LECTIO VIGESIMA PRIMA

De tribus casibus pronominis: hic

De tempore plusquamperfecto in voce passive

SUMMARY: Tiberius Gracchus, though a patrician by birth, was sympathetic to the poor-many
of them had been farmers, but had lost their lands, being unable to compete with large estates and
slave labor. In Rome they found little work at little pay-slave competition again. The senate
opposed the proposed law to give part of the public lands to the poor. (Part of their lands were
public, but in many cases no one remembered which lands were public.) Gracchus however put
it through the popular assembly. He did a number of things contrary to precedent and the senate's
interests. Some senators organized a mob and killed him.

Tibérius Gracchus fuit patrícius nativitáte. Sed motus est misericórdia pro
paupéribus. Viri enim paúperes multi fuérunt in urbe Romána. Illi paúperes
habúerant agros. Paúperes non potúerant remanére in agris. Habúerant enim parvos
agros. Sed dívites habuérunt magnos et multos agros. Dívites habuérunt multos
servos. Servi non accepérunt pecúniam pro labóribus. Ergo paúperes non potuérunt
tenére agros suos. Paúperes venérunt in urbem. Sed étiam in urbe fuérunt multi
servi. Paúperes non voluérunt esse servi. Sed fere nihil accepérunt pro labóribus in
urbe. Et fere nemo vóluit condúcere illos.
Tibérius Gracchus ergo vóluit dare agros paupéribus (to the poor). Ítaque
propósuit legem novam in senátu. Sed senatóres non amavérunt novam legem. Per
legem novam enim senatóres debuérunt dare partem agrórum suórum paupéribus.
Non omnes agri senatórum re vera erant agri senatórum. Senatóres enim tenuérunt
étiam multos agros públicos. Illi agri re vera non erant agri senatórum--erant agri
públici. Sed senatóres non voluérunt dare illos agros paupéribus. Quia senatóres
non voluérunt novam legem, Gracchus venit in comítia tribúta. Plebs in comítiis
tribútis voluérunt habére novam legem Gracchi. Gracchus étiam fecit multa ália
quae (which) senátus non amávit. Ergo quidam senatóres fecérunt turbam. Illa turba
interfécit Tibérium Gracchum.

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 VOCABULARIUM TRANSLATION
erant- were nativitas- birth
interficere, fecit, fectus - kill motus- moved
movere, movit, motus - move misericordia- pity
proponere, posuit, positus- propose divites-the rich
tenere, tenuit, tentus - hold, keep servus- slave
multus labor, labore- work, suffering labor- work
misericordia, a- mercy, pity tenere- hold, keep
servus, o- slave suus- one's own
senator, ore, magnus - senator conducere- hire
suus, a, um- one's own, his, hers, its, proposuit- proposed
theirs re vera- really
verus, a, um-true; re vera - in truth, erant- were
really comitia tributa- popular, assembly
quidam- certain
turba- mob
interfecit- killed

NUNC COGITEMUS

1. NOMINATIVE, OBJECTIVE, AND ABLATIVE OF HIC (This):

MASC FEM NEUT

NOM hic hi haec hae hoc haec
OBJ hunc hos hanc has hoc haec
ABL hoc his hac his hoc his
i. Hic (this) is the mate of Ille (that).
ii. The c additive confuses the table but remove it from hunc and
hanc, the regular –um and –am respectively reappear. And the
abl singgulars hoc & hac are obvious w/o the c.
iii. Even though hic, haec, hoc-haec in the 1st row are odd, hic is
such a common word that you will get used to it.
2. PLUPERFECT PASSIVE: Replace -est or -sunt of perfect passive by -
erat or -erant. Thus,
i. Romanus exercitus victus est (was/has been conquered) into victus
erat (had been conquered).
ii. Multi milites victi sunt (was/has been conquered) into victi erant
(had been conquered).

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 Another facilitation: the -erat and -erant in the pluperfect active (e.g.
vicerat, vicerant) are separate words in the passive (victus erat, victi
erant).
3. SUUS may mean: his own, her own, their own (in the plural), etc
e.g., Non potuerunt tenere agros suos. They were not able to keep their
(own) fields.
But their (someone else’s) has another word to use: eorum (the possessive
of the possessive eius). Thus, “They were not able to keep their (someone
else’s) fileds” is translated Non potuerunt tenere agros eorum.

