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Toaz - Info V Notch PR
Toaz - Info V Notch PR
JOMO KENYATTA
UNIT: HYDRAULICS 1
TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENT PAGE
Lab Report 1
ABSTRACT 2
INTRODUCTION 2-3
AIMS / OBJECTIVE 3
THEORY 4
APPARATUS 5
PROCEDURE 6
RESULTS 7-9
CALCULATION 9-11
DISCUSSION 11
CONCLUSION 12
RECOMMENDATION 12
REFERENCES 13
APPENDICES 14
ABSTRACT
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characteristics of a triangular (v) notch. The flow pattern of water from the
V-notch is being observed. Other than that we are going to determine the
to be determined from the volumetric flow rate calculated from the time
taken and the volume collected. The v notch weir is very good for measuring a low
flow rate of open channel flow. The head over the v notch is measured and correlated with
flow rate through the open channel. A v notch weir equation will give the open channel flow
rate. The purpose of this lab report was to enhance us as the civil engineering students to
INTRODUCTION
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discharging is measured from the crest to the free surface. A weir or notch
is generally used for measuring the flow of liquids.
There are different types of weir. It may be a simple metal plate with a V-
notch cut into it, or it may be a concrete and steel structure across the bed
of a river. A weir which causes a large change of water level behind it,
compared to the error inherent in the depth measurement method, will
give an accurate indication of the flow rate. Some of them are :
A sharp-crested weir allows the water to fall cleanly away from the weir.
Sharp crested weirs are typically 0.64cm or thinner metal plates. Sharp
crested weirs come in many different shapes such as rectangular, V-notch
and Cipolletti weirs.
The sharp crested weirs can be considered into three groups according to
the geometry of weir: a) the rectangular weir, b) the V or triangular notch
and c) special notches, such as trapezoidal, circular or parabolic weirs. For
accurate flow measurement over a wider range of flow rates, a
combination weir combines a V-notch weir with a rectangular weir. This is
typically used in pipes ranging from 10.16 cm to 38.1 in diameter.
AIMS/ OBJECTIVE
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THEORY
5
8
Qt C d tan 2 g H 2
15 2
Where
Thus,
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Cd = 15Qt .
For a rectangular notch the rate of discharged is proportional to the liquid depth raised to
power 1.5 and for the triangular notch to a power of 2.5. A triangular notch will therefore
handle a wider range of flowrates. It can be shown that the notch must have curved walls
giving a large width to the bottom of the notch and a comparatively small width towards the
top. The weir is frequently installed for controlling the flow within the unit itself, for instance
in a distillation column or reactor.
APPARATUS
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PROCEDURE
1. The width of the approach channel and the height of the crest were measured with a
steel tape
2. The temperature of water was also measured
3. The crest level of the v notch with the hook gauge was measured after the approach
gate valve
5. After the flow became steady the water level was measured with the hook gauge
6. The discharge was measured with bucket and weighing balance
7. The discharge was hence increased little and procedure 5 and 6 repeated.
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RESULTS
TITLE : EXPERIMENT OF V
NOTCH DATE :29/10/2014
EXPERIMENT
NO: 1
***Fundamental data****
PROPERTI Temperature 21 °c properties width of the channel (B) 0.6
ES OF
WATER Density(ρ) 997.996 kg/m³ of Height of the crest (z) 0.125
Half angle of nortch (Ѳ) 45°
V-notch k ́=8/15√(2g) tanѲ 2.362
crest level (gauge) 0.222
***OPERATION DATA****
Stag Actual discharge Manometer Theoretic
e Total mas mean Readin Hea al
s of volum g d
mass wate e Tim Dischar Dischar H Discharg Cd k
r e ge ge H/Z e
Kg Kg (Qa)
x10¯³ Sec x10¯³ x10¯³ M M x10¯³
m³ m³/s m³/s m³/s
1 5.1 4.45 4.45 3 1.483
4.9 4.25 4.25 2.8 1.486 1.524 0.168 0.05 0.43 1.601 0.95 2.249
6 4 2 2
5.2 4.55 4.55 2.8 1.602
4
2 5.5 4.85 4.85 2.4 1.948
9 1.809 0.165 0.05 0.45 1.832 0.98 2.332
7 6.35 6.35 3.6 1.74 7 6 7
5
10.4 9.75 9.75 5.6 1.738
1
3 15.3 14.6 14.65 5.4 2.698
5 3 2.757 0.151 0.07 0.56 3.173 0.86 2.053
9.7 9.05 9.05 3.0 2.929 1 8 9
9
7.5 6.85 6.85 2.5 2.645
9
4 10.2 9.55 9.55 2.6 3.604
5 3.598 0.145 0.07 0.61 3.886 0.92 2.187
8.2 7.55 7.55 1.9 3.982 7 6 6
2
12.7 12.0 12.05 3.7 3.257
5
5 9.6 8.95 8.95 2.4 3.683
3 3.727 0.141 0.08 0.64 4.411 0.84 1.996
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SAMPLE CALCULATION
TRIANGULAR ( V) NOTCH
θ = 90O
g = 9.81 m/s
For H = 0.054m
H 5/2
= 6.776 x 10-4
volume, m3
Volumetric flow rate, Qact = time, s
4.45 × 10−3 m3
= 3s
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Q 1+Q 2+ Q3
Mean discharge , QM= 3
1.483+1.486+ 1.602
= 3
8
Theoretical Discharge , Qth = √ 2 g H 5/ 2 tan θ
15
8
ḱ = √ 2 g tan θ =2.362
15
Qth= ḱ H5/2
=1.601 X 10-3 m3 /s
Qact
Discharged coefficient, Cd= Qth Where: Qa – actual
discharge
15 Q
5
= θ
8 tan √ 2g H 2
2
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−3
15 × 1.524× 10
= 90
8 tan √ 2 g ×6.776 ×10−4
2
= 0.952
Qa 1.524
5 5
k= 2 =
H 0.054 2
=2.249
DISCUSSION
rate.
From the results, we can see that the volumetric flow rate of V-notch
is increased. These showed that the water outflow increased as the H
increased. These is supposed to happen as the water level increased, the
water outflow from the notch should be increased over time. But from the
discharged coefficient, we can see that the values of the V-notch are not
stable. This may be from the friction at the head of the notches during the
starter of the experiment. The friction will affect the time taken to collect 3
liters of the water. Thus it will affect the volumetric flow rate and also the
discharged coefficient as the volumetric flow rate influenced the value of
the Cd.
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at least 3 times to take the average so that the error during the time taken
can be minimized. The purpose of doing it is to minimize the errors.
Besides that, we noticed that there is inconsistency in our readings
because of the error that occur.
CONCLUSION
i) V-notch has small range of variations for the value of Cd. This is
because this notch has an angle at its bottom where about 90 o.
This angle might effect the values of flowrate and Cd.
ii) Therefore the best discharged coefficient, Cd is from the V-notch.
RECOMMENDATION
i) The data that was observed in the experiment that was time gain
should be taken twice. This can avoid the very wide deviation
because of only take once of each observation.
ii) Take care not to allow spillage to occur over the plate top
adjacent to the notch. If this happened, it would effect the
collection of known volume.
iii) Once the data were taken, the procedure cannot be reverse to
find the value of time collection by adjusting the height. This
would affect the value of height datum. The height datum must
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LITERATURE CITED.
4. Simon, Andrew L, and Andrew L. Simon. Hydraulics. New York: Wiley, 1986.
Print.
APPENDICES
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The v –notch
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