Introduction to Nursing

LECTURE/WEEK 1/PPT-BASED

DEFINITION OF NURSING (ANA, 2010)  The professional nurse must appreciate the role of
informatics.

Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health PHILOSOPHY OF NURSING

and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of
suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human
response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families,
communities, and populations.
Virginia Henderson defined nursing in functional terms
” The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual,
sick or well, in the performance of those activities
contributing to health or its recovery (or to a peaceful death)
that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary
strength, will or knowledge. And to do this in such a way as
to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.”
The term Nurse originated from the latin word Nutrix means to
nourish (Taylor, Lillis LeMone, 1997)
OBJECTIVES
Includes beliefs and values with regard to main in general &
specifically man as the learner, teacher, nurse, client and the
beliefs about health, illness, society; nursing & learning etc.
Includes…
 Spiritual: religion should serve as the primary
integrating factor.
 Moral: nurse has to develop right conscience.
 Intellectual: to provide a systematic development &
training & for fulfilment of nursing function.
 Emotional needs: nurse must be able to function as a
mature, self-dependent & responsible individual &
must be able to relate well to other people.
 Physical: to promote harmonious development,
physical needs to preserve essentials of health.
 Social: nursing is linked with social culture, in which
nursing activities are carried out.

Nursing in the Philippines

 Prepare nurses who will give expert bedside nursing
care
Defined legally in Republic Act 9173, which is the prevailing law
 Provide integration of health and social aspects theory
regulating the nursing practice.
& practice
It states in Article VI, Section 28:
 Provide an adequate, sound scientific foundation to
A person is deemed to be practicing nursing when he/she singly;
understand the functioning of body & mind in health &
or in collaboration with another, initiates and performs nursing
disease
services to individuals, families, and communities in any health
 Prepare to work cooperatively, develop sense of
care settings as independent practitioners, nurses are primarily
responsibility
responsible for the promotion of health and prevention of illness.
 Provide opportunity to develop skills & personality
As members of the health team, nurses shall collaborate with
 Upgrade nursing as a profession
other health care providers for the curative, preventive, and
rehabilitative aspects of care, restoration of health, alleviation of
suffering, and when recovery is not possible, towards a peaceful
Concept of nursing: The tasks of nursing are:
death.
a) To promote health
b) To prevent disease
QUALITIES OF A NURSE
c) To help ill-person to healing (to assist healing)
d) To assist the dying patient to pass away with quietude,
peace, and dignity: (to ease suffering) Caring nature Nurses deal with the sick and
e) The client is a holistic human being, including suffering injured and their families
person and healthy person daily and must be able to
show that they truly care
about the situation
PHILOSOPHY Emphatic attitude Nurses must be able to put
themselves in their patients’
 Nursing is viewed as both an art and a science, shoes to provide the quality
reflecting upon the concepts of nursing. care needed
 Nursing is an applied discipline which expresses itself in Detail oriented Nurses must remember to
practice, and has its foundation rooted in make entries on patients’
scientific/empirical knowledge, theory, and research charts and to bring
medication at the correct
 Nursing is also expressed as a caring, therapeutic and
times
teaching discipline.
Emotionally stable Nurses feel the joy of seeing
 The goal of nursing is optimum client wellness, and the a new baby born as well as
maximum level of functioning. the pain of losing a long-term
 The nursing interventions are evidence-based and patient. Emotional stability is
stem from their core knowledge. crucial to deal with the wide

