Sur 1 Laboratory

Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

San Jose, Pili, Camarines Sur 4418
Website: www.cbsua.edu.ph
Email Address: op@cbsua.edu.ph
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND FOOD SCIENCE

Department of Agricultural Engineering
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING 1
Pacing
Fieldwork No. 1
NAME: __________________________ RATING: _____________

SECTION & YEAR: _________________ DATE: _______________
I. Objectives
a. To determine individual pace factor.
b. To measure distance by pacing.
II. Instruments and Accessories
a. Range Poles
b. Steel tape
c. Markers
III. Procedure:
1. Determining Pace Factor
a. Select straight and level course and on both ends establish markers at least 90
meters apart. Designate these end points as A and B.
b. Walk over the course at a natural pace or gait starting with either heel or toe over
point A and count the number of pace to reach point B.
c. For succeeding trials, walk from B to A, then A to B, until 5 trials are completed,
and the number of paces recorded accordingly.
d. Refer to the accompanying sample format for the recording of observed field
data.
Trial Line Taped Number of Mean No. Pace Factor
Distance paces of Paces (m/pace)
(m)
1 AB
2 BA
3 AB
4 BA
5 AB
2. Measuring Distance by Pacing

a. Define or establish the end points of another level whose length is to be
determined by pacing. Designate these end points as C and D.
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101
b. For the first trial, walk over the course from C to D at a natural pace and record
the number of paces. Then, walk from D to C and again record the number of
paces.
c. Repeat the above procedure until all five trials are completed.
d. After the field data is recorded, make an actual taping of the course CD to
determine the taped distance.
e. Refer to the accompanying sample format for the recording of observed field
data.
No. of Paced Taped Relative

Trial Line Mean
Paces Distance Distance Precision
1 CD
2 DC
3 CD
4 DC
5 CD
IV. Computations
1. Computing Pace Factor (PF)
a. Get the sum of the number of paces for the five trials performed on course
AB the compute the mean number of paces.
b. Divide the known or taped length of course AB by the mean number of paces
for AB to determine the pace factor.
2. Computing Paced Distance (PD)
a. Get the sum of the number of paces for the five trials performed on course
CD and compute the mean number of the paces.
b. Multiply the mean number of paces for CD by the pace factor to obtain
paced distance.
3. Computing Relative Precision (RP)
a. Determine the difference between taped distance of CD and the paced
distance of CD.
b. Divide the difference by the taped distance of CD and reduce the numerator
to unity to determine the relative precision.
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101
V. Results
Prepared by:
LHIZEL L. CLAVERIA, ABE

Instructor
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101

Taping over smooth and level ground
Fieldwork No. 2
NAME: __________________________ RATING: _____________

I. Objective
1. To determine the horizontal length of a line over smooth and level ground with tape
supported throughout its length.
II. Instruments
1. Steel tape
2. Chaining pins
3. Range poles
4. Chalk
III. Procedures
1. Using hubs, marks both ends of the line to be measured. Place a range pole behind
each point and also establish intermediate points along the line to ensure
unobstructed sight lines. If the point to be marked is on a pavement, use chalk or
marking crayons. Designate these end points as A and B.
2. The rear tapeman with one pin stations himself at the point of point of beginning
and the head tapeman takes the zero end of the tape and advances toward the
other end of the line to be measured.
3. When the head tapeman has gone nearly a full tape length, the rear tapeman calls
“tape” to stop the head tapeman. The rear tapeman then holds the 30-m mark at
the starting point and aligns the other end of the tape held by the head tapeman on
the range pole set behind the end point or on any of the intermediate points earlier
established along the line.
4. With the 30-m mark at the starting point, and the head tapeman aligned, the rear
tape man calls “all right”. The head tapeman the pulls the tape taut and sticks a
chaining pin in the ground to mark the 0-m end of the tape. If the measurement is
done on the pavement, a chalk or marking crayon is used to mark the end of the
tape.
5. The rear tapeman picks up his chaining pin and the head tapeman pulls the tape
forward and the process is repeated for the next full tape length.
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101
6. When the end of the line is almost reached and the last full tape length has been
measured, the remaining partial length is then measured, the rear tapeman holds
the tape until he has the full meter mark at his chaining pin while the tapeman pulls
the tape taut and takes note of the fractional measurement read from the tape end.
7. After the measurement of the whole line is completed, a second measurement
should be made along the opposite direction. The mean of the two measurements is
taken as the most probable value of the length of the line.
8. Tabulate observed and computed values accordingly. Refer to the accompanying
sample format for the tabulation of data.
Trial Line Length Difference Mean Relative Precision
1 AB
2 BA
IV. Computations
1. The mean length of the measured line is determined by adding the two
measurements and dividing the sum by two.
2. The discrepancy for the measurement is the difference between the first
measurement and the second measurement.
3. The relative precision of the measurement is determined by dividing the mean
length, where the numerator is reduced to unity or 1. Relative precision is
expressed in fractional form and the denominator is rounded to the nearest
hundredth.
V. Results
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101

