Ray Optics 1

Real and Virtual Images (1) i = r

(2) After reflection, velocity, wave length and frequency of light
If light rays, after reflection or refraction, actually meets at a
remains same but intensity decreases.
point then real image is formed and if they appears to meet virtual
image is formed. (3) There is a phase change of  if reflection takes place from
denser medium.
Reflection From a Plane Surface (Plane Mirror)
I The image formed by a plane mirror is virtual, erect, laterally
O I
inverted, equal in size that of the object and at a distance equal to the
O

distance of the object in front of the mirror.

object)
(Real image) object) (Real image)
(Virtual (Virtual

x x
Real image Chapter
image)
(Virtual
29 Fig. 29.2
(1) Deviation () : Deviation produced by a plane mirror and by
two inclined plane mirrors.

(Real image)
Ray Optics
O (Real object)
I
object)
i r
(Virtual image)
(Virtual
= (180 – 2i) = (360 – 2)
Reflection of Light (A) Single Reflection (B) Double Reflection
Fig. 29.3
When a ray of light after incidenting on a boundary separating
two media comes back into the same media, then this phenomenon, is (2) Images by two inclined plane mirrors : When two plane
called reflection of light. mirrors are inclined to each other at an angle , then number of images
(n) formed of an object which is kept between them.

360 o o

Incident ray
Normal
Reflected ray (i)
n= ( θ
−1 ) ; If
360
θ
=
even integer
i r o
Boundary
360
=
Fig. 29.1 (ii) If θ odd integer then there are two possibilities
 2 Ray Optics
Concave mirror converges the light rays and used as a shaving
mirror, In search light, in cinema projector, in telescope, by E.N.T.
specialists etc.
Convex mirror diverges the light rays and used in road lamps,
side mirror in vehicles etc.
Object
Object (1) Terminology
/2 (i) Pole (P) : Mid point of the mirror
/2 ced
(B) Object is pla (ii) Centre of curvature (C) : Centre of the sphere of which the
t is360
placed 360ically
(A) Objec
n= (
symmetricallθy
−1 ) asymm
n=
etr
θ
mirror is a part.
(iii) Radius of curvature (R): Distance between pole and centre of
curvature. (Rconcave = –ve , Rconvex = +ve , Rplane = )
Fig. 29.4
(3) Other important informations (iv) Principle axis : A line passing through P and C.
(i) When the object moves with speed u towards (or away) from (v) Focus (F) : An image point on principle axis for an object at
the plane mirror then image also moves towards (or away) with speed .
u. But relative speed of image w.r.t. object is 2u. (vi) Focal length (f) : Distance between P and F.

(ii) When mirror moves towards the stationary object with speed R
f=
u, the image will move with speed 2u in same direction as that of (vii) Relation between f and R : 2
mirror. (fconcave = –ve , fconvex = + ve , fplane =  )
(viii) Power : The converging or diverging ability of mirror
O I O I
(ix) Aperture : Effective diameter of light reflecting area.
2u Intensity of image  Area  (Aperture)2
u u Rest
u (x) Focal plane : A plane passing from focus and perpendicular to
principle axis.
Mirror at rest Mirror is moving
(A) (B) (2) Sign conventions :

Fig. 29.5
Mirror or Lens

Incident ray
(iii) A man of height h requires a mirror of length at least equal to

–
h/2, to see his own complete image.
Fig. 29.8

(iv) To see complete wall behind himself a person requires a

plane mirror of at least one third the height of wall. It should be noted

+
–

that person is standing in the middle of the room.

Principle

H
H
axis

E (i) All distances are measured from the pole.

E M'
M'
h (ii) Distances measured in the direction of incident rays are taken
h h E
h 2 3 as positive while in the direction opposite of incident rays are taken
M' M' negative.
L B (iii) Distances above the principle axis are taken positive and
d d below the principle axis are taken negative.
(A) (B)
Fig. 29.6 Table 29.1 : Useful sign
Curved Mirror Concave mirror
Convex
It is a part of a transparent hollow sphere whose one surface is Real image (u ≥ f) Virtual image (u< mirror
polished. f)
Distance of object u  – u  – u  –
Distance of image v  – v  + v  +

C C Focal length f  – f  – f  +
P P
F F Height of object O  + O+ O  +
Principal Height of image I  – I + I  +
axis Radius of curvature R  – R – R  +
Concave mirror Convex mirror Magnification m  – m+ m  +
Fig. 29.7

Image Formation by Curved Mirrors

 Ray Optics 3

Virtual
Erect
Large in size
m>+1

Convex mirror : Image formed by convex mirror is always

virtual, erect and smaller in size.
Concave mirror : Image formed by concave mirror may be real (1) When object is placed at infinite (i.e. u = )
or virtual, may be inverted or erect, may be smaller, larger or equal in
size of object. Image
(1) When object is placed at infinite (i.e. u = ) At F
Virtual
Image Erect
P F
At F Very small in size
Real Magnification m << + 1
Inverted F P Fig. 29.15
Very small in size (2) When object is placed any where on the principal axis
Magnification m << – 1
Image
Fig. 29.9
(2) When object is placed between infinite and centre of Between P and F
curvature (i.e. u > 2f) Virtual
Erect P F C
Image Small in size
Between F and C
Magnification m < + 1
Real
Fig. 29.16
Inverted
Small in size Mirror Formula and Magnification
m<–1 C F P
For a spherical mirror if u = Distance of object from pole, v =
(3) When object is placed at centre of curvature (i.e. u = 2f) distance of image from pole, f = Focal length, R = Radius of curvature,
O = Size of object, I = size of image
Image Fig. 29.10
At C 1 1 1
= +
Real (1) Mirror formula : f v u
Inverted
Equal in size (2) Lateral magnification : When an object is placed
m=–1 F P perpendicular to the principle axis, then linear magnification is called
C lateral or transverse magnification.
(4) When object is placed between centre of curvature and focus
(i.e. f < u < 2f) I v f f −v
Fig. 29.11 m= =− = =
Image O u f −u f
Between 2f and  (* Always use sign convention while solving the problems)
Real Axial magnification : When object lies along the principle axis
Inverted
F P I −(v 2 −v 1 )
Large in size m= =
C then its axial magnification
O ( u2 −u1 )
m>–1
2
dv v
(5) When object is placed at focus (i.e. u = f)
Fig. 29.12
If object is small;
m=− =
du u ()
Image
f 2 f −v 2
At 
Real
= ( ) ( )
f −u
=
f
Inverted P Areal magnification : If a 2D-object is placed with it's plane
Very large in size C F perpendicular to principle axis. It's Areal magnification
m >> – 1
Area of image ( A i ) Ai
(6) When object is placed between focus and pole (i.e. u < f) ms= ⇒ ms =m2=
Fig. 29.13
Area of object ( Ao ) Ao
Image
Behind the mirror

P
C F