NUNC EXERCEAMUS Nos

ENGLISH TO LATIN

1. That man has come.

2. What did he want?
3. He wanted food.
4. Since Gracchus had been killed, the senators were able to keep the lands.
5. The lands of the senators were really large.
6. They had great sufferings.
7. Many men were slaves of the patricians.

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 LECTIO VIGESIMA SECUNDA
De tempore praesenti activo

SUMMARY: Gracchus had been guilty of some misdeeds, or at least, things contrary to custom.
But the murder of Gracchus showed that the senate was corrupt. The case of Jugurtha showed it
still better. Jugurtha had a right to one third of Numidia but he killed one partner and expelled the
other. The other, Adherbal appealed to the senate. The senate, its palms probably greased, gave
Adherbal the poorer part of Numidia. Soon, after the siege of Cirta, Jugurtha killed Adherbal.
This was an outrage, but the senate still wanted to do nothing.

Diébus Tibéri Gracchi senátus Románus corrúptus erat. Tibérius

ambitiósus fúerat: fecit quaedam mala. Fecit quaedam étiam contra consuetudinem.
Sed senátus non débuit interfícere illum. Hoc re vera monstrávit corruptiónem
senátus Románi. Erat étiam álius Gracchus, Gaius nómine. Tibério interfécto, Gaius
non tímuit. Hic étiam propósuit legem de agris. Sed hic étiam non pótuit contra
senátum pugnáre. Sed corruptio senátus praesértim monstráta est in bello cum
Iugúrtha.
Audívimus de Masiníssa, rege Numídiae. Fílius Masiníssae erat Micípsa.
Quando Micípsa mórtuus est (died) Hiémpsal et Adhérbal debuérunt accípere
Numídiam. Hiémpsal et Adhérbal erant fílii Micípsae. Iugúrtha erat nepos
Micípsae. Iugúrtha débuit accípere partem Numídiae, cum fíliis Micípsae. Sed
Iugúrtha interfécit Hiémpsalem. Hiémpsale intérfecto, Iugúrtha éxpulit Adhérbalem
ex Numídia. Adhérbal rogávit senátum Románum míttere auxílium. Sed senátus
dedit partem orientálem Numídiae illi (to him) et partem occidentálem Iugúrthae (to
Jugurtha). Iugúrtha probabíliter déderat aurum: pars enim occidentális erat mélior.
Parte occidentáli accépta, Iugúrtha bellum fecit cum Adhérbale. In hoc
bello, Iugúrtha interfécit Adhérbalem. Sed senátus Románus vóluit nihil fácere-
probabíliter accéperant aurum ab Iugúrtha. (Continued tomorrow—continuábitur
cras.)

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 VOCABULARY TRANSLATION
monstrare, monstravit, monstratus- show corruptus- corrupt
praesertim- especially quaedam- certain things
bona consuetudo, consuetudine- custom consuetudo- custom
filius, o- son monstravit- showed
melior, melius, meliore- better praesertim- especially
occidentalis, e, i- western
audivimus- we heard
orientalis, e, i- eastern
filius- son
nepos- nephew
orientalis- east
occidentalis- west
melior- better

NUNC COGITEMUS

1. SINGULAR PRESENT PATTERN: It is formed by changing the

infinitive -are, etc. into -at, etc. Thus,
INFINITIVE PRESENT e.g. e.g. TRANSLATION
1. –are -at Par-are Par-at He/she/it prepares, does prepare or is
preparing.
2. -ere -et Hab-ere Hab-et
3. -ere -it* Pon-ere Pon-it
4. –ire -it Ven-ire Ven-it

*The ending of the 3rd conjugation uses a vowel other than that of the
infinitive.