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range of emotions nurses
must endure
Adaptable People are unpredictable at
the best of times, but
become even more so under
stress, so a nurse’s typical
workday will require
flexibility and adaptability
”An occupation or calling requiring advanced training and
experience in some specific or specialized body of knowledge
which provides service to society in that special field”
DEFINITION OF A PROFESSIONAL NURSE
 A professional nurse is a person who has completed a
basic nursing education program and is licensed in
his/her country or state to practice professional
nursing
ARTICLE VI NURSING PRACTICE
It shall be the duty of the nurse to:
a) Provide nursing care through the utilization of the
nursing process.
Nursing care includes:
 Traditional and innovative approaches
 Therapeutic use of self
 Executing health care techniques and procedures
 Essential primary health care
 Comfort measures
 Health teachings,
 Administration of written prescription for treatment,
therapies, oral topical and parental medications,
internal examination during labor in the absence of
antenatal bleeding and delivery in case of suturing of
perineal laceration, special training shall be provided
according to protocol established;
b) Establish linkages with community resources and
coordination with the health team:
c) Provide health education to individuals, families and
communities
d) Teach, guide and supervise students in nursing
education programs including the administration of
nursing services in varied settings such as hospitals and
clinics; undertake consultation services; engage in such
activities that require the utilization of knowledge and
decision-making skills of a registered nurse; and
e) Undertake nursing and health human resource
development training and research, which shall
include, but not limited to, the development of
advance nursing practice.
QUALIFICATIONS AND ABILITIES OF A PROFESSIONAL NURSE
A professional nurse must possess specific qualifications and
abilities.
A. Professional Preparation
The professional Preparation
1. Have a license to practice nursing in the country:
2. Have a Bachelor of Science degree in Nursing;
3. Be physically and mentally fit
B. Personal Qualities and Professional Proficiencies
1. Interest and willingness to work
2. A warm personality and concern for people
3. Resourcefulness and creativity as well-balanced
emotional condition;
4. Capacity and ability to work cooperatively with
others
5. Initiative to improve self and service;
6. Competence in performing work through the use
of nursing process
7. Skill in decision making, communicating, and
relating with others and being research oriented;
and
8. Active participation in issues confronting nurses
and nursing
DEFINITION OF LICENSE
 A license is a legal document given by the government
that permits a person to offer to the public his or her
skills and knowledge in particular jurisdiction.
 The license to practice nursing is granted by the
appropriate authority to applicants or candidates who
have fulfilled certain established requirements. Such a
license permits the nurse to practice within the
country or state and gives him/her the privilege of
representing herself/himself as a licensed nurse
The appropriate authority to administer, implement, and enforce
the regulatory policies of government with respect to the
regulation and licensing of the various professions and
occupations under its jurisdiction is the Professional Regulation
Commission (PRC)
Registration required
Under the Philippine Nursing Act of 2002, R.A 9173, Section 12
and 20 state that license to practice nursing shall be issued to
those who pass the licensure examination or by reciprocity
RECIPROCITY means mutuality in the grant and enjoyment of
privileges between persons or nations
RECIPROCITY is based on the principle of “do ut des” which means
that for a country to expect a favor from another. It should be
willing to give a corresponding favor.
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REGISTRATION BY RECIPROCITY R.A 9173. SEC 20
 Section 20. Registration by Reciprocity. – A certificate
of registration/professional license may be issued
without examination to nurses registered under the
laws of a foreign state or country:
Provided, That the requirements for registration or
licensing of nurses in said country are substantially the
same as those prescribed under this Act:
Provided, further, That the laws of such state or
country grant the same privileges or registered nurses
of the Philippines on the same basis as the subjects or
citizens of such foreign state or country.
Applicants for registration as nurses by reciprocity
shall present to the Board of Nursing a properly
completed application on the prescribed form.
Together with their respective certificates of
registration as nurse granted by their state or
country.
EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATIONS
 SEC. 13. Qualifications for Admission to the Licensure
Examination. – In order to be admitted to the
examination for nurses, an applicant must, at the time
of filing his/her application, establish to the satisfaction
of the Board that:
 (a) He/she is a citizen of the Philippines, or citizen or
subject of a country which permits Filipino nurses to
practice within its territorial limits on the same basis as
the subject or citizen of such country: Provided, That
the requirements for the registration or licensing of
nurses in said country are substantially the same as
those prescribed in this Act;
 (b) He/she is of good moral character; and
 (c) He/she is a holder of a Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing
from college or university that complies with the
standards of nursing education duly recognized by the
proper government agency.
B. REQUIREMENTS FOR EXAMINATION
For purpose of applying for the nursing licensure examination, the
following are required for each applicant:
1. Original Transcript of records with Special Order from
the Department of Education, culture and sports unless
he/she is graduate of a Level II accredited nursing
program
2. For state colleges and universities, original transcript of
records with date of graduation
3. Records of actual related learning experiences for the
entire Bachelor of science in Nursing Program
4. Actual, member of operating room scrubs and
deliveries assisted, signed by chief nurse
5. Where applicable
a) Birth Certificate
b) Marriage Certificate
c) Alien Certificate of Naturalization, and
d) Clearance showing dismissal of case from
the court or Prosecutor’s Office, if any
C. FEES FOR EXAMINATION
Applicants for licensure and for registration shall pay the
prescribed fees set by the Commission.
D. SCOPE OF EXAMINATION
 Section 14. Scope of Examination – The scope of the
examination for the practice of nursing in the
Philippines shall be determined by the Board. The
board shall take into consideration the objectives of
the nursing curriculum, the broad areas of nursing, and
other related disciplines and competencies in
determining the subjects of examinations.
In Jus sanguinis docrine, the nationality of a person is
determined by the law of his descent or percentage; the child
follows the citizenship of his father
In Jus soli docrine, the nationality of a person is determined by
the law of the place of his birth
Naturalization is the act of adapting a foreigner and giving him
the privileges of a native citizen
F. RATING OF THE NURSING LICENSURE EXAMINATION
 SEC. 15. Ratings. – In order to pass the examination, an
examinee must obtain a general average of at least
seventy-five percent (75%) with rating of not below
sixty percent (60%) in any subject. An examinee who
obtains an average rating of seventy-five percent (75%)
or higher but gets a rating below sixty percent (60%) in
any subject must take the examination again but only
in the subject or subjects where he/she is rated below
sixty percent (60%). In order to pass the succeeding
examination, an examinee must obtain a rating of at
least seventy-five percent (75%) in the subject or
subjects repeated.
 Renewal examination shall be taken within two years
after the last failed examination
 Reconsideration of Ratings. Request for
reconsideration of ratings may be entertained only on
grounds of mechanical, clerical or clear errors; or if it is
conclusively shown that there had been malfeasance in
the rating of papers.
OATH OF PROFESSIONAL NURSES
I, Mikhaella Gwencky Alejandro Guarino, of hereby
Solemnly swear that I will support and defend the Constitution
of the Philippines; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to
the same; that I will obey the laws, legal orders, and executive
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orders promulgated by the duty constituted authorities of the exempt from examination in accordance with the
Republic of the Philippines; and that I impose this obligation provision of this Act; or
upon myself voluntarily, without mental reservation or
purpose of evasion.
I further solemnly swear that at all times and places I will CONCEPT OF DUE PROCESS
adhere closely to the ethical and professional rules generally
accepted by the nursing Professional rules generally accepted  Under the Bill of Rights provided in the Constitution of
by the nursing Profession in the Philippines, and that I will well the Philippines,
and faithfully discharge to the best of my ability the duties and
obligations incumbent upon a legally authorized nurse “No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without
practitioner.
due process of law nor shall any person be denied equal
So help me God
protection of the laws.”
The term “due process of law” is defined as a “law” which hears
 Every practicing professional or practitioner of the before it condemns, which proceeds upon inquiry and renders
occupations regulated by the Professional judgement only after trials.
Regulation Commission shall pay a fee for three
years which shall be paid on the professional’s birth
month FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS OF DUE PROCESS
 As provided by the Philippine Nursing Act of 2002
R.A. 9173, Section 23, the Nursing Board of the  ARTICLE III Section 14 OF THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF
Professional Regulation Commission shall have the THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
power to revoke or suspend the certificate of
registration/ professional license or cancel the No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without
special/ temporary permit of a nurse upon any of due process of law.
the following grounds.

FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS OF DUE PROCESS

a) For any of the causes mentioned in the preceding
section; 1. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be
b) For unprofessional and unethical conduct; presumed innocent until the contrary is proved
c) For gross incompetence or serious ignorance; 2. The right to free access to the courts and adequate
d) For malpractice or negligence in the practice of legal assistance
nursing; 3. The right to remain silent and to have competent and
e) For the use of fraud, deceit, or false statements in independent councel
obtaining a certificate of registration/professional 4. The right to bail and protection against excessive bail
license or temporary/special permit; 5. The right to presumptions of innocence until the
f) For violation of this Act, the rules and regulations, contrary is proved
Code of Ethics for nurses and technical standards for 6. The right to be heard by himself/herself and councel
nursing practice, policies of the Board and the 7. The right to be informed of the natire or the cause of
Commission, or the conditions and limitations for the the accusation against him/her
issuance of the temporary/special permit; or 8. The right to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial
g) For practicing his/her profession during his/her 9. The right to meet the witness face to face
suspension from such practice; 10. The right to have a compulsory process to secure the
attention of witness
Provided, however, that the suspension of the certificate of 11. The right against self-incrimination
registration/professional license shall be for a period not to 12. The right when under investigation for the commission
exceed four (4) years of an offense, to remain silent and to counsel, and to
be informed of his/her right
13. The right against the use of force, violence, threat,
SECTION 35. PROHIBITIONS IN THE PRACTICE OF NURSING
intimidation or any other means which variates the
free will
 A. A fine of not less than Fifty thousand pesos (P50,
14. The right against cruel and unusual punishment
000.00) nor more than One hundred thousand pesos
15. The right against excessive fines; and
(P100,000.00) or imprisonment of not less than one (1)
16. The right against double jeopardy
year nor more than six (6) years, or both, upon the
discretion of the court, shall be imposed upon: (a) any NURSING HISTORY IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR PERIODS
person practicing nursing in the Philippines within the
meaning of this Act:
INTUITIVE NURSING Pre-historic times to Early
(1) Without a certificate of registration/professional Christian Era
license and professional identification card or special Care of the sick was a task
temporary permit or without having been declared that belonged to women, it is