Taping over uneven and sloping ground
Fieldwork No. 3
NAME: __________________________ RATING: _____________

I. Objective
a. To determine the horizontal length of the line over uneven and sloping ground by
the method of breaking tape.
II. Instruments
1. Steel tape
2. Chaining pins
3. Range poles
4. Chalk
III. Procedure
1. Measuring Uphill
a. On a designated uneven and sloping terrain, mark the ends of the line to
be measured. Designate the hub at the bottom of the slope as point A
and the hub at the upper portion of the slope as point B. Range poles are
held or set behind each point to serve as markers, or are set at
intermediate points along the line insure better alignment during taping.
b. Head tapeman unreels and spreads out the tape and pulls the zero mark
uphill along the line from point A. The rear tapeman raises the 30-m end
of the tape breast high while the head tapeman moves back to a place on
the line near a full meter mark where the ground surface is as high as the
other raised end of the tape. The head tapeman stays by the side of the
line measured and holds a chaining pin on the ground.
c. The rear tapeman temporarily releases end of the tape and signals head
tapeman to either move to the right or to the left in order to align him.
When the pin of the head tapeman is in line with the range pole over
point B, the head tapeman is in line with the range pole held over point
B, the head tapeman is then signaled to stick the pin vertically into the
ground.
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101
d. Rear tapeaman plumbs from point A to the terminal mark of the tape
with a plumb bob and maintains this plumb bob steadily over A while
head tapeman pulls the tape taut, and making sure that the tape is on
line by bringing one of its edges in contact with the previously aligned
pin. The head tapeman then moves the pin opposite the nearest full
meter or foot mark of the tape and he sticks it firmly into the ground.
e. The rear tapeman leaves his end of the tape, moves up the slope and gets
hold of the tape at the point previously held by the head tapeman. The
next measurement is made horizontally from the pin stuck in the ground
by the head tapeman as done at point A.
f. The process is repeated until the whole tape length is used up thus
finishing the measurement of one tape length of horizontal distance.
g. From the pin marking the end of one tape length measurement, the
horizontal measurement is continued until point B is reached. The last
partial tape length is measured with the rear tapeman holding the tape
until he has a full meter mark at his end while the head tapeman pulls the
tape taut and takes note of the factional measurement. Then the number
of tape lengths and the last partial measurement are totaled to
determine the horizontal length of the line measured.
2. Measuring Downhill
a. In measuring down the slope, the tape is reversed to bring its zero end
forward in the direction of point A along the line. Horizontal
measurements starts from B with the rear tapeman holding his terminal
meter mark of tape in level with B.
b. After the plumb bob of the head tapeman has been aligned with the
range pole held at A, the head tapeman drops the plumb bob causing it
to leave a mark on the ground. He then sticks a pin at the ground mark
left by the plumb bob.
c. The next horizontal measurement starts from the pin until one whole
tape length is measured. As in measuring up the slope, the number of
tape lengths plus the partial tape length at the end of the line determines
the total horizontal length of the line.
d. Tabulate observed and computed values accordingly. Refer to the
accompanying sample format for the tabulation below.
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101
Trial Line Length Difference Mean Relative Precision

