1.

Spiritual (a) = sacred =divine =

READING PASSAGE 1
heavenly = saintly ( thánh thiện): Linh
hồn
2. Employ = hire = make use of =
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which exercise: Thuê, tận dụng
are based on Reading Passage 1 below. 3. – Practise: Thực hành, tập luyện
- Pacticable: Khả thi
- Practicably: Một cách khả thi
- Practicability: Tính khả thi
- Practical: Thực tế, thiết thực
- Practician: Người đang thực hành
một kĩ năng
- Practitioner: Người đang thực
hành một kĩ năng
4. - Channel (n) = canal
- Channel (v) = transfer: Chuyển
đổi, biến đổi
5. - Advocate (n) = supporter =
REIKI backer: Người biện hộ, tán thành,
ủng hộ
A. The spiritual practice of Reiki was first introduced in early 20th - Advocacy (n)
century in Japan and continues to be used by its followers today = sponsorship: Sự biện hộ, sự bào
with the intention of treating physical, emotional and mental chữa
imbalances and consequent ill-health. The principles of Reiki - Advocator (n): Người biện hộ, tán
involve techniques employed by practitioners they say will thành, ủng hộ
channel healing energy through the subject’s body, and - Advocation (n): Sự ủng hộ, sự tán
advocates hold that these techniques can also be used for self- thành
healing. The name of the practice itself stems from two Japanese - Advocateship (n): Sự ủng hộ
characters, pronounced ‘rei’ which translates to ‘unseen’ or - Advocate (v): Biện hộ, bào chữa,
‘spiritual’ and ‘ki’ meaning ‘life force’ or ‘energy’. chủ trương tán thành
6. Stem = halt = curb = hinder =
B. According to Reiki philosophy, only by undergoing an reduce = stop: Ngăn chặn..
attunement process performed by a Reiki Master is an individual Stem from: bắt nguồn từ...
able to access, then channel this positive energy within, this 7. - Philosophy (n) = attitude =
ability once established is considered to be enduring. Once viewpoint = values: Triết học
attuned, it is said that an individual has the ability to allow energy - Philosopher (n) = theorist =
to flow to weak or diseased areas of the body, so activating a logician = thinker: Triết học gia
natural healing process. Reiki energy is considered to be - Philosophic=Philosophical (a) =
‘intelligent energy’ in that it automatically flows to such areas; for logical = moral = ethical = thẻoetical:
this reason, practitioners believe that diagnosis of a specific Thuộc về triết học
problem is unnecessary beforehand and that the practice can be 8. - Attune (v) = adjust= accustom
used as preventative medicine and encourage healing prior to the = adapt = accommodate:
onset of tangible symptoms. Since healing initiated by Reiki Thích hợp, phù hợp, quen với
treatment is entirely natural, many practitioners are confident that - Attunement (n): Sự hòa hợp, sự
it can be used alongside any other type of treatment without thích nghi
adverse affect; however, others recommend that since the patient 9. – Endure (v) = bear = tolerate =
may undergo significant internal improvement for certain ailments suffer = undergo = put up with
– diabetes, for example – careful monitoring is required since = last = prevail = remain: Chịu
such improvements may establish a need for an alteration in đựng, kéo dài, mãi mãi
medication requirements. - Endurable (a) = tolerable =
bearable = sufferable =
 passable: Có thể chịu đựng
được
- Endurance (n): Khả năng chịu
C. A ‘whole body’ Reiki treatment session typically lasts between đựng, tính nhẫn nại,
to 90 minutes. The subject is required to lie down – often on a - Endurability (n): Tính chất bền bỉ
treatment table – clothed in comfortable and loose fitting attire. 10. – specific (a/n) = detailed =
Treatment may involve the unambiguous = exphicit =
peculiar = special: Cụ thể, rõ
practitioner placing their hands on the recipient in a variety of ràng, đặc trưng, riêng biệt
positions; however, some therapists take a non-touching - Specifiable (a): Có thể chỉ rõ
approach, holding their hands a few centimeters away from the được
body. Hands are usually held in one position for up to 5 minutes - Specificity = specificness (n):
before moving on to the next part of the body; between 12 and 20 Đăch trưng, nét đặc trưng
hand positions are generally used. Those who have undergone a - Specification (n): Sự chỉ rõ, sự
Reiki treatment session often state that they experienced a định rõ
pleasant warmness in the area of focus and a feeling of 11. – Preventable (a) = avoidable =
contentment and relaxation throughout the session. needless = stoppable: Có thể
tránh được
- Preventative (a) =
preventive=anticipatory =
preemptive=defensive =
D. The healing energy is said to originate in the universe itself
protective: Ngăn ngừa, phòng
and is not the passing of personal energy from practitioner to
ngừa
patient; it is therefore thought to be inexhaustible and the
- Prevention (n) = anticipation =
personal well-being of the practitioner uncompromised. While
preclusion = stoppage =
some masters and teachers hold that subjects must be receptive
hindrance: Sự phòng ngừa
to the concept in order for energy to flow, others believe that the
12. Onset = start = beginning: Bắt
attitude of the patient is of no consequence and that benefits will
đầu
follow regardless; for this reason, those following the latter school
Inset (n) = insert = pullout: Sự
of thought say that since Reiki requires no conscious belief it can
ghép vào
also benefit the well-being of animals and plant life.
13. Alongside (prep) = next = beside:
Cạnh bên
14. Adverse (a) = harmful =
confrontatinal = oppositional =
E. Controversy surrounds the practice of Reiki, some in unfavorable: Có hại, đối lập
opposition as they say that Reiki may offer only a perceived 15. Internal (a) = inner = inside ><
improvement in health and therefore only a ‘placebo’ effect. eternal
Whilst the practice of Reiki itself is not necessarily considered 16. Ailment (n) = illness = sickness =
potentially harmful, some medical practitioners are concerned that infirmity: Sự ốm đau nhẹ
its benefits may be over-estimated by patients and that, as a 17. Diabete (n): Bệnh đái đường
result, they’ may ignore or bandon conventional treatments. 18. Loose-fitting (a): Nới lỏng ><
Others argue against the reliability of Reiki due to the lack of Tight
regulation of practitioners, holding that patients may be left 19. Attire (n) = cloth = garment =
vulnerable to illegitimate therapists who lack knowledge and skill. apparel = garb = costume:
While Reiki is not connected to any particular religious doctrine, Quần áo
some religious leaders oppose the practice for spiritual reasons; 20. Recipent (n) = receiver = heir =
however, others hold that the meditative principles involved in inheritor: Người nhận, người
treatment have enhanced their own ability to explore and thừa kế
embrace their own particular religion. 21. Contentment (n) = serenity =
gladness = satisfaction =
happiness: Sự mãn nguyện
 22. Originate in sthg = stem from =
initiate: Bắt nguồn từ.....
23. Universe = space: Vũ trụ
F. Limited scientific studies in the authenticity of Reiki have been 24. Inexhausible = infinite = unlimited
conducted. During research conducted by the Institute of = bottomless = endless =
Neurological Studies at South Glasgow University Hospital it was boundless: Vô tận, không mệt
observed that there was a significant decrease in heart rate and mỏi
blood pressure amongst subjects receiving 30 minutes of Reiki 25. Uncompromise = disagreement:
treatment as opposed to a group receiving placebo treatment of Không thể thỏa hiệp
30 minutes rest. Since the test group consisted of a small number 26. Receptive (a) = amenable =
of subjects just 45 – the research recommendations concluded a accessible = approachable: Dễ
requirement for further studies. A similarly small preliminary study tiếp thu, lĩnh hội
into the potential effects of Reiki on patients suffering mild 27. Over-estimate = overrate =
dementia, conducted in the USA, tentatively suggested that overvalue = misjudge: Đánh
treatment had a positive effect on the subjects’ memory abilities; giá cao
however, research limitations included insufficient analysis of 28. Abandon (v) = Throw out: Vứt bỏ,
potential placebo affects. ruồng bỏ
29. illegitimate (a) = unlawful = illegal
G. Other studies have also attempted to determine correlation = illicit = criminal: Trái pháp
between Reiki treatment and improvement in cancer and stroke luật, đẻ hoang, illegitimate
patients. Whilst investigations into the first condition indicated a child- con hoang
seemingly positive effect on degrees of fatigue, pain and stress 30. Doctrine (n) = policy = priciple:
experienced by sufferers, the second project failed to reveal a link Học thuyết, chủ nghĩa
between treatment and improvement in the subjects’ condition 31. Meditative (a) = thoughful =
and rehabilitation. Theories have been put forward that the wistful: Trầm tư mặc tưởng
benefits of energy treatments such as Reiki may be scientifically 32. Embrace (v) = cuddle = clinch =
attributed to the effect of electromagnetic fields; however, the clasp: Nắm lấy, chộp lấy, đi
majority researchers agree that more extensive investigation is theo....
required. 33. Prelimitary (a) = initial = first =
introductory: Mở đầu, dẫn đầu
34. Mild (a) = soft = slight =
insignificant: Nhẹ, không đáng
kể
35. Dementia: Chứng mất trí
36. Tentatively (adv): Dự định, dự
kiến
37. Correlation (n) = association =
connection: Sự liên quan...
