticides had a less LT50 value that means this solution of kor tumma,
datura leaf, and significant insecticides was more potent and played a significant role in
114
with plant extracts through methanol against Aedes larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor tumma+ Charita+ Akk leaf+ Chebr fruit+ Kor
sig.chem sig.chem sig.chem sig.chem tumma&charita+
sig.chem
2 48.83±7.47g 34.01±5.09g 40.50±5.82g 43.56±5.76g 45.50±6.69g
4 57.56±7.35f 48.0±5.98f 52.83±6.25f 53.94±6.11f 54.50±6.71f
8 67.56±6.40e 60.06±5.63e 64.22±5.60e 66.44±5.57e 67.56±5.93e
16 73.50±5.32d 73.50±4.52d 73.50±4.52d 75.17±4.61d 79.89±3.87d
32 82.67±4.06c 84.06±3.94c 83.78±3.92c 83.78±3.82c 86.0±2.80c
64 92.11±1.64b 91.83±1.77b 92.11±1.64b 91.83±1.77b 92.67±1.34b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 94.57±0.78a 86.71±2.85a 91.71±1.73a 92.90±1.31a 93.38±1.07a
1 91.0±1.58b 81.48±3.90b 84.81±2.86b 84.57±2.97b 89.57±2.07b
0.1 84.10±2.77c 76.71±4.54c 77.90±4.33c 79.81±4.08c 80.52±4.07c
0.01 71.76±4.96d 70.10±5.32d 70.10±5.25d 72.24±4.95d 72.48±4.96d
0.01 59.38±6.0e 61.05±6.27e 61.52±6.05e 61.76±5.97e 61.76±6.0e
0.01 43.95±7.31f 41.25±7.43f 45.62±7.08f 47.05±6.68f 50.38±7.41f
2 10 85±0.0c 61.0±2.89h 72.33±1.67ef 77.33±1.67de 81.67±1.67cd
1 75±0.0e 45.67±1.67jk 61±0.0gh 58.33±1.67g 71.0±2.89g
0.1 61.67±1.67g 41±0.0l 41±0.0k 45±0.0i 46.67±1.67k
0.01 36±0.0k 31±0.0m 32±0.0l 36±0.0k 36±0.0l
0.01 24±0.0m 19±0.0n 21±0.0n 24±0.0n 24±0.0o
0.01 3.03±1.67o 0±0.0p 6.07±1.67p 10.67±1.67p 6.07±1.67q
4 10 95±0.0a 75±0.0e 87.67±1.67bc 90±0.0b 90±0.0b
1 90±0.0c 70±0.0g 76.67±1.67f 76.67±1.67f 85±0.0de
0.1 75±0.0f 60±0.0i 66.67±1.67g 65±0.0g 65±0.0i
0.01 48.33±1.67j 50±0.0k 50±0.0j 50±0.0i 50±0.0k
0.01 35±0.0l 35±0.0m 35±0.0l 35±0.0l 35±0.0m
0.01 15±0.0n 5±0.0o 15±0.0o 20±0.0o 15±0.0p
8 10 100±0 a 90±0.0c 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 95±0.0b 81.67±1.67de 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 95±0.0b
0.1 85±0.0d 75.0±2.89f 76.67±1.67f 81.67±1.67de 80±0.0f
0.01 70±0.0g 60±0.0i 61.67±1.67h 66.67±1.67g 66.67±1.67hi
0.01 46.67±1.67j 51.67±1.67jk 50±0.0j 53.33±1.67hi 51.67±1.67k
0.01 26.67±1.67m 20±0.0n 30±0.0m 30±0.0m 30±0.0n
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 100±0 a
0.1 90±0.0c 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 90±0.0c 95±0.0b
0.01 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 80±0.0ef 81.67±1.67ef
0.01 60±0.0h 65±0.0h 65±0.0gh 65±0.0g 66.67±1.67hi
0.01 40±0.0k 45±0.0l 45±0.0k 45±0.0j 60±0.0j
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 91.67±1.67bc 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 75±0.0f 81.67±1.67de 81.67±1.67de 80±0.0ef 80±0.0f
0.01 55±0.0i 55±0.0j 55±0.0i 56.67±1.67h 70±0.0h
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 81.67±1.67de 80±0.0e 81.67±1.67de 80±0.0ef 85±0.0de
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
115
extracts through methanol against Aedes larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor tumma& akk Kor tumma& Charita& akk Charita& chebr
leaf+ sig.chem chebr fruit+ leaf+ sig.chem fruit+ sig.chem
sig.chem
2 46.89±6.84g 47.72±6.79g 43.28±5.92g 51.89±5.80g
4 58.94±6.54f 58.67±6.33f 57.56±5.83f 62.28±5.96f
8 70.89±5.78e 71.17±5.72e 72.0±5.64e 73.11±5.61e
16 78.50±4.94d 78.50±4.94d 79.89±4.46d 79.61±4.52d
32 86.83±2.84c 87.39±2.68c 86.83±2.84c 86.83±2.84c
64 93.50±0.93b 93.50±0.93b 92.67±1.14b 92.67±1.14b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 94.57±0.86a 93.62±0.95a 91.48±1.68a 92.90±1.60a
1 89.10±2.28b 90.05±1.85b 87.90±2.64b 90.29±1.73b
0.1 84.33±3.57c 85.29±3.30c 83.38±3.58c 84.57±3.20c
0.01 74.33±4.82d 74.38±5.16d 75.29±4.91d 79.33±3.74d
0.01 62.0±5.73e 62.0±5.86e 63.19±5.38e 64.38±4.94e
0.01 50.86±7.36f 52.05±7.10f 51.10±7.36f 53.0±6.83f
2 10 85.0±2.89bc 83.33±1.67cd 71.0±2.89e 75.0±2.89e
1 65.67±1.67e 72.33±1.67fg 62.33±1.67f 74±0.0e
0.1 52.33±1.67fg 55±0.0i 51.67±1.67g 55±0.0ij
0.01 32±0.0i 31±0.0m 36±0.0j 50±0.0kl
0.01 25.33±3.33j 23±0.0n 22.67±1.67l 31±0.0n
0.01 4±0.0l 10.67±1.67p 4±0.0n 11.33±1.67p
4 10 95±0.0a 90±0.0b 88.33±1.67bc 92.33±1.67ab
1 85±0.0cd 85±0.0de 80±0.0d 85±0.0d
0.1 70±0.0e 75±0.0gh 70±0.0f 75±0.0f
0.01 56.67±1.67fgh 55±0.0j 55±0.0gh 63.33±1.67hi
0.01 40.0±5.0i 40±0.0l 45±0.0i 45±0.0m
0.01 20±0.0k 20±0.0o 20±0.0m 25±0.0o
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 95±0.0ab 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 92±0.0b
0.1 90±0.0bc 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 71.67±1.67e 71.67±1.67h 75±0.0e 80±0.0e
0.01 51.67±1.67gh 53.33±1.67jk 55±0.0gh 56.67±1.67jk
0.01 35±0.0ij 35±0.0m 35±0.0k 35±0.0n
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 85±0.0cd 85±0.0de 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 60±0.0f 60±0.0i 66.67±1.67f 65±0.0h
0.01 50±0.0h 50±0.0k 51.67±1.67h 51.67±1.67l
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0ab 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 80±0.0d 81.67±1.67ef 80±0.0d 80±0.0e
0.01 70±0.0e 71.67±1.67h 70±0.0f 70±0.0g
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0ab 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 90±0.0bc 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
116
(c) Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding significant insecticides with
plant extracts through methanol against Aedes larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Akk leaf& chebr Kor tumma+ Charita+ akk Kor tumma+
fruit+ sig.inse. charita& akk leaf& chebr charita+ akk
leaf+ sig.inse. fruit+ sig.inse. leaf+ chebr fruit+
sig.inse.
2 52.44±6.58g 56.11±7.31g 48.28±8.62g 51.33±9.56g
4 60.89±6.54f 62.83±7.19f 61.61±7.19f 63.39±7.39f
8 69.78±6.05e 71.17±5.96e 69.50±5.76e 72.83±5.71e
16 77.67±4.78d 78.22±4.56d 79.06±4.41d 79.61±4.18d
32 87.11±2.73c 87.67±2.49c 87.67±2.49c 86.83±2.47c
64 92.94±1.08b 92.67±1.14b 92.67±1.14b 92.67±1.14b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 94.57±0.78a 96.10±1.45a 95.76±0.24a 96.33±1.55a
1 89.81±2.01b 94.81±0.68b 94.57±0.78b 95.52±0.33a
0.1 85.76±2.75c 86.95±2.33c 81.95±3.61c 87.43±2.19b
0.01 76.95±3.91d 74.81±4.54d 74.10±4.91d 74.81±4.54c
0.01 60.10±5.79e 58.14±5.88e 56.76±6.78e 57.24±7.06d
0.01 52.52±7.01f 55.14±6.73f 53.95±7.13f 53.71±7.21e
2 10 85±0.0cd 96±0.0a 92.33±1.67ab 94±0.0a
1 70±0.0gh 85.67±1.67c 85±0.0c 90.67±1.67b
0.1 61.67±1.67i 66.67±1.67g 51.67±1.67h 65.33±1.67f
0.01 51±0.0k 41.67±1.67j 36±0.0j 35±0.0k
0.01 26±0.0o 22.67±1.67m 9±0.0m 4±0.0n
0.01 9±0.0q 15±0.0n 5.67±1.67m 4±0.0n
4 10 95±0.0a 95±0.0a 94±0.0a 100±0 a
1 86.67±1.67de 100±0 a 100±0 a 96±0.0a
0.1 76.67±1.67fg 80±0.0e 70±0.0f 81.67±1.67e
0.01 60±0.0j 55±0.0i 55±0.0h 61.67±1.67h
0.01 35±0.0n 35±0.0l 31.67±1.67k 30±0.0l
0.01 25±0.0p 25±0.0m 25±0.0l 25±0.0m
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 90±0.0cd 90±0.0c 80±0.0d 90±0.0c
0.01 71.67±1.67h 70±0.0g 70±0.0f 75±0.0f
0.01 45±0.0m 45±0.0j 45±0.0i 50±0.0j
0.01 35±0.0n 40±0.0k 40±0.0j 40±0.0k
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 85±0.0e 85±0.0d 86.67±1.67c 85±0.0d
0.01 60±0.0j 58.33±1.67h 61.67±1.67g 66.67±1.67g
0.01 50±0.0l 55±0.0i 55±0.0h 55±0.0i
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 90±0.0c
0.01 80±0.0f 80±0.0e 80±0.0d 80±0.0e
0.01 71.67±1.67h 75±0.0f 75±0.0e 75±0.0f
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 91.67±1.67bc 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 90±0.0cd 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
117
plant extracts through methanol against Aedes larvae of mosquitoes.
chriata, akk leaf and chebr fruit with significant insecticides followed by chriata, akk leaf
and chebr fruit with significant insecticides (92.33%), kor tumma with significant
insecticides (85%) and least mortality value (61%) chariata with significant insecticides
with high concentration (10%) of solution against Aedes larvae. After the interval of 128
hrs, 100% mortality was noted with all the combinations of plant extracts with significant
insecticides in all the concentrations as shown in the table.
118
Table 4.42: LC50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for significant plant extracts with methanol with significant insecticides against
Aedes.
119
Table (4.42) showed that the LC50 of Aedes larvae with kor tumma and significant
insecticides was (298.63±2.35) ppm after 2 hrs that decrease after the interval of 64 hrs to
(96.025±0.020) ppm. The LC50 value for charita and significant insecticides was
(324.20±3.22) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to (121.042±0.035) ppm. The
LC50 value for akk leaf and significant insecticides was (305.70±4.02) ppm after 2 hrs that
also decreases after 64 hrs to (99.108±0.023) ppm. The LC50 value for chebr fruit and
significant insecticides was (331.20±3.75) ppm after 2 hour that also decreases after 64 hrs
to (128.019±0.019) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, charita plant, and significant
(95.115±0.027) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, akk leaf and significant insecticides
was (270.35±3.30) ppm after 2 hour that also decreases after 64 hrs to (83.031±0.21) ppm.
The LC50 value for kor tumma, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides was (274.40±4.42)
ppm after 2 hour that also decreases after 64 hrs to (91.045±0.014) ppm. The LC50 value
for charita, akk leaf and significant insecticides was (292.35±3.80) ppm after 2 hrs that also
decreases after 64 hrs to (89.023±0.015) ppm. The LC50 value for charita, chebre fruit and
to (97.033±0.025) ppm. The LC50 value for akk leaf, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides
The LC50 value for kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, and significant insecticides was
LC50 value for charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides was (268.41±6.26)
ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to (82.054±0.017) ppm. The LC50 value for
kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides was (258.35±3.30)
ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to (74.032±0.011) ppm.
akk leaf, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides had less LC50 value that means this mixture
of kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides was more potent
120
Table 4.43: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for methanol plant extracts with significant insecticides against Aedes larvae.
121
LT50 of significant plant extracts through methanol with significant
Table (4.43) showed that the LT50 value for Aedes larvae with kor tumma and
(9.14±0.13) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for charita and
(10.41±0.30) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for akk leaf and
(11.09±0.29) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for chebr fruit and
chebr fruit, and significant insecticides were (29.73±1.23) hrs at 0.01% concentration that
decreased to (10.55±0.34) at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for
charita, akk leaf and significant insecticides were (28.54±1.24) hrs at 0.01% concentration
for kor tumma, charita and significant insecticides were (30.10±1.30) hrs at 0.01%
LT50 value for charita, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides were (30.05±1.22) hrs at
solution. The LT50 value for akk leaf, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides were
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for kor tumma, akk leaf, charita, and
(6.61±0.08) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for charita, akk leaf,
chebr fruit significant insecticides were (27.70±1.11) hrs at 0.01% concentration that
tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides were (25.89±1.21) hrs at
solution. From this table, we can note that the solution having a mixture of kor tumma,
charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit, and Bti had a less LT50 value that means this mixture of kor
tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit Bti was more potent and played a significant role in
122
with plant extracts through the water against Aedes larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Datura leaf+ Datura fruit+ Kor tumma+ Chebr fruit+ Datura leaf+
sig.inse. sig.inse. sig.inse. sig.inse. datura fruit+
sig.inse.
2 54.67±5.22g 51.89±4.46g 51.33±4.18g 41.31±3.85g 45.22±4.84g
4 63.39±4.71f 59.78±3.86f 59.50±3.55f 50.61±3.61f 54.50±4.36f
8 74.28±4.40e 69.06±3.77e 70.17±3.16e 61.0±3.36e 66.0±4.39e
16 82.11±2.79d 80.44±2.77d 80.44±2.91d 70.72±3.44d 76.83±3.67d
32 88.50±1.95c 87.39±2.28c 87.67±1.81c 81.0±2.80c 86.83±2.26c
64 91.94±0.92b 90.83±1.09b 91.67±0.90b 89.17±1.77b 90.83±1.09b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 99.17±0.45a 100±0 a
10 92.86±0.81a 90.0±1.62a 90.05±1.85a 83.77±2.33a 89.05±1.85a
1 88.81±2.01b 83.81±2.82b 84.05±2.73b 78.38±3.69b 83.57±2.91b
0.1 80.95±3.34c 80.71±3.35c 78.10±3.64c 74.57±4.04c 77.62±4.28c
0.01 72.67±4.19d 72.67±4.10d 73.38±4.06d 68.86±4.53d 69.10±4.65d
0.01 66.95±4.70e 65.29±4.56e 69.57±4.50e 58.43±5.57e 58.43±6.17e
0.01 62.67±5.74f 61.71±5.62f 61.24±5.53f 53.26±5.26f 61.0±5.44f
2 10 85±0.0c 76.67±1.67ef 72.33±1.67f 60.0±2.89h 77.33±1.67e
1 70±0.0f 61.67±1.67j 62.33±1.67h 51±0.0j 61±0.0g
0.1 55±0.0i 55±0.0k 51.67±1.67j 45±0.0k 45±0.0i
0.01 44±0.0k 45±0.0m 45±0.0k 36.67±1.67l 36±0.0k
0.01 36±0.0l 36±0.0n 36±0.0l 26±0.0n 18±0.0n
0.01 21±0.0m 21±0.0o 22.67±1.67m 18±0.0o 26±0.0m
4 10 90±0.0b 81.67±1.67cd 81±0.0d 71±0.0f 81±0.0d
1 86.67±1.67d 75±0.0gh 75±0.0g 65±0.0h 75±0.0f
0.1 70±0.0g 70±0.0ij 65±0.0i 60±0.0i 60±0.0h
0.01 55±0.0j 55±0.0l 55±0.0j 51.67±1.67jk 50±0.0i
0.01 50±0.0k 50±0.0m 55±0.0j 35±0.0m 35±0.0l
0.01 41.67±1.67l 40±0.0n 40±0.0l 35±0.0m 40±0.0k
8 10 100±0 a 96.67±1.67ab 95±0.0b 85±0.0d 95±0.0b
1 95±0.0b 85±0.0de 85±0.0d 75±0.0f 85±0.0d
0.1 81.67±1.67e 80±0.0f 75±0.0g 70±0.0g 78.33±1.67e
0.01 65±0.0h 66.67±1.67j 70±0.0h 65±0.0h 66.67±1.67g
0.01 55±0.0j 55±0.0l 65±0.0i 45±0.0l 45±0.0j
0.01 55±0.0j 55±0.0l 55±0.0j 50±0.0k 50±0.0i
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 86.67±1.67cd 95±0.0b
0.1 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 80±0.0e 90±0.0c
0.01 80±0.0e 80±0.0f 81.67±1.67e 71.67±1.67fg 75±0.0f
0.01 76.67±1.67f 71.67±1.67hi 75±0.0g 60±0.0i 60±0.0h
0.01 70±0.0g 70±0.0ij 65±0.0i 55±0.0j 65±0.0g
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 85±0.0d 85±0.0d
0.01 85±0.0d 78.33±1.67fg 85±0.0d 70±0.0g 80±0.0e
0.01 80±0.0e 80±0.0f 80±0.0ef 70±0.0g 80±0.0e
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 96.67±1.67b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 80±0.0e 90±0.0c
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b 100±0 a
123
extracts through the water against Aedes larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Datura leaf+ kor Datura Datura fruit+ kor Datura
tumma+ sig.inse. leaf+chebr fruit+ tumma+ sig.inse. fruit,+chebr
sig.inse. fruit+ sig.inse.
2 52.44±3.36g 50.78±3.34g 54.11±4.35f 53.89±5.06f
4 61.17±3.48f 60.89±3.42f 65.44±3.72e 64.50±4.24e
8 69.61±3.50e 70.72±3.17e 76.0±3.26d 79.33±3.55d
16 79.33±3.02d 81.83±2.56d 86.83±2.47c 88.50±2.60c
32 86.83±2.26c 90.44±1.56c 92.67±1.34b 92.67±1.34b
64 92.67±0.90b 94.33±0.57b 95.44±0.38a 95.17±0.45a
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 89.81±1.95a 88.14±2.28a 89.81±1.95a 93.62±0.95a
1 84.81±2.86b 84.57±2.97b 89.10±2.06a 89.33±1.96b
0.1 80.05±3.76c 81.71±3.61c 83.14±2.92b 87.19±2.84c
0.01 71.48±3.93d 76.0±4.18d 80.29±4.22c 81.48±3.81d
0.01 70.76±4.03d 70.52±4.28e 78.14±4.26d 78.14±4.26e
0.01 63.71±5.22e 64.62±5.67f 64.38±5.89e 64.14±5.88f
2 10 71.67±1.67ef 68.33±1.67fg 72.67±1.67fg 82.33±1.67e
1 61±0.0h 58.33±1.67hi 71±0.0g 71.67±1.67h
0.1 51.67±1.67i 50±0.0j 61±0.0i 61±0.0j
0.01 43.2.33±1.67jk 45±0.0k 42.33±1.67k 48.33±1.67k
0.01 39.0±2.89k 40±0.0l 41±0.0k 40±0.0l
0.01 30±0.0m 26±0.0n 22.67±1.67m 21±0.0n
4 10 80±0.0d 76.67±1.67e 81±0.0e 91±0.0b
1 76.67±1.67ef 76.67±1.67f 85±0.0e 82±0.0f
0.1 65±0.0h 70±0.0g 75±0.0g 80±0.0g
0.01 60±0.0i 60±0.0i 66.67±1.67hi 70±0.0i
0.01 58.33±1.67i 55±0.0j 65±0.0i 65±0.0j
0.01 40±0.0l 40±0.0m 40±0.0l 40±0.0m
8 10 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 95±0.0bc 100±0 a
1 85±0.0d 85±0.0de 91.67±1.67cd 91.67±1.67cd
0.1 76.67±1.67ef 85±0.0de 80±0.0f 93.33±1.67bc
0.01 65±0.0h 70±0.0g 80±0.0f 80±0.0g
0.01 70±0.0g 65±0.0h 80±0.0f 80±0.0g
0.01 50±0.0j 53.33±1.67jk 53.33±1.67j 55±0.0k
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0d 100±0 a
0.01 75±0.0f 85±0.0de 95±0.0bc 95±0.0b
0.01 75±0.0f 75±0.0f 90±0.0d 90±0.0de
0.01 65±0.0h 70±0.0g 70±0.0h 70±0.0i
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 85±0.0d 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 80±0.0e 86.67±1.67cd 95±0.0bc 95±0.0b
0.01 80±0.0e 85±0.0de 85±0.0e 85±0.0f
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 95±0.0b 96.67±1.67ab 95±0.0b
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
124
extracts through the water against Aedes larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor tumma+ Datura leaf+ Datura fruit+kor Datura leaf+
chebr fruit+ datura fruit+kor tumma+ chebr datura fruit+kor
sig.inse. tumma+ sig.inse. fruit+ sig.inse. tumma+ chebr
fruit+ sig.inse.
2 63.11±5.75f 62.0±6.98f 62.17±8.17f 65.69±7.22g
4 76.0±4.90e 71.83±5.49e 71.83±6.41e 77.67±5.54f
8 83.50±3.88d 82.94±3.60d 83.50±3.95d 83.50±3.95e
16 88.50±2.78c 89.33±2.39c 89.33±2.39c 89.33±2.39d
32 93.50±0.93b 93.50±0.93b 92.67±1.34b 92.94±1.22c
64 95.17±0.45a 95.44±0.38a 95.17±0.45a 95.17±0.45b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 95.05±0.56a 95.76±0.24a 96.02±0.20a 96.35±0.35a
1 92.67±1.44b 93.38±1.07b 94.57±0.70b 95.29±0.39b
0.1 91.0±1.58c 91.0±1.58c 93.62±1.12b 94.81±0.68b
0.01 89.10±2.28d 86.71±2.70d 88.14±2.53c 90.29±1.93c
0.01 78.14±4.11e 75.76±4.67e 69.57±6.37d 71.95±5.68d
0.01 64.86±6.0f 64.14±6.75f 62.67±6.48e 66.52±5.72e
2 10 88.33±1.67bc 92.33±1.67ab 96±0.0a 100±0 a
1 76.67±1.67de 80.67±1.67e 88.67±1.67c 92±0.0b
0.1 80±0.0e 75±0.0f 81.67±1.67d 85.67±1.67c
0.01 66.67±1.67f 65±0.0h 65±0.0g 70±0.0e
0.01 40.0±2.89h 35±0.0j 18±0.0k 21.67±1.67j
0.01 23±0.0j 12±0.0l 14.67±1.67k 17±0.0j
4 10 96±0.0a 94±0.0a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 90±0.0b 90±0.0c 98.33±1.67ab 100±0 a
0.1 85±0.0c 85±0.0d 96.67±3.33ab 100±0 a
0.01 81±0.0d 75±0.0g 80±0.0e 90±0.0c
0.01 70±0.0f 60±0.0i 45±0.0i 55±0.0h
0.01 40±0.0i 35±0.0k 35±0.0j 45±0.0i
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0b 95±0.0c 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 90±0.0d 95±0.0bc 95±0.0b
0.01 80±0.0e 78.33±1.67f 70±0.0g 70±0.0f
0.01 55±0.0g 58.33±1.67i 60±0.0h 60±0.0g
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 85±0.0d 85±0.0e 85±0.0d 85±0.0d
0.01 70±0.0f 75±0.0g 75±0.0f 75±0.0e
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 95±0.0c 95±0.0bc 95±0.0b
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0d 85±0.0d 86.67±1.67d
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 96.67±1.67bc 95±0.0bc 95±0.0b
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
125
plant extracts through the water against Aedes larvae of mosquitoes.
against Aedes larvae. After 2 hrs, highest mortality (100%) was noted with datura leaf,
datura fruit, kor tumma and chebr fruit with significant insecticides followed by datura leaf,
datura fruit and kor tumma with significant insecticides (92.33%), kor tumma and chebr
fruit with significant insecticides (85.33%) and least mortality value (61%) chebr fruit with
significant insecticides with high concentration (10%) of solution against Aedes larvae.
After the interval of 128 hrs, 100% mortality was noted with all the combinations of plant
extracts with significant insecticides in all the concentrations as shown in the table.
.
126
Table 4.45: LC50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for significant plant extracts through the water with significant insecticides
Datura leaf (Water)- significant insecticides 398.20±4.20 368.30±2.90 335.52±1.52 290.21±0.96 239.783±0.633 198.221±0.162
Datura fruit (Water)- significant insecticides 390.35±2.65 360.70±1.80 328.31±1.28 285.41±0.95 231.651±0.779 188.056±0.151
Kor tumma (Water)- significant insecticides 392.25±4.70 358.40±3.90 325.63±3.35 280.26±2.83 226.837±0.981 184.035±0.272
Chebr fruit (Water)- significant insecticides 412.30±5.36 375.25±4.80 343.43±3.65 305.47±2.80 246.046±0.081 214.013±0.09
Datura leaf, datura fruit (Water)- significant insecticides 388.49±3.90 358.20±3.10 313.54±2.14 279.20±1.30 226.157±0.185 187.022±0.015
Datura leaf, kor tumma (Water)- significant insecticides 390.10±3.65 355.40±2.80 311.31±1.65 268.41±0.73 222.554±0.517 179.213±0.085
Datura leaf, chebr fruit (Water)- significant insecticides 405.30±2.85 377.50±1.80 334.59±1.32 293.38±0.87 242.559±0.673 202.036±0.048
Datura fruit, kor tumma (Water)- significant insecticides 396.30±4.50 361.40±3.40 329.13±2.71 278.18±1.88 225.366±0.771 188.158±0.076
Datura fruit, chebr fruit (Water)- significant insecticides 408.20±2.92 379.50±2.23 342.59±1.72 294.18±1.28 251.856±0.656 205.115±0.101
Kor tumma, chebr fruit (Water)- significant insecticides 404.35±2.55 371.60±1.92 338.36±1.21 288.13±1.01 245.368±0.857 201.126±0.281
Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma (Water)- significant insecticides 395.10±3.44 362.20±2.50 324.19±1.83 275.31±1.55 233.136±0.966 183.311±0.296
Datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit (Water)- significant insecticides 372.60±3.21 340.50±2.41 294.59±1.62 256.18±0.98 206.470±0.465 167.323±0.078
Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit(W) - Significant insecticides 344.73±2.75 318.31±1.95 282.49±1.52 241.35±1.18 196.529±0.414 162.331±0.165
127
LC50 of significant plant extracts through the water with significant
Table (4.45) showed that the LC50 of Aedes larvae with datura leaf and significant
insecticides was (398.20±4.20) ppm after 2 hrs that decreases after the interval of 64 hrs to
(198.221±0.162) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit and significant insecticides was
LC50 value of kor tumma and significant insecticides was (392.25±4.70) ppm after 2 hrs
that also decreases after 64 hrs to (184.035±0.272) ppm. The LC50 value of chebr fruit and
to (214.013±0.09) ppm. The LC50 value of datura leaf, datura fruit, and significant
(187.022±0.015) ppm. The LC50 value of datura leaf, kor tumma and significant
(179.213±0.085) ppm. The LC50 value of datura leaf, chebr fruit, and significant
(205.115±0.101) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit, kor tumma, and significant
(188.158±0.076) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit, chebr fruit, and significant
(202.036±0.048) ppm. The LC50 value of kor tumma, chebr fruit, and significant
(201.126±0.281) ppm. The LC50 value of datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, and
to (183.311±0.296) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit, and
to (167.323±0.078) ppm. Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit, and significant
insecticides were (344.73±2.75) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to
datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma chebr fruit and significant insecticides had less LC50
value that means this mixture of datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma chebr fruit and
significant insecticides was more potent and played a significant role in mortality as shown
in the table.
128
Table 4.46: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for plant extracts through the water with significant insecticides against Aedes
larvae.
1. Datura leaf (Water)- significant insecticides 60.21±1.76 52.10±0.70 44.65±0.54 36.607±0.36 28.98±0.30 22.50±0.14
13. Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit - Significant insecticides (Wat 52.30±1.65 45.0±1.10 37.94±0.79 29.61±0.44 21.42±0.31 14.50±0.14
129
LT50 of significant plant extracts through the water with significant
Table (4.46) showed that the LT50 value for Anopheles larvae of datura leaf extract
through water and significant insecticides were (60.21±1.76) hrs at 0.01% concentration
for datura fruit and significant insecticides were (58.40±0.82) hrs at 0.01% concentration
for kor tumma and significant insecticides were (58.43±0.85) hrs at 0.01% concentration
for chebr fruit and significant insecticides were (64.79±1.33) hrs at 0.01% concentration
for datura leaf, datura fruit, and significant insecticides were (59.52±0.86) hrs at 0.01%
The LT50 value for datura leaf, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides were (59.85±0.72)
the solution. The LT50 value for datura fruit, kor tumma, and significant insecticides were
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for datura fruit, chebr fruit, and significant
hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for datura leaf, datura fruit, Khor
(16.33±0.02) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for datura fruit,
kor tumma, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides were (57.65±0.80) hrs at 0.01%
The LT50 value for datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit, and significant
hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution.
fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit, and significant insecticides had less LT50 value that means
this mixture of datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma and chebr fruit with significant
insecticides was more potent and played a significant role in mortality as shown in the table.
130
4.2.3 Mixing of Bti with significant insecticides
After 32 hrs, highest mortality (100%) was seen with the highest concentration
(10%) in all combinations of Bti with significant insecticides against both Anopheles and
Aedes larvae. The lowest concentration of (0.01%) showed (65% & 55%) mortality with
deltamethrin and mortein liquid respectively against Anopheles larvae and (60% & 49%)
mortality against Aedes larvae. After 128 hrs, more than 80% mortality was observed even
with the lowest concentration (0.01%) all in combinations of Bti and significant
insecticides. After 64 hrs, the least LC50 values (16ppm & 27ppm) were observed by mixing
Bti and significant insecticides for Anopheles and Aedes larvae respectively and the least
effective solution of Bti with mortein liquid showed the highest LC50 value (55ppm) and
(67ppm) against both larvae Anopheles and Aedes respectively. The time of mortality
(LT50) data for Anopheles and Aedes which killed 50% of test mosquito’s immature stages
showed that the mixing solution of Bti with both significant insecticides took remarkably
less time at 0.01% (0.28hrs) and (0.34hrs) for Anopheles and Aedes respectively. This time
interval increased with a decrease in concentrations. The mixing solution of Bti and the
mortein liquid had the highest time interval at 0.01% (9.22hrs), (10.32hrs) for Anopheles
and Aedes larvae respectively.
131
Table 4.47: Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding Bti with significant
Time Conc. Bti+ (Delta Bti+ (Mortein Bti+ (Delta methrine, mortein
(hr) (%) methrine) liquid) liquid)
2 55.28±3.01g 48.89±3.32g 91.11±3.51d
4 60.56±2.71f 58.33±2.97f 94.44±2.52c
8 65.83±3.09e 67.50±4.24e 97.22±1.23b
16 75.83±3.09d 75.83±4.05d 99.17±0.61a
32 81.11±3.09c 80.28±4.05c 100±0 a
64 89.17±2.37b 90.83±2.66b 100±0 a
128 94.72±1.87a 96.67±1.57a 100±0 a
10 90.95±2.12a 93.10±2.50a 100±0 a
1 85.71±2.95b 85.71±3.61b 100±0 a
0.1 75.95±3.58c 76.67±3.97c 100±0 a
0.01 70.24±3.63d 69.05±4.43d 99.52±0.48a
0.01 65.0±3.40e 64.05±4.36e 97.38±0.82b
0.01 60.0±2.99f 55.71±3.44f 87.62±3.34c
2 10 76.67±1.67fg 71.67±1.67fg 100±0 a
1 65±0.0i 60±0.0ij 100±0 a
0.1 55±0.0k 51.67±1.67k 100±0 a
0.01 50±0.0l 40±0.0lm 96.67±3.33ab
0.01 45±0.0m 35±0.0m 90±0.0c
0.01 40±0.0n 35±0.0m 60±0.0e
4 10 80±0.0ef 80±0.0de 100±0 a
1 70±0.0h 65±0.0hi 100±0 a
0.1 60±0.0j 60±0.0ij 100±0 a
0.01 53.33±1.67kl 53.33±1.67k 100±0 a
0.01 50±0.0l 50±0.0k 95±0.0b
0.01 50±0.0l 41.67±1.67l 71.67±1.67d
8 10 85±0.0d 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 80±0.0ef 80±0.0de 100±0 a
0.1 65±0.0i 65±0.0hi 100±0 a
0.01 60±0.0j 55±0.0jk 100±0 a
0.01 55±0.0k 55±0.0jk 96.67±1.67ab
0.01 50±0.0l 50±0.0k 86.67±1.67c
16 10 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 90±0.0c 95±0.0ab 100±0 a
0.1 75±0.0g 75±0.0ef 100±0 a
0.01 70±0.0h 70±0.0fgh 100±0 a
0.01 65±0.0i 60±0.0ij 100±0 a
0.01 60±0.0j 55±0.0jk 95.0±2.89b
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 81.67±1.67de 85±0.0cd 100±0 a
0.01 75±0.0g 75.0±2.89ef 100±0 a
0.01 70±0.0h 66.67±1.67gh 100±0 a
0.01 65±0.0i 55±0.0jk 100±0 a
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 85±0.0d 90±0.0bc 100±0 a
0.01 80±0.0ef 85±0.0cd 100±0 a
0.01 75±0.0g 70±0.0fgh 100±0 a
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 98.33±1.67ab 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90.0±2.89c 96.67±1.67a 100±0 a
0.01 80±0.0ef 83.33±3.33d 100±0 a
132
Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding Bti with significant
against Anopheles larvae. After 2 hrs, highest mortality (100%) was noted with significant
insecticides (deltamethrin and mortein liquid) with Bti followed by deltamethrin with Bti
(76.67%), mortein liquid with Bti (71.67%) with a high concentration (10%) of the solution
against Anopheles larvae. After the interval of 128 hrs, 100% mortality was noted with all
the combinations significant insecticides with Bti in (10% -0.1%) the concentrations as
shown in the table.
Bti against Anopheles larvae.
Sig. Insecticides Vs 2 hrs 4 hrs 8 hrs 16 hrs 32 hrs 64 hrs