1 AB
2 BA
IV. Computations
1. The mean length of the measured line is determined by adding the two
measurements and dividing the sum by two.
2. The discrepancy for the measurement is the difference between the first
measurement and the second measurement.
3. The relative precision of the measurement is determined by dividing the
mean length, where the numerator is reduced to unity or 1. Relative
precision is expressed in fractional form and the denominator is rounded to
the nearest hundredth.
V. Results
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101

Determining Area of a Rectilinear Field by Tape
Fieldwork No. 4
NAME: __________________________ RATING: _____________

I. Objectives
a. To learn how to measure horizontal angles with tape.
b. To determine the area of a rectilinear field with tape.
II. Instruments
1. Steel tape
2. Chaining pins
3. Range poles
4. Pegs
III. Procedures
1. Establish the corners of the assigned field and also establish within the field a
centrally located point.
2. Subdivide the field into a convenient series of connected triangles. Use pins to mark
the vertices of each triangle. Call these points A, B, C, and etc.
3. From the centrally-located point, measure distances to each point defining the
corners or vertices of each triangles. Call these distances d1, d2, d3 and etc.
4. Using the chord method of measuring angles by tape, determine all the angles about
the central point, i.e., θ1, θ2, and etc.
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101
5. Refer to the accompanying sample tabulation for the recording of observed field
data.
IV. Computation
1. Determining values of Included Angles
With the use of a tape the chord method of measuring angles may be applied to
determine the value of an angle. The following formula is used
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101
Included Chord Length of Computed Adjusted

Correction
Angle Distance side Angle Angle
Θ1
Θ2
Θ3
Θ4
Θ5
2. Determine Area of Each Triangle

In each triangle, since the length of two sides and the included angle can be
determined, the area of the triangle may be calculated by the following formula.
1
A= ab SinC
2
Where:
A = Area of the triangle
a,b = The two measured sides of the triangle (d1,d2,etc.)
C = included angle (θ1,θ2, etc.)
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101
Sides
Triangle st Included Angle Area
1 2nd
ABF
BCF
CDF
DEF
AEF
3. Calculating the total area

The total area of the field is the sum of the calculated areas of the series
of connected triangles into which the field is subdivided, or
At = A1 + A2 + A3 + A 4 + A5
Where:
At = total area of the field
V. Results
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101
VI. Sketch
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101

Differential Leveling
Fieldwork No. 5
NAME: __________________________ RATING: _____________

I. Objective
a. To determine the elevation of points by differential leveling
II. Instruments
1. Theodolite
2. Tripod
3. Stadia Rod
4. Level Bar
III. Procedure
1. Designate the initial or reference point of the level route as BM1 and the
final or terminal point as BM2.
2. Set up and level the instrument at a convenient location along the
general designate route between the two points.
3. Take and record a backsight on BM-1.
4. Direct the rodman to move forward along the level route (not necessarily
in straight line between BM-1 and the next point) and establish TP-1
5. Take and record a foresight in TP-1
6. Transfer and set up the theodolite at another suitable location beyond
TP-1 and take and record a back sight on TP-1.
7. Direct the rod man to move a convenient distance ahead of the
instrument and establish TP-2.
8. Take and record a foresight on TP-2
9. Repeat the procedure until as foresight is finally taken on BM-2.
10. Refer to the accompanying sample tabulation for the recording of
observed field data.
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101
STA BS HI FS Elevation Remarks
IV. Computation
1. Computing height of instrument and elevation
In differential leveling, the following two equations are repeatedly used
HI =Elev+BS
Elev =HI −FS
Where:
HI = height of instrument above a reference point
BS = backsight reading on the rod (or plus sight)
FS = foresight reading on the rod (or minus sight)
Elev = elevation above a reference datum of a point sight
2. Arithmetic Check
To check the accuracy of the arithmetical computations, add all
backsights as well as all the foresights. The difference between these two
sums must be equal to the difference in elevation between the initial and
final points of the level line.
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101