38. Fatigue (n) = exhaustion =
tiredness = lethargy =
lassitude: Sự mệt mỏi
39. Rehabilitation (n) = reintegration =
restoration = recuperation =
recovery: Sự phục hồi..
40. Electtomagnetic: Điện từ
 1. - Sculpture (n) = figurine = statue =

READING PASSAGE 2 carving: Tác phẩm điêu khắc, tượng

- Sculpturesque (a): Như điêu khắc
- Sculptural (a):Thuộc nghệ thuật
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which điêu khắc, chạm trổ
are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
- Sculpt (v): Điêu khắc
2. Three-dimensional (a): Có 3 chiều
3. Aesthetic (a) = artistic = visual: Có
tính thẩm mỹ
4. - Forge (v) = create = make =
shape: Tạo, làm từ....
- Forge a signature: Giả mạo chữ
kí
5. Bronze (n): Đồng thiếc (chất liệu)
6. Marble (n) = agate: Đá hoa, cẩm
SCULPTURE thạch, mã não
7. Jade (n): Ngọc bích
A. Sculpture, the practice of creating a three-dimensional object 8. Branch of (n) =field: loại, ngành...
for artistic and aesthetic purposes, dates back as far as 9. Specialise (v) = specify: Chuyên
prehistoric times. Since objects created are intended to be môn hóa
enduring, traditionally sculptures have been forged from durable Specialise in sthg: Chuyên về, nổi
materials such as bronze, stone, marble and jade; however, some
tiếng về
branches of the art also specialise in creating figurines of a more
ephemeral nature, ice sculpture, for example. The practice of 10. Ephemeral (a) = short-lived,
sculpting in many countries has traditionally been associated with transient, brief: Phù du, chóng tàn,
religious philosophy; for example, in Asia many famous sớm chết
sculptures are related to Hinduism or Buddhism. 11. Associated with: Phù hợp với
12. Continent (n): Lục địa, đại lục
B. In Africa, perhaps more than any other region in the world, 13. Identifiable (a) = recognizable =
three-dimensional artwork is favoured and given more emphasis
distinguishable = perceptible: Có thể
than two dimensional paintings. Whilst some experts hold that the
art of sculpture in the continent dates back to the Nokcivilisation dễ nhận ra, có thể coi như nhau
of Nigeria in 500 BC, this is disputed due to evidence of the art’s 14. Characterise (v)= describe =
existence in Pharaonic Africa. illustrate: Mô tả như....
15. Angular (a): Thuộc về góc, có góc
C. To the expert eye, African art is clearly defined by the region 16. Elongate (v) = lengthen = extend
from which it is from and easily identifiable from the differences in = stretch: Làm dài ra
technique used and material from which it is made. Figurines from 17. - Ritual (n): Lễ nghi, nghi thức
the West African region are sculpted in two distinctly different
forms. The first is characterised by angular forms and features Ritual (a): Thuộc về lễ nghi
with elongated bodies, such sculptures being traditionally used in 18. Cylindrical (a): Thuộc hình trụ
religious rituals. Conversely, the traditional wood statues of the 19. - Hail from (v): Đến từ đâu...
Mande speaking culture possess cylindrical arms and legs with - Hail (!): Chào!
broad, flat surfaces. Metal sculptures which hail from the eastern - Hail sb/sthg as sthg: Hoan hô,
regions of West Africa, are heralded by many as amongst the hoan nghênh
most superior art forms ever crafted.
20. Herald (v) = omen = sign: Báo,
đưa tin
 21. Superior (a)= better-quality: Xuất
D. Central African sculpture may be a little more difficult to identify sắc, tốt
for the novice observer as a wider variety of materials may be 22. Craft (v) = sculp: Tạc, điêu khắc
used, ranging from wood to ivory, stone or metal. However,
despite tills, the distinct style of usage of smooth lines and circular
23. Novice (n) = beginner =
forms still helps to define the origin of such works. In both Eastern
and Southern Africa, typically, art depicts a mixture of human and greenhorn: người mới vào nghề
animal features. Art from the former region Is usually created in 24. Define (v) = express = classify:
the form of a pole carved in human shape and topped with a diễn tả, phân loại, xác định rõ
human or animal image which has a strong connection with 25. Pole (n): cái cột, cọc
death, burial and the spiritual world. Such creations are less 26. Burial (a): Thuộc về chôn cất
recognised as art in the traditional sense than those from other 27. Hybrid (n) = fusion = mix: lai
parts of Africa. In Southern Africa, the human/animal hybrid
representations are fashioned from clay, the oldest known giống
examples dating back to from between 400 and 600 A.D. 28. Fashion (v)= shape = make =
form: tạo thành, cấu thành từ...
E. Although these distinct and defining regional differences in 29. Date back to: Trở về thời...
artistic expression exist, there are also universal similarities which 30. Universal (a) = popular: Phổ biến
define African art as a whole. Primarily a common characteristic is 31. Predominant (a)= main = chief =
that focus is predominantly on representation of the human form. prime: Chủ yếu, chiếm ưu thế
A second common trait of African art is that it is often inspired by
32. Ceremonial (n/a) = ritual: Nghi lễ,
a ceremonial or performance-related purpose; the meaning
behind the art and its purpose often intended to be interpreted in nghi thức, trịnh trọng, long trọng
a different way depending on an individual’s age, gender or even 33. Abstract (a) = intangible =
social and educational status. nonfigurative = immaterial =
nonrepresentational: Trừu tượng, khó
F. Throughout the African continent, artworks tend to be more hiểu, không thực tế
abstract in nature than intending to present a realistic and 34. - Conceive of sthg = create: Hình
naturalistic portrayal of the subject in question. Artists such as
thành từ
Picasso, Van Gogh and Gauguin are said to have been
influenced and inspired by African art. Its ability to stimulate - Conceive: Có thai
emotional reaction and imagination generated a great deal of 35. intellectually (adv) = intelligently =
interest from western artists at the beginning of the 20th century. knowledgeably = logically = rationally:
As a result, new European works began to emerge which were of Một cách tri thức
a more abstract nature than previously conceived. More 36. Represent (v): Trình bày, tiêu
intellectually and emotionally stimulating art was born than had biểu cho
been seen before in a culture which had traditionally faithfully
37. Depict (v) = portray = show =
represented and depicted the true and exact form of its subjects.
represent: mô tả, miêu tả
G. The ‘Modernism’ movement of the 20th century embraced 38. Modernism (n) = innovation =
innovation in literature and art, its devotees wishing to move novelty = progress: Phương pháp,
beyond realism in artistic expression. The sculptor Henry Spencer quan điểm mới
Moore, born in 1898 in Yorkshire, was one of the key players 39.Devote (v) = dedicate = bestow:
involved in introducing and developing his own particular style of Cống hiến, dành hết cho...
modernism to the British art world. He is best known for his
40. Critic (n): Nhà phê bình
abstract bronze sculptures of the human form, many critics
drawing parallels between the undulating landscapes and hills of 41. Undulating (a): Uốn lượn ( Như
his home county Yorkshire and the shapes and lines of his kênh đào..)
sculptures. 42. County (n) = region = section =
canton
 43. Commission (n) = commitee =
administration: Ủy ban, hội đồng
44. Undertake (v) = take over: Đảm
H. By the 1950s, Moore’s work was increasingly in demand and nhận
he began to secure high profile commissions including an artwork 45. Affluent (a) = rich = wealthy =
for the UNESCO building in Paris. By the end of Moore’s career,
due to his popularity and the scale of the projects he undertook, prosperous = well-to-do = born with a
the sculptor was extremely affluent; however, a huge proportion silver spoon in your.. : Giàu có, thịnh
of his wealth was donated to the Henry Moore Foundation vượng
established with the aim of supporting education and promotion of 46. Register (v) = list = enroll = sign
the arts. The foundation is a registered charity and has continued up/on: Đăng kí, liệt kê
to offer funding to a wide range of projects including grants to arts 47. Grant (n) = funding = endowment:
institutions and bursaries and fellowships for students and artists
Trợ cấp
since Moore’s death in 1986.