Bti
Delta methrine+Bti 212.30±2.0 148.60±1.40 132.20±1.23 93.89±0.55 51.53±0.38 31.181±0.014
Mortein liquid+Bti 269.90±3.22 199.40±2.40 166.45±1.86 111.75±1.35 80.50±0.61 55.023±0.021
Delta methrine, 196.13±1.32 133.30±0.95 104.70±0.56 65.30±0.48 36.20±0.23 16.20±0.11

mortein liquid+Bti
Table (4.48) showed that the LC50 of Anopheles larvae with deltamethrin and Bti
was (212.30±2.0) ppm after 2 hrs that decreased after the interval of 64 hrs to
(31.181±0.014) ppm. The LC50 value of mortein liquid and Bti was (269.90±3.22) ppm after
2 hrs that also decreased after the interval of 64 hrs to (55.023±0.021) ppm. The LC50 value
of deltamethrin, mortein liquid, and Bti was (196.13±1.32) ppm high after 2 hrs that also
decreased after the interval of 64 hrs to (16.20±0.11) ppm.
From this table, we can note that the solution having a mixture of deltamethrin,
mortein liquid and Bti had a less LC50 value that means this mixture delta methrine, mortein
liquid, and Bti was more potent and played a significant role in mortality as shown in the
table.
133
Table 4.49: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for Bti with deltamethrin and mortein
liquid against Anopheles larvae.
Sig. Insecticides Vs Bti 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.10% 1.0% 10.0%
(Delta methrine)- Bti 5.59±1.68 4.13±1.14 3.12±0.82 2.30±0.59 1.31±0.37 0.76±0.30
(Mortein liquid)- Bti 9.22±2.18 5.73±1.08 4.35±0.80 2.66±0.55 1.88±0.35 1.36±0.27
(Delta methrine, mortein liquid)- Bti 1.65±0.83 1.45±0.43 0.28±0.24 - - -
Table (4.49) showed that the LT50 value for Anopheles larvae with deltamethrin and
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for mortein liquid and Bti was (9.22±2.18)
solution. Both significant insecticides and Bti showed the LT50 value (1.65±0.33) hrs at
0.01%that decreased up to 0.01% concentration calculated (0.28±0.24) hrs.
134
with Bti against Aedes larvae.
Time Conc. Bti+ (Delta Bti+ (Mortein Bti+ (Delta methrine, mortein
(hr) (%) methrine) liquid) liquid)
2 53.28±3.01g 46.18±3.12g 87.05±3.11d
4 57.56±2.71f 55.33±2.97f 90.44±2.52c
8 62.83±3.09e 64.50±4.24e 93.22±1.23b
16 71.83±3.09d 71.83±4.05d 95.17±0.61a
32 77.11±3.09c 76.28±4.05c 100±0 a
64 85.17±2.37b 86.83±2.66b 100±0 a
128 90.72±1.87a 92.67±1.57a 100±0 a
10 86.55±2.06a 89.10±2.50a 100±0 a
1 81.71±2.95b 81.71±3.61b 100±0 a
0.1 71.95±3.58c 72.67±3.97c 100±0 a
0.01 67.24±3.63d 66.05±4.43d 96.52±0.48a
0.01 62.0±3.40e 61.05±4.36e 93.38±0.82b
0.01 57.0±2.99f 52.50±3.24f 84.62±3.34c
2 10 71.67±1.67fg 66.67±1.67fg 100±0 a
1 60±0.0i 56±0.0ij 100±0 a
0.1 49±0.0k 46.67±1.67k 95±0.0a
0.01 45±0.0l 36±0.0lm 90.67±3.33ab
0.01 40±0.0m 31±0.0m 85±0.0c
0.01 35±0.0n 28±0.0m 55±0.0e
4 10 75±0.0ef 75±0.0de 100±0 a
1 70±0.0h 65±0.0hi 100±0 a
0.1 60±0.0j 60±0.0ij 100±0 a
0.01 53.33±1.67kl 53.33±1.67k 100±0 a
0.01 50±0.0l 50±0.0k 95±0.0b
0.01 50±0.0l 41.67±1.67l 71.67±1.67d
8 10 85±0.0d 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 80±0.0ef 80±0.0de 100±0 a
0.1 65±0.0i 65±0.0hi 100±0 a
0.01 60±0.0j 55±0.0jk 100±0 a
0.01 55±0.0k 55±0.0jk 96.67±1.67ab
0.01 50±0.0l 50±0.0k 86.67±1.67c
16 10 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 90±0.0c 95±0.0ab 100±0 a
0.1 75±0.0g 75±0.0ef 100±0 a
0.01 70±0.0h 70±0.0fgh 100±0 a
0.01 65±0.0i 60±0.0ij 100±0 a
0.01 60±0.0j 55±0.0jk 95.0±2.89b
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 81.67±1.67de 85±0.0cd 100±0 a
0.01 75±0.0g 75.0±2.89ef 100±0 a
0.01 70±0.0h 66.67±1.67gh 100±0 a
0.01 65±0.0i 55±0.0jk 100±0 a
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 85±0.0d 90±0.0bc 100±0 a
0.01 80±0.0ef 85±0.0cd 100±0 a
0.01 75±0.0g 70±0.0fgh 100±0 a
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 98.33±1.67ab 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90.0±2.89c 96.67±1.67a 100±0 a
0.01 80±0.0ef 83.33±3.33d 100±0 a
135
Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding Bti with significant
against Aedes larvae. After 2 hrs, highest mortality (100%) was noted with significant
insecticides (deltamethrin and mortein liquid) with Bti followed by deltamethrin with Bti
(71.67%), mortein liquid with Bti (66.67%) with a high concentration (10%) of the solution
against Aedes larvae. After the interval of 128 hrs, 100% mortality was noted with all the
combinations significant insecticides with Bti in (10% - 0.1%) the concentrations as shown
in the table.
136
Bti against Aedes larvae.
Sig. Insecticides Vs Bti 2 hrs 4 hrs 8 hrs 16 hrs 32 hrs 64 hrs
Delta methrine+Bti 228.20±1.65 162.50±1.34 146.30±0.87 103.49±0.53 66.53±0.38 43.164±0.19
Mortein liquid+Bti 283.70±2.50 229.30±1.59 196.35±1.06 141.65±0.70 99.20±0.51 67.013±0.25
Delta methrine, mortein liquid+Bti 206.11±2.13 144.10±1.69 118.70±0.86 77.20±0.52 47.30±0.33 27.10±0.16
Table (4.51) showed that the LC50 of Aedes larvae with deltamethrin and Bti was
(228.20±1.65) ppm after 2 hrs that decreases after the interval of 64 hrs to (43.164±0.19)
ppm. The LC50 value of mortein liquid and Bti was (283.70±2.50) ppm after 2 hrs that also
decreases after the interval of 64 hrs to (67.013±0.25) ppm. The LC50 value of deltamethrin,
mortein liquid, and Bti was (206.11±2.13) ppm high after 2 hrs that also decreases after the
interval of 64 hrs to (27.10±0.16) ppm.
From this table, we can note that the solution having a mixture of delta methane,
mortein liquid and Bti had a less LC50 value that means this mixture deltamethrin, mortein
liquid, and Bti was more potent and played a significant role in mortality as shown in the
table.
mortein liquid against Aedes larvae.
Sig. Insecticides Vs Bti 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.10% 1.0% 10.0%
(Deltamethrine)- Bti 6.15±1.63 4.45±1.14 3.52±0.82 2.60±0.59 1.51±0.37 0.92±0.27
(Mortein liquid)- Bti 10.32±1.88 6.24±1.18 5.15±0.65 3.26±0.35 2.08±0.25 1.90±0.15
(Deltamethrine, mortein liquid)- Bti 1.86±0.93 1.57±0.51 0.34±0.31 - - -
Table (4.52) showed that the LT50 value for Aedes larvae with deltamethrin and Bti
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for mortein liquid and Bti was (10.32±1.88)
solution. Both significant insecticides and Bti showed the LT50 value (1.86±0.93) hrs at
0.01% that decreased up to 0.01% concentration calculated (0.34±0.31) hrs.
137
4.2.4 Mixing of plant extracts with Bti and significant insecticides
After 32 hrs, highest mortality (100%) was seen with mixture of plant extracts, Bti
and insecticides with 10% concentration, while the lowest concentration (0.01%) of the
mixture with plant extracts through ether showed (90% & 85%) mortality followed by
methanol (85% & 75%) and water (75% & 70%) against Anopheles and Aedes larvae
respectively. After 128 hrs, 100% mortality was observed with all types of a plant extract
with 10% concentrations of solution. The lowest concentrations (0.01%) of plant extracts
showed also (100%) mortality against both Anopheles and Aedes larvae. After 64 hrs, the
least LC50 value (1.3ppm & 1.8ppm) were observed that the mixture of plant extracts C.
colocynthis, D. stramonium, A. indica, and S. chirayaita through ether with Bti and
significant insecticides for Anopheles and Aedes larvae respectively and the least effective
plant extract was M. scabra extract through water with significant insecticides the highest
LC50 value (180ppm) and (190ppm) against both larvae Anopheles and Aedes. The values
of LT50 showed that the mixing extracts of C. colocynthis and D. stramonium, S. chirayaita,
and A. indica (leaf) through either with significant insecticides took remarkably less time
(0.55 & 0.35hrs) followed by the methanol (2.91 & 4.32hrs) and water (4.78 & 9.78hrs) at
0.1% for Anopheles and Aedes respectively. This time interval increased with a decrease
in concentrations. The mixing extract of M. scabra extract through water with significant
insecticides took remarkably highest time interval at 0.01% (21.90 hrs), (25.93hrs) than all
the high time intervals at 0.01% ether (13.59hrs), (16.78hrs) and methanol (23.33hrs),
(26.47hrs) extracts with significant insecticides for Anopheles and Aedes larvae
respectively.
138
Table 4.53(a): Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding Bti and significant insecticides
with plant extracts through ether against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor Datura Charita+Bti+sig.i Neem Kor tumma+
tumma+Bti+sig.c leaf+Bti+sig.inse. nse. leaf+Bti+sig.chem datura
hem leaf+Bti+sig.chem
2 66.94±6.87g 55.28±5.84f 54.44±5.70g 57.50±6.29f 66.11±7.21f
4 75.28±6.24f 75.28±5.46e 70.56±5.64f 75.0±5.41e 77.50±5.79e
8 83.89±5.04e 86.94±4.02d 82.22±5.80e 85.56±4.31d 85.28±4.36d
16 90.0±3.50d 93.61±2.55c 89.17±4.11d 91.67±2.94c 91.67±2.94c
32 92.50±2.78c 98.33±0.90b 93.33±2.68c 97.50±0.93b 97.50±0.93b
64 96.94±1.22b 100±0 a 96.67±1.34b 100±0 a 100±0 a
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 100±0 a 97.62±1.18a 96.90±1.31a 98.57±0.78a 100±0 a
1 98.81±0.68a 95.48±1.86b 95.0±1.98b 95.95±1.60b 99.05±0.66a
0.1 95.48±1.69b 94.05±2.71c 92.38±2.88c 94.52±2.36c 96.90±1.31b
0.01 91.67±2.52c 89.05±3.55d 88.10±3.79d 88.57±3.62d 90.48±2.91c
0.01 73.33±4.57d 78.81±5.50e 75.0±4.83e 75.71±5.27e 75.48±5.28d
0.01 59.76±6.05e 67.38±6.71f 55.24±6.52f 67.14±6.70f 67.86±6.43e
2 10 100±0 a 85±0.0c 83.33±1.67de 90±0.0c 100±0 a
1 91.67±1.67bc 76.67±1.67d 75±0.0f 80±0.0d 93.33±3.33bc
0.1 80±0.0e 65±0.0f 65±0.0i 70±0.0f 83.33±1.67d
0.01 70±0.0g 55±0.0g 53.33±1.67j 55±0.0g 65±0.0g
0.01 40±0.0k 35±0.0j 35±0.0k 35±0.0i 35±0.0j
0.01 20±0.0m 15±0.0k 15±0.0m 15±0.0j 20±0.0k
4 10 100±0 a 98.33±1.67a 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 91.67±1.67b 90±0.0c 91.67±1.67bc 100±0 a
0.1 88.33±1.67cd 93.33±1.67b 81.67±1.67de 91.67±3.33bc 95±0.0b
0.01 80±0.0e 78.33±1.67d 73.33±1.67fg 75±0.0e 78.33±3.33e
0.01 53.33±3.33i 50±0.0h 56.67±1.67j 51.67±1.67g 51.67±1.67h
0.01 30±0.0l 40±0.0i 26.67±1.67l 40±0.0h 40±0.0i
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 91.67±1.67bc 90±0.0b 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 65±0.0h 76.67±1.67d 68.33±1.67hi 68.33±3.33f 66.67±1.67fg
0.01 46.67±1.67j 55±0.0g 35±0.0k 55±0.0g 55±0.0h
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 75±0.0f 90±0.0b 80±0.0e 80±0.0d 80±0.0de
0.01 65±0.0h 71.67±1.67e 55±0.0j 70±0.0f 70±0.0f
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 85±0.0d 100±0 a 90±0.0c 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 70±0.0g 90±0.0b 70±0.0gh 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 100±0 a 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 86.67±1.67d 100±0 a 85±0.0d 100±0 a 100±0 a
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
139
(b) Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding Bti and significant insecticides with
plant extracts through ether against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor tumma+ Kor tumma+ Datura Datura leaf+
charita+Bti+sig.inse. neem leaf+charita+Bti+sig.inse. neem
leaf+Bti+sig.inse. leaf+Bti+sig.inse.
2 63.06±6.74f 58.89±6.56f 55.56±6.05f 58.06±5.89f
4 73.06±5.49e 73.33±5.19e 74.17±5.21e 75.56±4.97e
8 84.17±4.36d 86.67±3.88d 85.56±3.77d 86.11±3.80d
16 91.94±2.89c 92.78±2.75c 92.78±2.43c 92.50±2.30c
32 97.50±0.93b 97.78±0.92b 97.50±0.93b 96.94±1.08b
64 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 100±0 a 99.29±0.39a 98.10±1.06a 98.33±0.93a
1 97.38±1.07b 96.90±1.31b 95.95±1.81b 96.19±1.58b
0.1 94.05±2.12c 92.86±2.60c 93.10±2.40c 93.57±2.44c
0.01 88.33±3.39d 88.10±3.72d 86.43±4.06d 87.14±3.53d
0.01 74.29±5.69e 76.67±5.59e 76.90±5.16e 77.38±4.91e
0.01 68.57±6.17f 68.57±6.37f 68.57±6.67f 69.52±6.44f
2 10 100±0 a 95±0.0b 86.67±1.67cd 88.33±1.67e
1 86.67±1.67cd 83.33±1.67e 76.67±1.67e 80±0.0g
0.1 75.0±2.89f 70±0.0g 70±0.0f 70±0.0i
0.01 61.67±1.67h 55±0.0i 50±0.0i 55±0.0k
0.01 30±0.0l 30±0.0k 35±0.0k 35±0.0m
0.01 25±0.0m 20±0.0l 15±0.0l 20±0.0n
4 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 93.33±1.67bc
0.1 85±0.0de 80±0.0f 85±0.0d 85±0.0f
0.01 70±0.0g 71.67±1.67g 70±0.0f 75±0.0h
0.01 48.33±1.67j 53.33±1.67i 55±0.0h 60±0.0j
0.01 40±0.0k 40±0.0j 40±0.0j 40±0.0l
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 98.33±1.67ab 100±0 a 96.67±1.67ab 100±0 a
0.01 86.67±1.67cd 90±0.0c 86.67±1.67cd 85±0.0f
0.01 65±0.0h 70±0.0g 70±0.0f 71.67±1.67i
0.01 55±0.0i 60±0.0h 60±0.0g 60±0.0j
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 98.33±1.67ab 95±0.0b
0.01 81.67±1.67e 86.67±1.67d 83.33±1.67d 85±0.0f
0.01 70±0.0g 70±0.0g 75±0.0e 75±0.0h
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 96.67±1.67b 95±0.0b 90±0.0de
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 91.67±1.67cd
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
140
(c) Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding Bti and significant insecticides with plant
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Charita+ neem Kor tumma+ datura Datura leaf+ Kor tumma+
leaf+Bti+sig.inse. leaf+ charita+ neem datura leaf+
charita+Bti+sig.inse. leaf+Bti+sig.inse. charita+ neem
leaf+Bti+sig.inse.
2 62.22±5.87f 68.61±6.44f 67.50±6.30f 73.61±5.99f
4 75.83±4.99e 79.17±4.77e 79.17±4.87e 81.67±4.39e
8 86.67±3.50d 86.39±3.66d 86.11±3.80d 87.22±3.64d
16 92.22±2.43c 92.22±2.36c 92.22±2.69c 92.78±2.56c
32 95.83±1.47b 96.67±1.14b 97.22±1.01b 96.67±1.14b
64 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 98.33±0.80a 100±0 a 99.52±0.33a 100±0 a
1 96.90±1.31b 99.52±0.33a 99.05±0.56a 100±0 a
0.1 94.29±2.05c 95.71±1.63b 97.14±1.17b 97.86±0.81b
0.01 88.81±2.91d 88.81±2.86c 88.10±3.48c 90.71±2.79c
0.01 77.14±4.92e 77.62±4.61d 76.67±4.74d 76.67±4.50d
0.01 69.76±5.97f 72.38±5.55e 72.86±5.47e 76.43±4.62d
2 10 90±0.0c 100±0 a 96.67±1.67b 100±0 a
1 83.33±1.67d 96.67±1.67b 93.33±1.67c 100±0 a
0.1 75±0.0e 80±0.0e 85±0.0e 90±0.0c
0.01 65±0.0g 65±0.0h 60±0.0j 66.67±1.67e
0.01 35±0.0j 40±0.0k 40±0.0l 45±0.0g
0.01 25±0.0k 30±0.0l 30±0.0m 40±0.0h
4 10 98.33±1.67ab 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 86.67±1.67cd 90±0.0c 95±0.0bc 95±0.0b
0.01 75±0.0e 76.67±1.67f 70±0.0h 78.33±1.67d
0.01 60±0.0h 60±0.0i 60±0.0j 56.67±1.67f
0.01 40±0.0i 48.33±1.67j 50±0.0k 60±0.0f
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 98.33±1.67ab 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 86.67±1.67cd 85±0.0d 86.67±1.67e 90±0.0c
0.01 70±0.0f 70±0.0g 65±0.0i 65±0.0e
0.01 65±0.0g 63.33±1.67h 65±0.0i 68.33±1.67e
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 85±0.0d 83.33±1.67d 78.33±1.67f 80.0±2.89d
0.01 73.33±1.67ef 75±0.0f 75±0.0g 76.67±3.33d
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 93.33±1.67c 90±0.0c
0.01 85±0.0d 90±0.0c 90±0.0d 90±0.0c
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
141
Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding Bti and significant
insecticides with plant extracts through ether against Anopheles larvae of
mosquitoes.
datura leaf, chariata, neem leaf and significant insecticides with Bti followed by datura leaf,
chariata, neem leaf and significant insecticides with Bti (96.67%), kor tumma, neem leaf
and significant insecticides with Bti (95%) and least mortality value (83.33%) chariata and
significant insecticides with Bti with high concentration (10%) of solution against
combinations of plant extracts with Bti in all the concentrations as shown in the table.
142
Table 4.54: LC50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for significant plant extracts through the ether with significant insecticides and Bti
Sig. Plants Vs Sig. Insecticides, Bti 2 hrs 4 hrs 8 hrs 16 hrs 32 hrs 64 hrs
Kor tumma (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 175.50±2.0 142.60±1.70 112.79±1.55 79.40±1.33 49.46±0.79 24.414±0.138
Datura leaf (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 177.40±2.10 149.10±1.62 119.90±1.21 82.46±0.66 52.37±.44 27.080±0.034
Charita (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 197.70±4.05 170.70±2.41 140.99±1.93 103.47±1.01 71.15±0.56 41.070±0.030
Neem leaf (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 182.20±3.0 162.40±2.06 130.97±1.46 99.41±1.03 66.15±1.80 36.109±0.042
Kor tumma, datura leaf (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 128.10±2.0 102.30±1.67 70.97±1.26 48.90±1.04 29.21±0.79 4.350±0.108
Kor tumma, charita (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 193.60±1.20 161.60±0.75 131.70±0.50 98.75±0.31 71.50±0.26 40.251±0.088
182.30±2.20
Kor tumma, neem leaf (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 162.50±1.81 132.61±1.59 103.97±1.11 81.79±0.85 50.134±0.049
Datura leaf, charita (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 185.20±3.10 164.10±2.06 137.44±1.74 106.53±1.35 83.95±0.91 52.082±0.033
Datura leaf, neem leaf (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 181.50±3.20 159.20±2.74 129.78±1.69 105.02±1.30 82.80±1.05 50.130±0.055
192.40±1.0
Charita, neem leaf (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 172.80±0.63 130.05±0.49 94.34±0.26 72.99±0.17 40.273±0.121
Kor tumma, datura leaf, charita (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 172.10±2.0 152.35±1.64 122.56±1.20 88.24±0.92 64.38±0.75 30.586±0.205
Datura leaf, charita, neem leaf (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 180.20±1.0 155.51±0.66 129.83±0.43 98.79±0.24 68.18±0.16 34.540±0.207
122.0±0.90
Kor tumma, datura leaf, charita, neem leaf (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 100.44±0.63 62.83±0.44 32.13±0.25 8.21±0.18 1.317±0.482
143
insecticides and Bti against Anopheles larvae.
Table (4.54) showed that the LC50 values for with kor tumma, significant
insecticides and Bti against Anopheles larvae was (175.50±2.0) ppm after 2 hrs that
decreased after the interval of 64 hrs to (24.414 ± 0.138) ppm. The LC50 for datura leaf,
significant insecticides, and Bti was (177.40±2.10) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after
64 hrs to (27.080±0.034) ppm while this value for charita, significant insecticides and Bti
was (197.70±4.05) ppm after 2 hrs that decreased after 64 hrs to (41.070±0.030) ppm. The
LC50 value for neem leaf, significant insecticides and Bti was (182.20±3.0) ppm after 2 hrs
that also decreased after 64 hrs to (36.109±0.042) ppm while the LC50 value for kor tumma,
datura leaf, significant insecticides, and Bti was (128.10±2.0) ppm after 2 hrs that also
decreased after 64 hrs to (4.350±0.108) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, charita,
64 hrs to (40.251±0.088) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, neem leaf, significant
insecticides, and Bti was (182.30±2.20) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to
(50.134±0.049) ppm. The LC50 value for datura leaf, charita, significant insecticides, and
ppm. The LC50 value for datura leaf, neem leaf, significant insecticides, and Bti was
LC50 value for charita, neem leaf, significant insecticides, and Bti was (192.40±1.0) ppm
after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (40.273±0.121) ppm. The LC50 value for kor
tumma, datura leaf, charita, significant insecticides, and Bti was (172.10±2.0) ppm after 2
hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (30.586±0.205) ppm. The LC50 value for datura leaf,
charita, neem leaf, significant insecticides, and Bti was (180.20±1.0) ppm after 2 hrs that
leaf, charita, neem leaf, significant insecticides, and Bti was (122.0±0.90) ppm after 2 hrs
that also decreased after 64 hrs to (1.317±0.482) ppm. From this table we can note that the
solution having mixture of kor tumma, datura leaf, charita, neem leaf, significant
insecticides, and Bti had less LC50 value that means this mixture of kor tumma, datura leaf,
charita, neem leaf, significant insecticides, and Bti was more potent and played a significant
role in mortality as shown in the table.
144
Table 4.55: LT50 (Mean ± SE) at different time intervals for ether extracts with significant insecticides and Bti against Anopheles larvae.
Sig. Plants Vs Sig. Insecticides, Bti 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.10% 1.0% 10.0%
1. Kor tumma (Ether) - Bti, sig.inse. 9.15 ± 1.07 4.67 ± 0.62 3.23 ± 0.30 2.98 ± 0.20 1.61 ± 0.08 1.10 ± 0.02
2. Datura leaf (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 6.52 ± 0.62 3.51 ± 0.37 1.84 ± 0.28 1.61 ± 0.20 1.16 ± 0.16 0.96 ± 0.04
3. Charita (Ether)- Bti, sig.inse. 11.85 ± 1.26 5.57 ± 0.56 3.0 ± 0.28 1.60 ± 0.24 1.22 ± 0.20 1.02 ± 0.05
4. Neem leaf (Ether)- Bti, sig.inse. 13.59 ± 0.63 6.84 ± 0.48 4.90 ± 0.28 3.43 ± 0.24 2.01 ± 0.30 1.64 ± 0.03
5. Kor tumma, datura leaf (Ether) - Bti, sig.inse. 6.23 ± 0.62 3.89 ± 0.48 1.44 ± 0.30 0.93 ± 0.32 0.57 ± 0.22 0.33 ± 0.12
6. Kor tumma, charita (Ether) - Bti, sig.inse. 7.89 ± 0.62 4.33 ± 0.48 1.74 ± 0.31 1.11 ± 0.29 0.75 ± 0.34 0.25 ± 0.14
7. Kor tumma, neem leaf (Ether) - Bti, sig.inse. 6.01 ± 0.61 3.86 ± 0.43 1.97 ± 0.28 1.42 ± 0.27 0.93 ± 0.32 0.52 ± 0.11
8. Datura leaf, charita (Ether)- Bti, sig.inse. 6.16 ± 0.59 3.99 ± 0.46 2.17 ± 0.30 1.56 ± 0.28 1.14 ± 0.20 0.69 ± 0.04
9. Datura leaf, neem leaf (ether) - Bti, sig.inse. 5.78 ± 0.57 3.32 ± 0.48 1.79 ± 0.33 1.40 ± 0.26 1.04 ± 0.18 0.67 ± 0.06
10. Charita, neem leaf (Ether)- Bti, sig.inse. 5.47 ± 0.61 3.36 ± 0.48 1.35 ± 0.33 1.10 ± 0.29 0.93 ± 0.22 0.77 ± 0.09
11. Kor tumma, datura leaf, charita (Ether)- Bti, sig.inse. 4.63 ± 0.56 3.10 ± 0.49 1.32 ± 0.33 0.99 ± 0.30 0.45 ± 0.23 0.17 ± 0.07
12. Datura leaf, charita, neem leaf (Ether)- Bti, sig.inse. 4.48 ± 0.55 3.33 ± 0.50 1.81 ± 0.30 0.84 ± 0.23 0.57 ± 0.12 0.45 ± 0.03
13. Kor tumma, datura leaf, charita, neem leaf (Ether)- Bti, sig.inse. 3.26 ± 0.52 3.15 ± 0.41 1.38 ± 0.30 0.55 ± 0.24 - -
145
LT50 of significant plant extracts through the ether and significant insecticides
with Bti against Anopheles larvae.
insecticides with Bti against Anopheles larvae were (9.15 ± 1.07) hrs at 0.01%
concentration that decreased to (1.10 ± 0.02) hrs at 10.0% concentration. The LT50 values
for datura leaf and significant insecticides with Bti was (6.52 ± 0.62) hrs at 0.01%
for charita and significant insecticides with Bti was (11.85 ± 1.26) hrs at 0.01%
concentration that decreased to (1.22 ± 0.05) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution.
The LT50 values for neem leaf and significant insecticides with Bti was (13.59 ± 0.63) hrs
at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (1.64 ± 0.03) hrs at 10.0% concentration. The LT50
values for kor tumma, datura leaf and significant insecticides with Bti were (6.23 ± 0.62)
hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (0.33 ± 0.12) hrs at 10.0% concentration of
the solution. The LT50 values for kor tumma, neem leaf and significant insecticides with
Bti was (6.01 ± 0.61) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (0.52 ± 0.11) hrs at
10.0% concentration of solution. The LT50 values for datura leaf, charita and significant
insecticides with Bti was (6.16 ± 0.59) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (0.69
± 20.04) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for charita, neem leaf
and significant insecticides with Bti were (5.47 ± 0.61) hrs at 0.01% concentration that
decreased to (0.77 ± 0.09) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for
kor tumma, datura leaf, charita and significant insecticides with Bti was (4.63 ± 0.56) hrs
at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (0.17 ± 0.07) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the
solution. The LT50 values for datura leaf, charita, neem leaf and significant insecticides
with Bti was (4.48 ± 0.55) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (0.45 ± 0.03) hrs at
10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for kor tumma, datura leaf, charita,
neem leaf and significant insecticides with Bti was (3.26 ± 0.52) hrs at 0.1% concentration
that decreased to (0.55 ± 0.24) hrs at 0.1% concentration of the solution. From this table
we can note that the solution having mixture of kor tumma, datura leaf, charita, neem leaf
and significant insecticides with Bti had less LT50 value that means this mixture of kor
tumma, datura leaf, charita, neem leaf and significant insecticides with Bti was more potent
146
Table 4.56(a): Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding Bti and significant
insecticides with plant extracts through methanol against Anopheles larvae
of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Khortuma+Bti+ Charita+Bti+ Akk Chebr Kor tumma+
sig.inse. sig.inse. leaf+Bti+sig.inse. fruit+Bti+sig.inse charita+Bti+sig.i
. nse.
2 61.67±7.53g 49.44±7.43g 50.83±7.19f 50.0±5.86g 59.17±8.0g
4 72.78±6.60f 59.17±7.51f 62.50±6.74e 61.39±5.74f 68.61±7.75f
8 80.28±5.39e 70.28±6.89e 72.50±5.59d 68.89±5.12e 75.83±6.77e
16 86.67±4.06d 81.39±5.90d 85.83±3.46c 79.17±3.80d 83.89±5.29d
32 93.33±2.39c 90.83±3.46c 95.0±1.40b 85.83±2.50c 90.83±3.16c
64 98.06±0.82b 97.50±1.36b 99.17±0.45a 93.89±1.88b 96.67±1.14b
128 100±0 a 99.17±0.45a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 99.29±0.39a 98.33±0.80a 99.29±0.39a 97.14±1.17a 98.57±0.70a
1 98.57±0.78a 95.71±1.48b 91.19±2.21b 87.86±2.43b 98.33±0.80a
0.1 93.81±2.01b 84.29±4.07c 89.29±3.13c 83.57±3.40c 94.76±1.71b
0.01 87.14±2.98c 77.86±4.89d 77.86±4.89d 73.33±4.26d 88.57±2.91c
0.01 73.57±4.66d 71.90±5.72e 71.67±5.70e 67.38±4.75e 61.19±6.03d
0.01 55.71±7.30e 41.43±8.01f 55.71±8.14f 52.86±6.81f 51.43±7.48e
2 10 95±0.0bc 90±0.0d 95±0.0b 85±0.0de 91.67±1.67cd
1 90±0.0de 81.67±1.67f 75±0.0f 70±0.0k 90±0.0d
0.1 75±0.0h 55±0.0j 60±0.0h 55±0.0m 78.33±1.67f
0.01 65±0.0i 40±0.0l 40±0.0k 45±0.0o 65±0.0h
0.01 40±0.0k 30±0.0m 30±0.0l 35±0.0p 25±0.0k
0.01 5±0.0m 0±0.0p 5±0.0n 10±0.0r 5±0.0m
4 10 100±0 a 98.33±1.67ab 100±0 a 95±0.0b 98.33±1.67ab
1 100±0 a 91.67±1.67d 80±0.0e 76.67±1.67hi 98.33±1.67ab
0.1 86.67±1.67ef 60±0.0i 80±0.0e 71.67±1.67jk 90±0.0d
0.01 73.33±3.33h 55±0.0j 55±0.0i 55±0.0m 75±0.0f
0.01 51.67±1.67j 45±0.0k 45±0.0j 50±0.0n 30±0.0j
0.01 25±0.0l 5±0.0o 15±0.0m 20±0.0q 20±0.0l
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 96.67±1.67bc 86.67±1.67cd 83.33±1.67ef 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0bc 80±0.0fg 88.33±1.67cd 78.33±1.67ghi 95±0.0bc
0.01 81.67±1.67g 70±0.0h 70±0.0g 61.67±1.67l 85±0.0e
0.01 66.67±1.67i 60±0.0i 60±0.0h 55±0.0m 45±0.0i
0.01 38.33±1.67k 15±0.0n 30±0.0l 35±0.0p 30±0.0j
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 96.67±1.67ab 90±0.0c 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 95±0.0c 96.67±3.33ab 90±0.0c 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0de 85±0.0e 85±0.0d 75±0.0ij 95±0.0bc
0.01 75±0.0h 78.33±1.67g 76.67±1.67ef 65±0.0l 63.33±3.33h
0.01 55±0.0j 30±0.0m 60±0.0h 55±0.0m 45±0.0i
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 90±0.0c 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 95±0.0c 95±0.0b 81.67±1.67efg 100±0 a
0.01 85±0.0fg 90±0.0d 90±0.0c 78.33±1.67ghi 75±0.0f
0.01 75±0.0h 60±0.0i 85±0.0d 70±0.0k 70±0.0g
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b 100±0 a
0.01 96.67±1.67ab 100±0 a 100±0 a 88.33±3.33cd 90±0.0d
0.01 91.67±1.67cd 85±0.0e 95±0.0b 80±0.0fgh 90±0.0d
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 95±0.0c 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
147
(b) Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding Bti and significant insecticides with
plant extracts through methanol against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor tumma+ akk Kor tumma+ Charita+ akk Charita+ chebr
leaf+Bti+sig.inse. chebr leaf+Bti+sig.inse. frui+Bti+sig.inse.
fruit+Bti+sig.inse.
2 58.33±7.72g 58.06±7.83f 46.39±6.54f 48.89±6.28g
4 69.17±7.62f 67.78±7.42e 56.39±6.64e 59.17±6.0f
8 76.39±6.50e 76.67±6.09d 68.33±6.52d 70.83±5.62e
16 83.89±5.11d 84.72±4.77c 80.28±5.82c 81.94±4.39d
32 91.67±2.94c 92.50±3.11b 90.83±3.46b 93.33±2.18c
64 97.78±0.83b 98.33±0.90a 98.06±1.15a 97.78±1.23b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 99.44±0.38a 99.44±0.38a
10 99.29±0.39a 100±0 a 96.19±1.42a 95.71±1.63a
1 98.57±0.78a 97.14±1.17b 90.0±2.60b 89.29±2.63b
0.1 94.52±1.95b 94.05±2.06c 84.52±4.02c 83.81±3.78c
0.01 85.24±3.66c 81.19±4.22d 78.10±4.84d 80.71±4.12d
0.01 64.76±6.0d 73.10±5.49e 71.67±5.61e 74.76±4.97e
0.01 52.38±7.33e 50.0±7.56f 42.14±8.23f 48.33±7.97f
2 10 95±0.0b 100±0 a 83.33±1.67de 80±0.0e
1 90±0.0c 85±0.0c 68.33±1.67h 70±0.0g
0.1 75±0.0e 73.33±1.67de 55.0±2.89j 56.67±1.67j
0.01 55±0.0h 51.67±4.41h 40±0.0k 50±0.0k
0.01 25±0.0m 33.33±3.33j 31.67±1.67l 36.67±1.67m
0.01 10±0.0o 5±0.0l 0±0.0n 0±0.0p
4 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 90±0.0bc 90±0.0c
1 100±0 a 95±0.0ab 80±0.0ef 75±0.0f
0.1 90±0.0c 90±0.0bc 61.67±1.67i 65±0.0h
0.01 70±0.0f 61.67±1.67g 56.67±1.67ij 60±0.0i
0.01 35±0.0k 45±0.0i 45±0.0k 55±0.0j
0.01 20±0.0n 15±0.0k 5±0.0n 10±0.0o
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 85±0.0cde 85±0.0d
0.1 96.67±1.67b 95±0.0ab 80±0.0ef 75±0.0f
0.01 80±0.0d 70±0.0ef 70±0.0gh 75±0.0f
0.01 51.67±1.67i 65±0.0fg 60±0.0ij 65±0.0h
0.01 30±0.0l 30±0.0j 15±0.0m 25±0.0n
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 96.67±1.67a 95±0.0b
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0ab 90±0.0c
0.01 91.67±1.67c 85±0.0c 85±0.0cde 85±0.0d
0.01 66.67±1.67g 78.33±1.67d 75±0.0fg 76.67±1.67f
0.01 45±0.0j 45±0.0i 30±0.0l 45±0.0l
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0ab 95±0.0b
0.01 80±0.0d 90±0.0bc 90±0.0bc 90±0.0c
0.01 70±0.0f 65±0.0fg 60±0.0ij 75±0.0f
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 91.67±1.67c 90±0.0bc 88.33±3.33cd 86.67±1.67d
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 96.67±1.67a 96.67±1.67b
148
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Akk leaf+ chebr Kor tumma+ Charita+ akk Kor tumma+
fruit+Bti+sig.inse. charita+ akk leaf+ chebr charita+ akk
leaf+Bti+sig.inse. fruit+Bti+sig.inse. leaf+ chebr
fruit+Bti+sig.inse.
2 52.78±6.58g 59.44±7.0g 58.06±6.52f 60.28±6.72f
4 63.61±6.38f 71.39±6.19f 70.83±6.08e 71.94±6.08e
8 74.17±5.49e 81.11±5.49e 81.11±5.49d 81.67±5.50d
16 83.33±4.68d 90.0±3.90d 90.0±3.90c 90.0±3.90c
32 93.33±2.18c 96.67±1.81c 95.56±2.25b 95.83±2.26b
64 97.50±1.36b 98.33±0.90b 99.17±0.45a 99.17±0.45a
128 99.17±0.45a 99.44±0.38a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 98.10±1.06a 99.52±0.33a 98.57±0.78a 99.52±0.33a
1 92.62±2.09b 96.67±1.44b 96.67±1.44b 97.38±1.07b
0.1 87.38±3.28c 93.57±2.05c 92.14±2.53c 92.14±2.62c
0.01 80.95±4.03d 84.76±4.03d 85.24±3.88d 86.43±3.67d
0.01 74.29±5.05e 80.71±4.87e 80.71±4.73e 80.71±4.87e
0.01 50.0±7.34f 55.95±7.03f 56.43±7.24f 57.14±7.02f
2 10 86.67±1.67d 96.67±1.67ab 90±0.0c 96.67±1.67ab
1 76.67±1.67f 81.67±1.67de 81.67±1.67d 86.67±1.67cd
0.1 61.67±1.67i 75±0.0f 70±0.0f 68.33±3.33g
0.01 51.67±1.67k 53.33±1.67h 55.0±2.89i 55±0.0i
0.01 35±0.0m 40±0.0i 41.67±1.67j 40±0.0j
0.01 5±0.0p 10±0.0l 10±0.0m 15±0.0m
4 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 81.67±1.67e 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.1 70±0.0g 85±0.0d 80±0.0d 81.67±1.67e
0.01 60±0.0i 63.33±1.67g 65±0.0g 70±0.0g
0.01 55±0.0j 60±0.0g 60±0.0h 60±0.0h
0.01 15±0.0o 25±0.0k 25±0.0l 25±0.0l
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 90±0.0c 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 85±0.0d 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 75±0.0f 81.67±1.67de 81.67±1.67d 85±0.0de
0.01 65±0.0h 75±0.0f 75±0.0e 75±0.0f
0.01 30±0.0n 35±0.0j 35±0.0k 35±0.0k
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 85±0.0d 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 75±0.0f 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 45±0.0l 55±0.0h 55±0.0i 55±0.0i
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 100±0 a 98.33±1.67ab 100±0 a
0.01 75±0.0f 80±0.0e 75±0.0e 75±0.0f
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 85±0.0d 90±0.0c 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 96.67±1.67ab 100±0 a 100±0 a
149
insecticides with plant extracts through methanol against Anopheles larvae of
mosquitoes.
against Anopheles larvae. After 2 hrs, highest mortality (100%) was noted with mixture of
kor tumma, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti followed by the kor tumma,
chariata, akk leaf, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti (96.67%), kor tumma and
significant insecticides with Bti (95%) and least mortality value (83.33%) chariata, akk leaf
and significant insecticides with Bti with high concentration (10%) of solution against
150
Table 4.57: LC50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for significant plant extracts through methanol with significant insecticides and Bti
Sig. Plants (methanol) Vs Sig. Insecticides, Bti 2 hrs 4 hrs 8 hrs 16 hrs 32 hrs 64 hrs
Kor tumma - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 208.50±4.10 184.60±2.50 151.77±1.74 121.51±1.37 91.95±0.31 39.170±0.054
Charita - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 216.50±2.06 190.40±1.90 157.57±1.27 127.66±0.22 97.12±0.04 46.028±0.09
Akk leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 204.70±2.30 181.40±1.60 148.44±1.43 118.47±0.69 98.22±0.08 47.036±0.012
Chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 220.0±3.04 197.10±2.60 163.20±1.69 133.03±0.53 104.24±0.11 51.031±0.013
Kor tumma, charita - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 212.50±1.50 188.10±1.30 154.88±1.07 124.39±0.40 95.47±0.13 45.112±0.034
Kor tumma, akk leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 206.50±2.10 184.0±1.50 151.22±1.11 121.53±0.45 92.51±0.14 41.106±0.032
Kor tumma, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 214.10±3.0 189.50±2.40 154.10±1.95 124.81±0.62 95.42±0.12 44.100±0.029
Charita, akk leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 210.10±1.0 185.40±0.90 153.59±0.86 123.59±0.23 92.09±0.03 41.017±0.06
Charita, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 218.20±0.70 193.90±0.60 161.40±0.52 131.27±0.44 102.16±0.07 60.025±0.010
Akk leaf, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 212.50±0.60 186.90±0.54 153.23±0.45 123.96±0.24 93.29±0.11 42.048±0.018
Kor tumma, charita, akk leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 202.10±1.20 177.70±1.10 142.29±0.69 111.91±1.53 92.93±0.35 36.134±0.045
Charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 213.70±2.10 189.80±1.60 154.29±0.99 124.91±0.53 95.89±0.35 44.115±0.044
Kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 198.70±2.0 170.50±1.50 138.37±1.09 109.12±0.58 80.04±0.41 28.161±0.056
151
insecticides and Bti against Anopheles larvae.
Table (4.57) showed that the LC50 of with kor tumma, significant insecticides and
Bti against Anopheles larvae was (208.50±4.10) ppm after 2 hrs that decrease after the
interval of 64 hrs to (39.170±0.054) ppm. The LC50 value for charita, significant
insecticides and Bti was (216.50±2.06) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to
(46.028±0.09) ppm. The LC50 value for akk leaf, significant insecticides, and Bti was
LC50 value for chebr fruit, significant insecticides, and Bti was (220.0±3.04) ppm after 2
hour that also decreases after 64 hrs to (51.031±0.013) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma,
charita plant, significant insecticides, and Bti was (212.50±1.50) ppm after 2 hrs that also
decreases after 64 hrs to (45.112±0.034) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, akk leaf,
significant insecticides, and Bti was (206.50±2.10) ppm after 2 hour that also decreases
after 64 hrs to (41.106±0.032) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, chebr fruit, significant
insecticides, and Bti was (214.10±3.0) ppm after 2 hour that also decreases after 64 hrs to
(44.100±0.029) ppm. The LC50 value for charita, akk leaf, significant insecticides, and Bti