Three-Wire Leveling
Fieldwork No. 7
NAME: __________________________ RATING: _____________

I. Objectives
a. To determine the elevation of a point some distance away by the three-wire
method of differential leveling
II. Instruments
1. Theodolite
2. Tripod
3. Stadia Rod
4. Level Bar
III. Procedures
1. Designate the initial or reference point of the level route as BM-1 and the final or
terminal point as BM-2. The elevation of BM-2 is to be determined and the
elevation of BM-1 must be known or assumed.
2. At a convenient location just beyond BM-1 and along the general designated
route of the level line, set up the instrument and level its line of sight.
3. Take and record a backsight on BM-1 and note the upper, middle, and lower
cross-hair readings.
4. Direct the rod man to move forward along the general route (not necessarily in a
straight line joining BM-1 and the next point) and establish TP-1.
5. With
the
leveling
rod
held
plumb
on TP-
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101
1, take a foresight on it and record the upper, middle, and lower cross-hair
readings.
6. Transfer, set up and level the instrument at another suitable location beyond TP-
1 and take a backsight on TP-1, and record the upper, middle, and lower cross-
hair readings.
7. Direct the rodman to move a convenient distance ahead of the instrument and
establish TP-2.
8. Take a foresight on TP-2 and again record the three hair readings.
9. Repeat the above procedure until finally a foresight is taken on the designated
point (BM-2) at the end of the level line.
10. Tabulate observed and computed values accordingly. Refer to the accompanying
sample format for the tabulation of field data.
STA BACKSIGHT HI FORESIGHT Elevation Remarks
Hair Hair
Mean S Mean S
RDGS RDGS
IV. Computations
1. The mean of the readings of the upper, middle, and lower cross-hair for each
sight is taken as the correct rod reading.
2. The interval between the reading on the upper cross-hair and the reading on the
lower cross-hair is a measure of the distance from the instrument to the rod
sighted. The distance is determined by multiplying the observed interval by the
stadia interval factor (K) of the instrument, which is usually equal to 100.
3. The height of instrument for a set-up is found by adding the mean backsight
reading to the elevation of the point backsighted. Subtracting the mean foresight
reading on a turning point from the height of instrument gives the elevation. The
process of computation is repeated for each set up.
4. The difference in elevation between the initial and final points equals the
difference between the sum of the mean backsights and the sum of the mean
foresights.
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101
V. Results
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101
VI. Sketch
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101

Profile Leveling
Fieldwork No. 8
NAME: __________________________ RATING: _____________

I. Objectives
a. To determine the elevation of ground points along the center line of a proposed
roadway.
b. To plot the profile along the center line of a proposed roadway.
II. Instruments
1. Theodolite
2. Stadia Rod
3. Tripod
4. Level Bar
III. Procedures
1. Profile Leveling
a. Establish stakes at every full station along the center line of a 500-m long
proposed roadway at intervals of 100 meters.
b. Set up and level the instrument in some convenient location on one side of
the proposed roadway.
c. Take and record a backsight on a rod held on a nearby bench mark to
determine the height of instrument.
d. Take and record intermediate foresights from as many center line points up
to within practical limits of sighting.
e. When the rod has been advanced to appoint beyond which further readings
to ground points cannot be observed, establish a turning point and take a
foresight on it to determine its elevation.
f. Transfer and set up the instrument in another farther position and take a
backsight on the turning point just established. Then continue taking rod
readings on ground points as before until the end of the roadway is reached.
g. Tabulate observed and computed data accordingly. Refer to the
accompanying sample format for the tabulation of field data.
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101
2. Plotting the Profile