48. Bursary (n) = scholarship = grant

= fund = award: Học bổng, quà, quỹ
49. Fellowship (n) = communion =
companionship = comradeship =
camaraderie = friendship: Tình bạn,
bằng hữu
50. Institution (n): Trụ sở, nơi cất giữ
 1. - Genealogy (n): Bảng phả hệ
- Genealogist (n): Nhà phả hệ học

READING PASSAGE 3
- Genealogical (a): Thuộc phả hệ
- Genealogic (a): Thuộc phổ hệ
2. Trace (n): Dấu vết
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28 – 40, 3. - Cohesive (a)
which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. - Cohesion (n) = Cohesiveness =
unity: Sự liên kết
4. Family tree (n): Sơ đồ nhánh...
5. Hobby (n) = pastime = leisure
pursuit: Sở thích
6. Non-specialist (n): Người không
chuyên
7. – Enthusiast (n) = devotee =
supporter: Người hăng hái, nhiệt tình,
say mê
- Enthusiasm (n) = eagerness =
interest = fervor = gusto = zeal = zest:
Sự say mê, sự nhiệt tình, hăng hái
GENEALOGY - Enthusiastic (a) = eager = keen =
fervent = excited=animated
A. Genealogy, the study of tracing family connections and =wholehearted = aflame: Hăng hái,
relationships through history – so building a cohesive family tree, nhiệt tình
has become an increasingly popular hobby from non-specialist 8. Spur (n) = encouragement =
enthusiasts over recent decades. The introduction of the Internet provocation: Sự khuyến khích, cổ vũ
has, in many ways, spurred interest levels since historical 9. – Ancestral (a) = familial =
information has been made far more accessible than previously. inherited: Thuộc ông bà, tổ tiên
Experts warn, however, that sources obtained from the internet - Ancestor (n) = forebare =
must be considered with caution as they may often contain antecedent = predecessor =
inaccuracies, often advising novice genealogists to join a family progenitor: Tổ tiên, sơ khai
history society where they are able to learn useful skills from 10. Nobleman (n) = patrician = upper-
experienced researchers. class: Người quý tộc, người quý phái
11. Dispute (v) = delegate = hand
B. Originally, prior to developing a more mainstream following, over = relinquish = allot = pass on: Ủy
the practice of genealogy focused on establishing the ancestral nhiệm, ủy quyền
links of rulers and noblemen often with the purpose of disputing or 12. – Legitimacy (n) = legality =
confirming the legitimacy of inherited rights to wealth or position. lawfulness= validity = rightfulness: Sự
More recently, genealogists are often interested in not only where hợp pháp....
and when previous generations of families lived but also details of - Legitimate (a) = lawful = legal =
their lifestyle and motivations, interpreting the effects of law, valid: Hợp pháp, đúng luật
political restrictions, immigration and the social conditions on an 13. Inherited (v/a): Thừa kế
individual’s or family’s behaviour at the given time. Genealogy 14. - Restriction (n) = ceiling =
searches may also result in location of living relatives and limitation: Sự hạn chế, sự giói hạn
consequently family reunions, in some cases helping to reunite - Restrict (v) = curb = limit =
family members who had been separated in the past due to control: Giới hạn, hạn chế, kiểm soát
fostering/adoption, migration or war. được
15. Immigration (n): Sự nhập cư
C. In Australia, there has been a great deal of interest of late, Migrate (v): Di cư dài hạn, chuyển
from families wishing to trace their links to the early settlers. As a đi
result of the loss of the American colonies in the 1700s, Britain Emigrate (v): Di cư tạm thời
was in need of an alternative destination for prisoners who could 16. Settle (v) = stay = inhabit = tackle
not be accommodated in the country’s overcrowded penal = solve: Định cư, giải quyết
facilities. In 1787, the ‘First Fleet’ which consisted of a flotilla of Settlement (n) = resolution: Sự
ships carrying just over 1300 people (of which 753 were convicts giải quyết, làm cho vấn đề nhẹ đi
or their children and the remainder marines, officers and their 17. Colony (n) = land = settlement:
family members) left Britain’s shores for Australia. On January 26, thuộc dịa, bầy đàn
1788 – now celebrated as Australia Day – the fleet landed at A colony of ants: Đàn kiến
Sydney Cove and the first steps to European settlement began. Colonial (a): Thuộc địa, thực
dân...
D. Genealogy research has led to a shift in attitudes towards 18. To be in need of (pr) = need:
convict heritage amongst contemporary Australian society, as Cần...
family members have been able to establish that their ancestors 19. – Accommodate (v) = hold = have
were, in fact, not hardened and dangerous criminals, but had, in room for = have capacity for: Cung
most cases, been harshly punished for minor crimes inspired by cấp phòng/ chỗ ở cho...
desperation and dire economic circumstances. So dramatic has - Accommodate sb with sthg:
the shift in attitudes been that having family connections to Cung cấp cho ai đó cái gì..
passengers on the ‘First Fleet’ is considered nothing less than - Accommodation (n) =
prestigious. Convicts Margaret Dawson and Elizabeth Thakery adjustment = adaptation = alteration =
were amongst the first European women to ever set foot on change = room = lodging: Điều chỉnh,
Australian soil. Details about the former, whose initial death thích nghi, phòng ở, chỗ ở
sentence passed for stealing clothes from her employer was - Accommodation of sthg to sthg:
commuted to deportation, and the latter expelled for stealing Quá trình điều chỉnh, thích nghi
handkerchiefs along with others of similar fate are now available 20. - Penal (a) = punitive =
on the internet for eager descendants to track. disciplinary: Thuộc hình sự, có thể xử
phạt
E. Although many of the deported convicts were forbidden to - Penalty (n) = punishment =
return to Britain, others such as Dawson, were, in theory, expelled sentence = fine = disadvantage: Hình
for a given term. In reality, however, the costs of attempting to phạt, sự bất lợi
return to the mother country were well beyond the means of the Or Penalty in sport: Cú phạt đền
majority. Genealogists now attribute the successful early 21. Flotilla (n) = Fleet = Armada =
development of Australia to such ex-convicts who decided to convoy: Đội tàu nhỏ, quân tàu
contribute fully to society once their sentence had been served. 22. - Convict (n) = Criminal = offender
Many rewards were available to prisoners who displayed = prisoner = villain = felon =
exemplary behaviour, including land grants of 30 acres or more, lawbreaker: Người bị kết án tù, người
tools for developing and farming the land and access to convict bị phạm luật
labour. Genealogy studies also show that many former prisoners - Convict (v) = sentence =
went on to hold powerful positions in the newly forming Australia condemn: Kết án, tuyên bố có tội
society, examples being Francis Greenway – a British architect 23. Fleet
expelled on conviction of fraud – who went on to design many of 24. - Harden (v) = solidify = freeze =
Sydney’s most prominent colonial buildings, and Alexander congeal: Làm cho cứng, cho đông lại
Munro, transported after stealing cheese at the age of 15, who - Hardship (n) = advesity =
would later build Australia’s first gas works and hold the position privation = poverty: Sự khó khăn, bần
of Town Mayor. cùng
25. Desperation (n) = anxiety = worry
F. In North America, the Mormon Church, headquartered in Salt = fear= distraction = nervousness =
Lake City, Utah, holds wo major genealogical databases, the harassment: Sự lo lắng, bồn chồn
International Genealogical Index and the Ancestral File, which 26. Dire (a) = terrible = awful =
contain records of hundreds of million individuals who lived calamitous = dreadful: Thảm khốc,
between 1500 and 1900 in the United States, Canada and khốc liệt
Europe. Resources available to genealogy enthusiasts include 27. Prestigious (a) = admired =
the Salt Lake City based Family History Library and more than significant = important = impressive =
prominent: Có uy tín, quý giá, thiết
4000 branches where microfilms and microfiches can be rented yếu
for research and the newer Family Search internet site which 28. Commute (v) = travel = go back
provides open access to numerous databases and research and forth = shuttle: Đi lại....
