12 Department of Education-Region III

TARLAC CITY SCHOOLS DIVISION

Juan Luna St., Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City 2300
Email address: tarlac.city@deped.gov.ph/ Tel. No. (045) 470 – 8180

Discipline and Ideas in Social Sciences

Quarter 2: Week 13
 DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

Name: ______________________________________ Quarter 2 – Week 13

Grade and Section: ____________________________ Date: ______________

FILIPINO SOCIAL THINKERS

SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO, PILIPINOLOHIYA AT PANTAYONG PANANAW

Background Information:
Social thinkers are individuals who can be regarded as visionaries toward the
improvement of society in a particular time. They can also be regarded as great individuals
who have contributed significantly to development of political and social thoughts and
philosophy. They also provided significant contributions to the advancement of the disciplines
of social sciences.

Filipino Social Thinkers and their Contributions (Gripaldo, 2013)

1. Isabelo De Los Reyes
● Used Socialist Ideology for discussing the role of the working class in the society.
● Demanded patriotism and sacrifice to obtain social and economic changes. (Guevarra,
1995)
2. Jose Rizal
● He believed in the importance of consciousness of the native people. Consciousness
should be freed from fanaticism, docility, inferiority and hopelessness.
● A rationalist, intelligence or application of reason will help in solving societal problems.
● Through the civic organization, La Liga Filipina, it would help in enlightening the mind of
the people.
● Believed in the human capability to solve human problems.
● A Deist, “Human problems are irrational human creations and can be solved through
rational solutions.
● Valued basic human freedoms or democratic rights before the grant of independence.
● To Capino (Capino, 1977), Rizal’s intellectual ideas include defense of human rights, belief
that Justice is the foundation of society and governments, Justice must be both for the rich
and the poor, courts must perform its mission quietly, carefully and serenely. In Rizal’s letter
To the Women of Malolos, he stressed to women the importance of fulfilling their duties. Zaide
(Zaide, 1994), enlisted the main points of the letter as follows; [1] A Filipino mother should
teach her children love of God, fatherland and mankind. [2] the Filipino mother should be glad,
like the Spartan mother, to offer her sons in the defense of the fatherland [3] a Filipino is not
merely reciting long prayers and wearing religious pictures, but rather, living it the real
Christian way, with good morals and good manners.
● To Rizal, the Government must think of the future. (Capino., 1977) He urged the Filipinos
in Spain to convince the Spanish Cortes to Initiate reforms needed in the promotion of the
Filipinos welfare.
● In the Philippines a Century Hence, Rizal depicted the fall of the Spanish Colonial
government, if the government would not adopt more liberal policies in the country. Otherwise,
the country will remain a colony of Spain. Since the Philippines suffered from economic
stagnation and unhappiness during the Spanish rule, Rizal views the Philippines may prosper
if they will secure their liberties. (Zaide, 19194) Rizal also predicted that the American whose
interest is in the pacific may also someday conquer the country.
3. Andres Bonifacio
● Founder of the revolutionary society, Katipunan.
● Used the “indigenous” Idea of Contract i.e. the Blood Compact.
● Bonificio believed that a revolution was justified when there was a breach of contract.
● In his writings, Bonifacio believed in the concept of paradise when the Spaniards colonized
the country. Revolution, therefore, will restore the lost paradise.
● Tripartite View of History, Liwanag, Dilim, Liwanag. That prior to Spanish Colonization, the
Filipinos enjoyed “kaginhawaan and kasaganaan.” However, when the Spaniards came and
did not keep their promises sealed by the Blood Compact, the country experienced a period
of “kadiliman.” Liwanag can only be achieved once again when people will follow “katwiran”
ang magkaisang-loob to fight the evils in the society. (Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog)
● In Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa, Bonifacio stresses that there’s no greater love than the love
for the country. The poem also calls for Filipino’s to join the fight for Philippine Independence.
● In the Decalogue of Bonifacio, he enlisted the duties and responsibilities of every
Katipunero, to be followed strictly. However, Bonifacio later decided to adopt Jacinto’s Kartilya
ng Katipunan as the official teachings of the Katipunan. The two were written to introduce to
the new recruits the principles and values that should guide the Katipunan members. (Andres
Bonifacios’s Decalogue, and the Kartilya ng Katipunan, n.d.)
4. Emilio Jacinto
● Jacinto believed in the freedom to think and do rather than the freedom to will and do. “One
should be able to think through his situation clearly before he can do anything significant at
all.”
● Jacinto committed to the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity.
● In his “Pahayag” he believed that the youth must get rid of slavery, embrace “Kalayaan”
once again thru a bloody revolution.
5. Apolinario Mabini (Roxas-Lim, 1999)
● Forged the philosophical and political principles of Philippine Revolution.
● Laid the foundation of Filipino Nationhood.
● Provided the guiding principles for the armed struggle against Spain and the USA, in line
with higher philosophical and political ideals that made the rebellion into a national liberation
movement.
● To Mabini, Filipino must undergo Internal Revolution i.e. education and self-discipline.
● In Verdadero Decalogo and other numerous writings, Mabini talked about the necessity for
Moral Degeneration of Filipinos. Mabini desires to form a new social order based on belief in
God and human capacity to do good and act in accordance with one’s conscience and reason.
● Some of his writings also talk about his belief in democratic ideals, national independence,
sovereignty, liberty and freedom.
● In the True Decalogue, he explains the duties of the citizen, stating that democracy was
still an alien concept to his countryman. (Guerrero)
6. Manuel Luis Quezon
● “The fight for freedom is now in the US congress.”
● A member of the Nacionalista party, whose platform was immediate, complete and absolute
independence of the country.
● Political philosophy consists of Political Pragmatism and political preparation for eventual
Philippine Independence.
● Believed in Social Darwinism- governments are products of political struggles for survival.
Political parties are necessary only when they have competing platforms of government.
● Supported the American Education policies, i.e. free public education from elementary to
high school.
● Education must aim for good citizenship, survival and preparation for livelihood.
● Envisioned a government with distributive justice. Sought for the code of ethics to
strengthen character of the people. He believed in the promotion of social justice and equal
distribution of wealth to promote equality.

