BILKENT UNIVERSITY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ME 630: ADVANCED HEAT TRANSFER

Ch 1. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin

ME630: Advanced Heat Transfer | Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 1 / 33

 Heat Transfer
(1) Conduction heat transfer: due to the molecular vibrations within the material
insulation of houses, people
• drying of concrete
• fabrication of metal pieces
(2) Convection heat transfer: due to moving fluid pasts a solid surface that is at the a
temperature different than the fluid
• natural (free) convection
• forced convection
(3) Radiation heat transfer: in the form of electromagnetic waves
• heating of Earth with the Sunlight

ME630: Advanced Heat Transfer | Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 2 / 33

 Heat Transfer: Conduction
Occurs in all substances, including solids, liquids and gases
Energy transfer due to molecular vibrations within the material
Conduction was first described on a mathematical basis by J.B. Fourier in 1822.

• At the start of the experiment, rod was at uniform T

• Then, the left side was raised to T1, while the right
side was lowered to T2.
• After sufficiently long time, T within the rod no longer
changed with time and the rate at which heat flowed
reached a steady-state value.

In its simpliest form: 1D, steady-state heat transfer can be expressed as (for common materials)

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 Heat Transfer: Conduction

ME630: Advanced Heat Transfer | Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 4 / 33

 Heat Transfer: Convection
Convection occurs whenever a moving fluid (liquid or gas) flows past a solid surface that is
at a different temperature from the fluid
Forced convection: flow is induced by some external actuator such as pump or fan
Free (Natural) convection: density driven flow

ME630: Advanced Heat Transfer | Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 5 / 33

 Heat Transfer: Radiation
Radiation occurs solids, liquids and gases
Radiation in a gas typically involves absorption and emission of photons throughout the volume of the gas.
In solids and liquids, photons are also emitted and absorbed throughout the volume.
In opaque materials, the radiative behavior depends only on what happens at the surface.
In an opaque solid or liquid, photons are emitted from this thin layer can escape from the opaque material.
Photons emitted deep within the substance are reabsorbed in a very short distance from the point of emission
and have no influence on energy transfer within the material. For opaque substances, radiation can be
considered as a surface phenomenon.
Only opaque substances will be considered in this course!
Radiation will be discussed with more details in ME212.
The ideal surface against which all other surfaces are
compared is called a black surface.
A black surface is defined as one of that absorbs all the
radiation incident upon it.
A black body surface at temperature T emits the maximum
possible radiation that can be emitted at that temperature by
any surface.

ME630: Advanced Heat Transfer | Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 6 / 33

 Heat Transfer: Radiation
Real surface are not black. They reflect some of the radiation incident upon them.
If the fraction of incident radiation reflected by the surface is independent of the
wavelength of the incident radiation à GRAY SURFACE
If the fraction reflected does not depend on the angle of incidence of the radiation à
DIFFUSE SURFACE

CAUTION: These equations only apply to

bodies that are far away from other surfaces. If
the surrounding surfaces are close to the body,
then reflections must be taken into account!

ME630: Advanced Heat Transfer | Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 7 / 33

 Resistance Analogy

In both cases, heat transfer is proportional to a temperature difference.

Similar types of equations are encountered in electric circuit theory.

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 Resistance Analogy
The resistance analogy is especially useful in describing systems with multiple parts.

Heat transfer is not proportional to temperature difference!

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 Resistance Analogy

Unfortunately, Rrad is function of Ts and Tsurr. If these are not known in advance, the values
needs to be assumed.

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 Lumped System
In some circumstances involving two thermal resistances, one resistance may be much larger
that the other!!!

Similarly consider a system:

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 Lumped System

ME630: Advanced Heat Transfer | Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 12 / 33

 General Heat Diffusion Equation
• The conservation of energy equation we have used is an integral expression that applies
to a control volume.
• Let’s derive the energy equation in differential form.

dE
= Q̇ Ẇ
dt

000
q z
z y x
y
x

q 000 : volumetric heat generation

ME630: Advanced Heat Transfer | Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 13 / 33

 General Heat Diffusion Equation

ME630: Advanced Heat Transfer | Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 14 / 33

 General Heat Diffusion Equation
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
@T @ @ @ @T @T @T 000
⇢Cp = ı̂ + |ˆ + k̂ · k ı̂ + k |ˆ + k k̂ + q
@t @x @y @z @x @y @z

For cylindrical C.S.:

✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
1 @
00 @T 1 @ @T @ @T
r · ~q ⌘ kr + 2 k + k
r @r @r r @✓ @✓ @z @z

If k is constant:

ME630: Advanced Heat Transfer | Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 15 / 33

 General Heat Diffusion Equation
@T @2T @2T @2T 000
⇢Cp = k 2 + k 2 + k 2 +q
@t @x @y @z

Special case
(1D, steady, no heat generation):

Special case
(2D, steady, no heat generation):

ME630: Advanced Heat Transfer | Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 16 / 33

 General Heat Diffusion Equation: BCs
We have the governing equation. In order to solve, we need BCs

(1) At the boundary, temperature can be described:

B.C. of first kind (Dirichlet B.C.)