The LC50 value for charita, chebre fruit, significant insecticides, and Bti was (218.20±0.70)
ppm after 2 hrs that also decreases after 64 hrs to (60.025±0.010) ppm. The LC50 value for
akk leaf, chebr fruit, significant insecticides, and Bti was (212.50±0.60) ppm after 2 hrs
that also decreases after 64 hrs to (42.048±0.018) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma,
charita, akk leaf, significant insecticides, and Bti was (202.10±1.20) ppm after 2 hrs that
also decreases after 64 hrs to (36.134±0.045) ppm. The LC50 value for charita, akk leaf,
chebr, significant insecticides, and Bti was (213.70±2.10) ppm after 2 hrs that also
decreases after 64 hrs to (44.115±0.044) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, charita, akk
leaf, chebr fruit, significant insecticides, and Bti was (198.70±2.0) ppm after 2 hrs that also
decreases after 64 hrs to (28.161±0.056) ppm.
akk leaf, chebr fruit, significant insecticides, and Bti had less LC50 value that means this
mixture of kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit, significant insecticides, and Bti was
more potent and played a significant role in mortality as shown in the table.
152
Table 4.58: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for methanol extracts with significant insecticides and Bti against Anopheles larvae.
1. Kor tumma - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 11.88±1.09 8.71±0.60 6.35±0.35 4.98±0.30 2.64±0.23 1.22±0.01
2. Charita - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 24.34±1.99 16.82±0.56 12.30±0.45 8.24±0.35 5.69±0.20 2.47±0.02
3. Akk leaf – Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 11.96±0.97 8.87±0.56 6.30±0.45 4.49±0.31 2.26±0.20 1.52±0.01
4. Chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 13.64±1.38 9.14±0.84 7.38±0.64 4.63±0.41 2.66±0.33 1.84±0.13
5. Kor tumma, charita - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 14.63±1.32 8.40±0.98 6.36±0.33 4.79±0.20 2.77±0.09 1.95±0.01
6. Kor tumma, akk leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 13.81±1.30 7.99±0.80 5.93±0.36 4.0±0.29 2.64±0.18 1.42±0.05
7. Kor tumma, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 15.72±1.41 9.43±0.54 7.50±0.41 5.01±0.29 2.84±0.33 1.54±0.10
8. Charita, akk leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 23.33±1.85 15.81±0.57 11.23±0.45 7.19±0.35 4.14±0.32 2.83±0.09
9. Charita, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 17.49±1.47 10.79±0.53 8.46±0.43 5.06±0.38 3.15±0.32 1.89±0.30
10. Akk leaf, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 15.98±1.51 9.93±0.54 7.38±0.43 5.63±0.33 2.90±0.20 1.69±0.04
11. Kor tumma, charita, akk leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 11.65±1.15 6.99±0.37 4.20±0.34 3.10±0.30 1.91±0.19 1.48±0.01
12. Charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 11.31±1.05 6.89±0.39 4.08±0.34 3.28±0.29 1.96±0.20 1.64±0.03
13. Kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 10.79±1.05 5.99±0.37 3.22±0.33 2.91±0.29 1.55±0.14 1.15±0.02
153
LT50 of significant plant extracts through methanol and significant insecticides
Table (4.58) showed that the LT50 value for Anopheles larvae with kor tumma
extract through methanol and significant insecticides with Bti was (11.88±1.09) ppm at
solution. The LT50 value for charita and significant chemicals with Bti was (24.34±1.99)
solution. The LT50 value for akk leaf and significant insecticides with Bti was (11.96±0.97)
solution. The LT50 value for kor tumma, charita and significant insecticides with Bti was
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for kor tumma, akk leaf and significant
insecticides with Bti was (13.81±1.30) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to
chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti was (15.72±1.41) hrs at 0.01%
LT50 value for charita, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti was (17.49±1.47) hrs
at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (1.89±0.30) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the
solution. The LT50 value for akk leaf, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti was
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for kor tumma, akk leaf, charita and
significant insecticides with Bti were (11.65±1.15) hrs at 0.01% concentration that
charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit significant insecticides with Bti was (11.31±1.05) hrs at 0.01%
LT50 value for kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti
concentration of the solution.
akk leaf, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti had less LT50 value that means this
mixture of kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit significant insecticides with Bti was
154
insecticides with plant extracts through the water against Anopheles larvae
of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Datura Datura Kor Chebr Datura leaf+
leaf+Bti+sig.inse. fruit+Bti+sig.inse tumma+Bti+sig.i fruit+Bti+sig.inse datura
. nse. . fruit+Bti+sig.che
2 57.78±5.69f 52.78±5.86f 56.67±5.27f 53.61±6.02g 64.17±6.47g
4 67.78±5.66e 64.17±5.58e 66.39±4.95e 62.50±5.97f 72.22±6.57f
8 76.11±5.28d 75.0±4.95d 77.50±4.79d 73.06±5.27e 79.17±5.83e
16 84.17±3.73c 84.17±3.73c 85.0±3.62c 84.17±4.05d 86.94±4.24d
32 93.33±2.18b 94.72±1.87b 93.33±2.18b 93.89±2.23c 94.17±2.26c
64 99.17±0.45a 99.17±0.45a 99.17±0.45a 98.61±0.79b 98.61±0.79b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 98.81±0.68a 98.10±1.06a 96.43±1.30a 97.38±1.07a 99.29±0.39a
1 95.95±1.60b 93.81±2.07b 93.57±2.05b 93.57±2.05b 98.57±0.78b
0.1 86.43±3.31c 85.0±3.54c 87.86±2.88c 86.43±3.42c 93.33±2.11c
0.01 77.14±4.30d 77.62±4.61d 81.43±3.57d 79.52±4.50d 88.57±2.91d
0.01 78.33±4.45e 75.0±5.35e 76.67±4.91e 72.62±5.07e 73.10±5.03e
0.01 59.05±6.57f 59.05±6.82f 59.52±6.53f 55.48±7.25f 57.38±6.69f
2 10 91.67±1.67c 86.67±1.67d 85±0.0d 86.67±1.67ef 95±0.0b
1 80±0.0e 75±0.0f 75±0.0e 75±0.0h 90±0.0c
0.1 60±0.0i 60±0.0i 65±0.0g 60±0.0j 75±0.0e
0.01 50±0.0k 45±0.0l 55±0.0h 50±0.0l 65±0.0g
0.01 45±0.0l 35±0.0n 40±0.0i 40±0.0m 40±0.0k
0.01 20±0.0o 15±0.0p 20±0.0k 10±0.0o 20±0.0n
4 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 90±0.0c 95±0.0bc 100±0 a
1 91.67±1.67c 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 85±0.0f 100±0 a
0.1 70±0.0g 65±0.0h 75.0±2.89e 70±0.0i 83.33±1.67d
0.01 55±0.0j 55±0.0j 65±0.0g 55±0.0k 75±0.0e
0.01 60±0.0i 50±0.0k 53.33±1.67h 50±0.0l 50±0.0j
0.01 30±0.0n 30±0.0o 30±0.0j 20±0.0n 25±0.0m
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 96.67±1.67b 95±0.0b 95±0.0bc 100±0 a
0.1 85±0.0d 80±0.0e 85±0.0d 80±0.0g 95±0.0b
0.01 65±0.0h 68.33±1.67g 75±0.0e 68.33±1.67i 85±0.0d
0.01 68.33±1.67g 65±0.0h 70±0.0f 58.33±1.67jk 60±0.0h
0.01 38.33±1.67m 40±0.0m 40±0.0i 36.67±1.67m 35±0.0l
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 95±0.0bc 100±0 a
0.01 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 85±0.0d 85±0.0f 95±0.0b
0.01 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 78.33±1.67e 70±0.0i 71.67±1.67f
0.01 55±0.0j 55±0.0j 56.67±1.67h 55±0.0k 55±0.0i
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 98.33±1.67ab 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 90±0.0de 90±0.0c
0.01 75±0.0f 78.33±1.67e 75±0.0e 75±0.0h 75±0.0e
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 91.67±1.67cd 91.67±1.67c
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
155
(b) Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding Bti and significant insecticides
with plant extracts through the water against Anopheles larvae of mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Datura leaf+kor Datura leaf+ Datura fruit+kor Datura fruit+
tumma+Bti+sig.inse. chebr tumma+Bti+sig.inse. chebr
fruit+Bti+sig.inse. fruit+Bti+sig.inse.
2 61.11±7.16g 55.56±6.58f 59.44±6.95f 58.06±6.57f
4 72.22±6.77f 67.50±6.0e 70.0±6.38e 65.83±6.43e
8 78.61±5.76e 78.61±5.76d 78.33±5.80d 78.89±4.76d
16 86.67±3.88d 86.94±3.88c 88.33±3.43c 87.50±3.55c
32 95.0±1.85c 95.0±1.85b 95.0±1.85b 95.28±1.83b
64 98.33±0.90b 99.17±0.45a 99.17±0.45a 99.17±0.45a
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 99.29±0.52a 97.62±0.95a 99.29±0.39a 98.81±0.68a
1 98.33±0.93a 95.71±1.63b 96.43±1.30b 95.48±1.61b
0.1 94.52±1.82b 92.62±2.43c 94.29±1.93c 90.71±2.70c
0.01 85.71±3.35c 83.10±4.20d 84.29±3.92d 83.33±3.95d
0.01 71.90±5.39d 72.62±5.25e 72.62±5.27e 73.33±5.05e
0.01 57.62±7.02e 57.86±7.36f 59.05±7.21f 59.52±7.33f
2 10 95.0±2.89b 88.33±1.67cd 95±0.0b 91.67±1.67cd
1 88.33±1.67c 80±0.0e 85±0.0d 80±0.0e
0.1 76.67±1.67d 70±0.0f 75±0.0f 70±0.0g
0.01 60±0.0f 50±0.0h 53.33±1.67i 56.67±1.67j
0.01 33.33±1.67h 35±0.0i 35±0.0k 40±0.0l
0.01 13.33±1.67j 10±0.0k 13.33±1.67m 10±0.0n
4 10 100±0 a 95±0.0ab 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 90±0.0bc 90±0.0c 90±0.0d
0.1 90±0.0c 83.33±1.67de 90±0.0c 75±0.0f
0.01 70±0.0e 61.67±1.67g 65±0.0g 60±0.0ij
0.01 48.33±1.67g 50±0.0h 50±0.0j 50±0.0k
0.01 25±0.0i 25±0.0j 25±0.0l 20±0.0m
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 98.33±1.67ab
0.1 95±0.0b 95±0.0ab 95±0.0b 90±0.0d
0.01 80±0.0d 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 76.67±1.67ef
0.01 61.67±1.67f 61.67±1.67g 60±0.0h 61.67±1.67hi
0.01 35±0.0h 35±0.0i 35±0.0k 46.67±1.67k
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0bc 91.67±1.67c 90±0.0d
0.01 70±0.0e 71.67±1.67f 73.33±1.67f 70±0.0g
0.01 60±0.0f 60.0±5.0g 65±0.0g 65±0.0h
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0bc 90±0.0c 91.67±1.67cd
0.01 80±0.0d 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 80±0.0e
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 95±0.0ab 95±0.0b 95±0.0bc
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
156
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor tumma+ Datura leaf+datura Datura fruit+kor Datura leaf+
chebr fruit+kor tumma+ chebr datura fruit+kor
fruit+Bti+sig.inse. tumma+Bti+sig.inse. fruit+Bti+sig.inse. tumma+ chebr
fruit+Bti+sig.inse.
2 56.39±6.88f 56.11±6.69f 60.83±6.15f 67.22±6.96f
4 65.0±6.28e 67.22±6.08e 70.83±5.50e 80.56±3.98e
8 77.78±4.68d 79.17±4.92d 81.11±4.69d 89.17±2.92d
16 88.06±3.50c 87.78±3.58c 90.28±2.93c 93.89±2.12c
32 95.28±1.83b 95.0±1.85b 96.67±1.81b 96.67±1.14b
64 99.17±0.45a 99.17±0.45a 99.17±0.45a 99.17±0.45a
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 99.29±0.39a 99.52±0.33a 99.52±0.33a 100±0 a
1 94.05±1.91b 95.71±1.63b 95.95±1.53b 97.38±1.07b
0.1 90.71±2.70c 90.24±2.94c 90.71±2.89c 94.29±1.73c
0.01 82.38±4.33d 82.38±4.53d 84.29±3.77d 93.81±1.95c
0.01 72.62±5.32e 72.14±5.33e 80.95±4.30e 76.90±4.53d
0.01 59.52±7.33f 60.95±6.87f 61.90±6.69f 74.76±5.99e
2 10 95±0.0b 96.67±1.67ab 96.67±1.67ab 100±0 a
1 78.33±3.33ef 80±0.0d 81.67±1.67ef 86.67±1.67d
0.1 70±0.0h 65±0.0ef 65±0.0h 80±0.0f
0.01 50±0.0k 45±0.0g 55±0.0j 76.67±1.67g
0.01 35±0.0l 35±0.0h 50±0.0k 45±0.0k
0.01 10±0.0n 15±0.0j 16.67±1.67n 15±0.0l
4 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 85.0±2.89d 90±0.0c 90±0.0d 95±0.0b
0.1 75±0.0fg 76.67±1.67d 78.33±1.67f 85±0.0de
0.01 60±0.0j 61.67±1.67f 66.67±1.67h 85±0.0de
0.01 50±0.0k 48.33±4.41g 60±0.0i 53.33±1.67j
0.01 20±0.0m 26.67±1.67i 30±0.0m 65±0.0i
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 91.67±1.67cd 95±0.0b
0.01 75±0.0fg 78.33±1.67d 78.33±1.67f 95±0.0b
0.01 60±0.0j 61.67±1.67f 71.67±1.67g 70±0.0h
0.01 46.67±1.67k 45±0.0g 45±0.0l 75±0.0g
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 91.67±1.67bc 91.67±1.67bc 90±0.0d 100±0 a
0.01 71.67±1.67gh 70±0.0e 85±0.0e 80±0.0f
0.01 65±0.0i 65±0.0ef 66.67±1.67h 83.33±1.67e
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 91.67±1.67bc 90±0.0c 100±0 a 90±0.0c
0.01 80±0.0e 80±0.0d 80±0.0f 90±0.0c
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 95±0.0abc 95±0.0bc 95±0.0b
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
157
insecticides with plant extracts through the water against Anopheles larvae of
mosquitoes.
against Anopheles larvae. After 2 hrs, highest mortality (100%) was noted with a mixture
of datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti
followed by datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti
(96.67%), kor tumma, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti (95%) and least
mortality value (83.33%) datura leaf, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti with
high concentration (10%) of solution against Anopheles larvae. After the interval of 128
hrs, 100% mortality was noted with all the combinations of plant extracts with Bti in all the
158
Table 4.60: LC50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for significant plant extracts water with significant insecticides and Bti against
Anopheles larvae.
Datura leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 312.70±2.40 278.10±1.20 248.74±0.99 212.53±0.75 180.71±0.32 150.131±0.057
Datura fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 314.56±3.0 270.0±2.10 241.74±1.49 208.65±1.08 178.40±0.18 148.121±0.057
Kor tumma - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 318.70±2.10 282.10±1.20 249.22±1.02 214.30±0.71 183.82±0.47 154.114±0.054
Chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 328.50±1.0 288.60±0.90 254.65±0.73 221.66±0.58 198.27±0.11 165.058±0.024
Datura leaf, datura fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 315.50±1.70 285.20±1.10 255.21±0.89 222.58±0.68 200.90±0.29 171.307±0.115
Datura leaf, kor tumma - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 319.10±1.0 291.0±0.90 260.97±0.61 227.48±0.48 206.85±0.26 175.169±0.016
Datura leaf, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 324.70±2.52 295.20±2.0 265.87±1.12 232.48±0.88 208.59±0.25 180.076±0.028
Datura fruit, kor tumma - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 313.20±2.30 280.0±2.0 253.26±1.71 229.35±0.82 205.73±0.27 178.136±0.046
Datura fruit, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 317.70±2.0 281.60±1.50 250.67±1.0 224.45±0.76 197.39±0.14 167.114±0.043
Kor tumma, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 315.80±2.0 282.60±1.50 251.74±1.01 214.33±0.66 185.36±0.14 165.085±0.029
Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 304.30±2.0 274.0±1.50 245.34±1.0 210.98±0.85 180.53±0.21 159.086±0.030
Datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 298.40±3.0 268.70±2.10 237.20±1.32 205.93±0.70 176.14±0.53 145.199±0.080
Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 291.10±2.23 257.40±1.10 228.70±0.80 198.70±0.60 166.70±0.40 135.433±0.151
159
LC50 of significant plant extracts through water and significant insecticides
Table (4.60) showed that the LC50 of with datura leaf, significant insecticides and
Bti against Anopheles larvae was (312.70±2.40) ppm after 2 hrs that decreased after the
interval of 64 hrs to (150.131±0.057) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit, significant
(148.121±0.057) ppm. The LC50 value of kor tumma, significant insecticides and Bti was
LC50 value of chebr fruit, significant insecticides, and Bti was (328.50±1.0) ppm after 2 hrs
that also decreased after 64 hrs to (165.058±0.024) ppm. The LC50 value of datura leaf,
datura fruit, significant insecticides, and Bti was (315.50±1.70) ppm after 2 hrs that also
decreased after 64 hrs to (171.307±0.115) ppm. The LC50 value of datura leaf, kor tumma,
64 hrs to (175.169±0.016) ppm. The LC50 value of datura leaf, chebr fruit, significant
(180.076±0.028) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit, kor tumma, significant insecticides,
(178.136±0.046) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit, chebr fruit, significant insecticides,
(167.114±0.043) ppm. The LC50 value of kor tumma, chebr fruit, significant insecticides,
(165.085±0.029) ppm. The LC50 value of datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, significant
(159.086±0.030) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit, significant
(145.199±0.080) ppm. Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit, significant
datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma chebr fruit, significant insecticides, and Bti had less
LC50 value that means this mixture of datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma chebr fruit,
significant insecticides, and Bti was more potent and played a significant role in mortality
as shown in the table.
160
Table 4.61: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for plant extracts through the water with significant insecticides and Bti against
Anopheles larvae.
Sig. Plants Vs,Bti, Sig. Insecticides 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.10% 1.0% 10.0%
1. Datura leaf (Water) - Bti, sig.inse. 19.62±1.01 14.94±0.67 9.93±0.51 7.63±0.35 4.01±0.20 2.61±0.08
2. Datura fruit (Water) - Bti, sig.inse. 19.77±0.97 14.01±0.49 9.14±0.38 7.84±0.27 4.05±0.19 2.69±0.04
3. Kor tumma (Water) - Bti, sig.inse. 19.39±0.99 14.46±0.482 9.95±0.45 7.28±0.34 4.0±0.30 2.75±0.11
4. Chebr fruit (Water) - Bti, sig.inse. 21.93±1.11 16.21±0.59 11.84±0.43 9.74±0.34 6.0±0.30 3.75±0.14
5. Datura leaf, datura fruit (Water) - Bti, sig.inse. 20.53±1.09 15.11±0.58 10.36±0.33 8.02±0.20 5.64±0.13 2.52±0.01
6. Datura leaf, kor tumma (Water) - Bti, sig.inse. 20.63±1.04 15.61±0.59 10.69±0.36 8.86±0.30 5.67±0.19 2.54±0.01
7. Datura leaf, chebr fruit (Water) - Bti, sig.inse. 20.58±0.96 15.37±0.57 10.39±0.37 8.23±0.29 5.99±0.20 2.65±0.04
8. Datura fruit, kor tumma (Water) - Bti, sig.inse. 19.92±0.93 14.39±0.57 9.15±0.36 7.94±0.29 5.75±0.21 2.52±0.01
9. Datura fruit, chebr fruit (Water) - Bti, sig.inse. 19.84±0.89 14.07±0.57 9.19±0.38 7.30±0.31 5.87±0.20 2.41±0.08
10. Kor tumma, chebr fruit (Water) - Bti, sig.inse. 19.84±0.89 14.41±0.57 9.53±0.37 7.30±0.31 5.85±0.20 2.32±0.02
11. Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma (Water) - Bti, sig.inse. 18.96±0.88 13.50±0.58 8.65±0.36 6.48±0.30 4.99±0.19 2.25±0.03
12. Datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit (Water) - Bti, sig.inse. 18.47±0.85 13.61±0.41 8.04±0.37 6.46±0.29 4.91±0.21 2.23±0.02
13. Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit (Water) - Bti,sig.inse. 14.12±0.52 9.15±0.51 5.93±0.30 4.78±0.29 3.55±0.14 2.15±0.01
161
LT50 of significant plant extracts through water and significant insecticides
Table (4.61) showed that the LT50 value for Anopheles larvae of datura leaf extract
through water and significant insecticides with Bti was (19.62±1.01) hrs at 0.01%
LT50 value for datura fruit and significant insecticides with Bti was (19.77±0.97) hrs at
solution. The LT50 value for kor tumma and significant insecticides with Bti was
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for chebr fruit and significant insecticides
with Bti was (21.93±1.11) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (3.75±0.14) hrs at
10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for datura leaf, datura fruit and
significant insecticides with Bti was (20.53±1.09) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased
kor tumma and significant insecticides with Bti was (20.63±1.04) hrs at 0.01%
LT50 value for datura leaf, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti was (20.58±0.96)
solution. The LT50 value for kor tumma, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma and
to (2.25±0.03) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for datura fruit,
kor tumma, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti was (18.47±0.85) hrs at 0.01%
LT50 value for datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit and significant insecticides
with Bti was (14.12±0.52) hrs at 0.01% con0centration that decreased to (2.15±0.01) hrs at
10.0% concentration of the solution. From this table we can note that the solution having
mixture of datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit, and Bti had less LT50 value that
means this mixture of datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit Bti was more potent
162
insecticides with plant extracts through ether against Aedes larvae of
mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc.(%) Kor Datura Charita+Bti+sig.i Neem Kor tumma+
tumma+Bti+sig.i leaf+Bti+sig.inse. nse. leaf+Bti+sig.inse. datura
nse. leaf+Bti+sig.inse.
2 63.94±6.87g 52.28±5.84f 51.84±5.68g 54.50±6.29f 63.11±7.21f
4 72.28±6.24f 72.28±5.46e 67.56±5.64f 72.0±5.41e 74.50±5.79e
8 79.89±5.04e 82.94±4.02d 78.22±5.80e 81.56±4.31d 81.28±4.36d
16 86.0±3.50d 89.61±2.55c 85.17±4.11d 87.67±2.94c 87.67±2.94c
32 88.50±2.78c 94.33±0.90b 89.33±2.68c 93.50±0.93b 93.50±0.93b
64 94.94±1.22b 97±0.0a 93.67±1.34b 98±0.0a 99±0.0a
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 100±0 a 97.62±1.18a 92.13±1.11a 98.57±0.78a 100±0 a
1 94.81±0.68a 91.48±1.86b 91.0±1.98b 91.95±1.60b 95.05±0.66a
0.1 91.48±1.69b 90.05±2.71c 88.38±2.88c 90.52±2.36c 92.90±1.31b
0.01 86.67±2.52c 85.05±3.55d 84.10±3.79d 84.57±3.62d 86.48±2.91c
0.01 70.33±4.57d 74.81±5.50e 71.0±4.83e 71.71±5.27e 72.48±5.28d
0.01 56.76±6.05e 63.38±6.71f 52.24±6.52f 63.14±6.70f 63.86±6.43e
2 10 96±0.0a 80±0.0c 76.33±1.67de 85±0.0c 96±0.0a
1 85.67±1.67bc 72.67±1.67d 70±0.0f 75±0.0d 88.33±3.33bc
0.1 76±0.0e 61±0.0f 60±0.0i 65±0.0f 78.33±1.67d
0.01 65±0.0g 51±0.0g 48.33±1.67j 51±0.0g 60±0.0g
0.01 35±0.0k 31±0.0j 30±0.0k 31±0.0i 30±0.0j
0.01 18±0.0m 12±0.0k 12±0.0m 12±0.0j 18±0.0k
4 10 100±0 a 92.33±1.67a 90±0.0b 96±0.0a 100±0 a
1 95±0.0a 86.67±1.67b 90±0.0c 91.67±1.67bc 100±0 a
0.1 88.33±1.67cd 93.33±1.67b 81.67±1.67de 85.67±3.33bc 95±0.0b
0.01 80±0.0e 78.33±1.67d 73.33±1.67fg 75±0.0e 78.33±3.33e
0.01 53.33±3.33i 50±0.0h 56.67±1.67j 51.67±1.67g 51.67±1.67h
0.01 30±0.0l 40±0.0i 26.67±1.67l 40±0.0h 40±0.0i
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 91.67±1.67bc 90±0.0b 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 65±0.0h 76.67±1.67d 68.33±1.67hi 68.33±3.33f 66.67±1.67fg
0.01 46.67±1.67j 55±0.0g 35±0.0k 55±0.0g 55±0.0h
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 75±0.0f 90±0.0b 80±0.0e 80±0.0d 80±0.0de
0.01 65±0.0h 71.67±1.67e 55±0.0j 70±0.0f 70±0.0f
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 85±0.0d 100±0 a 90±0.0c 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 70±0.0g 90±0.0b 70±0.0gh 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 100±0 a 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 86.67±1.67d 100±0 a 85±0.0d 100±0 a 100±0 a
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
163
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor tumma+ Kor tumma+ Datura leaf+ Datura
charita+Bti+sig.inse. neem charita+Bti+sig.inse. leaf+neem
leaf+Bti+sig.inse. leaf+Bti+sig.inse.
2 60.06±6.74f 55.89±6.56f 52.56±6.05f 55.06±5.89f
4 70.06±5.49e 70.33±5.19e 71.17±5.21e 72.56±4.97e
8 80.17±4.36d 82.67±3.88d 81.56±3.77d 81.11±3.80d
16 87.94±2.89c 88.78±2.75c 88.78±2.43c 88.50±2.30c
32 93.50±0.93b 93.78±0.92b 93.50±0.93b 92.94±1.08b
64 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 100±0 a 99.29±0.39a 98.10±1.06a 98.33±0.93a
1 93.38±1.07b 92.90±1.31b 91.95±1.81b 92.19±1.58b
0.1 90.05±2.12c 88.86±2.60c 89.10±2.40c 89.57±2.44c
0.01 84.33±3.39d 84.10±3.72d 82.43±4.06d 83.14±3.53d
0.01 71.29±5.69e 73.67±5.59e 73.90±5.16e 74.38±4.91e
0.01 65.57±6.17f 65.57±6.37f 65.57±6.67f 66.52±6.44f
2 10 95±0.0a 90±0.0b 81.67±1.67cd 83.33±1.67e
1 81.67±1.67cd 65.33±1.67e 71.67±1.67e 75±0.0g
0.1 71.0±2.89f 60±0.0g 65±0.0f 65±0.0i
0.01 56.67±1.67h 51±0.0i 45±0.0i 51±0.0k
0.01 25±0.0l 25±0.0k 30±0.0k 31±0.0m
0.01 20±0.0m 18±0.0l 12±0.0l 18±0.0n
4 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 93.33±1.67bc
0.1 85±0.0de 80±0.0f 85±0.0d 85±0.0f
0.01 70±0.0g 71.67±1.67g 70±0.0f 75±0.0h
0.01 48.33±1.67j 53.33±1.67i 55±0.0h 60±0.0j
0.01 40±0.0k 40±0.0j 40±0.0j 40±0.0l
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 98.33±1.67ab 100±0 a 96.67±1.67ab 100±0 a
0.01 86.67±1.67cd 90±0.0c 86.67±1.67cd 85±0.0f
0.01 65±0.0h 70±0.0g 70±0.0f 71.67±1.67i
0.01 55±0.0i 60±0.0h 60±0.0g 60±0.0j
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 98.33±1.67ab 95±0.0b
0.01 81.67±1.67e 86.67±1.67d 83.33±1.67d 85±0.0f
0.01 70±0.0g 70±0.0g 75±0.0e 75±0.0h
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0 b 96.67±1.67b 95±0 b 90±0 de
0.01 90±0 c 90±0 c 90±0 c 91.67±1.67cd
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
164
(c) Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding Bti and significant insecticides
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Charita+ neem Kor tumma+ datura Datura leaf+ Kor
leaf+Bti+sig.inse. leaf+ charita+ neem tumma+datura
charita+Bti+sig.inse. leaf+Bti+sig.inse. leaf+ charita+
neem
leaf+Bti+sig.inse.
2 58.22±5.87f 65.61±6.44f 64.50±6.30f 70.11±5.21f
4 71.83±4.99e 75.17±4.77e 75.17±4.87e 77.67±4.39e
8 82.67±3.50d 82.39±3.66d 82.11±3.80d 83.22±3.64d
16 88.22±2.43c 88.22±2.36c 88.22±2.69c 88.78±2.56c
32 91.83±1.47b 92.67±1.14b 93.22±1.01b 92.67±1.14b
64 96±0 a 97±0 a 97±0 a 98±0 a
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 98.33±0.80a 100±0 a 99.52±0.33a 100±0 a
1 92.90±1.31b 95.52±0.33a 94.05±0.56a 96±0.0a
0.1 90.29±2.05c 91.71±1.63b 92.14±1.17b 92.86±0.81b
0.01 84.81±2.91d 84.81±2.86c 84.10±3.48c 86.71±2.79c
0.01 73.14±4.92e 73.62±4.61d 72.67±4.74d 72.67±4.50d
0.01 66.76±5.97f 68.38±5.55e 68.86±5.47e 72.43±4.62d
2 10 85±0.0c 9800±0.0a 91.67±1.67b 100±0 a
1 78.33±1.67d 91.67±1.67b 88.33±1.67c 100±0 a
0.1 70±0.0e 75±0.0e 80±0.0e 86±0.0c
0.01 60±0.0g 62±0.0h 55±0.0j 62.67±1.67e
0.01 31±0.0j 38±0.0k 35±0.0l 41±0.0g
0.01 22±0.0k 26±0.0l 28±0.0m 35±0.0h
4 10 92.33±1.67ab 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 88±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 86.67±1.67cd 90±0.0c 95±0.0bc 95±0.0b
0.01 75±0.0e 76.67±1.67f 70±0.0h 78.33±1.67d
0.01 60±0.0h 60±0.0i 60±0.0j 56.67±1.67f
0.01 40±0.0i 48.33±1.67j 50±0.0k 60±0.0f
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 98.33±1.67ab 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 86.67±1.67cd 85±0.0d 86.67±1.67e 90±0.0c
0.01 70±0.0f 70±0.0g 65±0.0i 65±0.0e
0.01 65±0.0g 63.33±1.67h 65±0.0i 68.33±1.67e
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 85±0.0d 83.33±1.67d 78.33±1.67f 80.0±2.89d
0.01 73.33±1.67ef 75±0.0f 75±0.0g 76.67±3.33d
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 93.33±1.67c 90±0.0c
0.01 85±0.0d 90±0.0c 90±0.0d 90±0.0c
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
165
insecticides with plant extracts through ether against Aedes larvae of
mosquitoes.
datura leaf, chariata, neem leaf and significant insecticides with Bti followed by datura leaf,
chariata, neem leaf and significant insecticides with Bti (91.67%), kor tumma, neem leaf
and significant insecticides with Bti (90%) and least mortality value (78.33%) chariata and
significant insecticides with Bti with high concentration (10%) of solution against Aedes
larvae. After the interval of 128 hrs, 100% mortality was noted with all the combinations
of plant extracts with Bti in all the concentrations as shown in the table.
166
Table 4.63: LC50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for significant plant extracts through the ether with significant insecticides and Bti
Kor tumma (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 192.40±2.50 162.60±1.70 132.79±1.65 89.40±1.36 57.46± 0.84 29.424± 0.148
Datura leaf (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 187.80±2.0 165.10±1.62 132.90±1.21 92.46±0.66 67.37±.44 37.080±0.034
Charita (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 217.50±3.0 188.60±2.41 155.69±1.93 113.57±1.0 82.15±0.56 51.070±0.030
Neem leaf (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 202.40±3.20 182.40±2.09 145.87±1.46 109.31±1.03 77.15±1.80 41.109±0.042
Kor tumma, datura leaf (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 140.10±2.50 112.40±1.77 77.77±1.36 58.90±1.02 35.21±0.79 6.430±0.108
Kor tumma, charita (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 213.40±1.20 174.60±0.75 143.50±0.50 106.55±0.31 78.50±0.26 45.151±0.068
Kor tumma, neem leaf (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 200.30±2.30 162.50±1.81 132.61±1.59 99.97±1.21 69.79±0.75 38.124±0.052
Datura leaf, charita (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 198.20±3.10 156.10±2.26 129.44±1.74 96.53±1.35 64.85±0.71 36.082±0.033
Datura leaf, neem leaf (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 199.80±3.40 172.20±2.64 142.78±1.89 115.02±1.40 79.80±1.35 44.130±0.055
Charita, neem leaf (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 220.20±1.30 189.60±0.83 143.55±0.69 104.34±0.46 79.99±0.27 43.173±0.131
Kor tumma, datura leaf, charita (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 189.20±2.40 165.35±1.84 134.56±1.0 96.24±0.82 71.28±0.65 33.586±0.205
Datura leaf, charita, neem leaf (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 195.70±1.80 170.81±0.96 141.73±0.63 106.59±0.34 74.48±0.26 37.540±0.237
Kor tumma, datura leaf, charita, neem leaf (Ether) - Bti, sig. inse. 134.10±1.10 110.44±0.63 68.83±0.54 35.13±0.25 8.81±0.18 1.817±0.482
167
insecticides and Bti against Aedes larvae.
Table (4.63) showed that the LC50 values for with kor tumma, significant
insecticides and Bti against Aedes larvae was (192.40±2.50) ppm after 2 hrs that decreased
after the interval of 64 hrs to (29.424 ± 0.148) ppm. The LC50 for datura leaf, significant
(37.080±0.034) ppm while this value for charita, significant insecticides and Bti was
(217.50±3.0) ppm after 2 hrs that decreased after 64 hrs to (51.070±0.030) ppm. The LC50
value for neem leaf, significant insecticides and Bti was (202.40±3.20) ppm after 2 hrs that
also decreased after 64 hrs to (41.109±0.042) ppm while the LC50 value for kor tumma,
datura leaf, significant insecticides, and Bti was (140.10±2.50) ppm after 2 hrs that also
decreased after 64 hrs to (6.430±0.108) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, charita,
64 hrs to (45.151±0.068) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, neem leaf, significant
(38.124±0.052) ppm. The LC50 value for datura leaf, charita, significant insecticides, and
ppm. The LC50 value for datura leaf, neem leaf, significant insecticides, and Bti was
LC50 value for charita, neem leaf, significant insecticides, and Bti was (220.20±1.30) ppm
after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (43.173±0.131) ppm. The LC50 value for kor
tumma, datura leaf, charita, significant insecticides, and Bti was (189.20±2.40) ppm after 2
hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (33.586±0.205) ppm. The LC50 value for datura leaf,
charita, neem leaf, significant insecticides, and Bti was (195.70±1.80) ppm after 2 hrs that
leaf, charita, neem leaf, significant insecticides, and Bti was (134.10±1.10) ppm after 2 hrs
that also decreased after 64 hrs to (1.817±0.482) ppm.
leaf, charita, neem leaf, significant insecticides, and Bti had less LC50 value that means this
solution of kor tumma, datura leaf, charita, neem leaf, significant insecticides, and Bti was
168
Table 4.64: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for plant extracts through the ether with significant insecticides and Bti
1. Kor tumma - Bti, sig.inse. (Ether) 10.55 ± 1.27 6.17 ± 0.82 3.53 ± 0.50 2.58 ± 0.22 1.41 ± 0.11 0.90 ± 0.01
2. Datura leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Ether) 9.22 ± 0.81 5.11 ± 0.47 2.61 ± 0.25 1.41 ± 0.18 1.07 ± 0.12 0.76 ± 0.02
3. Charita - Bti, sig.inse. (Ether) 10.95 ± 1.16 5.17 ± 0.72 2.80 ± 0.48 1.51 ± 0.31 1.22 ± 0.20 0.99 ± 0.05
4. Neem leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Ether) 12.25 ± 0.81 6.14 ± 0.68 4.10 ± 0.38 3.33 ± 0.32 1.91 ± 0.20 1.14 ± 0.03
5. Kor tumma, datura leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Ether) 8.23 ± 0.62 4.89 ± 0.48 3.44 ± 0.30 2.93 ± 0.32 1.57 ± 0.22 0.88 ± 0.12
6. Kor tumma, charita - Bti, sig.inse. (Ether) 9.19 ± 0.92 5.03 ± 0.62 4.74 ± 0.52 3.11 ± 0.39 1.75 ± 0.24 0.95 ± 0.14
7. Kor tumma, neem leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Ether) 8.81 ± 0.71 4.66 ± 0.51 3.61 ± 0.38 2.22 ± 0.37 1.73 ± 0.21 0.91 ± 0.09
8. Datura leaf, charita - Bti, sig.inse. (Ether) 8.56 ± 1.22 4.19 ± 0.66 3.01 ± 0.40 2.06 ± 0.38 1.94 ± 0.18 0.99 ± 0.04
9. Datura leaf, neem leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (ether) 8.28 ± 0.57 4.12 ± 0.48 3.39 ± 0.33 2.10 ± 0.26 1.84 ± 0.18 0.87 ± 0.06
10. Charita, neem leaf - Bti,s ig.inse. (Ether) 8.07 ± 0.66 4.06 ± 0.44 3.05 ± 0.33 2.95 ± 0.19 1.79 ± 0.16 0.74 ± 0.02
11. Kor tumma, datura leaf, charita - Bti, sig.inse. (Ether) 6.23 ± 0.55 3.90 ± 0.42 2.22 ± 0.36 1.97 ± 0.28 1.09 ± 0.18 0.81 ± 0.01
12. Datura leaf, charita, neem leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Ether) 5.08 ± 0.75 3.83 ± 0.60 2.11 ± 0.38 1.64 ± 0.29 1.01 ± 0.16 0.67 ± 0.03
13. Kor tumma, datura leaf, charita, neem leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Ether) 4.06 ± 0.82 2.55 ± 0.51 0.98 ± 0.30 0.35 ± 0.22 - -
169
and Bti against Aedes larvae.
insecticides with Bti against Anopheles larvae were (10.55 ± 1.27) hrs at 0.01%
for neem leaf and significant insecticides with Bti was (12.25 ± 0.81) hrs at 0.01%
for kor tumma, datura leaf and significant insecticides with Bti was (8.23 ± 0.62) hrs at
0.01% concentration that decreased to (0.88 ± 0.12) at 10.0% concentration of solution.
The LT50 values for kor tumma, charita and significant insecticides with Bti was (9.19 ±
0.92) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (0.95 ± 0.14) at 10.0% concentration of
solution. The LT50 values for kor tumma, neem leaf and significant insecticides with Bti
were (8.81 ± 0.71) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (0.91 ± 0.09) hrs at 10.0%
concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for datura leaf, charita and significant
insecticides with Bti were (8.56 ± 1.22) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (0.99
± 0.04) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for datura leaf, neem
leaf and significant insecticides with Bti LT50 were (8.28 ± 0.57) hrs at 0.01% concentration
that decreased to (0.87 ± 0.06) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values
for charita, neem leaf and significant insecticides with Bti were (8.07 ± 0.66) hrs at 0.01%
concentration that decreased to (0.74 ± 0.02) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution.
The LT50 values for kor tumma, datura leaf, charita and significant insecticides with Bti
was (6.23 ± 0.55) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased to (0.81 ± 0.01) hrs at 10.0%
concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for datura leaf, charita, neem leaf and
significant insecticides with Bti was (5.08 ± 0.75) hrs at 0.01% concentration that decreased
to (0.67 ± 0.03) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 values for kor tumma,
datura leaf, charita, neem leaf and significant insecticides with Bti was (4.06 ± 0.82) hrs at
0.01% concentration that decreased to (0.35 ± 0.22) hrs at 0.1% concentration of the
solution. From this table we can note that the solution having mixture of kor tumma, datura
leaf, charita, neem leaf and significant insecticides with Bti had less LT50 value that means
this mixture of kor tumma, datura leaf, charita, neem leaf and significant insecticides with
Bti was more potent and played a significant role in mortality as shown in the table.
170
Table 4.65: Percent mortality and LC50 (Mean ± SE) in combination of two significant
factors after 32 hrs against Aedes aegypti larvae.
Sr. # Two factors % mortality at LC50±SE FL at 95%
combination 0.01 % con. ±SE C.I
1 Kor tumma + Datura leaf 65 ±0.013 147.02±0.016 141.41-153.25