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APPRENTICE NURSING
EDUCATED NURSING
CONTEMPORARY NURSING
largely intuitive and  Believing that nursing is separate and distinct from
untaught. medicine.
Characterized by “on-the-job  Recognizing that nutrition is important to health.
training” experienced nurses  Instituting occupational and recreational therapy for
directed the new nurses sick people.
Started on June 15, 1860 with  Stressing the need for continuing education for nurses.
the opening of Florence
 Maintaining accurate records, recognized as the
Nightingale School of Nursing
beginnings of nursing research
at the St. Thomas Hospital in
London
NURSING
Period post World War II
Characterized by social
changes, scientific and
 The nursing science is an independent applying science
technological advancements.
that synthesizes natural and social science.
 Nursing is a profession that helps human being and
serves for health of human being.
 Nursing can assist individual to meet the basic needs of
human being enforce the ability of self-care

NATURE AND SCOPE OF NURSING PRACTICE

 Nurses contribute to health care within a

multidisciplinary team. They are individually
accountable for their actions and practice within a
statutory regulatory framework established to protect
the public and assure the quality of nursing services.
 The role of the nurse is constantly changing and
developing. This means that nurses may add new
functions to their work. When deciding to do so, nurses
must be sure that patients will benefit and that they
are competent for the new role.

Nursing is a service which:

 Helps individuals, families and communities to achieve

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
 She was born in 1820 to a wealthy family
 She grew up in England
 She was well educated and well-traveled extensively;
 She undertook nurse’s training at the age of 31
 The outbreak of the Crimean War and a request by the
British to organize nursing care for a military hospital in
Turkey gave Nightingale an opportunity for
achievement (Kalish & Kalish 1995)
THE NIGHTINGALE ERA
Nightingale improve the quality of nursing care and founded
modern nursing education by:
 Identifying the personal needs of the patients and the
role of the nurse in meeting those needs.
 Establishing standards for hospitals management.
 Establishing a respected occupation for women.
 Establishing nursing education.
 Recognizing the two components of nursing: HEALTH
AND ILLNESS
and maintain good health
 Supports, assists and cares for people during illness or
when their health is threatened
 Enhances people’s ability to cope with the effects of
illness and disability
 Ensure, as far as possible, that death is dignified and
free from pain.
 Nursing achieves these goals by applying knowledge
and skills gained through education and training,
updated and tested by research. It is the combination
of professional knowledge and skills, with the desire to
care for others, which provides the base of nursing.
Nursing practice includes:
 Accessing people’s health, their health problems and
the resources they have to cope with them; deciding
what nursing help is needed and referring them to
other sources of expertise when necessary
 Planning, giving and evaluating programmes of skilled
nursing care.
CODE OF ETHICS
American Nurses Association
1. The nurse provides services with respect for human
dignity and the uniqueness of the client unrestricted by

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considerations of social or economic status, personal

attributes, or the nature of health problems.
2. The nurse safeguards the client’s right to privacy by Novice
judiciously protecting information of a confidential
No expertise Advance Beginner
Limited practical skills Marginally competent skills
nature. Relies on rules and Difficulty establishing
3. The nurse acts to safeguard the client and the public expectations of others for priorities
when health care and safety are affected by the direction
incompetent, unethical, or illegal practice of any
person.
4. The nurse assumes responsibility and accountability for
individual nursing judgments actions.
5. The nurse maintains competence in nursing.
6. The nurse exercises informed judgment and uses Competent Practitioner Profecient Practitioners
individual competence and qualifications as criteria in Feels competent and Views patients holistically
seeking consultation, accepting responsibilities, and organized Plans and set goals focuses on long term goals
delegating nursing activities to others
7. The nurse participates in activities that contribute to
the ongoing development of the profession’s body of
knowledge
8. The nurse participates in the profession’s efforts to
implement and improve standards of nursing
9. The nurse participates in the profession’s efforts to Expert Practitioners
establish and maintain conditions of employment Performs fluidly
conductive to high-quality nursing care. Expertise comes naturally
10. The nurse participates in the profession’s efforts to
protect the public from misinformation and
misinterpretation and to maintain the integrity of
BENNER’S LEVEL OF PROFECIENCY
nursing
11. The nurse collaborates with members of the health
professions and other citizens in promoting community NOVICE
and national efforts to meet the health needs of the Beginner with no experience.
public. Performance is limited, inflexible, and governed by context-free
rules and regulations rather than experience
ADVANCED BEGINNER
Demonstrates marginally acceptable performance.
Recognizes the meaning “aspects” of a real situation
Has experienced enough in real situations to make judgements
Advanced about them.
Novice Competent Proficient Expert
Beginner COMPETENT
Have 2 or 3 years of experience
BENNER’S STAGES OF NURSING PROFECIENCY Demonstrates organizational and planning abilities
Differentiates important factors from less important aspects of
care
Coordinates multiple complex care demands
PROFECIENT
Have 3 or 5 years’ experience.
Perceives situations as wholes rather than in terms of parts as in
stage II.
Uses maxims as guides for what to consider in a situation
Has holistic understanding of the client, which improves decision
making focuses on long-term goals.
EXPERT
Performance is fluid, flexible, and highly proficient.
No longer requires rules, guidelines, or maxims to connect an
understanding of the situation to appropriate action.
Demonstrates highly skilled intuitive and analytic ability in new
situation is inclined to take a certain action because “it felt right”