(2) At the boundary, heat flux can be described:

B.C. of second kind (Neumann B.C.)

(3) At the boundary, convective heat transfer can occur:

B.C. of third kind (Robin B.C., mixed B.C.)
convection at the surface

(4) Interface: We need to discuss thermal contact resistance

ME630: Advanced Heat Transfer | Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 17 / 33

 Thermal Contact Resistance
• We have considered conduction heat transfer in layers of several materials.
• One of our major assumption was: two materials were kept in perfect contact.
• However in practice except in special conditions this is not possible.
• Imperfect contact introduces an additional thermal resistance, which is called thermal contact
resistance (R”c)

• increase contact pressue

• decrease surface roughness
• introduce interfacial fluid

ME630: Advanced Heat Transfer | Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 18 / 33

 Thermal Contact Resistance
Representative values of thermal contact resistance

ME630: Advanced Heat Transfer | Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 19 / 33

 General Heat Diffusion Equation: BCs
@T1 @T2
(4) Interface: k1 |i = (1/Rc00 )(T1 T2 ) = k2 |i
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@x @x

@T
(5) Symmetry: |boundary = 0 (6) Finite temperature: lim T (r) 6= ±1 : finite
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@n r!0
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(7) Radiative heat transfer:

@T
k |surface = h (T |surface T1,1 ) + " T |4surface 4
T1,2
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@n

ME630: Advanced Heat Transfer | Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 20 / 33

 Heat Diffusion for Anistoropic Medium
For an isotropic medium, thermal conductivity is independent of direction and is a scalar
quantity.
However, there are natural as well as synthetic materials in which thermal conductivity
varies with direction.

(1) Orthotropic Medium:

Similar relations can be written for heat flux in cylindrical and spherical CS.

(2) Anisotropic Medium: More general cases are encountered in crystals

ME630: Advanced Heat Transfer | Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 21 / 33

 Nondimensionlization
In heat transfer, we prefer to deal with dimensionless parameters.
Let’s consider one simple case:

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 Nondimensionlization

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 Solution Techniques
ODEs and PDEs are common is heat transfer.
Solution of ODE is not a big deal.
Solution of PDE requires advanced mathematical techniques.
If geometry is regular in one of the C.S: analytical solutions are possible.
Ø Separation of Variables
Ø Similarity Transformation
Ø Integral Transform Technique
Ø Green’s Function Method
If NOT, numerical solutions are needed.
Ø Finite Difference Method (FDM)
Ø Finite Element Method (FEM)
Ø Finite Volume Method (FVM)
Ø Spectral Element Method (SEM)
Ø Boundary Element Method (BEM)

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 1D Examples

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 1D Examples

ME630: Advanced Heat Transfer | Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 26 / 33

 1D Examples

ME630: Advanced Heat Transfer | Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 27 / 33

 Some Mathematical Background (ODEs)
Mainly, we will deal with linear ODEs and PDEs, since nonlinear problems usually requires
numerical methods.

Complete Solution of Linear ODEs

Let L
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be a linear differential operator:
d2 y dy
L {y} = 2 + a(x) + b(x)y
dx dx
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A complete solution is:

general solution to homogeneous eqn. any particular solution to the non-homogeneous eqn.

ME630: Advanced Heat Transfer | Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 28 / 33

 Some Mathematical Background (ODEs)
dy
First-order ODEs + A(x)y = B(x)
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dx
We seek to find µ(x) such that this equation becomes:
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Example: Energy equation for unsteady temperature change in an object with low Biot #
dT
+ m(T T1 ) = 0
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dt
t = 0, T = To
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ME630: Advanced Heat Transfer | Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 29 / 33

 Some Mathematical Background (ODEs)
Reduction of order: missing dependent variable

Reduction of order: missing independent variable

ME630: Advanced Heat Transfer | Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 30 / 33

 Some Mathematical Background (ODEs)
Second-order Linear ODEs with Constant Coefficients
d2 y dy
A 2 +B + Cy = D
dx dx
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For homogeneous equation: Characteristic eqution becomes

2
A
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+B +C =0

ME630: Advanced Heat Transfer | Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 31 / 33

 Some Mathematical Background (ODEs)
Second-order Linear ODEs with Constant Coefficients

d2 y dy
A 2 +B + Cy = D(x)
dx dx
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For non-homogeneous equation: Two methods are available

(i) Method of Undetermined Coefficients
(ii) Variation of Parameters

Method of Undetermined Coefficients: Assume particular solution in the form of

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 Some Mathematical Background (ODEs)

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