Sikolohiyang Pilipino
Sikolohiyang Pilipino studies the development of an indigenous Filipino psychology. It
was developed as a response to the colonial background of Filipino psychology and the Great
Cultural Divide in the development of Philippine psychological thoughts. Virgilio G. Enriquez
pioneered the Sikolohiyang Pilipino movement and was considered as the “Father of
Sikolohiyang Pilipino.” He initiated this new consciousness and opened the door of developing
a systematic way of studying, thinking and feeling from the Filipino orientation and perspective
(Mendoza 2007, 245). According to Enriquez (2007), Sikolohiyang Pilipino introduced a
movement that focuses on the following topics, namely:
1. Identity and national consciousness
2. Social awareness and involvement
3. National and ethnic cultures and languages
4. Bases and application of indigenous psychology in health practice, agriculture, art, mass
media, religion and others including the psychology of behavior and human abilities as
discussed in Western psychology and made applicable in the Philippine context (38-39)
Sikolohiyang Pilipino has three major areas of protest against the colonial background
of Filipino Psychology. These included the following:
1. As a sikolohiyang malaya or liberated psychology – Sikolohiyang Pilipino contradicts a
psychology that perpetuates the colonial status of the Filipino mind.
2. The movement opposes the importation and imposition of the industrialized psychology of
the Developed countries into the Third World. The Sikolohiyang Pilipino reconceptualized this
aspect into sikolohiyang pangkabuhayan or economic/livelihood psychology.
3. Development of a sikolohiyang mapagpalaya as an opposition to the use of psychology to
exploit the masses (Enriquez 2007, 39).
This new consciousness on Philippine psychology, Enriquez (2007, 39) called as
Sikolohiyang Pilipino emerged by using local languages as a tool for the “identification and
rediscovery of indigenous concepts.” The movement believes that the Filipino language is the
most appropriate medium or language for the expression of Philippine realities together with
the “development of scientific literature that embodies the psychology of the Filipino people”
(Enriquez 2007,39)
Kapwa is a core concept of the Sikolohiyang Pilipino. According to Enriquez, Filipinos
define kapwa as a term where the “other” is not only experienced on the outside but also on
the inside. It recognizes the concept of “shared identity” and emphasizes the unity of “self”
with “others.” Kapwa arises from the awareness of a shared identity with others.
Pakikipagkapwa, on the other hand, has a more profound and deeper meaning. It means
“accepting and dealing with other persons as equals” (Jocano 1999, 188 and Enriquez 2007,
39).
The use of indigenous language can lead to the identification of an underlying
precondition to the existence of surface values. This is the concept and value of Pakiramdam
(shared the inner perception and feeling for another). A person without pakiramdam cannot
have pakikisama and utang na loob.
Pilipinolohiya
Pilipinolohiya was developed by Prospero Covar from the Anthropology Department
and Zeus Salazar from the History Department of the University of the Philippines.
Pilipinolohiya is derived from two words: Pilipino and lohiya. Lohiya is derived from the Latin,
logos, which means “systematic study” while Pilipino refers to the citizens of the Philippines
or those that belong to the Filipino race or refers to the national language of the Filipinos
before it was replaced by Filipino. Pilipinolohiya is defined as the “study of the world of
Filipinos, of being Filipinos, and the different ways of being Filipino” (Mendoza, 2007, 258).