sources. Such data sharing practices are central and crucial to 29. Deportation (n) = exile =
genealogical research and the internet has proven to be a major banishment = expulsion = extradition:
tool in facilitating ease of transfer of information in formats Sự trục xuất, bị đuổi ra khỏi nước...
suitable for use in forums and via email. The global level of 30. Fate (n) = destiny: Số phận, vận
interest in and demand for such information has proven so mệnh
intense, that traffic load on release of sources such as Family 31. Descendant (n) = successor =
Search and the British Census for 1901 led to temporary collapse offspring = progeny = child = heir:
of the host servers. Con cháu, hậu duệ
32. Track (v) = follow one’s step:
G. Experts advise that reliability of sources used for genealogical Theo dấu ai....
research should be evaluated in light of four factors which may 33. The cost of = value of: Giá trị
influence their accuracy, these being the knowledge of the của...
informant, the bias and mental state of the informant, the passage 34. Means of: Phươnng tiện, biện
of time and potential for compilation error. First, genealogists pháp, cách thức
should consider who the information was provided by and what 35. Ex-convict >< convict
he or she could be ascertained to have known. For example, a 36. Exemplary (a) = admirable =
census record alone is considered unreliable as no named source praiseworthy = commemdable:
for the information is likely to be found. A death certificate signed Gương mẫu, mẫu mực, đáng
by an identified doctor, however, can be accepted as more ngưỡng mộ
reliable. In the case of bias or mental state, researchers are 37. Grant (v) = allow = permit =
advised to consider that even when information is given by what concede = agree to: Ban, cấp, đồng ý
could be considered a reliable source, that there may have been để làm gì
motivation to be untruthful – continuing to claim a government 38. Fraud (n) = dêcption = scam =
benefit or avoidance of taxation, for example. deceit: Sự gian lận, dối trá
39. Prominent
H. Generally, data recorded at the same time or close to the 40. Colonial
event being researched is considered to be more reliable than 41. Microfilm (n): Vi phim
records written at a later point in time, as – while individuals may 42. Microfiche (n): Tấm vi phim
intend to give a true representation of events – factual information 43. Rent (v) = let = hire out = lend out
may be misrepresented due to lapses in memory and forgotten = rent out: Thuê, mướn cái gì đó.
details. Finally, sources may be classified as either original or 44. Facilitate (v) = make easy =
derivative. The latter refers to photocopies, transcriptions, simplify: Làm cho thuận lợi, dễ dàng
abstracts, translations, extractions, and compilations and has hơn
more room for error due to possible misinterpretations, typing 45. Evaluate (v) = assess = appraise
errors or loss of additional and crucial parts of the original = gauge: Đánh giá, định giá
documentation. 46. Informant (n) = Informer = sneak:
Người cung cấp thông tin
47. Bias (n): Thành kiến
48. - Compilation (n): Sự biên soạn,...
- Compile (v) = collect = compose
= pile up: Biên soạn, sưu tập
49. Ascertain (v) = determine = make
certain: Biết chắc, xác định, tìm hiểu
chắc chắn
50. Census (n): Việc tính toán dân số,
thống kê dân số
51. - State (n) = national = status:
Trạng thái, nhà nước, bang
 - The States: Nước Mỹ, Hoa Kỳ
52. - Taxation (n): Sự đánh thuế
- Tax (n): Thuế
53. Misrepresent (v) = distort =
disform = bias: Miêu tả sai, trình bày
sai, bóp méo...
54. Lapse (n) = failure = mistake =
blunder = error: Sự nhầm lẫn, sai sót
55. Derivative (a): Bắt nguồn từ, dẫn
xuất từ
56. - Extraction (n): Trích dẫn, chép
- Extract one’s teeth: Nhổ răng
57. - Collapse (n) = failure = ruin =
downfall = flop = bankruptcy: Sự sụp
đổ
- Go bankrupt: Phá sản, sụp đổ
 1. - Outsider (n): Người ngoài cuộc
- Outsude (n) = surface = exterior: Bên
READING PASSAGE 1 ngoài, bề ngoài
2. Non-suffer
3. Burden (n) = burthen = load = cargo =
weight = problem = affliction: Gánh nặng,
4. Stigma (n) = shame = disgrace =
dishonor = humiliation: Vết nhơ, điều sỉ
nhục, vết đốm (spot) trên da
5. - Attach sthg to sthg: Gán, dán, trói
buộc với
- Attach oneself to sb/sthg: Tham gia,
nhập bọn với....
6. - Cope with = face = deal with: Đối
phó, đương đầu với
- Tackle = Address = solve: Giải
quyết...
7. - Disharmony (n) = conflict =
disagreement = tension: Xung đột, bất
hòa
- Hamonise (v) = reconcile with: làm
DEPRESSION hòa với ai đó...
8. Increase/ raise one’s awareness:
A. It is often more difficult for outsiders and non-sufferers to Nâng cao nhận thức về điều gì...
understand mental rather than physical illness in others. While it 9. - Clinical (a): Triệu chứng lâm sàng
may be easy for us to sympathise with individuals living with the - Depression (n) = sadness
burden of a physical illness or disability, there is often a stigma - Clinical depression: Triệu chứng lâm
sàng của việc phiền muội
attached to being mentally ill, or a belief that such conditions only
10.Despair (n/v) = have no hope = see
exist in individuals who lack the strength of character to cope with no light at the end of the tunnel = plumb
the real world. The pressures of modern life seem to have the depths: Mất hy vọng, tuyệt vọng
resulted in an increase in cases of emotional disharmony and 11. At point: Có lúc, vào lúc
government initiatives in many countries have, of late, focused on 12. Prior to sthg: Trước khi...
increasing the general public’s awareness and sympathy towards 13. Diagnose with/as: Chuẩn đoán...
sufferers of mental illness and related conditions. 14. Indicate (v) = point out = imply =
denote: Chỉ ra, cho biết...
B. Clinical depression, or ‘major depressive disorder’, a state of 15. Scale = level = size = extent: Tỉ lệ,
extreme sadness or despair, is said to affect up to almost 20% of quy mô
16. - Figure (n): Con số, nhân vật
the population at some point in their lives prior to the age of 40.
- Figure (v): suy nghĩ, tính toán
Studies have shown that this disorder is the leading cause of - Figure out: Hiểu, luận ra, đoán
disability in North America; in the UK almost 3 million people are 17. Unanimous (a): Nhất trí, hoàn toàn
said to be diagnosed with some form of depression at any one 18. - Criterion (n) = norm = standard =
time, and experts believe that as many as a further 9 million other principle: Tiêu chuẩn, chuẩn mực
cases may go undiagnosed. World Health Organisation - Criteria: Là số nhiều của criterion
projections indicate that clinical depression may become the 19. Precise (a) = exact = accurate =
second most significant cause of disability’ on a global scale by correct = detailed = specific: Chính xác,
2020. However, such figures are not unanimously supported, as cụ thể
some experts believe that the diagnostic criteria used to identify՛ 20. Morale (n) = spirit: Tinh thần, khí
the condition are not precise enough, leading to other types of nhuệ,
21. - Dejection (n) = sadness =
depression being wrongly classified as ‘clinical’.
unhappiness = misery = gloom =
depression = glumness: Sự buồn chán,
sự thất vọng, chán nản
- Deject (v): Buồn chán, chán nản

C. Many of us may experience periods of low morale or mood and
feelings of dejection, as a natural human response to negative
events in our lives such as bereavement, redundancy or
breakdown of a relationship. Some of us may even experience
periods of depression and low levels of motivation which have no
tangible reason or trigger. Clinical depression is classified as an
on-going state of negativity, with no tangible cause, where
sufferers enter a spiral of persistent negative thinking, often
experiencing irritability, perpetual tiredness and listlessness.
Sufferers of clinical depression are said to be at higher risk of
resorting to drug abuse or even suicide attempts than the rest of
the population.
D. Clinical depression is generally diagnosed when an individual
is observed to exhibit an excessively depressed mood and/or
‘anhedonia’ – an inability to experience pleasure from positive
experiences such as enjoying a meal or pleasurable social
interaction – for a period of two weeks or more, in conjunction
with five or more additional recognised symptoms. These
additional symptoms may include overwhelming feelings of
sadness; inability to sleep, or conversely, excessive sleeping;
feelings of guilt, nervousness, abandonment or fear; inability to
concentrate; interference with memory capabilities; fixation with
death or extreme change in eating habits and associated weight
gain or loss.