2 Kor tumma + Charita 55±0.015 155.01±0.022 147.25-163.22
3 Kor tumma + Bti 75±0.017 141.14±0.072 130.56-170.11
4 Kor tumma + 90±0.031 108.25±0.077 99.37-115.75
Deltamethrin
5 Kor tumma + Mortein 85±0.041 105.12±0.025 94.61-120.20
liquid
6 Datura leaf + Charita 73±0.121 154.02±0.030 143.26-169.69
7 Datura leaf + Bti 72.67±0.1 121.01±0.04 112.29-131.55
8 Datura leaf + 91.67±0.1 103.14±0.041 91.31-118.50
Deltamethrin
9 Datura leaf + Mortein 88±0.021 101.10±0.020 88.85-114.10
liquid
10 Charita + Bti 66±0.122 135±0.03 122.20-146.11
11 Charita + Deltamethrin 88.33±0.1 132.12±0.056 120.52-147.36
12 Charita + Mortein liquid 85±0.034 125.10±0.033 115.08-136.33
13 Bti + Deltamethrin 75±0.032 66.53±0.38 56.25-77.65
14 Bti + Mortein liquid 73±0.123 99.20±0.51 92.35-108.23
15 Deltamethrin + Mortein 96±0.221 47.30+-0.33 43.22-56.34
liquid
Mortality was seen in chemicals (76.9%) followed by plant extracts (68.2%) and then Bti
(57.5%) with LC50 value (188.4 ppm). In case of two factors combination, some
combinations antagonist the effect of their partner component (kor tumma alone caused
68% mortality while in combination caused 65 and 55% mortality with datura leaf and
charita respectively) and some synergist the effect of their partner (combinations of plant
extracts with chemicals caused more than 70% mortality) as shown in the table 5. Highest
mortality (96%) was seen in combination of both chemicals (deltamethrin and mortein
liquid) followed by combination of datura leaf and deltamethrin (91.67%) and least
mortality (66%) was seen in case of charita and Bti combination. In case of LC50,
combinations having plant extracts had greater values (more than 100 ppm) as compared
to other combinations (less than 100 ppm) as shown in table (4.65).
171
Table 4.66: Percent mortality and LC50 (Mean ± SE) in combination of three significant
Sr. # Three factors combination % mortality LC50±SE FL at 95%