According to Prospero Covar (2007, 62-63) Pilipinolohiya is the systematic study of
(1) Filipino psyche, (2) Filipino culture, and (3) Filipino society using the terms and categories
of thought of the culture. Covar includes languages, and the different forms of arts, music,
visual arts, sculpture, dances, architecture, drama, literature, film, philosophy, and religion as
part of the culture. In totality, psyche, culture and society are all studied in order to show the
Filipino-ness or pagka-P/Filipino of each field. All the fields that were mentioned are woven
and crafted by the Filipinos (Covar, 2007, 66).
According to Covar (2007, 66), I believe that without the knowledge and actual use of
the language is not possible to have a complete understanding of culture.
Proponents of Pilipinolohiya argue that this systematic study is focused on the Filipino
nation, the people’s experiences and the Filipinos’ culture and society and developed within
the Filipino context. (Mendoza, 2007, 265).
Pantayong Pananaw
Pantayong Pananaw is a discourse within the indigenous tradition that was developed
by Dr. Zeus Salazar, a History professor from the History Department of University of the
Philippines Diliman and considered as the “Father of the Pantayong Pananaw.” He developed
the Pantayong Pananaw discourse as a response to the westernized perspective of the study
of Philippine history and historiography. “Considered as the most theoretically advanced and
productive in terms of the number of research outputs on the indigenization of the social
sciences,” the Pantayong Pananaw introduces a communication-based theoretical innovation
on the study of Philippine Historiography. This new model in historiography refers to the
“normative” speaking context within which scholars in the movement seek to help forge a
“national discourse on civilization.” The Pantayong Pananaw wishes to contribute to the
“flourishing of a talastasang bayan” or national discourse. Together with the notion of history
as salaysay which carries a notion of the nation’s pag-uulat sa sarili or the nation reporting to
itself, the Pantayong Pananaw wants to create a venue “whereby the nation can share in one
encompassing discourse, one that would lend a sense of kabuuan or “totality,” or a shared
understanding of the nation’s history that can give force and direction to a collective vision of
the future” (Mendoza, 2007, 267-268).
Pantayong Pananaw came from the words pantayo and pananaw. The term pantayo
was derived from the root word “tayo” which means “we,” the plural form of the first-person
pronoun and the prefix “pan- “which means “for.” While “pananaw” means “perspective” in
English. Understood as a single term, Pantayong Pananaw means “A For-Us Perspective.” In
2003, Ramon Guillermo translated Pantayong Pananaw as “a from-us-for-us perspective.” In
this translation, the perspective emphasizes that the “cultural notion is not only the subject
and goal of discourse, but it is also the source of it” (Mendoza, 2007, 268).
Salazar used tayo as a basis for the theoretical base of the perspective and not the
pronoun kami because according to Salazar, the latter refers to “we-speaking to others’ as
opposed to the former which means “we-speaking among ourselves.” The Pantayong
Pananaw introduces a “closed circuit of interaction,” a context where discourse is carried on
by and among Filipinos, without the inclusion or interference of outside participants or
dominant perspectives who are unwelcoming to Filipino interests (Salazar, 2007, 105).
Through this perspective, Filipinos can communicate freely through the use of their own
concepts, language, thought patterns, manner of relating and interests.