INTRODUCTION

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 The curriculum program is committed, competent,

sensitive, discipline, integrity and professionalism and
develop competencies in patient-centered care,
teamwork and collaboration, evidence-based practice,
quality, improvement, safety, and informatics in
promoting and restoring of health, preventing
diseases, alleviate and assist in palliative and end-of-
life care for client.
OUTCOME-BASED EDUCATION

 Is an approach that focuses and organizes the

educational system around what is essential for all
learners to know, value and be able to do, achieve a
desired level of competence. (CMO No.15: Article II
Section 3)

LEARNER-CENTERED OR
OUTCOME-BASED APPROACH

BSN

 a four-year program consisting of general education

and professional courses.
 Professional courses are threated through from the
first year thru the fourth year with emphasis on the
nursing concepts with corresponding Related Learning
Experience (RLE)
 Intensive nursing practicum that will refine further the
nursing competencies to ensure achievement of the
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING (BSN) BSN program outcomes required of an entry level
nurse
 BSN Degree is equivalent to Level of the Philippine
Qualifications Framework. (Article IV, Section 5.1) AIM OF BSN PROGRAM

 To develop a professional nurse who is able to assume

entry level positions in health facilities or community
settings. (Article IV, Section 5.3)
 Professional nurse is capable of providing safe,
humane, quality and holistic are individuals in varying
age, gender and health-illness status; healthy or at-risk
families; population groups and community; singly or
in collaboration with other health care providers to
promote health, prevent illness, restore health,
alleviate suffering and provide end of life care.

1. Client Care
- Utilize the nursing process in the care of Mothers, newborns,
children, adolescents, adults and older persons; family,
community, population groups, and persons with special needs.

ADVANCE PRACTICE NURSE

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YEAR LEVEL LEVEL OUTCOMES

FIRST YEAR LEVEL At the end of the first year,
given simulated situations in
selected settings, the learners
demonstrate basic nursing
skills in rendering safe and
appropriate care utilizing the
nursing process
SECOND YEAR At the end of the 2nd year,
given a normal and high risk
mother and newborn, child,
family, communities and
population groups in any
health care setting, the
learners demonstrate safe,
appropriate and holistic care
utilizing the nursing process.
THIRD YEAR At the end of the third year,
given individuals, families,
population groups, and
communities with physiologic
and psychosocial health
problems and maladaptive
patterns of behavior in varied
health care settings, the
learners demonstrate safe,
appropriate and holistic care
utilizing the nursing process
and applying research and
evidence-based practice.
FOURTH YEAR At the end of the fourth year,
given groups of clients
(individuals, families,
populations groups and
communities) with health
problems and special needs,
the learners demonstrate
safe, appropriate and holistic
care utilizing the nursing
process and can assume first
level entry positions in any
field of nursing.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES

1. Apply knowledge of physical, social natural and health

sciences and humanities in the practice of nursing;
2. Provide safe, appropriate and holistic care to
individuals, families, population groups and community
utilizing nursing process;
3. Apply guidelines and principles of evidence-based
practice process;
4. Practice nursing in accordance with existing laws, legal,
ethical and moral principles;
5. Communicate effectively in speaking, writing and
presenting using culturally-appropriate language;
6. Document to include reporting up-to date client care
accurately and comprehensively
7. Work effectively in collaboration with inter-, intra- and
multi-disciplinary and multi-cultural teams;
OUTCOME EXPECTED TO BE ACHIEVED AT THE END OF THE
SPECIFIC YEAR LEVEL

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