at 0.01 % C.I
con. ±SE
1 Kor tumma + Datura leaf + Charita 68±0.012 145.01±0.014 138.25-152.47
2 Kor tumma + Datura leaf + Bti 72±0.032 78.04±0.019 65.56-85.74
3 Kor tumma + Datura leaf + 95±0.019 99.63±0.534 88.46-108.40

Deltamethrin
4 Kor tumma + Datura leaf + Mortein 91±0.021 96.52±0.234 85.38-110.15
liquid
5 Kor tumma + Charita + Bti 75±0.096 95±0.012 87.21-104.11
6 Kor tumma + Charita + Deltamethrin 95±0.054 101.43±0.054 92.65-111.01
7 Kor tumma + Charita + Mortein liquid 90±0.121 99.21±0.034 80.21-109.35
8 Kor tumma + Bti + Deltamethrin 90±0.092 57.46± 0.84 49.32-65.39
9 Kor tumma + Bti + Mortein liquid 86±0.076 59.42± 0.54 52.01-64.62
10 Kor tumma + Deltamethrin + Mortein 90±0.023 98.24±0.079 90.20-105.40

liquid
11 Datura leaf + Charita + Bti 75±0.012 93±0.011 85.43-99.09
12 Datura leaf + Charita + Deltamethrin 100±0.01 121.35±0.136 115.13-130.48
13 Datura leaf + Charita + Mortein liquid 98±0.02 116.31±0.098 108.47-125.11
14 Datura leaf + Bti + Deltamethrin 100±0.01 67.37±0.44 60.36-72.25
15 Datura leaf + Bti + Mortein liquid 95±0.02 70.20±0.26 65.25-77.96
16 Datura leaf + Deltamethrin + Mortein 91±0.02 94.13±0.049 86.36-103.50

liquid
17 Charita + Bti + Deltamethrin 100±0.01 71.15±0.56 65.35-76.52
18 Charita + Bti + Mortein liquid 95±0.02 74.74±0.13 68.19-79.20
19 Charita + Deltamethrin + Mortein 88.33±0.12 90.12± 0.051 82.47-126.36

liquid
20 Bti + Deltamethrin + Mortein liquid 100±0.01 47.30±0.33 40.28-55.25
172
Table 4.67: Percent mortality and LC50 (Mean ± SE) in combination of four significant
Sr. # Four factors combination % mortality LC 50±SE FL at 95%

at 0.01 % C.I
con. ±SE
1 Kor tumma + Datura leaf + Charita + Bti 90±0.12 92.0188±0.0147 86.33-97.25
2 Kor tumma + Datura leaf + Charita + 100±0.01 88.8521±0.8678 80.43-96.57