E. Clinical depression was originally solely attributed to chemical
imbalance in the brain, and while anti-depressant drugs which
work to optimise levels of ‘feel good’ chemicals – serotonin and
norepinephrine – are still commonly prescribed today, experts
now believe that onset of depression may be caused by a
number, and often combination of, physiological and socio-
psychological factors. Treatment approaches vary quite
dramatically from place to place and are often tailored to an
individual’s particular situation; however, some variation of a
combination of medication and psychotherapy is most commonly
used. The more controversial electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
may also be used where initial approaches fail. In extreme cases,
where an individual exhibits behaviour which indicates that they
may cause physical harms to themselves, psychiatric
hospitalisation may be necessary as a form of intensive therapy.
22. In response to (v) = reply = answer:
Trả lời, hồi đáp
23. Bereavement (n) = loss = grief =
sorrow: Tình trạng buồn chán khi mất
người thân
24. Redundancy (n): Sự thừa, tình trạng
thừa
25. Breakdown of a relationship (Pr): Tan
vỡ trong một mối quan hệ
26. Tangible (a): Hữu hình, hiện hữu
27. Trigger (v) = set off = cause: Nổ ra,
gây ra//
28. On-going: Đang tiếp diễn
29. Spiral (n) = Helix = coil = corkscrew:
Hình dạng xoắn ốc
30. Persistent (a) = stubborn = insistent =
stable = tenacious: Bền bỉ, kiên trì
31. Irritability (n) = bad temper =
petulance: Tính dễ cáu, cọc cằn
32. Perpetual (a) = continuous =
everlasting = uninterrupted = lasting =
unending: Bất diệt, không ngừng, liên tục
33. - Listlessness (n): Sự bơ phờ
- Listless (a): Bơ phờ, lờ phờ
34. At higher risk of: Có nguy cơ cao...
35. Resort to sthg: Phải sử dụng đến...
36. Abuse (n) = mistratment = cruelty =
ill-treatment = maltreatment: Lạm phát,
sự lạm dụng
37. Suicide (n) = recklessness =
perversity = rashness = madness: Sự tự
tử, tự vẫn, sự tự sát
38. Exhibit (v) = display = show = put on
a display = put on view = demonstrate =
reveal: Phô bày, triển lãm, bày tỏ, biểu lộ
39. Excessively depressed: Quá suy sụp,
suy sụp một cách quá mức
40. In conjunction with = be together
with: Cùng với....
41. Guilt (n) = fault = blame: Sai trái, tội
lỗi
42. Interference with = intervene: Can
thiệp vào...
43. Fixation (n) = obsession: Sự hãm lại
44. Anti-depressant: Chống lại muộn
phiền
45. Optimise (v): Lạc quan với cái gì
46. Serotonin and norepinephrine
47. Prescribed (v) = recommend =
suggest = propose = counsel = advocate:
Ra lệnh, bắt phải, quy định
48. Onset
49. Tailored
50. Electroconvulsive therapy: Phương
pháp điện tính, cho một dòng điện chạy
 qua não kích thích các neron thần kinh
F. Some recent studies, such as those published by the Archives hoạt động giúp chữa trị các metal illness
of General Psychiatry, hold that around a quarter of diagnosed 51. - Hospitalisation (n): Sự nằm viện,
clinical depression cases should actually be considered as nhập viện
significant but none-the-less ordinary sadness and maladjustment - Hospitallise (v): Nhập viện
- Hospitalism (n): Hệ thống tổ chức
to coping with trials in life, indicating that in such cases,
vệ sinh ở bệnh viện
psychotherapy rather than treatment through medication is 52. Intensive (a) = cocentrated = rigorous
required. Recovery as a result of psychotherapy tends, in most = exhaustive = severe: Mạnh mẽ, tập
cases, to be a slower process than improvements related to trung, chuyên sâu, cao độ
medication; however, improvements as a result of psychological 53. None-the-less = however =
treatment, once achieved, have been observed in some nevertheless = even so = on the other
individuals to be more long term and sustainable than those hand: Tuy nhiên, mặt khác, dù sao
attained through prescription drugs. Various counselling 54. Maladjustment (n) = disturbance =
approaches exist, though all focus on enhancing the subject’s neurosis: Sự điều chỉnh sai, bị lệch
ability to function on a personal and interpersonal level. Sessions 55. Sustainable (a) = stable = persistent:
involve encouragement of an individual to view themselves and Kiên định, bền bỉ
56. Attain (v) = achieve = accomplish =
their relationships in a more positive manner, with the intention of conquer: Giành được, đạt được
helping patients to replace negative thoughts with a more positive 57. Counsel
outlook. 58. Outlook (n) = prospect: Triển vọng,
cái có khả năng xảy ra
G. It is apparent that susceptibility to depression can run in 59. Apparent (a) = clear = obvious =
families. However, it remains unclear as to whether this is truly an evident: Rõ ràng, hiển nhiển...
inherited genetic trait or whether biological and environmental 60. Susceptibility (n): Tính nhạy cảm, dễ
factors common to family members may be at the root of the bị ảnh hưởng bởi mọi thứ xung quanh
problem. In some cases, sufferers of depression may need to 61. - Run (v) = manage: Quản lí, điều
unlearn certain behaviours and attitudes they have established in hành
- Run family/ company: Điều hành gia
life and develop new coping strategies designed to help them đình, công ti
deal with problems they may encounter, undoing patterns of - Run household chore: Quản lí công
destructive behaviour they may have observed in their role việc nhà
models and acquired for themselves. 62. Trait
63. At the root of: Nguồn cội của cái gì
64.Strategy = scheme = plan = policy:
Chiến lược, chính sách
65. Deal with
66. Encounter (v) = meet = come across
= bump into = run into = come upon =
stumble upon = chance upon: Tình cờ
bắt gặp...
67. - Destructive (a) = damaging =
devasting = harmful = detrimental =
injurious: Phá hủy, tàn phá, gây hại, tiêu
cực
- Destruction (n) = devastation =
obliteration = annihilation: Sự phá hủy,
phá hoại
- Destroy (v) = demolish = devastate
= wipe out = tear down: tàn phá, quét
sạch
68. Acquire (v) = obtain = get hold of =
get one’s hand on = gain = attain: Giành
được, đạt được, lấy được
 1. In response to
2. ‘Metro-sexual’
READING PASSAGE 2 3. Sophisticated (a) = complex = high-
level = erudite = clever: Phức tạp, sành
điệu, thạo
4. Well-groomed (a): Chuẩn bị tốt
5. Unashamedly committed to + Ving:
Không ngần ngại vi phạm để làm gì
6. Conduct (v) = carry out = handle: Tiến
hành, thực hiện
7. On/In behalf of sb: Vì lợi ích của, nhân
danh là, thay mặt cho
8. Retailer (n) = seller = vendor =
merchant = trader = dealer: Người bán lẻ
Wholesaler (n): Người bán sỉ
9. - Cosmetic (n): Mỹ phẩm
- Cosmetic (a) = beautifying =
THE FACE OF MODERN MAN? superficial = skin-deep = ornamental: Tô
điểm, mĩ nghệ
A. In response to the emergence of the ‘metro-sexual’ male, In 10. Equivalent (a) = equal =
other words, an urban, sophisticated man who is fashionable, corresponding = alike = same =
well-groomed and unashamedly committed to ensuring his comparable: Tương đương, giống với
appearance is the best it can be, a whole new industry has 11. Annum
developed. According to research conducted on behalf of a 12. Cater for (v) = provide = supply =
accommodate = serve: Cung cấp, phục
leading health and beauty retailer in the UK, the market for male
vụ cho
cosmetics and related products has grown by 800% since the 13. Spas (n) = resort = whirlpool = Spa:
year 2000 and is expected to continue to increase significantly. Suối nước khoáng
The male grooming products market has become the fastest 14. Boutique (n): Cửa hàng nhỏ bán
growing sector within the beauty and cosmetics industry, currently quần áo và các mặt hàng
equivalent to around 1.5 billion pounds per annum. 15. - Proprietor (n) = owner = manager =
administrator = landowner = landlord:
B. Over the last decade, a large number of brands and Người chủ, người sở hữu nam
companies catering for enhancement of the male image have - Proprietress (n): người chủ, người
been successfully established, such operations ranging from sở hữu nữ
male-only spas, boutiques, personal hygiene products, hair and 16. A chain of (n): Chuỗi, loạt, dãy...