ENGLISH TO LATIN
1. Scipio prepares the soldiers.
2. Columbus is showing his ships.
3. Adherbal remains in the eastern part of Numidia.
4. He is preparing an army.
5. The king of Africa has many slaves.
6. The senate had received much gold from Jugurtha.
7. Since it has received gold, the senate does not wish to fight against this
man.

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 LECTIO VIGESIMA TERTIA

De tempore praesenti in persona tertia plurali

SUMMARY: The senate, probably bribed, did not wish to punish Jugurtha. But the plebs forced
war. The war was a sham, followed by a sham surrender. But soon Jugurtha angered even the
senate, by committing murder in Rome. War resumed, but with little success. Finally the plebs
elected Marius consul, and made him commander. Marius gave up the use of unwilling draftees-
he got volunteers by promise of lands and money. The army was thus more directly loyal to him
than to Rome.

Senátus iam monstráverat corruptiónem suam. Iugúrtha enim interfécerat

Adhérbalem. Sed senátus, probabíliter quia accéperat aurum ab Iugúrtha, vult fácere
nihil. Senátus debet puníre Iugúrtham. Sed plebs, in comítiis tribútis, exclúmant:
senátus iniústus est. Senatus debet bellum movére cum Iugúrtha. Necésse est puníre
illum. Ergo senátus, coáctus a plebe, movit bellum. Sed exércitus Románus non
pugnávit fórtiter contra Iugúrtham. Et Iugúrtha non pugnávit fórtiter contra
Romános. Senátus enim non vult bellum cum Iugúrtha. Et hic non vult bellum cum
Roma. Simulavérunt bellum. Finis belli venit anno centésimo undécimo (111 BC)
ante Christum. Mox Iugúrtha interfécit virum quando in urbe Romána erat. Magna
audácia erat. Ítaque Roma rursus movit bellum cum Iugúrtha. Étiam senátus nunc
ira motus est contra Iugúrtham.
Sed Roma non habet victóriam statim. Ítaque plebs creávit novum
imperatórem: facit Márium imperatórem. Márius eléctus est consul anni centésimi
séptimi (J 07). Márius non vóluit habére mílites ex deléctibus. Mílites ex deléctibus
non voluérunt pugnáre. Márius vóluit habére mílites melióres. Ítaque promísit agros
et pecúniam-hoc modo accépit mílites melióres. Hi mílites voluérunt pugnáre
fórtiter. Voluérunt accípere bonos agros et pecúniam multam a Mário. Ítaque hi
mílites amavérunt Márium. Speravérunt accípere pecúniam et agros ab illo-non a
Roma. Ergo mílites Márii vicérunt Iugúrtham.

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 VOCABULARY TRANSLATION
cogere, coegit, coactus- compel punire- punish
punire, punivit, punitus- punish iniustus- unjust
delectus, u- draft, levy coactus- forced
iniustus, a, um- unjust
simulavit- pretended
ira, a- anger
modus, o- manner, way, measure, limit mox- soon
simulare, avit, atus- feign, pretend audacia- boldness
sperare, avit, atus- hope ira- anger
mox- soon delectus- draft
modus- way
sperare- hope
facile- easily

NUNC COGITEMUS

PRESENT THIRD PLURAL: Simply remove the infinitive ending (-are, etc.) and
add:
1. -ant 2. -ent 3. -unt 4. –iunt
E.g.: 1. parant 2. habent 3. ponunt 4. Veniunt

There are just a few verbs that belong to the third conjugation but they use the ending
–iunt of the fourth conjugation. Here is the 3rd plural of those verbs we have met:
accipiunt (from accipere)
capiunt (from capere)
faciunt (from facere)
iaciunt (from iacere)
interficiunt (from interficere)
In the vocabularium, the –iunt form would be printed if a verb is of that type, e.g.
[accipiunt], accipere, accepit, acceptus - receive

NOTE ON VOLUIT: It has some irregular forms: velle (inf), vult (present 3 rd sing),
volunt (plural).

ENGLISH TO LATIN
1. They are capturing many cities.
2. What are they throwing into the river?
3. Marius and his men (sui) are coming.
4. Marius and Sulla are fighting bravely.
5. He spoke with great anger.
6. Jugurtha pretends to love the senate, but in reality he does not.
7. By the draft they are forcing these men to come into the army.