Deltamethrin
Mortein liquid
4 Kor tumma + Charita + Bti + 100±0.01 78.50±0.26 69.87-88.63
Deltamethrin
5 Kor tumma + Charita + Bti + Mortein 98±0.02 80.25±0.22 71.35-93.65
liquid
6 Kor tumma + Charita + Deltamethrin + 95±0.12 94.4105±0.0928 85.25-100.67
Mortein liquid
7 Kor tumma + Datura leaf + Bti + 100±0.0 89.6740±0.2243 81.77-96.80
Deltamethrin
8 Kor tumma + Datura leaf + Bti + Mortein 95±0.10 90.52±0.2216 82.45-105.75
liquid
9 Kor tumma + Datura leaf + Deltamethrin 95±0.11 89.67±0.2243 76.68-96.65
+ Mortein liquid
10 Datura leaf + Charita + Bti + 100±0.0 64.85±0.71 58.62-75.45
Deltamethrin
11 Datura leaf + Charita + Bti + Mortein 95±0.04 66.45±0.63 58.40-80.33
liquid
12 Datura leaf + Charita + Deltamethrin + 100±0.01 82.33±0.1538 75.69-117.65
Mortein liquid
13 Datura leaf + Bti + Deltamethrin + 100±0.0 67.37±0.44 59.60-74.25
Mortein liquid
14 Charita + Bti + Deltamethrin + Mortein 100±0.0 82.15±0.56 77.20-87.74
liquid
15 Kor tumma + Bti + Deltamethrine + 100±0.0 57.46± 0.84 52.66-66.31
Mortein liquid
In case of three factors combination, all the combinations showed more than 80% mortality.
Highest (100%) mortality was observed in combination of Bti, deltamethrine and mortein
liquid with least LC50 value (47.3 ppm) while least mortality (68%) was observed in case
of kor tumma, datura leaf and charita with 145 ppm LC50 value as shown in table (4.66). In
case of four factors combination, all the combinations showed more than 95% mortality at
173
0.01% concentration after 32 h. Highest (100%) mortality was observed in combination of
Kor tumma, Bti, deltamethrine and mortein liquid with least LC50 value (57.46 ppm) while
least mortality (90%) was observed in case of kor tumma, datura leaf, charita and Bti with
92.01 ppm LC50 value as shown in table (4.67).
Table 4.68: Percent mortality and LC50 (Mean ± SE) in combination of five and six
significant factors after 32 hrs against Aedes aegypti larvae.
Sr. # Five and six factors combinations % mortality at LC50±SE FL at 95%

0.01 % con. ±SE C.I
1 Kor tumma + Datura leaf + Charita + Bti + 100±0.01 71.28±0.65 66.82-76.96

Deltamethrin
2 Kor tumma + Datura leaf + Charita + Bti + 100±0.0 73.14±0.47 68.20-78.25
Mortein liquid
3 Kor tumma + Datura leaf + Bti + Deltamethrin 100±0.01 45.21±0.79 35.29-56.45
+ Mortein liquid
4 Kor tumma + Charita + Bti + Deltamethrin + 100±0.01 78.50±0.26 71.11-85.69
Mortein liquid
5 Datura leaf + Charita + Bti + Deltamethrin + 98.33±0.01 84.85±0.71 58.54-99.99
Mortein liquid
Deltamethrin + Mortein liquid
Bti+Deltamethrin + Mortein liquid
In case of five and six factors combinations, all the combinations except one (datura leaf,
charita, Bti, deltamethrin and mortein liquid) gave 100 % mortality at 0.01 % concentration
after 32 h as shown in table (4.68). The most potent combination was of kor tumma, datura
leaf, Bti, deltamethrin and mortein liquid with least LC 50 value (45.21 ppm).
174
Table 4.69 (a): Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding Bti and significant
insecticides with plant extracts through methanol against Aedes larvae of
mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor Charita+Bti+sig.i Akk Chebr Kor tumma+
tumma+Bti+sig.i nse. leaf+Bti+sig.inse. fruit+Bti+sig.inse charita+Bti+sig.i
nse. . nse.
2 58.78±7.28g 46.44±7.43g 47.83±7.19f 47.0±5.86g 56.17±8.0g
4 69.78±6.60f 56.17±7.51f 59.50±6.74e 58.39±5.74f 65.61±7.75f
8 76.28±5.39e 66.28±6.89e 68.50±5.59d 64.89±5.12e 71.83±6.77e
16 82.67±4.06d 77.39±5.90d 81.83±3.46c 75.17±3.80d 79.89±5.29d
32 89.33±2.39c 86.83±3.46c 91.0±1.40b 81.83±2.50c 85.83±3.16c
64 94.06±0.82b 93.50±1.36b 95.17±0.45a 89.89±1.88b 92.67±1.14b
128 100±0 a 99.17±0.45a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 95.29±0.39a 94.33±0.80a 95.29±0.39a 93.14±1.17a 94.57±0.70a
1 94.57±0.78a 91.71±1.48b 87.19±2.21b 83.86±2.43b 93.33±0.80a
0.1 87.81±2.01b 80.29±4.07c 85.29±3.13c 79.57±3.40c 90.76±1.71b
0.01 83.14±2.98c 73.86±4.89d 73.86±4.89d 69.33±4.26d 84.57±2.91c
0.01 69.57±4.66d 67.90±5.72e 67.67±5.70e 63.38±4.75e 58.19±6.03d
0.01 52.71±7.30e 39.43±8.01f 52.71±8.14f 48.86±6.81f 49.43±7.48e
2 10 90±0.0bc 85±0.0d 90±0.0b 80±0.0de 85.67±1.67cd
1 85±0.0de 76.67±1.67f 70±0.0f 66±0.0k 81±0.0d
0.1 70±0.0h 50±0.0j 55±0.0h 51±0.0m 72.33±1.67f
0.01 60±0.0i 35±0.0l 35±0.0k 41±0.0o 60±0.0h
0.01 35±0.0k 25±0.0m 25±0.0l 32±0.0p 21±0.0k
0.01 4±0.0m 0±0.0p 4±0.0n 9±0.0r 5±0.0m
4 10 100±0 a 92.33±1.67ab 100±0 a 91±0.0b 92.33±1.67ab
1 100±0 a 85.67±1.67d 80±0.0e 76.67±1.67hi 88.33±1.67ab
0.1 86.67±1.67ef 60±0.0i 80±0.0e 71.67±1.67jk 82±0.0d
0.01 73.33±3.33h 55±0.0j 55±0.0i 55±0.0m 75±0.0f
0.01 51.67±1.67j 45±0.0k 45±0.0j 50±0.0n 30±0.0j
0.01 25±0.0l 5±0.0o 15±0.0m 20±0.0q 20±0.0l
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 96.67±1.67bc 86.67±1.67cd 83.33±1.67ef 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0bc 80±0.0fg 88.33±1.67cd 78.33±1.67ghi 95±0.0bc
0.01 81.67±1.67g 70±0.0h 70±0.0g 61.67±1.67l 85±0.0e
0.01 66.67±1.67i 60±0.0i 60±0.0h 55±0.0m 45±0.0i
0.01 38.33±1.67k 15±0.0n 30±0.0l 35±0.0p 30±0.0j
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 96.67±1.67ab 90±0.0c 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 95±0.0c 96.67±3.33ab 90±0.0c 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0de 85±0.0e 85±0.0d 75±0.0ij 95±0.0bc
0.01 75±0.0h 78.33±1.67g 76.67±1.67ef 65±0.0l 63.33±3.33h
0.01 55±0.0j 30±0.0m 60±0.0h 55±0.0m 45±0.0i
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 90±0.0c 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 95±0.0c 95±0.0b 81.67±1.67efg 100±0 a
0.01 85±0.0fg 90±0.0d 90±0.0c 78.33±1.67ghi 75±0.0f
0.01 75±0.0h 60±0.0i 85±0.0d 70±0.0k 70±0.0g
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0b 100±0 a
0.01 96.67±1.67ab 100±0 a 100±0 a 88.33±3.33cd 90±0.0d
0.01 91.67±1.67cd 85±0.0e 95±0.0b 80±0.0fgh 90±0.0d
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 95±0.0c 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
175
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor tumma+ akk Kor tumma+ Charita+ akk Charita+ chebr
leaf+Bti+sig.inse. chebr leaf+Bti+sig.inse. fruit+Bti+sig.inse.
fruit+Bti+sig.inse.
2 55.33±7.72g 55.06±7.83f 43.19±6.35f 45.89±6.28g
4 66.17±7.62f 64.78±7.42e 54.39±6.64e 56.17±6.0f
8 72.39±6.50e 72.67±6.09d 65.33±6.52d 66.83±5.62e
16 79.89±5.11d 80.72±4.77c 76.28±5.82c 77.94±4.39d
32 87.67±2.94c 88.50±3.11b 86.83±3.46b 89.33±2.18c
64 93.78±0.83b 94.33±0.90a 94.06±1.15a 93.78±1.23b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 99.44±0.38a 99.44±0.38a
10 95.29±0.39a 100±0 a 92.19±1.42a 91.71±1.63a
1 93.57±0.78a 92.14±1.17b 85.0±2.60b 84.29±2.63b
0.1 89.52±1.95b 89.05±2.06c 80.52±4.02c 79.81±3.78c
0.01 81.24±3.66c 77.19±4.22d 74.10±4.84d 76.71±4.12d
0.01 61.76±6.0d 69.10±5.49e 67.67±5.61e 70.76±4.97e
0.01 49.38±7.33e 48.0±7.56f 39.14±8.23f 45.33±7.97f
2 10 90±0.0b 100±0 a 78.33±1.67de 70±0.0e
1 85±0.0c 82±0.0c 62.33±1.67h 65±0.0g
0.1 70±0.0e 66.33±1.67de 50.0±2.89j 50.67±1.67j
0.01 51±0.0h 47.67±4.41h 35±0.0k 45±0.0k
0.01 22±0.0m 30.33±3.33j 28.67±1.67l 31.67±1.67m
0.01 9±0.0o 4±0.0l 0±0.0n 0±0.0p
4 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 90±0.0bc 90±0.0c
1 100±0 a 95±0.0ab 80±0.0ef 75±0.0f
0.1 90±0.0c 90±0.0bc 61.67±1.67i 65±0.0h
0.01 70±0.0f 61.67±1.67g 56.67±1.67ij 60±0.0i
0.01 35±0.0k 45±0.0i 45±0.0k 55±0.0j
0.01 20±0.0n 15±0.0k 5±0.0n 10±0.0o
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 85±0.0cde 85±0.0d
0.1 96.67±1.67b 95±0.0ab 80±0.0ef 75±0.0f
0.01 80±0.0d 70±0.0ef 70±0.0gh 75±0.0f
0.01 51.67±1.67i 65±0.0fg 60±0.0ij 65±0.0h
0.01 30±0.0l 30±0.0j 15±0.0m 25±0.0n
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 96.67±1.67a 95±0.0b
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0ab 90±0.0c
0.01 91.67±1.67c 85±0.0c 85±0.0cde 85±0.0d
0.01 66.67±1.67g 78.33±1.67d 75±0.0fg 76.67±1.67f
0.01 45±0.0j 45±0.0i 30±0.0l 45±0.0l
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 95±0.0ab 95±0.0b
0.01 80±0.0d 90±0.0bc 90±0.0bc 90±0.0c
0.01 70±0.0f 65±0.0fg 60±0.0ij 75±0.0f
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 91.67±1.67c 90±0.0bc 88.33±3.33cd 86.67±1.67d
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 96.67±1.67a 96.67±1.67b
176
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Akk leaf+ chebr Kor tumma+ Charita+ akk Kor tumma+
fruit+Bti+sig.inse. charita+ akk leaf+ chebr charita+ akk leaf,
leaf+Bti+sig.inse. fruit+Bti+sig.inse. chebr
fruit+Bti+sig.inse.
2 50.78±6.58g 56.44±7.0g 55.06±6.52f 57.28±6.72f
4 60.61±6.38f 68.39±6.19f 67.83±6.08e 68.94±6.08e
8 70.17±5.49e 77.11±5.49e 77.11±5.49d 77.67±5.50d
16 79.33±4.68d 86.0±3.90d 86.0±3.90c 86.0±3.90c
32 89.33±2.18c 91.67±1.81c 90.56±2.25b 91.83±2.26b
64 93.50±1.36b 93.33±0.90b 94.17±0.45a 95.17±0.45a
128 98.17±0.45a 99.44±0.38a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 95.10±1.06a 96.52±0.33a 96.57±0.78a 97.52±0.33a
1 89.62±2.09b 92.67±1.44b 92.67±1.44b 93.38±1.07b
0.1 83.38±3.28c 89.57±2.05c 88.14±2.53c 88.14±2.62c
0.01 76.95±4.03d 80.76±4.03d 81.24±3.88d 82.43±3.67d
0.01 70.29±5.05e 76.71±4.87e 76.71±4.73e 77.71±4.87e
0.01 48.0±7.34f 52.95±7.03f 53.43±7.24f 54.14±7.02f
2 10 81.67±1.67d 91.67±1.67ab 85±0.0c 91.67±1.67ab
1 71.67±1.67f 76.67±1.67de 76.67±1.67d 80.67±1.67cd
0.1 55.67±1.67i 70±0.0f 65±0.0f 62.33±3.33g
0.01 46.67±1.67k 47.33±1.67h 51.0±2.89i 50±0.0i
0.01 30±0.0m 35±0.0i 36.67±1.67j 35±0.0j
0.01 4±0.0p 9±0.0l ±0.0m 12±0.0m
4 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 81.67±1.67e 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.1 70±0.0g 85±0.0d 80±0.0d 81.67±1.67e
0.01 60±0.0i 63.33±1.67g 65±0.0g 70±0.0g
0.01 55±0.0j 60±0.0g 60±0.0h 60±0.0h
0.01 15±0.0o 25±0.0k 25±0.0l 25±0.0l
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 90±0.0c 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 85±0.0d 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 75±0.0f 81.67±1.67de 81.67±1.67d 85±0.0de
0.01 65±0.0h 75±0.0f 75±0.0e 75±0.0f
0.01 30±0.0n 35±0.0j 35±0.0k 35±0.0k
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 85±0.0d 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
0.01 75±0.0f 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c
0.01 45±0.0l 55±0.0h 55±0.0i 55±0.0i
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 100±0 a 98.33±1.67ab 100±0 a
0.01 75±0.0f 80±0.0e 75±0.0e 75±0.0f
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 85±0.0d 90±0.0c 95±0.0b 95±0.0b
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 96.67±1.67ab 100±0 a 100±0 a
177
insecticides with plant extracts through methanol against Aedes larvae of
mosquitoes.
against Aedes larvae. After 2 hrs, highest mortality (100%) was noted with mixture of kor
tumma, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti followed by the kor tumma,
chariata, akk leaf, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti (91.67%), kor tumma and
significant insecticides with Bti (90%) and least mortality value (78.33%) chariata, akk leaf
and significant insecticides with Bti with high concentration (10%) of solution against
Aedes larvae. After the interval of 128 hrs, 100% mortality was noted with all the
178
Table 4.70: LC50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for significant plant extracts through methanol with significant insecticides and Bti
Sig. Plants (methanol) Vs Sig. Insecticides, Bti 2 hrs 4 hrs 8 hrs 16 hrs 32 hrs 64 hrs
Kor tumma - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 228.50±3.10 192.60±2.54 166.77±1.84 145.57±1.27 101.65±0.51 41.120±0.024
Charita - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 236.30±2.06 199.60±1.80 173.57±1.35 150.46±0.52 107.22±0.34 47.028±0.019
Akk leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 224.50±2.70 188.40±1.80 163.54±1.41 140.27±0.79 98.32±0.28 38.046±0.011
Chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 241.0±3.04 197.10±2.60 180.40±1.75 157.53±0.63 116.14±0.21 56.041±0.023
Kor tumma, charita - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 232.30±1.80 196.50±1.30 170.68±0.97 147.39±0.40 106.17±0.13 46.102±0.024
Kor tumma, akk leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 226.30±2.40 190.0±1.65 167.42±1.20 143.33±0.55 103.51±0.14 43.126±0.032
Kor tumma, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 234.60±3.60 200.30±2.80 170.40±2.05 147.31±1.62 108.12±0.85 48.060±0.049
Charita, akk leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 240.10±1.20 95.40±0.90 172.49±0.86 153.59±0.33 112.09±0.13 52.017±0.016
Charita, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 238.10±0.90 205.60±0.72 178.60±0.52 155.27±0.44 114.16±0.07 54.025±0.020
Akk leaf, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 245.50±1.40 202.90±0.84 183.53±0.55 160.66±0.34 118.49±0.21 58.048±0.018
Kor tumma, charita, akk leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 223.10±1.60 184.70±1.20 155.29±0.89 134.81±0.53 102.33±0.35 42.134±0.045
Charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 215.70±2.10 179.80±1.60 164.29±0.99 142.91±0.53 105.59±0.25 45.115±0.044
Kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 208.70±2.45 170.50±1.70 148.37±1.19 129.12±0.58 90.04±0.41 33.161±0.151
179
insecticides and Bti against Aedes larvae.
Table (4.70) showed that the LC50 of with kor tumma, significant insecticides and
Bti against Aedes larvae was (228.50±3.10) ppm after 2 hrs that decrease after the interval
of 64 hrs to (41.120±0.024) ppm. The LC50 value for charita, significant insecticides and
ppm. The LC50 value for akk leaf, significant insecticides, and Bti was (224.50±2.70) ppm
chebr fruit, significant insecticides, and Bti was (241.0±3.04) ppm after 2 hrs that also
plant, significant insecticides, and Bti was (232.30±1.80) ppm after 2 hrs that also
decreased after 64 hrs to (46.102±0.024) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, akk leaf,
significant insecticides, and Bti was (226.30±2.40) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased
after 64 hrs to (43.126±0.032) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, chebr fruit, significant
(48.060±0.049) ppm. The LC50 value for charita, akk leaf, significant insecticides, and Bti
was (240.10±1.20) ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (52.017±0.016) ppm.
The LC50 value for charita, chebre fruit, significant insecticides, and Bti was (238.10±0.90)
ppm after 2 hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (54.025±0.020) ppm. The LC50 value for
akk leaf, chebr fruit, significant insecticides, and Bti was (245.50±1.40) ppm after 2 hrs
that also decreased after 64 hrs to (58.048±0.018) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma,
charita, akk leaf, significant insecticides, and Bti was (223.10±1.60) ppm after 2 hrs that
also decreased after 64 hrs to (42.134±0.045) ppm. The LC50 value for charita, akk leaf,
chebr, significant insecticides, and Bti was (215.70±2.10) ppm after 2 hrs that also
decreased after 64 hrs to (45.115±0.044) ppm. The LC50 value for kor tumma, charita, akk
leaf, chebr fruit, significant insecticides, and Bti was (208.70±2.45) ppm after 2 hrs that
also decreased after 64 hrs to (33.161±0.151) ppm. From this table we can note that the
solution having mixture of kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit, significant
insecticides, and Bti had less LC50 value that means this mixture of kor tumma, charita,
akk leaf, chebr fruit, significant insecticides, and Bti was more potent and played a
significant role in mortality as shown in the table.
180
Table 4.71: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for methanol extracts with significant insecticides and Bti against Aedes larvae.
Sig. Plants (methanol) Vs Sig. Insecticides, Bti 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.10% 1.0% 10.0%
1. Kor tumma - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 15.58±1.09 12.71±0.60 10.35±0.45 8.98±0.30 6.64±0.23 4.42±0.11
2. Charita - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 17.34±1.99 14.62±0.76 12.10±0.45 10.14±0.35 8.59±0.20 7.67±0.09
3. Akk leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 16.96±0.97 13.87±0.56 11.30±0.45 9.49±0.31 7.86±0.20 6.52±0.04
4. Chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 18.64±1.38 15.14±0.84 13.38±0.64 11.63±0.41 10.86±0.33 8.84±0.13
5. Kor tumma, charita - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 16.63±1.32 13.40±0.98 11.36±0.53 8.79±0.35 6.77±0.22 4.65±0.16
6. Kor tumma, akk leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 13.81±1.30 11.69±0.80 8.93±0.56 7.60±0.29 5.64±0.18 3.52±0.01
7. Kor tumma, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 14.72±1.41 12.33±0.74 10.90±0.41 8.01±0.29 5.84±0.17 3.84±0.03
8. Charita, akk leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 18.33±1.85 15.81±0.87 12.23±0.55 10.19±0.35 8.14±0.22 6.83±0.11
9. Charita, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 17.49±1.47 14.79±0.83 12.46±0.53 10.06±0.38 7.85±0.24 4.99±0.05
10. Akk leaf, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 15.98±1.51 12.93±0.94 10.38±0.63 7.63±0.43 5.90±0.30 4.69±0.14
11. Kor tumma, charita, akk leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 12.36±1.15 10.99±0.67 8.20±0.44 6.0±0.30 4.01±0.20 2.45±0.03
12. Charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 13.01±1.05 11.59±0.59 9.08±0.40 6.28±0.23 4.31±0.13 2.84±0.01
13. Kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Methanol) 11.17±1.05 8.99±0.67 6.92±0.43 4.32±0.29 3.75±0.17 2.35±0.02
181
LT50 of significant plant extracts through methanol and significant insecticides
Table (4.71) showed that the LT50 value for Aedes larvae with kor tumma extract
through methanol and significant insecticides with Bti was (15.58±1.09) hrs at 0.01%
LT50 value for charita and significant insecticides with Bti was (17.34±1.99) hrs at 0.01%
LT50 value for akk leaf and significant insecticides with Bti was (16.96±0.97) hrs at 0.01%
LT50 value for chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti was (18.64±1.38) hrs at
solution. The LT50 value for kor tumma, charita and significant insecticides with Bti was
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for kor tumma, akk leaf and significant
(3.52±0.01) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for charita, chebr
fruit and significant insecticides with Bti was (17.49±1.47) hrs at 0.01% concentration that
decreased to (4.99±0.05) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for akk
leaf, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti was (15.98±1.51) hrs at 0.01%
LT50 value for kor tumma, akk leaf, charita and significant insecticides with Bti was
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit significant
charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti was (11.17±1.05) hrs at
solution.
akk leaf, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti had less LT50 value that means this
mixture of kor tumma, charita, akk leaf, chebr fruit significant insecticides with Bti was
182
Table 4.72 (a): Comparison of means for mortality (%) regarding Bti and significant
insecticides with plant extracts through the water against Aedes larvae of
mosquitoes.
Time (hr) Conc.(%) Datura Datura Kor Chebr Datura
leaf+Bti+sig.inse. fruit+Bti+sig.inse tumma+Bti+sig.i fruit+Bti+sig.inse leaf+datura
. nse. . fruit+Bti+sig.inse
.
2 54.78±5.69f 50.78±5.86f 53.67±5.27f 50.08±6.12g 61.17±6.47g
4 64.78±5.66e 61.17±5.58e 63.39±4.95e 59.50±5.97f 69.22±6.57f
8 72.11±5.28d 71.0±4.95d 73.50±4.79d 69.06±5.27e 75.17±5.83e
16 80.17±3.73c 80.17±3.73c 81.0±3.62c 80.17±4.05d 82.94±4.24d
32 89.33±2.18b 90.72±1.87b 89.33±2.18b 89.89±2.23c 90.17±2.26c
64 95.17±0.45a 95.17±0.45a 95.17±0.45a 94.61±0.79b 94.61±0.79b
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 95.81±0.68a 95.10±1.06a 94.43±1.30a 94.38±1.07a 96.29±0.39a
1 90.95±1.60b 89.81±2.07b 89.57±2.05b 89.57±2.05b 94.57±0.78b
0.1 82.43±3.31c 81.0±3.54c 83.86±2.88c 82.43±3.42c 89.33±2.11c
0.01 74.14±4.30d 74.62±4.61d 77.43±3.57d 75.52±4.50d 84.57±2.91d
0.01 72.33±4.45e 71.0±5.35e 72.67±4.91e 68.62±5.07e 70.10±5.03e
0.01 56.05±6.57f 56.05±6.82f 56.52±6.53f 52.35±7.42f 54.38±6.69f
2 10 83.67±1.67c 81.67±1.67d 80±0.0d 78.67±1.67ef 90±0.0b
1 72±0.0e 70±0.0f 70±0.0e 70±0.0h 86±0.0c
0.1 56±0.0i 55±0.0i 60±0.0g 55±0.0j 70±0.0e
0.01 45±0.0k 41±0.0l 50±0.0h 45±0.0l 60±0.0g
0.01 40±0.0l 30±0.0n 35±0.0i 35±0.0m 35±0.0k
0.01 18±0.0o 10±0.0p 18±0.0k 9±0.0o 18±0.0n
4 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 88±0.0c 90±0.0bc 100±0 a
1 91.67±1.67c 85±0.0d 85±0.0d 85±0.0f 100±0 a
0.1 70±0.0g 65±0.0h 75.0±2.89e 70±0.0i 83.33±1.67d
0.01 55±0.0j 55±0.0j 65±0.0g 55±0.0k 75±0.0e
0.01 60±0.0i 50±0.0k 53.33±1.67h 50±0.0l 50±0.0j
0.01 30±0.0n 30±0.0o 30±0.0j 20±0.0n 25±0.0m
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 96.67±1.67b 95±0.0b 95±0.0bc 100±0 a
0.1 85±0.0d 80±0.0e 85±0.0d 80±0.0g 95±0.0b
0.01 65±0.0h 68.33±1.67g 75±0.0e 68.33±1.67i 85±0.0d
0.01 68.33±1.67g 65±0.0h 70±0.0f 58.33±1.67jk 60±0.0h
0.01 38.33±1.67m 40±0.0m 40±0.0i 36.67±1.67m 35±0.0l
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 95±0.0bc 100±0 a
0.01 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 85±0.0d 85±0.0f 95±0.0b
0.01 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 78.33±1.67e 70±0.0i 71.67±1.67f
0.01 55±0.0j 55±0.0j 56.67±1.67h 55±0.0k 55±0.0i
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 95±0.0b 90±0.0c 98.33±1.67ab 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 90±0.0de 90±0.0c
0.01 75±0.0f 78.33±1.67e 75±0.0e 75±0.0h 75±0.0e
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 95±0.0b 91.67±1.67cd 91.67±1.67c
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
183
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Datura leaf+kor Datura leaf+ Datura fruit+kor Datura fruit+
tumma+Bti+sig.inse. chebr tumma+Bti+sig.inse. chebr
fruit+Bti+sig.inse. fruit+Bti+sig.inse.
2 58.11±7.16g 52.56±6.58f 56.44±6.95f 55.06±6.57f
4 69.22±6.77f 64.50±6.0e 67.0±6.38e 62.83±6.43e
8 74.61±5.76e 74.61±5.76d 74.33±5.80d 74.89±4.76d
16 82.67±3.88d 82.94±3.88c 82.33±3.43c 83.50±3.55c
32 91.0±1.85c 91.0±1.85b 91.0±1.85b 92.28±1.83b
64 96.33±0.90b 96.17±0.45a 96.17±0.45a 97.17±0.45a
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 97.29±0.52a 95.62±0.95a 97.29±0.39a 96.81±0.68a
1 93.33±0.93a 90.71±1.63b 91.43±1.30b 90.48±1.61b
0.1 89.52±1.82b 88.62±2.43c 89.29±1.93c 85.71±2.70c
0.01 80.71±3.35c 78.10±4.20d 79.29±3.92d 78.33±3.95d
0.01 67.90±5.39d 68.62±5.25e 68.62±5.27e 69.33±5.05e
0.01 54.62±7.02e 54.86±7.36f 56.05±7.21f 58.52±7.33f
2 10 90.0±2.89b 82.33±1.67cd 91±0.0b 85.67±1.67cd
1 83.33±1.67c 75±0.0e 81±0.0d 74±0.0e
0.1 71.67±1.67d 65±0.0f 70±0.0f 65±0.0g
0.01 55±0.0f 45±0.0h 47.33±1.67i 49.67±1.67j
0.01 30.33±1.67h 30±0.0i 30±0.0k 44±0.0l
0.01 12.33±1.67j 9±0.0k 11.33±1.67m 9±0.0n
4 10 100±0 a 92±0.0ab 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 90±0.0bc 91±0.0c 90±0.0d
0.1 90±0.0c 83.33±1.67de 90±0.0c 75±0.0f
0.01 70±0.0e 61.67±1.67g 65±0.0g 60±0.0ij
0.01 48.33±1.67g 50±0.0h 50±0.0j 50±0.0k
0.01 25±0.0i 25±0.0j 25±0.0l 20±0.0m
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 98.33±1.67ab
0.1 95±0.0b 95±0.0ab 95±0.0b 90±0.0d
0.01 80±0.0d 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 76.67±1.67ef
0.01 61.67±1.67f 61.67±1.67g 60±0.0h 61.67±1.67hi
0.01 35±0.0h 35±0.0i 35±0.0k 46.67±1.67k
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0bc 91.67±1.67c 90±0.0d
0.01 70±0.0e 71.67±1.67f 73.33±1.67f 70±0.0g
0.01 60±0.0f 60.0±5.0g 65±0.0g 65±0.0h
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 90±0.0bc 90±0.0c 91.67±1.67cd
0.01 80±0.0d 80±0.0e 80±0.0e 80±0.0e
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 90±0.0c 95±0.0ab 95±0.0b 95±0.0bc
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
184
Time (hr) Conc. (%) Kor tumma+ Datura leaf+datura Datura fruit+kor Datura leaf+
chebr fruit+kor tumma+chebr datura fruit+kor
fruit+Bti+sig.inse. tumma+Bti+sig.inse. fruit+Bti+sig.inse. tumma+chebr
fruit+Bti+sig.inse.
2 53.39±6.88f 53.11±6.69f 57.83±6.15f 64.41±6.66f
4 62.0±6.28e 64.22±6.08e 67.83±5.50e 76.56±3.98e
8 73.78±4.68d 75.17±4.92d 77.11±4.69d 84.17±2.92d
16 84.06±3.50c 83.78±3.58c 86.28±2.93c 89.89±2.12c
32 91.28±1.83b 91.0±1.85b 92.67±1.81b 92.67±1.14b
64 95.17±0.45a 95.17±0.45a 96.17±0.45a 96.17±0.45a
128 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
10 97.29±0.39a 97.52±0.33a 98.52±0.33a 100±0 a
1 90.05±1.91b 91.71±1.63b 91.95±1.53b 93.38±1.07b
0.1 86.71±2.70c 86.24±2.94c 86.71±2.89c 90.29±1.73c
0.01 78.38±4.33d 78.38±4.53d 80.29±3.77d 89.81±1.95c
0.01 69.62±5.32e 69.14±5.33e 77.95±4.30e 73.90±4.53d
0.01 56.52±7.33f 57.95±6.87f 58.90±6.69f 71.76±5.99e
2 10 90±0.0b 90.67±1.67ab 88.67±1.67ab 100±0 a
1 73.33±3.33ef 75±0.0d 74.67±1.67ef 81.67±1.67d
0.1 65±0.0h 61±0.0ef 60±0.0h 75±0.0f
0.01 45±0.0k 40±0.0g 50±0.0j 70.67±1.67g
0.01 30±0.0l 30±0.0h 45±0.0k 40±0.0k
0.01 9±0.0n 13±0.0j 14.67±1.67n 13±0.0l
4 10 99±0.0a 92±0.0a 95±0.0a 100±0 a
1 85.0±2.89d 90±0.0c 90±0.0d 95±0.0b
0.1 75±0.0fg 76.67±1.67d 78.33±1.67f 85±0.0de
0.01 60±0.0j 61.67±1.67f 66.67±1.67h 85±0.0de
0.01 50±0.0k 48.33±4.41g 60±0.0i 53.33±1.67j
0.01 20±0.0m 26.67±1.67i 30±0.0m 65±0.0i
8 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 95±0.0b 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 90±0.0c 90±0.0c 91.67±1.67cd 95±0.0b
0.01 75±0.0fg 78.33±1.67d 78.33±1.67f 95±0.0b
0.01 60±0.0j 61.67±1.67f 71.67±1.67g 70±0.0h
0.01 46.67±1.67k 45±0.0g 45±0.0l 75±0.0g
16 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 91.67±1.67bc 91.67±1.67bc 90±0.0d 100±0 a
0.01 71.67±1.67gh 70±0.0e 85±0.0e 80±0.0f
0.01 65±0.0i 65±0.0ef 66.67±1.67h 83.33±1.67e
32 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 91.67±1.67bc 90±0.0c 100±0 a 90±0.0c
0.01 80±0.0e 80±0.0d 80±0.0f 90±0.0c
64 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 95±0.0b 95±0.0abc 95±0.0bc 95±0.0b
128 10 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.1 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
0.01 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a 100±0 a
185
insecticides with plant extracts through the water against Aedes larvae of
mosquitoes.
against Aedes larvae. After 2 hrs, highest mortality (100%) was noted with a mixture of
datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti
followed by datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti
(91.67%), kor tumma, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti (90%) and least
mortality value (82.33%) datura leaf, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti with
100% mortality was noted with all the combinations of plant extracts with Bti in all the
186
Table 4.73: LC50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for significant plant extracts through the water with significant insecticides and Bti
Datura leaf - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 342.40±3.20 310.20±2.10 282.54±1.49 232.33±0.95 198.31±0.42 165.141±0.077
Datura fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 330.56±3.10 297.30±2.45 265.64±1.99 228.35±1.08 193.40±0.18 161.129±0.047
Kor tumma - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 338.60±2.80 310.20±1.60 273.42±1.32 234.52±0.91 201.62±0.57 170.134±0.044
Chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 358.20±1.30 318.60±0.90 281.62±0.73 245.36±0.58 218.27±0.11 181.058±0.024
Datura leaf, datura fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 325.20±1.90 303.50±1.60 270.41±0.99 233.58±0.68 190.90±0.29 151.307±0.115
Datura leaf, kor tumma - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 329.10±1.30 308.0±0.90 272.97±0.61 237.48±0.48 216.85±0.26 185.169±0.056
Datura leaf, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 334.70±2.52 305.20±1.90 275.67±1.22 242.48±0.98 218.59±0.35 178.043±0.038
Datura fruit, kor tumma - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 315.30±2.50 284.0±2.10 257.26±1.73 231.45±0.92 209.73±0.37 164.126±0.036
Datura fruit, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 321.70±2.20 288.50±1.71 255.67±1.30 228.55±0.86 203.39±0.14 158.124±0.033
Kor tumma, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 319.40±2.72 285.60±1.70 255.74±1.11 218.33±0.66 189.36±0.11 146.085±0.039
Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 309.40±1.80 279.0±1.20 249.34±0.80 214.98±0.75 185.53±0.31 143.086±0.036
Datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 307.40±3.10 272.70±2.40 241.20±1.42 209.93±0.70 181.14±0.53 141.169±0.060
Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 305.10±2.63 263.40±1.60 231.70±0.95 202.70±0.80 169.70±0.49 138.433±0.075
187
LC50 of significant plant extracts through water and significant insecticides
Table (4.73) showed that the LC50 of with datura leaf, significant insecticides and
Bti against Aedes larvae was (342.40±3.20) ppm after 2 hrs that decreased after the interval
of 64 hrs to (165.141±0.077) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit, significant insecticides,
(161.129±0.047) ppm. The LC50 value of kor tumma, significant insecticides and Bti was
LC50 value of chebr fruit, significant insecticides, and Bti was (358.20±1.30) ppm after 2
hrs that also decreased after 64 hrs to (181.058±0.024) ppm. The LC50 value of datura leaf,
datura fruit, significant insecticides, and Bti was (325.20±1.90) ppm after 2 hrs that also
decreased after 64 hrs to (151.307±0.115) ppm. The LC50 value of datura leaf, kor tumma,
64 hrs to (185.169±0.056) ppm. The LC50 value of datura leaf, chebr fruit, significant
(158.124±0.033) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit, kor tumma, significant insecticides,
(164.126±0.036) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit, chebr fruit, significant insecticides,
(158.124±0.033) ppm. The LC50 value of kor tumma, chebr fruit, significant insecticides,
(146.085±0.039) ppm. The LC50 value of datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, significant
(143.086±0.036) ppm. The LC50 value of datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit, significant
(141.169±0.060) ppm. Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit, significant
(138.433±0.075) ppm.
From this table we can note that the solution having mixture of datura leaf, datura fruit, kor
tumma chebr fruit, significant insecticides, and Bti had less LC50 value that means this
mixture of datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma chebr fruit, significant insecticides, and Bti
was more potent and played a significant role in mortality as shown in the table.
188
Table 4.74: LT50 (Mean±SE) at different time intervals for plant extracts through the water with significant insecticides and Bti against
Aedes larvae.
1. Datura leaf (Water) - Bti, sig.inse. 23.12±1.01 19.94±0.67 16.93±0.51 14.63±0.35 12.01±0.20 9.61±0.08
2. Datura fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 22.77±0.97 18.01±0.59 15.64±0.48 13.84±0.31 11.05±0.19 8.69±0.04
3. Kor tumma - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 22.39±0.99 17.86±0.58 14.95±0.45 13.28±0.34 10.80±0.20 7.95±0.11
4. Chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 25.93±1.11 22.54±0.69 19.84±0.53 16.74±0.39 14.01±0.22 12.75±0.05
5. Datura leaf, datura fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 21.53±1.09 18.11±0.63 15.36±0.33 13.02±0.20 10.64±0.13 7.52±0.01
6. Datura leaf, kor tumma - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 21.63±1.04 18.61±0.59 15.69±0.46 13.86±0.30 10.67±22.19 7.82±0.07
7. Datura leaf, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 24.58±0.96 21.37±0.57 18.39±0.37 15.23±0.29 13.99±0.18 11.65±0.04
8. Datura fruit, kor tumma - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 20.92±0.93 17.39±0.57 14.15±0.36 12.94±0.29 9.75±0.19 6.92±0.08
9. Datura fruit, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 23.84±0.89 19.87±0.47 16.19±0.38 14.30±0.22 12.87±0.10 9.61±0.02
10. Kor tumma, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 22.84±0.89 17.41±0.57 14.53±0.37 13.30±0.21 10.85±0.19 7.12±0.06
11. Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 18.96±0.88 15.50±0.58 12.65±0.36 10.48±0.28 7.99±0.17 5.41±0.03
12. Datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 19.47±0.85 16.61±0.41 13.04±0.30 11.46±0.19 8.91±0.11 6.45±0.01
13. Datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit - Bti, sig.inse. (Water) 17.12±0.52 14.15±0.31 11.93±0.20 9.78±0.18 6.75±0.10 4.45±0.01
189
LT50 of significant plant extracts through water and significant insecticides
Table (4.74) showed that the LT50 value for Aedes larvae of datura leaf extract
through water and significant insecticides with Bti was (23.12±1.01) hrs at 0.01%
LT50 value for datura fruit and significant insecticides with Bti was (22.77±0.97) hrs at
solution. The LT50 value for kor tumma and significant insecticides with Bti was
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for chebr fruit and significant insecticides
10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for datura leaf, datura fruit and
kor tumma and significant insecticides with Bti was (21.63±1.04) hrs at 0.01%
LT50 value for datura leaf, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti was (24.58±0.96)
the solution. The LT50 value for kor tumma, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti
concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma and
to (5.41±0.03) hrs at 10.0% concentration of the solution. The LT50 value for datura fruit,
kor tumma, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with Bti was (19.47±0.85) hrs at 0.01%
LT50 value for datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit and significant insecticides
10.0% concentration of the solution. From this table we can note that the solution having
mixture of datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr fruit and significant insecticides with
Bti had less LT50 value that means this mixture of datura leaf, datura fruit, kor tumma, chebr
fruit and significant insecticides with Bti was more potent and played a significant role in
190
4.3 Phytochemical components of significant plant extracts
Qualitative phytochemical tests were carried out on the plant extracts according to the
standard procedure described by Trease and Evans (1989) and Sofowora (1993).
Table 4.75: Phytochemical components of significant plant extracts through the ether.
Components Kor tumma Datura leaf Chariata Neem leaf