skin care ranges, and male magazines with a strong leaning 17. - Competitive (a) = aggressive: Tinh
towards men’s fashion. Jamie Cawley, proprietor of a successful ganh đua, cạnh tranh
- Competory (a): Thuộc sự cạnh
chain of London-based male grooming boutiques, holds that his
tranh
company’s success in this highly competitive market can be 18. Tactic (n)
attributed to the ‘exclusivity’ tactics they have employed, in that 19. Male-orientated
their products and services are clearly defined as male- 20. Distinctly separate to: Chia cắt, tách
orientated and distinctly separate to feminine products offered by biệt với
other organisations. However, market analyst, Kim Sawyer, 21. Feminine (a) = female = womanly =
believes that future growth in the market can also be achieved womanlike = ladylike = girlish: Thuộc
through sale of unisex products marketed to both genders, this giống cái, phụ nữ, như đàn bà
strategy becoming increasingly easy to implement as men’s 22. Implement (v) = carry out = apply =
interest in appearance and grooming has become more of a execute = employ = put into operation =
social norm. instigate: Thi hành, thực hiện, tiến hành
23. Norm (n) = standard = principle:
Chuẩn mực, tiêu chuẩn
C. Traditionalists such as journalist Jim Howrard contend that the 24. Traditionalist
turn-around in male attitudes which has led to the success of the 25. - Contend with/ against sb: Đấu tranh
industry would have been inconceivable a decade ago, given the để chiến thắng đối thủ hay một trở ngại
conventional male role, psyche and obligation to exude - Contend (v): Cho rằng, dám chắc
masculinity; however, behavioural scientist Professor Ruth rằng
Chesterton argues that the metro-sexual man of today is in fact a 26. Turn-around
modern incarnation of the ‘dandy’ of the late eighteenth and early 27. Inconceivable (a) = unimaginable =
nineteenth century. British dandies of that period, who were often incredible = implausible = unbelievable:
Không thể tưởng tượng được, không thê
of middle class backgrounds but imitated aristocratic lifestyles,
hình dung được, phi thường,
were devoted to cultivation of their physical appearance, 28. - Obligation (n) = duty = responsibility
development of a refined demeanour and hedonistic pursuits. In = requirement = compulsion =
France, she adds, dandyism, in contrast, was also strongly linked commitment = onus: Yêu cầu, nghĩa vụ,
to political ideology and embraced by youths wishing to clearly bổn phận, trách nhiệm
define themselves from members of the working class - Obligate to (v) = force: Buộc, bắt
revolutionary social groups of the period. buộc để làm gì
29. Exude (v) = radiate = give out = give
D. Over recent decades, according to sociologist Ben Cameron, off = release = secrete: Tiết ra, rỉ ra...
gender roles for both sexes have become less defined. According 30. - Incarnation (n) = personification =
to research, he says, achievement of status and success have embodiment = avatar: Kiếp người,
become less important in younger generations of men, as has the - Previous incarnation: Kiếp trước
- Incarnate (v): Nhân cách hóa, làm
need to repress emotions. Cameron defines the traditional thành cụ thể, thể hiện, tượng trưng cho
masculine role within western societies – hegemonic masculinity - Incarnate (a): Hóa thân, hiện thân
– as an expectation that males demonstrate physical strength and 31. Masculinity (n) = maleness =
fitness, be decisive, self-assured, rational, successful and in manliness = virilty = mannishment =
control. Meeting this list of criteria and avoiding situations of manhood = boyhood >< Femininity
demonstrating weakness, being overly emotional or in any way 32. - Dandy (a): Tuyệt diệu, ưu tú, hạng
‘inferior’, he says, has placed a great deal of pressure on many nhất
members of the male population. So restrictive can society’s - Dandy (n): Người thích ăn diện,
pressure to behave in a ‘masculine’ fashion on males be, công tử bột
Professor Chesterton states that in many situations men may 33. Background (n) = circumstance =
respond in a way they deem acceptable to society, given their personal history = social class =
perceived gender role, rather than giving what they may actually backdrop = setting: Lại lịch của ai, Khung
cảnh phía sau
consider to be the best and most objective response. 34. Imitate (v) = mimic = copy =
impersonate = ape = pretend to be: Bắt
E. Jim Howard says that learning and acquiring gender identity chước, giả bộ làm theo
makes up a huge component of a child’s socialisation and that a 35. - Aristocratic (a) = well-bred =
child who exhibits non-standard behavioural characteristics often patrician = noble: Thuộc dòng dõi quý tộc
encounters social and self-image difficulties due to the adverse - Aristocrat (n) = noble = lord =
reactions of their peers. According to Kim Sawyer, media images grandee: Người quý tộc
and messages also add to pressures associated with the male 36. Devote/ dedicate to Ving: Cống hiến
image, stating that even in these modern and changing times, để làm gì....
hegemonic masculinity is often idolised and portrayed as the 37. - Cultivation (n) =crop = education:
definitive male persona. Sự cày cấy, sự dạy dỗ, giáo dục
- Cultivate (v) = farm = grow =
nurture = foster: Cày cấy, nuôi dưỡng
F. Whilst male stereotypes and ideals vary from culture to culture, 38. Refine (v) = purify = filter = get rid of
according to Professor Chesterton, a universal trait in impuritied: Lọc, làm cho tinh khiết
stereotypical male behaviour is an increased likelihood to take 39. Demeanour (n) = behaviour: Cách cư
risks than is generally found in female behaviour patterns. For this xử, hành vi, thái độ
reason, she attributes such behaviour to the influence of genetic 40. Hedonistic (a): Chủ nghĩa khoái lạc
predisposition as opposed to socially learned behaviour. Men, 41. - Pursuit of sthg (n) = chase = hunt =
she says, are three times more likely to die due to accident than search = quest = detection: Tiếp tục theo
females, a strong indication he says of their greater willingness to đuổi, chạy theo cái gì
involve themselves in precarious situations. Ben Cameron also - Pursue (v) = follow = chase = trail =
track = hunt: Đuổi theo, đuổi bắt, truy
says that an attitude of invincibility is more dominant in males and kích...
is a predominant factor in the trend for fewer medical checkups in
males and late diagnosis of chronic and terminal illness than in
their more cautious and vigilant female counterparts.
G. Jamie Cawley, however, remains optimistic that the metro-
sexual culture will continue and that what society accepts as the suppress = contain: Ngăn chặn, phòng
face of masculinity will continue to change. He attributes this to a ngừa
male revolt against the strict confines of gender roles, adding that 44. - Decisive (a) = conclusive = pivotal =
such changes of attitudes have led and will continue to lead to key = critical = crucial = strong-minded =
establishment of greater equality between the sexes.
42. - Ideology (n) = philosophy = belief =
creed: Sự nghiên cứu tư tưởng, hệ tư
tưởng
- Ideologist (n): Nhà lý thuyế, nhà lý
luận
43. Repress (v) = curb = block =
determined: Quyết định, kiên quyết, cứng
đầu
- Decide (v) = make a decision =
come to a decision = make one’s mind
up: Quyết định..
45. Demonstrate sthg to sb (v) = explain
= prove = validate: Chứng minh, giải
thích cho...
46. Placed a great deal of pressure on:
Đặt áp lực to lớn lên cái gì....
47. Self-assured (a) = confident = self-
confident = poised: Tin chắc, tin tưởng
48. Deem (v) = think = believe = estimate
= suppose: Tin rằng, nghĩ rằng, cho rằng
49. Restrictive = limited
50. Perceive (v) = observe = see = notice
= take in = understand: Hiểu được, thấy
được, quan sát được
51. Component (n) = factor = constituent
= module = section = element: Thành
phần, yếu tố...
52. Likelihood (n) = probability =
possibility = prospect: Có khả năng xảy
ra
53. Take risks/ at risk of: Liều, mạo hiểu
để...
54. Predisposition (n): Bẩm chất, khuynh
hướng thiên về
Ex: A predisposition to find their fault:
Khuynh hướng thiên về bắt bẻ lỗi của
người khác
55. Willingness: Sự sẵn sàng
56. Precarious (a) = shaky = unstable =
insecure = uncertain = wobbly: Không
chắc chắn
57. Invincibility (n) = strength: Tính vô
địch, khó có thể đánh bại
58. Terminal
59. Vigilant
60. Counterpart (n) = equal = equivalent
= colleague: Bản sao, đối tác
61. - Revolt (n) = rebellion = uprising =
upheaval: Sự nổi dậy, sự nổi loạn
- Revolt (v) = rebel = riot = mutiny:
Nổi dậy, làm loạn
62. Strict confine (n): Kìm hãm chặt chẽ
cái gì...