Learning Competencies:
Examine the the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in
Filipino language/s and experiences:
a. 19th Century (Isabelo delos Reyes, Jose Rizal, others)
b. 20th-21st Century (Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Pantayong Pananaw, others)

Activity 1
A. Directions: Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false. Write the correct
answer in the space before each number.
_____1. Social thinkers are individuals who are said to be a hero of a nation.
_____2. According to Dr. Jose Rizal, intelligence or application of reason will help in solving
societal problems.
_____3. Apolinario Mabini desires to form a new social order based on the belief in God and
human capacity to do good and act in accordance with one’s conscience and reason.
_____4. Andres Bonifacio believed in the freedom to think and do rather than freedom to will
and do.
_____5. Free public education is an important social idea of Manuel L. Quezon.

B. Directions: Identify what is being asked in each item. Choose the answer inside the box.
Write the correct answer in the space before each number.

___________________________1. It refers to “We-speaking among ourselves.”

___________________________2. It refers to “We-speaking to others.”
___________________________3. He is the Father of the Pantayong Pananaw.
___________________________4. He is one of the proponents of Pilipinolohiya from the
Anthropology Department of the University of the Philippines.
___________________________5. He is the Father of Sikolohiyang Pilipino.
___________________________6. It is a core concept of the Sikolohiyang Pilipino that arises
from the awareness of a shared identity with others.
___________________________7. It means “accepting and dealing with other persons as
equals.”
___________________________8. A communication - based framework aims at “flourishing
of a talastasang bayan” or national discourse.
___________________________9. It is a systematic way of studying, thinking and feeling
from the Filipino orientation and perspective
___________________________10. It is the systematic study of Filipino psyche, Filipino
culture, and Filipino society using the terms and categories of thought of the culture.

Prospero Covar Sikolohiyang Pilipino

Virgilio G. Enriquez Kapwa
Zeus Salazar Pakikipagkapwa
Pantayong Pananaw Kami
Pilipinolohiya Tayo
Activity 2
Directions: Compare and contrast the different indigenous social sciences by completing the
table below.
Indigenous Social Proponent Definition Contributions to the study
Sciences of culture and society

Activity 3
Directions: Make a summary of the above readings by completing the table below.
Filipino Social Concepts and Ideas Contributions
Thinkers
1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

Reflection
Directions: Complete the following statement.
1. I learned that ____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. I realized that ____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. I plan to ________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Rubric (Activity 2 and 3)
Individual work will be graded according to:
Excellent Very Good Good Poor
Criteria
5 4 3 2
Completeness Correct and Correct but not Not correct but Not correct and
and correctness complete complete complete not complete
of responses
Organization of Entire ideas are Most ideas are Some ideas Few ideas are
ideas well organized well organized are well well organized
organized
Explanation and All explanation Most Most Explanations
justification and justification explanation and explanation are incomplete
are accurate and justification are are accurate and inaccurate
detailed accurate and and detailed
detailed

REFERENCES:
Abulencia, Arthur S., Jefferson Sadera, Ma. Lorella C. Arabit-Zapatos, Wensley M. Reyes and
Nikolee Marie A. Serafico. Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences Teacher’s
Guide. Pasig City: Haus of Serah Printing and Trading Corp., 2017.
Dela Cruz, Arleigh Ross D., Cecile C. Fadrigon, Diana J. Mendoza, Ronaldo B. Mactal.
Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc., 2016.

ANSWER KEY
Activity 1
A. B.
1. F 1. Tayo 6. Kapwa
2. T 2. Kami 7. Pakikipagkapwa
3. T 3. Zeus Salazar 8. Pantayong Pananaw
4. F 4. Prospero Covar 9. Sikolohiyang Pilipino
5. T 5. Virgilio G. Enriquez 10. Pilipinolohiya

Activity 2
Indigenous Proponent Definition Contributions to the
Social study of culture and
Sciences society
1. Sikolohiyang Virgilio G. -It studies the development of an indigenous Filipino Answer may vary
Pilipino Enriquez psychology.
-It is a systematic way of studying, thinking and feeling
from the Filipino orientation and perspective.
2. Pilipinolohiya Prospero - It is the systematic study of (1) Filipino psyche, (2)
Covar Filipino culture, and (3) Filipino society using the terms
and categories of thought of the culture.
- Is the “study of the world of Filipinos, of being Filipinos,
and the different ways of being Filipino”
3. Pantayong Zeus -A communication - based framework aims to
Pananaw Salazar “flourishing of a talastasang bayan” or national
discourse.
-A For-Us Perspective.
-A from-us-for-us perspective, emphasizes that the
“cultural notion is not only the subject and goal of
discourse, but it is also the source of it”

Activity 3
Answer may vary

Prepared by:

Analyn E. Tacusalme
Teacher II