Principles of Sampling

- Target population?

- Sampling population?

- A nationwide school survey was

done to determine the prevalence
of COVID-19 among Filipino
teenagers.
- Target population?
SAMPLING
● act of studying or examining only a
- Sampling population?
segment of the population to represent
the whole.
Advantages of Sampling
● Two key features:
● Cheaper
- representative of the population
● Faster
- adequate sample size
● Better quality of information can be
collected
● More comprehensive date may be
obtained
● Only possible method for
destructive procedure
Criteria of a Good Sampling Design
● Representative of the population
● Adequate sample size
● Practical and feasible
● Economy and efficiency
BASIC SAMPLING DESIGN
Non-probability Sampling
- The probability of each member of
the population being selected as
BASIC CONCEPTS part of the sample is difficult to
Population determine or cannot be specified.
● an entire group of individuals or items Probability Sampling
of interest in the study (universe). - Each member of the population has
● Terms: a known non-zero chance of being
- Target Population selected as a sample.
- Sampling Population NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
- Sampling Unit DESIGNS
- Elementary Unit / Element Judgmental/Purposive
- Sampling Frame ● based on an expert's subjective
- Sampling Error judgement.
● Example: Accidental / Haphazard
- A review of birth certificates to ● those who is available
determine the mean birth weight of Quota
babies born in Marulas, Valenzuela ● samples of a fixed size
City.
Snowball 2. Draw a random number between 1
● individual to be included is identified and k. This will be the starting point.
by a member who was previously 3. Count k intervals from the starting
included point until the sample size is
Convenience reached.
● units are easily accessible ● Example:
Advantages 1. Population size (N): 12
● Easier to execute Sample size (n): 4
● Only possible means Sampling interval: (k)= 12/4 = 3
Disadvantages 2. Random start: 2
● More likely to produce biased result 3. Count k units from the random start
● No defined rules to compute for until sample size is reached.
estimates
● Cannot compute the reliability of
estimates.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING DESIGNS
Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Cluster Sampling ● Advantages
Multi-Stage Sampling - Less time consuming and easier to
Simple Random Sampling perform
● most basic type - Can sometimes result in
● every element in the population has an representative sample
equal chance of being included in the ● Disadvantages
sample. - Units could be widely spread-out
● In this technique elements of the - Systematic bias
sample are selected using either the Stratified Sampling
lottery method or random numbers ● The population is first divided into
generated by a calculator, excel, non-overlapping groups called: stratum
EpiInfo etc. ● Samples are selected from each
● Advantages stratum through SRS or SYS.
- Simple design
- Simple Analysis
● Disadvantages
- Not cost efficient
- Requires a sampling frame
Systematic Sampling
● done by taking every element in the
population assignment of numbers as a
part of the sample.
● The researcher computes the sampling
interval (k=N/n).
● How to do SYS: 1. Divide sample population into strata
1. Compute for sampling interval 2. Obtain the sampling frame for each
(k=N/n). stratum
 3. Compute the sampling fraction,
p=n/N
4. Select random samples of p in each
stratum

● Advantages
- Ensure subgroups are adequately
represented
- Accurate estimates for each
stratum can be obtained produces
more reliable results
● Disadvantages
- may require a very large sample if
reliable estimates for each stratum
are wanted
Cluster Sampling
● The selection of groups of study units
(clusters) instead of the selection of
study units individually.
● Clusters are usually of the same size
and the characteristics of units across
clusters are homogenous or similar.
● Sampling design: 4-stage stratified,
systematic, cluster, simple random
sampling design
● Advantages
- Cost efficient design
- Sampling frame for all elementary
units not required
- sample is easier to select
● Disadvantages
- more complicated design to
implement
- more complicated analysis
- needs bigger sample size to
achieve sample precision

Multi-Stage Sampling
● a procedure carried out in phases and
usually involves more than one
sampling method.
● often used in community-based studies