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 LECTIO VIGESIMA QUARTA
Nihil novi hodie-veteribus studeamus

SUMMARY: Mithradates, king of Pontus, a small country in Asia Minor, began to overrun the
country. He invaded the Roman province of Asia, and killed the legate. Sulla, a former lieutenant
of Marius, was given command against Mithradates. But while Sulla was enroute to Asia, his
command was revoked. Sulla marched on Rome, and killed those who had engineered his recall.
But he could not find Marius (continued).

In Ásia Minóre est terra parva, Pontus nómine. Rex Ponti erat Mithradátes.
Sed ille vóluit multas terras víncere. Ítaque bellum movit cum áliis terris in Ásia
Minóre. Mithradátes enim vóluit expéllere Romános ex Ásia Minóre. In hoc
témpore, Románi provínciam habuérunt in parte occidentáli Ásiae Minóris.
Vocavérunt hanc provínciam Ásiam. Sed re vera "Ásia" erat solum pars parva Ásiae
Minóris. Mithradátes étiam interfécit legátum Románum in hac província.
Mithradátes dixit "Románi amant aurum." Ítaque Mithradátes infúdit aurum
cálidum in guttur Románi.
Sine dúbio necésse erat bellum habére cum Mithradáte. Románi ergo
fáciunt Sullam imperatórem contra Mithradátem. Sulla fúerat legátus in exércitu
Mari in bello Iugurthíno. Sulla erat patrícius nativitáte, et vir magni ingénii. Sulla
non iam amat Márium: Márius est ex parte plebis. Sulla est ex parte senátus.
Sed Sulla factus est imperátor contra Mithradátem. Sulla ergo discéssit ex
urbe, cum exércitu magno. Dum Sulla abest ex urbe, tribúnus plebis, Sulpícius
nómine, propónit novas leges. Una (one) lex révocat Sullam et facit Márium
imperatórem. Sulla audívit de nova lege. Ergo Sulla venit rursus ad urbem cum
exércitu suo. Sulla interfécit Sulpícium et multos amicos Sulpíci. Sed non póterat
inveníre Márium. (Continuabitur eras).

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 VOCABULARY TRANSLATION
abesse, afuit, afuturus - be absent tempus- time
infundere, fudit, fusus - pour in provincia- province
calidus, a, um- hot solum - only
dubium, o- doubt infudit- poured
magnum guttur, ure- throat calidus- hot
ingenium, o- talent, natural ability guttur- throat
longum tempus, tempore- time dubium- doubt
revocare, avit, atus- recall ingenium- ability
dum- while pars -party
dum- while
abest- be absent
revocare- recall
amicus- friend

FAMILIES OF WORDS: It is a great help to our memory to notice that many

words come in families. For example:
1. revocare (re - to, vocare – call back), re-ponere, re-cipere (from capere),
re-ficere ((from facere), re-mittere, re-scribere.
2. Ad- means near or to. Ad-vocare (to call near), ad-esse (to to be or to be
present), ad-movere (to move near?), apponere (from ad-ponere,), ad-
venire, ad-stare.
3. A or ab means from or away. Ab-esse (away from to be or to be absent),
avocare, amovere, abs-tinere (from tenere)

VIDEAMUS FORMAS VETERES

1. How do you say: he compels, they compel, he shows, they show, she asks, they
ask, he is absent, they are absent, he wishes, they wish, she receives, they receive,
it sends, they sent, he throws, they throw.
2. Decline these combinations as units: magnus rex orientalis, bonus delectus,
mala consuetudo, caput calidum.
3. How do you say: he had been found, they had been found, it had been given,
they had been given, it had been waged, they had been waged.

ENGLISH TO LATIN
1. Tarquinius having been expelled, Rome had war.
2. He was a patrician by birth.
3. They say that Jugurtha wants peace.
4. While there is doubt, they are not willing to recall that legate.
5. He was created dictator not because of (ablative alone means "because of') natural
ability, but because of much work.
6. They are now fighting with the Communists.
7. Even good men do not have eternal peace in this world.
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