a. Plot the observed and computed data (stationings and elevations of full and
plus stations) on a special paper having horizontal and vertical lines printed
on it to represent distances both horizontally and vertically.
b. Use a scale of 1:1000 for plotting the horizontal distances and 1:100 for the
vertical distances.
c. Connect the plotted elevations for the profile by a smooth curved line drawn
freehand.
d. Label the plot of the profile accordingly. The stationings, elevations, and
horizontal and vertical scales must be indicated.
STA BS HI FS IFS ELEV REMARKS
IV. Computations
1. Computing Height of Instrument and Elevation
The theory involved in profile leveling is exactly the same as in differential
leveling. A backsight is taken on a benchmark or point of known elevation to
determine the height of instrument, and the elevation of grounds points are
calculated by subtracting the corresponding rod readings from the height of
instrument.
2. Determining difference in elevation
a. The difference between the sum of all the backsights and the sum of all
foresights is equal to the error of closure, or equal to the difference in
elevation between the initial benchmark and final point.
b. The intermediate foresight reading subtracted from the height of instrument
gives the ground elevation of a plus station.
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101
c. The difference between the elevations of any two points that are obtained at
the same set up of the instrument is equal to the difference between the
foresights taken on these points.
V. Results
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101
VI. Sketch/Layout
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101

Open Compass Traverse
Fieldwork No. 9
NAME: __________________________ RATING: _____________

I. Objective
a. To determine the magnetic bearings of each line of an open compass
traverse
b. To learn how to adjust an open compass traverse
II. Instruments
1. Compass
2. Steel tape
3. Range poles
4. Chalk
III. Procedures
1. Establish at least six distant stations for an open traverse. Call these
stations A, B, C, and so forth.
2. Set up and level the compass at A and release the needle of the compass
so that it will swing freely on its pivot.
3. Sight B and read the compass box for the direction pointed by the north
end of the needle. Record this as the forward bearing of line AB.
4. Transfer the compass to B and sight on A. read the compass box and
record this as the back bearing of line AB.
5. Turn towards the direction of C, then read and record the forward
bearing of line BC.
6. Transfer to C and sight on B. read and record the same process until the
last traverse stations occupied and a back bearing is taken on the last line
of the traverse.
7. With steel tape, measure the length of each line in the traverse twice and
record the mean as the actual length of the line.
8. Tabulate observed and adjusted values accordingly. Refer to the
accompanying sample format for the tabulation of field data.
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101
NOTE: From the illustrated sample figure of an open traverse, the mean length of each
traverse line is indicated as d1, d2, d3, etc. The angular values corresponding to the
forward and back bearings of traverse lines are represented as θ1, θ2, θ3, etc.
Observed Bearings Adjusted Bearings

Line Length
Forward Back Forward Back
AB
BC
CD
DE
EF
IV. Computations
1. A traverse line is free from local attraction if the bearings read at its two
ends are exactly opposite in direction. The traverse angles are computed
from observed bearings and starting from the unaffected line.
2. If two or more traverse lines appear to be free from local attraction, one
of these lines is arbitrarily chosen as the best line. If none of the lines is
free from local attraction, the line with the least discrepancy between the
forward and back bearings is chosen and its forward bearing is assumed
to be correct.
3. The angle between the observed forward and back bearing at any station
can be determined correctly since the angle is independent of local
attraction.
4. Correct bearings of successive lines are then computed easily by
preparing a careful sketch of known data observed from each station.
There are no formulas to memorize since once the sketch is made, the
required calculations are obvious.
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101
V. Results
VI. Sketch/Layout
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101

Close Compass Traverse
Fieldwork No. 10
NAME: __________________________ RATING: ____________