 1. Citrus (n): Loài, giống cam
READING PASSAGE 3 2. - Affliction (n) = suffering = illness =
sickness = disease: Đau đớn, bệnh tật
- To be afflicted by: Đau buồn vì....
3. Soften of the gums (v): Làm mềm chất
gôm, chất dính
4. Oral (a) = verbal = viva voce: Bằng
miệng, bằng lời nói
5. Liver spots on: Những vệt đen trên...
6. Immobility (n) = motionlessness =
stiiness: Sự bất động
7. Incidence (n): Sự tác động, sự ảnh
hưởng
8. Ailment = illness
9. Took an enormous toll on: Số lượng
lớn
CLINICAL TRIALS 10. Crew’s ability: Khả năng của toàn bộ
người trên boong tàu
A. The benefits of vitamins to our well-being are now familiar to 11. Scurvy (n): Bệnh thiếu vitamin C
most; however, when the link between diets lacking in citrus fruits trong đồ ăn
and the development of the affliction ‘scurvy’ in sailors was first 12. Parameter (n): Thông số
discovered by James Lind in 1747, the concept of vitamins was 13. Correlation (n) = association =
yet to be discovered. Scurvy, which causes softening of the connection = link = correspondence: Sự
gums, oral bleeding and, in extreme cases, tooth loss, is now tương quan
14. Were attributed to: Được quy cho là
known to present as a result of lack of Vitamin C in the diet.
15. Presence (n) = attendance =
Additional symptoms include depression, liver spots on the skin – company = occurrence: Sự hiện diện, sự
particularly arms and legs – loss of colour in the face and partial có mặt
immobility; high incidence of the ailment aboard ships took an 16. Split into = divide into: Chia ra, tách
enormous toll on the crew’s ability to complete essential tasks ra
while at sea. 17. Pair (n) = couple = dou = twosome:
Cặp
B. Suggestions that citrus fruit may lower the incidence or indeed 18. Cider (n): rượu táo
prevent scurvy had been made as early as 1600. It was Lind, 19. Elixir of vitriol: Cồn ngọt
however, who would conduct the first clinical trial by studying the 20. Quantity (n) = amount = number =
mass: Số lượng, khối lượng
effect within scientific experimental parameters. However, while
21. Vinegar
the correlation between consuming citrus fruit and avoidance of 22. Barley (n) : Lúa mạch
scurvy was established, the preventative properties were 23. Seawater (n): Nước biển
attributed to the presence of acids in the fruit and not what would 24. Abort (v): Không phát triển, sẩy thai
later be identified as vitamin content. 25. Deplete (v) = drain = exhaust = use
up = diminish: Làm cho hết, làm cho cạn
C. Lind’s subjects for his trial consisted of twelve sailors already kiệt...
exhibiting symptoms of scurvy. These individuals were split into 26. - Impact on (v): Ảnh hưởng tới
six groups; each pair common diet. Pair 1 were Pair a daily quart - Have impact on (n): Có sức ảnh
of cider, pair 2 elixir of vitriol, pair 3 a given quantity of vinegar, hưởng tới...
pair 4 seawater, pair 5 oranges and a lemon and pair 6 barley 27. Administer
28. Arduous (a) = hard = difficult =
water. Despite the trial having to be aborted after day five, when
Laborious: Khó khăn, gian khổ, gay go
supplies of fruit were depleted, the findings of the interventional 29. Stage (n) = period: Thời kì, giai đoạn
study showed that only the control group who were given fruit 30. - Launch (v) = start = initate = begin =
supplements showed any significant improvement in their commence: Bắt đầu, tiến hành
condition (one had, in fact, recovered to the extent that he was fit - Launch a campaign: Bắt đầu một
enough to return to work). The immediate impact on sailors’ chiến dịch
health and incidence of scurvy on board ship was, however, 31. Marketplace (n): Chợ, khu chợ
limited as Lind and other physicians remained convinced that the 32. Conceive of sthg: Hình thành, có thai
curative effect was acid based. Therefore, while consumption of 33. - Fulfill (v) = achieve = accomplish =
citrus fruit was recommended, it was often replaced by cheaper bear out: đáp ứng
acid supplements. The preventative Qualities of citrus fruit against - Fulfill one’s demand/ expectation:
Đáp ứng yêu cầu, mong chờ của ai đó
scurvy were not truly recognised until 1800, though throughout
34. Laboratory (n) = lab: Phòng thí
the latter part of the 1700s, lemon juice was increasingly nghiệm
administered as a cure for sailors already afflicted. 35. Purification (n) = cleansing =
sanitization = decontamination: sự làm
D. Nowadays, the implementation of findings discovered in sạch, lọc sạch
clinical trials into mainstream medicine remains an arduous and 36. Pharmaceutical (a): Sử dụng thuốc
lengthy process and the clinical trials themselves represent only a 37. - Legislation (n) = lawmaking = rule:
small stage of the process of developing a new drug from Làm luật, luật pháp, pháp lý
research stage to launch in the marketplace. On average, for - Legislate for/ against sthg: Làm luật,
every thousand drugs conceived, only one of the thousand lập luật
actually makes it to the stage of clinical trial, other projects being 38. Barrier (n) = obstacle = difficulty =
hindrance: Khó khăn, thử thách
abandoned for a variety of reasons. Stages which need to be
39. Procedure (n) = process = way =
fulfilled prior to clinical trial – where the treatment is actually system: Quá trình hoạt động, hệ thống
tested on human subjects -include discovery, purification, 40. Selection (n) = choice = assortment:
characterisation and laboratory testing. Sự lựa chọn
41. Tremendous (a) = huge = enormous
E. A new pharmaceutical for treatment of a disease such as = big: To lớn, khổng lồ
cancer typically takes a period of 6 years or more before reaching 42. Recruitment (n) = staffing =
the stage of clinical trial. Since legislation requires subjects employment = enrollment: Sự tuyển,
participating in such trials to be monitored for a considerable chiêu mộ
period of time so that side-effects and benefits can be assessed 43. Vulnerable (a): Dễ bị tổn thương
44. Reluctant (a) = unwilling = hesiatnt =
correctly, a further eight years typically passes between the stage
loath: Lưỡng lư, do dự
of a drug entering clinical trial and being approved for general 45. In/on line with: Cùng hàng với, ngang
use. One of the greatest barriers to clinical trial procedures is hàng với
availability of subjects willing to participate. Criteria for selection is 46. Protocol(n) = etiquette = rule =
rigorous and trials where subjects are required to be suffering procedure: Nghi thức ngoại giao, lễ tân
from the disease in question, experience tremendous recruitment 47. Ascertaining
difficulties as individuals already vulnerable due to the effects of 48. Ascend (v) = rise = soar = go up: Đi
their condition, are often reluctant to potentially put their health at lên, thăng cấp
higher levels of risk. 49. Pre-determine (v) = predestine =
destine = fate: Định trước, quyết định
trước
F. Clinical trials are conducted in line with a strict protocol and the
50. Sequence (n) = chain: Dãy, chuỗi
stages of a trial are generally defined by five distinct phases. A nhiều hoạt động
drug that is deemed safe and effective enough to reach the end of 51. Dosage (n) = dose: Liều lượng
stage three is most often, at that point, approved for use in 52. Monitor (v) = manage: Quản lí, giám
mainstream medicine. Phase 0 involves a first-in-human trial sát
(usually conducted using a small population often to fifteen 53. Rigorous (a) = hard = severe =
subjects) with the purpose of ascertaining that the drug’s effect is, arduous = harsh: Nghiêm khác, kĩ lưỡng
in fact, the same as predicted in pre-clinical studies. If no 54. License (v): Cho phép, cấp giấy phép
concerns are raised, the drug then enters Phase 1 of trial where a 55. In essence (n): Cốt lõi là, bản chất là
modest selection (usually between twenty and eighty subjects) of 56. Undetected (a): Khônh được bảo vệ,
usually healthy volunteers, is exposed to the drug. However, for nguy hiểm
57. Frame (n) = structure = framework =
HIV and cancer drugs, this stage is conducted using patients
status: Trạng thái, cơ cấu, cấu trúc
suffering from the condition in question. There are two main 58. Withdrawal (n) = disadvantage =
variations of Phase I testing, these being SAD (single ascending harm = adverse: Có hại, bất lợi
dose) and MAD (multiple ascending dose). The former involves a 59. Fatal (a) = deadly = lethal = incurable
single administration of a drug at a pre-determined level to one = terminal: Có hại, gây chết người
group of subjects, and the second involves administration of a 60. Raise one’s concern (v): dấy lên
pre-determined sequence of dosages. sự quan tâm

G. Phases 0 and 1 are geared towards establishing the safety of

a pharmaceutical and once this has been confirmed, drugs pass
into Phase II testing where, while safety continues to be
monitored, the drug’s effectiveness is also assessed using a
larger group of subjects, ranging from twenty up to three hundred.
