Architecture 324

Structures II

Steel Beam Analysis and

Design

• Steel Properties
• Steel Profiles
• Steel Codes: ASD vs LRFD
• Analysis Method
• Design Method

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 1/24

Nomenclature of steel shapes

Standard section shapes:

W – wide flange
g
S – American standard beam
C – American standard channel
L – angle
l
WT or ST – structural T
STD,, XS or XXS – Pipe
p
HSS – Hollow Structural Sections
Rectangular, Square, Round
LLBB , SLBB - Double Angles

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 2/24

Steel W-sections for beams and columns

Columns:
Closer to square
Thicker web & flange

Beams:
Deeper sections
Flange thicker than web

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 3/24

Steel W-sections for beams and columns

Columns:
Closer to square
Thicker web & flange

Beams:
Deeper sections
Flange thicker than web

Photo by Gregor Y
Y.

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 4/24

 Young's Modulus
Young's Modulus or the Modulus off Elasticity, is
obtained by dividing the stress by the strain
present in the material. (Thomas Young, 1807)

P/ A 
E 
D/L 
It thus represents a measure of the stiffness of
the material.

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures I I Slide 5/24

Stress vs. Strain – mild steel

Fu

Esh
Fy
Stresss

y sh u r
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 .1 to .2 .2 to .3
Strain

Developed by Scott Civjan

University of Massachusetts, Amherst
University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures I I Slide 6/24
 Stress vs. Strain – AISC design curve
Fu

Esh
Fy
Elastic-Perfectly Plastic
Assumed in Design
Stresss

y sh u r
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 .1 to .2 .2 to .3
Strain

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures I I Slide 7/24

Stress Analysis

P
f actual 
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
• use design
d i lloads
d ((no F
F.S.
S on lloads)
d )
• reduce stress by a Factor of Safety F.S.
A

f actual  Fallowable Fallowable  F .S .  f yield

Load & Resistance Factored Design

g (LRFD)
( )
• Use loads with safety factor 
• Use factor on ultimate strength  Pload    Papplied

Pload  Presisting Presisting    Pmaterial

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures I I Slide 8/24

Allowable Flexure Stress

l
University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 9/24

Steel Beams by ASD

Yield Stress Values
• A36 Carbon Steel Fy = 36 ksi
• A992 High Strength Fy = 50 ksi

Allowable Flexure Stress

• Fb = 0.66 Fy “Increased” • = Lc
– Compact Section

l
– Braced against LTB ( <Lc)
• Fb = 0.60
0 60 Fy “Basic”
Basic = Lu
– Compact or Not

– Lc < l < Lu
• Fb < 0.60 Fy “Decreased”
– Compact or Not

l
– LTB failure mode ( >Lu)

Allowable Shear Stress

0 40 Fy
• Fv = 0.40
– Fv = V/(twd) from AISC 1989
l
University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 10/24
 Beam Design with
Section Modulus Table
• Calculate Required Moment
• Assume Allowable Stress
– Fully braced
Fb = 00.66Fy
66Fy = 24 ksi (A36)
– Partially braced (l < Lu)
Fb = 0.60Fy = 21.6 ksi (A36)

• U
Using
i ththe flflexure equation,
ti
– set fb = Fb and solve for S

Mc M
fb    Fb
I S
M
S
Fb
• Choose a section based on S
from the table (D-35 and D-36)
– Bold faced sections are lighter
– F’yy is the stress up
p to which the
section is compact (•• is ok for all from Structural Principles, I. Engel
grades of Fy)
University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 11/24

Example – Capacity Analysis of Steel Beam

Find Load w in KLF

Fy = 36 ksi
Fb = 0.66 Fy = 24 KSI

1. Find the Section Modulus for

the given section from the
tables (D-35
(D 35 and D-36).
D 36).

2. Determine the maximum

moment equation.

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 12/24

Example – Load Analysis cont.
W30x116

3. Using the flexure equation,

fb=Fb, solve for the moment,
M.

4. Using the maximum moment

q
equation, , solve for the
distributed loading, w.

w = 1.28 KLF

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 13/24

Design of Steel Beam

E
Example
l

1. Use the maximum moment

equation and solve for the
equation,
moment, M.

2 U
2. Use th
the fl
flexure equation
ti tto
solve for Sx.

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 14/24

Design of Steel Beam
E
Example
l

3. Choose a section based on

Sx from the table (D35 and
D36).

4. Most economical section is:

W16 x 40
Sx = 64.7 in3

from Structural Principles, I. Engel

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 15/24

Design of Steel Beam

E
Example
l

5. Add member self load to M and

recheck Fb (here we assume DL
is already included)

6. Check shear stress:

All
Allowable
bl St
Stress
Fv = 0.40 Fy

Actual Stress
fv=V/(twd)

fv ≤ Fv

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 16/24

Design of Steel Beam Actual
(Example cont.) deflection

6. Check Deflections.

Calculate actual deflection.

Code limits
Compare tto code
C d lilimits.
it If th
the actual
t l
deflection exceeds the code limit, a
stiffer section is needed.

from the Standard Building Code, 1991

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 17/24

Steel Beam
D fl ti
Deflection

Serviceability limits:
Limits by application

Also more stringent cases:

Machine tolerance – e.g.
e g L/1000

DL deflection can be compensated

for by beam camber

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 18/24

 Beam without Camber

Developed by Scott Civjan

University of Massachusetts, Amherst
For AISC

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 19/24

Results in deflection in floor under Dead Load.

Load
This can affect thickness of slab and fit of non-structural components.

Developed by Scott Civjan

University of Massachusetts, Amherst
For AISC

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 20/24

 

Results in deflection in floor under Dead Load.

Load
This can affect thickness of slab and fit of non-structural components.

Beam with Camber

Developed by Scott Civjan

University of Massachusetts, Amherst
For AISC

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 21/24

Results in deflection in floor under Dead Load.

Load
This can affect thickness of slab and fit of non-structural components.

Cambered beam counteracts service dead load deflection.

Developed by Scott Civjan

University of Massachusetts, Amherst
For AISC

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 22/24

Cold Form Sections

Photos by Albion Sections Ltd, West Bromwich, UK

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 23/24

Cold Form Sections

From:
Building Design Using Cold Formed Steel
Sections: Structural Design to BS 5950-5:1998.
Section Properties and Load Tables. p. 276

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 24/24