EXPLAINING THE NATURE

LESSON 2
OF COMMUNICATION
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
1. ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
(5BC)
• It is the 1st and earliest model of
communication.

• Aristotle was a teacher of

rhetoric.

• Put up an academy to produce

good speakers.
Representation of his model:

SPEAKER SPEECH (message) AUDIENCE (listener)

 Additional information:

• SETTING- the most important part in his model.

• Setting is where the listener is situated.
• Setting also dictates the message.

The three setting in Aristotle’s time:

• Legal Setting
• Deliberative Setting
• Ceremonial Setting
 LEGAL SETTING

• The courts where ordinary people defended

themselves (there were no lawyers then).
 DELIBERATIVE SETTING

• The political assemblies,

the highest of which was
the Roman Senate.
 CEREMONIAL SETTING
• The celebrations held when
they won a war, lost a
leader or had a new one,
and when they welcomed a
visiting leader from another
kingdom or country.

• Such occasions called for

speeches of welcome,
poems of tribute or of
eulogies and poems of
lament.
2. CLAUDE SHANNON & WARREN WEAVER (1948)

• Gave us the concept

of NOISE.

• It is often called the

Telephone Model.
-The message
interfered with by
“noise” from the
telephone switchboard
back in the 1940’s.
Representation of his model:
 3. WILBUR SCHRAMM (1955)
• He is considered the Father of Mass
Communication.

• Schramm model explains why communication

breakdown occurs.

• Schramm asserts that communication take place

if and only if there is an overlap between the
Field of Experience of the Speaker and the Field
of the Listener.
Representation of his model:
 4. EUGENE WHITE (1960)

• Communication is circular and

continuous, without a beginning or end.

• He made a cyclical model.

• He contributed the concept of feedback

to the field of communication.
Representation of his model:

In any order.

• Thinking
• Symbolizing
• Expressing
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• Decoding
• Feedbacking
• Monitoring
 LINEAR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

• The linear communication model explains the process of one-way

communication, whereby a sender transmits a message and a receiver absorbs it.
• A linear model of communication envisages a one-way process in which one
party is the sender, encoding and transmitting the message, and another party is
the recipient, receiving and decoding the information.
• According to the model, many things can affect the one-way communication
process. For instance, the choice of channel selected may affect the way a
receiver interprets a message. Also, a number of disruptions can occur at any
point – they're known as ‘noise’. It can include ‘psychological noise’, whereby
the psychological state of the receiver will affect the interpretation of the
message, including stress, anxiety, anger and so on.
LINEAR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
INTERACTIVE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

• Unlike the one-way, straight-line type of communication in the

linear model, the interactive model of communication, also
known as the convergence model, is all about give and take. It
relies on an exchange of communication from the sender to the
receiver and from the receiver to the sender and back again. The
interactive model allows for feedback, something that's absent in
the linear model.
 INTERACTIVE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
The interactive model requires several components to be successful:
• Two sources: The originator of the message and the recipient of the message are
both sources. Both parties are able to send and receive messages or feedback
from the other.
• The message: The information being exchanged.
• Feedback: Takes place after the first message has been received and is returned
to the originating source. The presence of feedback is the primary difference
between the linear model and the interactive model.
• Field of experience: The field of experience is all of the knowledge, behaviors,
beliefs, situations, psychological factors, etc., that not only impact the content
of the message, but also the way it's interpreted.
INTERACTIVE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Transaction Model of communication

The Transaction Model of communication describes communication as a

process in which communicators generate social realities within social,
relational, and cultural contexts. In this model, nurses don’t just
communicate to exchange messages; they communicate to:
• Create relationships.
• Form intercultural alliances.
• Shape self-concept.
• Engage with others in dialogue to create communities.
Transaction Model of communication
 Transaction Model of communication

The Interaction Model takes physical and psychological context into account.
• Physical context includes the environmental factors in a communication encounter. The
size, layout, temperature, and lighting of a space influence your communication. Imagine
the different physical contexts in which the nurse-client encounter takes place and how
this can affect communication. You may be attempting to have an emotionally laden
discussion with a client in a room where the beds are only separated by curtains. You may
be assessing a client in the community where the lighting is dim. Whether it’s the size of
the room, the temperature, or other environmental factors, it’s important to consider the
role that physical context plays in communication.
• Psychological context includes the mental and emotional factors in a communication
encounter. Stress, anxiety, and emotions are just some examples of psychological
influences that can affect communication. For example, you may be communicating with a
client who is in pain and afraid in the emergency room. You may be introducing yourself to
one client, but worried about another client who is grieving. Alternatively, you may be
communicating with groups of clients and families who are experiencing myriad of
emotions.
 Terms:
• Thinking- the process of using one's mind to consider or reason about something.
• Symbolizing- represent by means of symbols.
• Expressing- convey (a thought or feeling) in words or by gestures and conduct.
• Transmitting- cause (something) to pass on from one place or person to another.
• Receiving- be given, presented with, or paid (something).
• Decoding- analyze and interpret (a verbal or nonverbal communication or image).
• Feedbacking- feedback.
• Monitoring- means watching, observing, checking, or keeping track of a process
for a special purpose.