LLORENTE, DIVINE N.

19-24524 BSCE GEOLOGY

ACTIVITY 16
1. List down the geological factors that affect the construction of dams, and tunnels
• Faults
• Discontinuities
• Intact rock strength
• Hydrogeological conditions
• In situ stress
• Intense karstification
• Effects of high stress
• Topography

2. Complete the following table below

TYPES OF DAMS DESIGN CRITERIA CRITERIA OF MATERIALS TO BE

1. EMBANKMENT • Dam is made entirely, or
DAM nearly entirely, of the
same material,
compacted low-
permeability soils.
• Clay core that is
impervious to water.
• Availability of Materials
• Rejection of highly
pervious materials.
2. CONCRETE GRAVITY • High quality rock mass for
DAM securing the foundations
and ensuring the safety
of the dam against failure
and deformation.
• Most concrete mixes are
only built for compressive
strength, tensile and
shear strength should be
determined using
suitable tests.
• Avoiding undesirable
cracking, the
temperature change of
the concrete in the dam
should be controlled
during construction. The
coefficient of thermal
expansion, thermal
conductivity, specific
heat, High clay content
USED
• Most desirable impervious
materials are gravelly clays,
sandy clays, and lean clays.
• Asphaltic or hydraulic
concrete, as well as
polymeric or bituminous
materials.
• High clay content
sedimentary rocks
aggregates which have a unit
weight of at least 25 kN/m3.
• Filters and drains should be
made of granular materials
with very strict grading
criteria specified in the
requirements, no fines, high
strength and durability, and
chemical and physical
stability.
• Natural deposits or grinding
may be used to extract
them.
 sedimentary rocks
aggregates which have a
unit weight of at least 25
kN/m3.
• Filters and drains should
be made of granular
materials with very strict
grading criteria specified
in the requirements, no
fines, high strength and
durability, and chemical
and physical stability.
3. MASONRY GRAVITY • Proportioned in such a • Rock that makes up the
DAM way that the permissible foundation and abutments
stresses in the concrete at the site is strong enough
and foundation are not to carry the dam's forces at
exceeded. all points along the contact
• Every horizontal plane planes with stresses well
inside the dam, it is safe below the elastic limit.
from overturning. • Effects of concrete flow
• Every horizontal point being accommodated by
inside the dam, it must using a slightly lower
be safe from sliding. modulus of elasticity under
sustained loads.
• Concrete must be uniformly
elastic throughout the
structure.
4. COMPOSITE DAM • Broad valley containing • Consideration of this type of
reasonably good rock but dam being a combination of
with a centrally placed both embankment and
zone of deep weathering concrete dams, the criteria
(considering that this for the materials used would
type of dam is a more or less be the same
combination of both
embankment and
concrete dams, the
criteria for dam design
would more or less be
the same).
TUNNELS
FOUNDATION DESIGN CRITERIA OF MATERIALS TO BE
CRITERIA USED
• Geological Structure • Silty sands ranging from
concerns with the moderate to low permeable
stability of the foundation soils.
• Discontinuities Also in • Above the water table, the
regards with the stability materials used must have
but focuses more on enough cohesion or
faults, its risks and cementation.
effects.
• Intact Rock Strength Silty
sands ranging from
 moderate to low
permeable soils. Above
the water table, the
materials used must have
enough cohesion or
cementation.
• Having greater strength
than the vertical stress in
the rock mass.
• Stability is conditioned by
time and rock properties
Unstable excavation due
to stresses exceeding the
intact rock strength.

3. List down the different method for ground protection and support.
• Reservoir water tightness
• Erosion
• Uplift pressures
• Leakage control

4. Explain briefly the influence of geological features like faults, folds and joints in constructing dams and
tunnels.

There is a great influence of geological feature like faults and joints in constructing dams
and tunnels. Faults may affect the design and construction simply because it can cause the
foundation of the dams and tunnels to be in a worst situation. Infrastructure should be strong
and it will start with its foundation itself. If the foundation is located especially in an active fault,
it will be harmful if an earthquake could appear. Folds and joints could move in a period of time
and can affect the infrastructures’ walls and foundation.