I. Objective
a. To determine the magnetic bearing of each line of a closed compass traverse.
b. To learn how to adjust a closed compass traverse.
II. Instruments
1. Compass
2. Steel tape
3. Range pole
4. Chaining pins/chalk
III. Procedures
1. Establish at least five traverse stations at designated points on the field assigned
to be surveyed. Call these stations (or corners) A, B, C, and so forth.
2. Set up and level the compass at A and release the needle of the compass so that
it will swing freely on its pivot.
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101
3. Sight the compass on the last traverse station and read the magnetic bearing.
Record this as the back bearing of the last line in the traverse.
4. Sight B and read the compass box. Record this as the forward bearing of line AB.
5. Transfer the compass to B and sight on A. read the compass box and record this
as the back bearing of line AB.
6. Turn towards the direction of C, then read and record the forward bearing of line
BC.
7. Transfer to C and sight on B. Read and record the back bearing of the line BC,
then sight on D and also read and record the forward bearing of line CD.
8. Proceed to the next station and repeat the above procedure of determining back
and forward bearings for each line. Continue until the last traverse station is
occupied and the forward bearing of the last line has been read and accordingly
recorded.
9. With steel tape, measure the length of each line in the traverse twice and record
the mean as the actual length of the line.
10. Tabulate observed and adjusted values accordingly. Refer to the accompanying
sample format for the tabulation of field data.
Computed Adjusted
Observed
Line Length STA Interior Corr. Interior
Bearings
Angle Angle
AB A
BC B
CD C
DE D
EA E
IV. Computations
1. The interior angle at each station of the traverse can be computed easily from
the observed forward and back bearings taken from the station regardless of
whether or not the needle is affected locally. A carefully prepared sketch is
important since from it the required calculations will be obvious.
2. The angular error of closure is determined by subtracting the sum of the
computed interior angles of the traverse from (n-2) x 180 degree, where n is the
number of sides in the traverse. Note that the computed value may be a positive
or negative quantity, and the resulting sign should be considered in all
succeeding computations.
3. The correction for each computed interior angle is determined by dividing the
angular error of closure by the number of traverse stations. The computed value
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101
is then added algebraically to each computed interior angle to determine the

corresponding adjusted interior angle.
4. Go over the observed bearings and determine which line in the chosen as the
best line. The adjustment of traverse lines affected by local attraction is then by
starting from the unaffected or best line.
5. The forward and back bearings of all other lines in the traverse affected by local
attraction ca e easily computed and adjusted by again drawing a sketch thus
making all calculations obvious.
6. Finally, tabulate the adjusted bearings of the traverse. Refer to the
accompanying sample format shown below.
DJUSTED BEARINGS
LINE LENGTH
FORWARD BACK
AB
BC
DE
EA
V. Results
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 Local 101
VI. Sketch/Layout

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Republic of the Philippines

CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND FOOD SCIENCE

NAME: __________________________ RATING: _____________

2. Measuring Distance by Pacing

No. of Paced Taped Relative

LHIZEL L. CLAVERIA, ABE

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND FOOD SCIENCE

NAME: __________________________ RATING: _____________

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND FOOD SCIENCE

NAME: __________________________ RATING: _____________

Trial Line Length Difference Mean Relative Precision

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND FOOD SCIENCE

NAME: __________________________ RATING: _____________

Included Chord Length of Computed Adjusted

2. Determine Area of Each Triangle

3. Calculating the total area

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND FOOD SCIENCE

NAME: __________________________ RATING: _____________

STA BS HI FS Elevation Remarks

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND FOOD SCIENCE

NAME: __________________________ RATING: _____________

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND FOOD SCIENCE

NAME: __________________________ RATING: _____________

2. Plotting the Profile

STA BS HI FS IFS ELEV REMARKS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND FOOD SCIENCE

NAME: __________________________ RATING: _____________

Observed Bearings Adjusted Bearings

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND FOOD SCIENCE

NAME: __________________________ RATING: ____________

is then added algebraically to each computed interior angle to determine the

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