Saponin + - + -
Alkaloids - + ++ ++
Phenols + - + +
Tannins +++ - + -
Cardiac glycosides + - - ++
Terpenes ++ ++ + -
Steroids ++ +++ ++ -
Flavonoids +++ + +++ +
Anthraquinones + + + +
Anthranoids - - - -
Phlobatanins - - - -
+++: Highly present ++: Moderately present +: Mildly present - : Not detected
Table (4.75) showed that flavonoids are highly present in kor tumma and chriata
plant extracts. While alkaloids are moderately present in the chariata and neem leaf plant
extracts. Saponin was moderately present in kor tumma. Tannins were highly present in
kor tumma and moderately present in chariata and neem leaf. Anthranoids and phlobatanins
were not detected in the plant extracts through the ether as shown in the table.
Table 4.76: Phytochemical components of significant plant extracts through methanol.
Components Kor tumma Chariata Akk leaf Chebr fruit

Saponin - + - +
Alkaloids - + + -
Phenols - - + +
Tannins +++ + + +
Cardiac glycosides + + - +
Terpenes + ++ - -
Steroids +++ + ++ +
Flavonoids +++ ++ +++ +++
Anthraquinones - + - -
Anthranoids - - - -
+++: Highly present ++: Moderately present +: Mildly present - : Not detected
191
Table (4.76) showed that flavonoids are highly present in kor tumma, akk leaf, and
chebr fruit extracts through methanol while tannins were highly present in the kor tumma
and moderately present in chariata, akk leaf, and chebr fruit. The steroid is highly present
only in kor tumma. Anthranoids and Phlobatanins were not detected in the plant extracts
through methanol as shown in the table.
Table 4.77: Phytochemical components of significant plant extracts through the water.
Components Datura leaf Datura fruit Kor tumma Chebr fruit

Saponin - + - -
Alkaloids +++ ++ - -
Phenols + - + +
Tannins + + +++ +
Cardiac glycosides + - ++ +
Terpenes - + - -
Steroids + - + +
Flavonoids +++ - +++ +++
Anthraquinones - - - -
Anthranoids - - - -
+++: Highly present ++: Moderately present +: Mildly present -: Not detected
Table (4.77) showed that flavonoids and alkaloids were highly present in kor tumma
extract through the water while alkaloids are moderately present only in the datura fruit.
Tannins were highly present in kor tumma and flavonoids are also highly present in kor
tumma and chebr fruit extracts through the water. Anthraquinones, anthranoids, and
phlobatanins were absent in the plant extracts through the water. Saponin and terpenes were
not detected in datura leaf, kor tumma, and chebr fruit extracts through the water as shown
in the table.
192
4.4 Discussion
This research has exposed the results of the comparison between the biological and
chemical control against the mosquito with the use of plant extracts and Bti. This
information is critical for the discovery of new safe techniques to control and prevention of
dengue and malaria vectors. This study highlighted the potential of plants, insecticides, and
Bti for mosquito control and hence, the prevention of dengue and malaria vectors. Thus this
study underlined several important entomological parameters that should be quantified in
order to effectively determine the impact of plants, insecticides, and Bti.
Biochemical mechanisms allow a mosquito to survive insecticide exposure and thus

threaten to dengue and malaria control. However, the threat of resistance increased day by
day then need to new biological way to control the generation of mosquito. The aim of this
thesis was, therefore, to identify important biological factors to control and prevent the
dengue and malaria vectors.
4.4.1 Screening trials
In screening trials, fifteen plant extracts (ether, methanol & aqueous) were used against
mosquito larvae. We noted more mortality in case of ether extracts than the methanol and
aqueous extracts. Highest mortality (70 - 90%) was observed in case of ether extracts and
least (30 - 65%) was observed in case of methanol and aqueous extracts for 2nd and 3rd
instar larvae of Anopheles and Aedes. Rahuman et al. (2008) described the highest larval
mortality in petroleum ether extract. These findings are also in agreement with the other
scientists who used different solvents acetone (90%), chloroform (88%), ethyl acetate
(83%), hexane (78%) and methanol (75%) for extraction of plant oils and different
mortality percentages were observed against different life stages of mosquitoes (Anees et
al., 2008). Highest larval mortality (up to 100%) was observed in the case of the highest
concentration with a long time interval in all plant extracts. The present study showed that
the higher concentrations (1.0-10.0%) resulted in the highest mortality than lower
concentrations (0.01– 0.01 %) within time intervals of 24 hrs exposure. In the present study,
Kor tumma and datura leaf extracts through ether showed the 88.17 and 86.61 percent
mortality respectively. These results are in line with the results of previous researcher who
also reported plant extracts as effective mosquito larvicides (Nasir et al. 2015; Raveen et
al., 2014; Ghosh et al., 2012; Kovendan & Murugan, 2011). In our trials, we found more
193
mortality in Anopheles larvae as compared to Aedes larvae. These results are in line with
Boisvert et al. (2005) who also stated that the larvae of Anopheles would show more
susceptible than the Aedes larvae when the plant extracts, Bti and chemicals were applied
alone.
Moreover, plants not only contain some bioactive compounds that are proved lethal
to the aquatic life stages of mosquito but also are easily biodegradable in the environment
(Abdel-Ghaffar et al., 2009; Apel et al., 2009). In our results, we observed 88% mortality
in case of C. colocynthis extract treatment; these results are in line with the scientists (Rita
et al., 2013) who also observed the 90% mortality in case of C. colocynthis plant extract.
In screening trials with synthetic insecticides, more than 90% mortality was
observed and deltamethrin & mortein liquid were found more effective against mosquito
larvae. These findings were in agreement with the other scientists who also reported more
than 85% mortality with deltamethrin against Ae. aegypti ( Abbas et al., 2013).
This study was suggested a better alternative or an effective substitute in the form
of a synergistic mixture of temephos and insecticide against different kind of mosquito
vectors. This had been supported by several previous studies (Kalayanasundaram and Das,
1985; Mohan et al. 2006 and 2007, Shaalan et al., 2005a, 2005b; Thangam and Kathiresan,
1990).
4.4.2 Mixing trials
Plant extracts through ether, methanol, water with insecticides and Bti have played
a major role for the effective control of dengue and malaria vectors.
4.4.3 Mixture of plant extracts with Bti
The ether, methanol and water extracts proved themselves as highly toxic to
mosquito larvae (2nd & 3rd instars larvae) and this response was time and concentration
dependent in all larval stages. The highest mortality was seen in the case of 10%
concentration of the solution and a long interval of time with the Anopheles and Aedes
larvae. After the 32 h, highest mortality (90%) was seen with plant extracts and Bti by using
ether as a solvent which was highest than the methanol (85%) and water (75%) with 10%
concentration of solutions. While the lowest concentration of (0.01%) of plant extracts
through ether showed (50%) mortality followed by methanol extract (40%) and water
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extract (35%) against Anopheles larvae. The control treatment of this time point had shown
1% mortality. After the 128 hrs, 100% mortality was observed in all types of plant extracts
with 10% concentrations of solution. While the lowest concentrations (0.01%) of plant
extracts through ether showed (100%) mortality followed by methanol extract (72%) and
water extract (70%) against Anopheles larvae. These results were in the agreement with
Prabhu et al. (2011) who reported the efficacy of Moringa oleifera seed extracts with Bti
against mosquito vector (Anopheles stephensi) as more than 90 percent deficiency in larvae
after 72 hrs.
Our study was in the agreement with Chang et al. (2014) who also noted (78%)
mortality of mosquito larvae with three plant extracts as well as Bti alone and in
combination. Based on 24 hrs of LC50 values, binary mixtures of Bti and plant extracts were
significantly more toxic against Ae. albopictus larvae (0.084, 0.0134, and 0.0237 mg/liter)
and An. stephensi larvae (0.0159, 0.0388, and 0.0541 mg/liter) than either Bti (1.7884 and
2.1681 mg/liter) or CA (11.46 and 18.56 mg/liter), AN (16.66 and 25.11 mg/liter), or EU
(24.60 and 31.09 mg/liter) alone. Our results were not in accordance with the above study
in case of efficacy against different genera of mosquitoes. We found the combination of
plant extracts and insecticides with Bti are more effective against Anopheles than Aedes
genus of mosquito. But Chang et al. (2014) found Aedes more susceptible as compared to
Anopheles. But our results were also in the agreement of Kumar et al. (2012) who found
combined treatments of plant extract of Solanum xanthocarpum and Bti more effective
against mosquito larvae as compared to the plant extracts and Bti separately.
In case of Aedes larvae, more than 65% mortality was observed with the highest
concentration (10%) of plant extracts with Bti by using all these solvents (ether, methanol
and aqueous) and more than 30% mortality was observed with the lowest concentration
(0.01%) after 32 hrs. These findings are in agreement with the other scientists who also
reported more than 55% mortality with plant extracts (petroleum ether and methanol) and
Bti against Ae. aegypti ( Abbas et al., 2013). After the 128 hrs, 100% mortality was
observed with all types of plant extracts with 10% concentrations of solution. While the
lowest concentrations (0.01%) of plant extracts through ether showed (100%) mortality
followed by methanol extract (70%) and water extract (65%) against Aedes larvae. These
results are in line with the findings of (Ansari et al., 2000) who also reported 90% mortality
of Aedes mosquito larvae after 24 hrs exposure to peppermint (Mentha piperita) extract
with Bti. These results are also at par with previous workers (Jang et al. 2002) who also
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reported 60-90% mortality at different concentration against the mosquito’s larvae with
plant extracts and Bti.
After 64 hrs, the least LC50 values (40 & 45 ppm) were observed that the best mixing
plant extracts C. colocynthis, D. stramonium, A. indica, and S. chirayaita through
petroleum ether with Bti for Anopheles and Aedes larvae respectively and the least effective
plant extracts were D. wrightii and M. scabra extract through water with Bti due to the
highest LC50 value 226 ppm and (238 ppm) against Anopheles and Aedes larvae. The results
of the present study are also in agreement with those Panneerselvam et al. (2013) botanical
extract showed larvicidal and pupicide effects after 24 hrs of exposure; however, the
highest larval mortality was present in the ether extract of Catharanthus roseus against the
1st to 4th instars larvae with LC50=3.34, 4.48, 5.90 and 8.17 g/L, respectively; Bti against
the 1st to 4th instars larvae with LC50=1.72, 1.93, 2.17 and 2.42 g/L, respectively; and the
mixture treatment with LC50=2.18, 2.41, 2.76 and 3.22 g/L, respectively.
In case of methanol extracts after the interval of 64 hrs, the least LC50 values (85 &
94 ppm) were observed that the best mixing plant extracts C. colocynthis, C. pentagona,
M. scabra and S. chirayaita with Bti against second and third instars larvae for Anopheles
and Aedes respectively. These results are in line with the findings of other scientist
(Panneerselvam et al., 2013) who also found the highest larval mortality in the methanol
extract of E. hirta with Bti against the first to fourth instars larvae and pupae with LC50
values 137.40, 172.65, 217.81, 269.37 and 332.39 ppm while B. sphaericus showed LC50
44.29, 55.83, 68.51, 82.19 and 95.55 ppm respectively.
The time of mortality (LT50) data for Anopheles and Aedes larvae showed that the
mixing extract of C. colocynthis and D. stramonium through ether with Bti took remarkably
less time at 10% (0.83hrs), (0.91hrs) followed by the methanol (4.26hrs), (5.46 hrs) and
water (12.10 hrs), (12.30 hrs) for Anopheles and Aedes respectively. This time interval
through water with Bti took remarkably highest time interval at 0.01% (115.90 hrs),
(125.30hrs) than all the high time intervals at 0.01% ether (20.13hrs), (22.32hrs) and
methanol (57.54hrs), (59.45hrs) extracts with Bti for Anopheles and Aedes larvae
respectively. The results of present study are in agreement with those Nisar et al. (2012)
and Hidayatulfathi et al. (2004) who also studied the comparative efficacy of plant extracts
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and Bti against mosquito and concluded that the LT50 increased with a decrease in
concentration.
4.4.4 Mixture of plant extracts with significant insecticides
The ether, methanol and water extracts with insecticides proved themselves as
highly toxic and significant to mosquito larvae (2nd & 3rd instars larvae) and this response
was time and concentration dependent in all larval stages. The highest mortality was seen
in the case of 10% concentration of the solution and a long interval of time with the
Anopheles and Aedes larvae. In our results after 32 hrs, highest mortality (100%) was seen
in all the types of plant extracts mixed with insecticides by using 10% concentration of
solutions. The lowest concentration of (0.01%) showed more than (55 & 50%) mortality
against Anopheles and Aedes larvae. These results are also inline of Elango et al., (2011)
who also observed 100% larval mortality.
After 64 hrs, the least LC50 value (22 & 25ppm) was observed with C. colocynthis,
D. stramonium, A. indica, and S. chirayaita through ether with insecticides for Anopheles
and Aedes larvae respectively and the least effective plant extract was M. scabra extract
through water with significant insecticides due to highest LC50 values (195ppm) and
(214ppm) against both larvae Anopheles and Aedes. These results are in agreement with
other scientists who fond plant extracts and chemicals in combination ratios 1:1 more
effective than other ratios with LC50 values (0.013, 0.010 and 0.09 mg/L) and ( 0.016, 0.014
and 0.013 mg/L) against anopheline and culicine larvae after 24, 48 and 72 hrs of treatment,
respectively (Bhan et al., 2015). These results are also inline of Elango et al., (2011) and
Harvae et al. (2004) who detected the larvicidal activity of acetone and ether extracts.
After the interval of 64 hrs, the least LC50 value (64 & 78ppm) was observed with
C. colocynthis, M. scabra, C. procera, and S. chirayaita through methanol with
insecticides for Anopheles and Aedes larvae respectively. These results are also in line with
Elango et al., (2011) who observed the plant extracts hexane extract of A. lineata, D. metal,
methanol extract of A. bracteolata and E. prostrata showed larval mortality after 48 h
(LC50 = 3.05, 2.11, 3.0, and 2.18 mg/mL; LC90 = 9.06, 6.22, 8.23, and 5.77 mg/mL),
respectively.
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The time of mortality (LT50) data for Anopheles and Aedes mosquito’s immature
life stages showed that the mixing treatment of C. colocynthis and D. stramonium, S.
chirayaita, and A. indica (leaf) through either with significant insecticides took remarkably
less time at 10% (0.95hrs), (1.55hrs) followed by the methanol (4.45hrs), (4.55hrs) and
water (7.82hrs), (14.50hrs) for Anopheles and Aedes respectively. This time interval
and Aedes larvae respectively. These findings are in agreement with the other scientists
who results showed that toxic effects of citrus oils with deltamethrin varied with time and
concentration. Jaffa (C. sinensis) oil with deltamethrin was the most lethal with LT50
(18.70, 14.08, 10.42 and 6.59) hrs respectively, followed by Carrizo citrange. Whereas
Minneola oil (rootstock) was the least effective after 6 hrs however a significant change in
mortality was observed after 12 and 24 hrs (Hafeez et al., 2010). These findings are also in
agreement with the Raghavendra et al. (2013) and Kamaraj et al. (2008) who detected two
plant extracts along with deltamethrin synergistic ability against Aedes aegypti larvae.
4.4.5 Mixture of Bti with significant insecticides
The Bti with insecticides proved themselves as highly toxic and significant to mosquito
larvae (2nd & 3rd instars larvae) and this response was time and concentration dependent in
all larval stages. In our results showed higher mortality in the case of Anopheles as
compared with Aedes while treated with a combination of chemicals and Bti. These results
are in line with the Boisvert (2005); Kroeger et al. (1995) & Aly et al. (1987) who also
observed the high mortality ratio in case of Anopheles than Aedes if the crystals of Bti were
delivered with a chemical. Their results showed higher mortality in case of a combined
mixture of Bti and deltamethrin as compared to the alone against mosquito larvae. These
results are in line with Tetreau et al. (2013) observed the Bti in a medium and the addition
of deltamethrin in the medium influence a higher toxicity (over 6·72-fold) of the mixture
deltamethrin-Bti towards mosquito larvae as compared to Bti seprate.
Our results showed that the time interval of 32 hrs, highest mortality (100%) was seen
with the highest concentration (10%) in all combinations of Bti with significant insecticides
against both Anopheles and Aedes larvae. In case of lowest concentration (0.01%) showed
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(65 & 55%) mortality with Bti, deltamethrin and mortein liquid with respectively against
Anopheles and Aedes larvae. After 128 hrs, more than 80% mortality was observed even
with the lowest concentration (0.01%) all in combinations of Bti and significant
insecticides. These results are in line with Darriet and Corbel (2006) and Chung et al.
(2001) who also found 100 percent mortality with the combination of pyriproxyfen and
spinosad against Aedes larvae.
After 64 hrs, the least LC50 values (16 & 27ppm) were observed by mixing Bti and
significant insecticides for Anopheles and Aedes larvae respectively and the least effective
solution of Bti with mortein liquid showed the highest LC50 value (55ppm) and (67ppm)
against both larvae Anopheles and Aedes respectively. These results are in line with the
LC50 and LC95 of the mixture were 0.019 (0.016–0.022) and 0.050 (0.040–0.065) mg/liter,
respectively (Darriet & Corbel, 2006).
The time of mortality (LT50) data for Anopheles and Aedes mosquito’s immature stages
showed that the mixing solution of Bti with both significant insecticides took remarkably
less time at 0.01% (0.28hrs) and (0.34hrs) for Anopheles and Aedes respectively. This time
interval increased with a decrease in concentrations. The mixing solution of Bti and the
mortein liquid had the highest time interval at 0.01% (9.22hrs), (10.32hrs) for Anopheles
and Aedes larvae respectively. These results are also in line with the LT50 less time at 0.1%
(0.20 &0.28hrs) for Anopheles and Aedes respectively (Darriet & Corbel, 2006).
4.4.6 Mixture of plant extracts with Bti and significant insecticides
The plant extracts (ether, methanol, and water) proved themselves as highly toxic
to mosquito larvae (2nd & 3rd instars larvae) and this response was time and dose-dependent
matter in all larval stages. The highest mortality was seen in the case of 10% concentration
of the solution and a long interval of time with the Anopheles and Aedes larvae. After 32
hrs, highest mortality (100%) was seen with mixture of plant extracts, Bti and insecticides
with 10% concentration, while the lowest concentration (0.01%) of the mixture with plant
extracts through ether showed (90% & 85%) mortality followed by methanol (85% & 75%)
and water (75% & 70%) against Anopheles and Aedes larvae respectively. After 128 hrs,
100% mortality was observed with all types of plant extracts with 10% concentrations of
solution. The lowest concentrations (0.01%) of plant extracts showed also (100%) mortality
against both Anopheles and Aedes larvae. After 64 hrs, the least LC50 value (1.3 & 1.8ppm)
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were observed that the mixture of plant extracts C. colocynthis, D. stramonium, A. indica,
and Swertia chirayaita through ether with Bti and significant insecticides for Anopheles
and Aedes larvae respectively and the least effective plant extract was M. scabra extract
through water with significant insecticides the highest LC50 value (180ppm) and (190ppm)
against both Anopheles and Aedes larvae. These results are in line with the Chang et al.
(2014) who stated that the mixture usage of Bti and oil major constituents. These results
are also in the agreement of Mansour et al., (2012) who detected Bacillus thuringiensis
israelinsis and Bacillus sphaericus either one separately or in mixture with botanical
extracts and insecticides. These findings are also in agreement with the Mansour et al.
(2015) who also observed Bacillus thuringiensis israelinsis and Bacillus sphaericus were
tried either singly or in mixture with plant extracts and chemical insecticides against the
larvae and adults of Musca domestica in the laboratory. Based on the 24 hrs then the LC50
values, the plant extract from Apium graveolens displayed the maximum toxicity against
the house fly larvae (59.4 ppm), while Petroselium crispum oil was the maximum toxic to
the fly adults (0.62 ppm). The Bti toxin showed to be more toxic than the Bs one.
The values of LT50 showed that the mixing extracts of C.colocynthis and D.
stramonium, S. chirayaita, and A. indica (leaf) through either with significant insecticides
took remarkably less time (0.55 & 0.35hrs) followed by the methanol (2.91 & 4.32hrs) and
water (4.78 & 9.78hrs) at 0.1% for Anopheles and Aedes respectively. This time interval
and Aedes larvae respectively. These findings are in agreement with the other scientists
who noted LT50 values (2.51 & 4.91hrs) with lemon seeds, Bti & chemicals and through
lemon seeds, Bti & chemicals after 48h of exposure respectively (Akram et al., 2010).
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4.4.7 Phytochemical components of significant plant extracts
The study had revealed the presence of important medicinal phytochemicals in

ether, methanol and water extracts. Flavonoids were highly present in kor tumma and
chriata plant extracts while alkaloid is moderately present in the chariata and neem leaf
plant extracts and saponin was middle present in kor tumma extracts through the ether.
Tannins were highly present in the Kor tumma and middle present in chariata, akk leaf, and
chebr fruit extract through methanol. Flavonoids and alkaloids were highly present in kor
tumma extract through the water while alkaloid is moderately present only in the datura
fruit. Tannins were highly present in kor tumma and flavonoids are also highly present in
kor tumma and chebr fruit extracts through the water (Asl & Hossein, 2008; Parajuli et al.,
2012). These results are in agreement with earlier researcher who have found effectiveness
and economy in using these extracts where botanical materials were abundantly available
(Jang et al., 2002; Tripathi et al., 2002; Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006; Okumu et al., 2007;
Aivazi and Vijayan, 2008; Kovendan et al., 2007; Silva et al., 2008; Abdel-Ghaffar et al.,
2009; Allison et al., 2013).
The present research study revealed that extracts from the fifteen different plants
Azadirachta indica (leaf), Cichorium intybus, Datura wrightii, Datura stramonium,
Calotropis procera, Momordica charantia, Cuscuta pentagona, Chenopodium album,
Citrullus colocynthis, Melothria scabra, Swertia chirayaita, Ricinus communis, Cannabis
sativa, Zingiber officinalis and Azadirachta indica (fruit) were used as larvicide against
mosquitoes to compare their efficacy. It was found that Datura stramonium, Datura
wrightii, Citrullus colocynthis, Swertia chirayaita, and Azadirachta indica along with
significant insecticides with Bti showed strong larvicidal potential against Anopheles and
Aedes. When combinations were prepared from these significant plant extracts and used
along with Bti and insecticides then Datura stramonium, Datura wrightii, Citrullus
colocynthis and Swertia chirayaita, extracts were found to show highest mortality (%) of
mosquito. From the present study, it was concluded that the application of extracts Datura
stramonium, Datura wrightii, Citrullus colocynthis and Swertia Chirayaita, could be very
useful to control and prevent the dengue and malaria vectors. These plants were simply
accessible in different areas of Pakistan and they were environmental friendly too. So, this
was an easy method to control mosquito larvae than the adult. Plant extracts were
inexpensive, and environment-friendly (non-polluting and lesser or no toxicological
concerns) alternative insecticides. Since plant extracts have a strong toxicity in the liquid
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form against a wide range of insecticide, Results in the context of dengue & malaria control
& further research, the extracts of D. wrightii and C. colocynthis proved themselves as
highly toxic to mosquito larvae (2nd, 3rd instar larvae and pupae) and this response was time
and concentration dependent in all larval stages and pupae as well. The limonoids from
neem extract were found the effective alternative to conventional synthetic insecticide for
the control of (100%) Cx. uinquefasciatus, (90%) Ae. aegypti and (85%) Ae. stephensi
within 24 h (Ansari et al., 2000; Senthil- Nathan et al., 2006). We also found 90% mortality
at 10.0% concentration after 16 h in case of 2nd instar Aedes larvae and more than 75% even
at low concentrations (1.0% and 0.01%). A total of 95% mortality was observed after 64
h. Our study also revealed that the solvent used for extraction also had a strong effect on
the mortality of different life stages of mosquitoes. We observed up to 6% mortality after
48 hrs in case of 1st larvae in the control treatments and more than 3% in control treatments
running along with 2nd, 3rd, 4th instars and pupae after 48 hrs. The essential rhizome oil from
ginger was the most potent larvicide against the An. gambiae (Ajaiyeoba et al., 2008;
Pushpanathan et al., 2008). These oils should be tested in the field with a knapsack sprayer
to check their efficacy because Prabhu et al. (2011) reported the efficacy of Moringa
oleifera seed extracts against malarial vector (Anopheles stephensi) as more than 90%
reduction in larvae after 72 hrs. It is concluded from this study that essential oils from E.
globules and M. piperita have strong larvicide potential and could be very effective against
the larvae of Ae. aegypti.
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Chapter 5
SUMMARY
Mosquitoes act as life-threatening disease vectors. Due to the nonavailability of
vaccine and treatment for most of these diseases, the only solution is to control the
mosquitoes. The continuous application of synthetic insecticides causes the development
of resistance (in vector species), biological magnification (of toxic substances through the
food chain) and adverse effects (on environmental quality and nontarget organisms
including human health). So, under the Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM), the
emphasis is given on the application of alternative strategies in mosquito control such as
the use of selective insecticides, plant extracts, and Bti. The present study was performed
for a period of two years from September 2014 to September 2016 for the control and
management of dengue and malaria vectors. Mosquito larvae were collected from different
habitats such as industrial, non-industrial areas, sewage, ponds, fields, and land water and
brought to Government College University, Faisalabad for rearing and identification.
During the current study, plant samples were collected from Faisalabad (Pakistan) for oil
and aqueous extraction. In order to prepare an aqueous extract from each plant, fifty grams
50g of each crushed plant parts were put in a separate plastic bottle containing one liter of
water. For the oil extraction, fifteen grams 15g powder of each plant material with 200 ml
of solvent was used for 20 hrs to extract oil through Soxhlet apparatus by using ether and
methanol as solvents separately. After identification, Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes
were reared separately and treated with different plant extracts, growth regulators and Bti.
Six concentrations of each treatment were applied against 2nd and 3rd instars larvae for
screening trials. Six concentrations (10, 1.0, 0.1, 0.01, 0.01 & 0.01%) were formulated in
their respective solvents. Six commercial insecticides such as Temephos, Deltamethrin,
Hexane, Altosid, Mortein liquid, Nemokill, and Bti were also used for this study. Bacillus
thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) is a group of bacteria used alone and combined with the plant
extracts and insecticides to control the larval stages of mosquito. Bti treated with mosquito
larvae, generally, cease feeding within 1 hour, show reduced activity by two hrs, extreme
sluggishness by four hrs and general paralysis by six hrs after ingestion. The data was
collected to check inhibitory effects after 2, 6, 8, 12, 24 hrs for screening trials and 2, 4, 8,
16, 32, 64, and 128 hrs for mixing trials respectively. For this purpose, different
concentrations (10, 1.0, 0.1, 0.01, 0.01 and 0.01%) from 52 samples were made. In the
screening trials, highest mortality (70-90%) was observed in case of ether extracts and least
203
(30-65%) was observed in case of methanol and aqueous extracts for all 2nd and 3rd instar
larvae of Anopheles and Aedes. After recording mortality data, it was subjected to one-way
ANOVA for determining the significant plants and insecticides. Then significant plant
extracts and insecticides were selected due to the high percent mortality. After screening
experiments, different significant oil and water extracts, insecticides and Bti were tested in
combination to test their efficacy against Anopheles and Aedes larvae. The plant extracts
were applied in beakers containing 20 larvae and different concentration (10, 1.0, 0.1, 0.01,
0.01 and 0.01%) with 3 replications. The beaker contains 50 ml water from habitat and 199
ml of tap water and 1 ml of prepared solution for the trial. This study introduced the
comparison between the biological and chemical control against the mosquito larvae of
Anopheles and Aedes through the use of plant extracts, Bti and selected insecticides. Again
mortality data were collected and subjected to probit analysis to calculate LC50 and LT50.
The mortality observed was corrected using Abbott’s formula during the observation of the
larvicidal potentiality of the plant extracts. Statistical analysis of the experimental data was
performed with MS Excel 2007 to find the Mean and Standard deviation, LC50 and LT50
using probit analysis with Minitab. Qualitative phytochemical tests were carried out on the
extracts according to the standard procedure. Even the lowest concentrations (0.01%) of
plant extracts through ether extract showed (100%) mortality followed by methanol extract
(70%) and water extract (65%) after 128 hrs against Anopheles and Aedes larvae. After 64
hrs, the least LC50 values (40ppm) and (45ppm) were observed in case of mixing trials of
Citrullus colocynthis, Datura stramonium, Azadirachta indica and Swertia chirayaita
through ether with Bti for Anopheles and Aedes larvae respectively and the least effective
plant extracts were Datura wrightii and Melothria scabra extract through water with Bti
due to the highest LC50 value (226 & 238 ppm) against Anopheles and Aedes larvae. The
highest mortality was seen in the case of 10% concentration of the solution and a long
interval of time with the Anopheles and Aedes larvae. In the mixing trials, the highest
(100%) mortality was observed with those solution having insecticides and Bti. The least
value of LC50 (1.3-40 ppm) and LT50 (0.35-0.83hrs) was observed with a solution of ether
extracts, Bti and insecticides for Anopheles and Aedes larvae. The ether, methanol and
water extracts proved themselves as highly toxic to mosquito’s larvae (Anopheles & Aedes)
and this response was time and concentration dependent. We need to use this technique for
dengue and malaria vector control such as the application of significant plant extracts,
significant insecticides, and Bti for excellent and sustainable control under field condition
to check their efficacy and effects on the aquatic fauna.
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CONCLUSION
Dengue fever and malaria have now become a major global threat. To protect human life
and prevent further epidemics of dengue and malaria, we need to translate our
understanding and thinking according to our socio-ecological and biological systems in an
effective way.
 During the current study, all the plants showed potential synergistic activity in
combinations although showed comparatively poor larvicidal activity when tested
individually.
 The application of plant extracts viz. Datura stramonium, Datura wrightii,
Citrullus colocynthis and Swertia Chirayaita could be very useful to control and
prevent the dengue and malaria vectors.
 The combined use of ether extracts of D. stramonium, D. wrightii, C. colocynthis

and S. Chirayaita significantly increased larval mortality in comparison to larvae
fed with untreated diet. Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis is widely accepted as a
biological pesticide because of its high specific activity against dipterans insects
without adverse effects on other organisms.
 The combined use of plant extracts with insecticides and Bti against both Anopheles
and Aedes larvae may improve mosquito control effectively. This may reduce the
indiscriminate application of harmful chemical pesticides.
 Use of different combinations of significant plant extracts and selective insecticides
with Bti as mentioned in this work had been proved to be effective and safer for the
control of dengue and malarial vectors. Moreover, it based biopesticides could serve
as a good eco-friendly and cost-effective approach to reduce the dose of chemicals
with high residual effect to be applied in vector control programs.
 Due to unavailability of vaccine for dengue virus in near future, we should control
the population of a mosquito through biological ways. So, we need to develop
phytochemical based biopesticides having long-lasting effects against dengue and
malaria vectors. These phytochemicals have less harmful effects on the
environment as compared to synthetic chemicals.
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FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS
 Due to unavailability of vaccine for dengue virus in near future, we should control
the population of a mosquito through biological ways. We need to develop
phytochemical based biopesticides having long-lasting effects against dengue and
malaria vectors.
 Plant extracts of Datura stramonium, Datura wrightii, Citrullus colocynthis,
Swertia Chirayaita through petroleum ether could be very useful to control and
prevent the dengue and malaria vectors. Therefore, these plant extracts should be
chemically analysed by the insecticide manufacturing industries to know their
bioactive ingredients for developing environmental friendly new formulations for
mosquito control.
 Deltamethrin is very effective to control the mosquito population and commonly
used as synthetic insecticides. They are commonly used because they produce a
significant result.
 This study is the first to report on the mosquito larvicidal activity of plant extracts
of Datura stramonium, Datura wrightii, Citrullus colocynthis, Swertia Chirayaita
with insecticides and Bti showed that it has good and effective mosquito control
properties and also can act as an eco-friendly biopesticide for further vector control
programs.
 There is a need to check their efficacy against mosquito larvae and their effects on
other aquatic fauna on small scale and large scale under natural conditions.
 We should educate the people that management of mosquito larvae is easy and more
helpful as compared to adult’s control. So, they should focus on larval control than
adults.
206
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Integrated Strategies For The Control and Prevention of Dengue and Malarial Vectors

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INTEGRATED STRATEGIES FOR THE CONTROL AND

PREVENTION OF DENGUE AND MALARIAL VECTORS

Thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of

Signature of the Student..........................

Student/Author Signature ----------------------

Name: Imran Ahmed

Name: Dr. Shabab Nasir

Designation with Stamp

Name: Dr. Farhat Jabeen

Designation with Stamp

Name: Dr. Faisal Hafeez

Designation with Stamp

Signature with Stamp

Dean / Academic Coordinator

Signature with Stamp

List of Contents ..................................................................................................................... i

2.2 Biochemical control and their importance…………………………………………7

2.2.1 Toxicity of plant extracts against the mosquito larvae .......................................... 8

4.2.1Mixture of plant extracts with Bti .......................................................................... 33

Table 3.2: Insecticides used for the control of mosquito genera 23

Table 4.2: Significant plant extracts through ether and insecticides 28

Table 4.4: Significant plant extracts through methanol 29

Table 4.6: Significant plant extracts through water 30

Table 4.7: Showed the significant plant extracts and insecticides 31

Table 4.9: Comparison of mean with Bti reference to time intervals 31

Table 4.10: Analysis of variance table for significance 32

through ether against Anopheles mosquitoes. 34

Table 4.76: Phytochemical components of significant plant extracts through

Figure 3.1: Plants used in the trials 18

I am grateful to acknowledge Dr. Shabab Nasir, Department of Zoology, Dr.

Mosquitoes are vectors of many life-threatening human diseases like malaria,

 To evaluate the larvicidal activity and variation in this activity according to

 To evaluate the larvicidal activity and variation in this activity according to

 To evaluate the larvicidal activity and variation in this activity according to

 To evaluate the larvicidal activity and variation in this activity according to

2.1 Toxicity of insecticides against the mosquito larvae

Uthai et al. (2011) applied WHO recommended dosage of temephos (1ppm) to

2.1.1 Pesticide resistance and relevant problems

Bellinato et al. (2017) studied the insecticidal resistance of organophosphates and

Kanani et al. (2015) studied the insecticidal resistance of temephos, deltamrthrine

2. 2 Biochemical control and their importance

Biopesticide are naturally occurring, genetically modified or natural agents which

2. 2.1 Toxicity of plant extracts against mosquito larvae

Yu et al. (2015) studied the mosquitocidal activity of the extracts of seaweed

Ravichandran et al. (2014) considered the larvicidal activity of Neem (Melia

Dylo et al. (2014) performed laboratory experiments using Bacillus thuringiensis

Ostman et al. (2008) considered the protein crystals manufactured by Bacillus

2.4 Integrated strategies to control the mosquitoes

Zhu et al. (2016) studied the development of Insecticide Resistance Management

Ghosh et al. (2012) studied on the application of another strategies in mosquito

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Mosquito larvae collection

3.2 Mosquito rearing

3.3 Collection of plant samples

Sr. Common Part

A: Azadirachta indica B: Cichorium intybus

C: Datura wrightii D: Datura stramonium

Figure 3.1: Plants used in the trials

E: Calotropis procera F: Momordica charantia

G: Cuscuta pentagona H: Chenopodium album

I: Citrullus colocynthis J: Melothria scabra

K: Swertia chirayaita L: Ricinus communis

M: Cannabis sativa N: Zinzibero officinale