In some trials, Phase II is regarded as involving two sub-stages,
in that Phase 11(a) may be concerned with establishing optimum
dosage levels and Phase 11(b) to evaluate effectiveness. Phase
III is the most expensive, time-consuming and complex stage of
the trial process, often involving as many as 3000 patients. At this
stage, a new drug’s effectiveness is rigorously tested and
compared to that of the best of the existing alternatives already
approved and in common use. Where research indicates that a
pharmaceutical has passed all requirements of Phases 0, I, II and
III, submissions to relevant regulatory and licensing bodies are
then made.

H. The final phase of clinical testing, Phase IV, is conducted over

a lengthy period of time post-launch for general usage. This stage
is, in essence, a safety net which involves continued monitoring of
the drug, its properties and side-effects through which any long
term adverse reactions, which remained undetected in the pre-
launch clinical testing time frame can be discovered. Identification
of harmful effects at this stage, on occasion, has led to withdrawal
of a drug from the market; for example, as was the case with
cerivastin, a cholesterol-lowering drug, which was latterly found to
have an adverse effect on muscle reaction which, on occasion,
had fatal consequences.
 1. Lift (v) = raise = elate = boost =
elevate: Nâng lên, tăng lên
READING PASSAGE 1 2. Silk (n): Lụa
3. Elevate (v) = lift up = hoist = promote =
improve = exalt: Tăng lên, đi lên
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-11, which are 4. Descend (v) = go down = tumble down
based on Reading Passage 1 below. = incline = decrease: Giảm xuống, đi
xuống
5. Explode (v) = go off = blast = shatter:
Nổ
6. - Arguably (adv) = debatably =
doubtfully = disputably = maybe: Có thể
cho rằng
- Arguable (a) = open to question =
dubious = uncertain = dabatable =
questionable: Đáng ngờ, đáng tranh cãi
7. Property (n) = possession: Đất đai,
của cải
8. Considerable (a) = substantial =
HOT AIR BALLOONING significant = extensive = sizeable = huge:
Đáng kể, to lớn, đáng cân nhắc
Considerate (a) = thoughtful = caring =
 The birth of the hot air balloon is largely contributed to the efforts mindful = sympathetic: Tận tâm, thận
of two French brothers, Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier, who trọng
employed the fact that hot air was lighter than cool air and using 9. Tobe capable of: Có khả năng để...
10. Passenger (n) = traveler = customer
this, managed to lift a small silk balloon 32 metres into the air.
= rail user: Hành khách
The brothers went on to elevate a balloon into the air ten 11. Trial (n): Thử nghiệm
thousand metres before it started to descend and then exploded. 12. Voyage (n): Du ngoại trên biển
Arguably limited success, but their work came to the eye of the 13. Fuel (n) = firewood = oil...: Nhiên liệu
French Science Academy as the discovery of the properties of hot 14. Wick
air balloons helped scientists to study weather patterns and the 15. Hydrogen-fuelled
atmosphere. 16. Downfall (n) = failure = fall = ruin =
end = demise: Sự sụp đổ, sự đo xuống
17. Hydrogen (n): Khí hidro
 It was not until some considerable time later that a balloon was 18. Revival (n) = revitalization = renewal
launched that was capable of carrying passengers. Initial flights = restoration = recovery = rehabilitation:
were trialled by animals, but after the success of these voyages, Sự phục hồi, sự trở lại
two passengers, Jean Francois Pilatre and Francois Laurent 19. Leisure (n) = free time = spare time =
d’Arlendes, were sent up in a balloon which travelled across Paris time off = vacation = leisure time: Thời
for 29 minutes. The men fuelled the fire in the centre of their gian rảnh rỗi
wicker basket to keep the balloon elevated and the trip across 20. Entrepreneur (n) = businessperson =
tycoon = magnate = impresario =
Paris was a great success. financier (n): Nhà doanh nghiệp, người
chủ hãng buôn
 The discovery of hydrogen-fuelled flights led to the death in 1785 21. Construct (v) = build = make = create
of Pilatre, a tragedy which caused a downfall in the popularity of = erect = raise = fabricate = form: Xây
hot air ballooning but an increase in the popularity of hydrogen. dựng, tạo ra....
Hot air ballooning lost further ground when alternate modes of air 22. - Cubic (a) = cubical: Hình lập
travel were introduced» but in the 1950s, ballooning experienced phương, khối
something of a revival as a leisure activity and sport. Today there - A cubic meter of water: Một mét
khối nước
are balloons of all shapes and sizes, with many unique designs. - Cubic equation: Phương trình bậc
 ba
23. Trans-oceanic
 In 1987, British entrepreneur Richard Branson crossed the Atlantic 24. Jet (a): Đen nhánh
in a balloon CVirgin Atlantic Flyer. At the time, this balloon was As black as jet: Đen nhánh, đen như
the largest ever constructed at 65 thousand cubic metres, but hạt huyền
25. Stream (n) = watercourse = brook =
four years later, he and Per Lindstrand from Sweden flew nearly
river = torrent: Dòng suối, dòng chảy
8000 kilometres from Japan to Northern Canada in their balloon 26. Manned balloon: Khinh khí cầu có
the Virgin Pacific Flyer, which was nearly 10 thousand cubic người lái
metres bigger and was the longest flight in a hot air balloon ever 27. A wide variety of: Đa số
made. The Pacific Flyer was designed to fly in the trans-oceanic 28. Equipment (n) = tool = apparatus =
jet streams and recorded the highest ground speed for a manned kit: Vũ khí, sự trang bị
balloon at 394 kilometres per hour. 29. Compartment (n) = cubicle = booth =
stall = partition = box: Phần, từng phần,
gian, ngăn
 There are now a wide variety of designs and equipment available, 30.- Fabric (n) = structure = framework:
from baskets with room for two people right up to 35 or more, Công trình, kết cấu. Giàn khung, cơ cấu
separated compartments and specially designed flame resistant - The whole fabric of society: Toàn bộ
fabrics, but the basic parts of the balloon have remained relatively cơ cấu xã hội.
unchanged. There is a basket, commonly made of wicker, inside - Fabric (n): Vải
which are stored the propane fuel tanks. Immediately above the - Silk and woollem fabric: Hàng tơ lụa
basket and partly wrapped around by the skirt are the burners, và len dạ
31. Propane (n): Pro-pan (khí không màu
attached on suspension wires. The balloon itself is made of strips
có trong tự nhiên và dầu lửa)
of fabric called gores which run from the skirt to the top of the 32. Tank (v) = protect
balloon; they are further broken into individual panels. This 33. Wrap (v): Gói lại, bọc lại
section of the craft is referred to as the envelope. At the top of the 34. wrap
envelope is a self-closing flap that allows hot air to escape at a 35. Suspension (n): Sự
controlled rate to slow ascents or cause the balloon to descend 36. Wire
descents. This is named the parachute valve, and is controlled by 37. - A strip of: Mảnh...
the vent line – the cable that runs the length of the envelope and - A strip of cloth/fabric: Mảnh vải
- A strip of garden: Mảnh vườn
hangs just above the basket so the pilot can open and close the 38. Gore (n): Mảnh vạt chéo, vạt chéo
parachute valve. 39. Panel (n) = board = piece = pane:
tấm, ô vải khác màu
 At the mercy of prevailing wind currents, piloting a balloon takes a 40. Craft (n): Nghề thủ công
huge amount of skill but the controls used are fairly straight 41. Envelope (n) = cover = wrapper =
forward. To lift a balloon the pilot moves the control which packet: Vỏ bọc (khinh khí cầu)
releases propane. The pilot can control the speed of the balloon 42. Self-close (a): Tự đóng lại
43. Flap (n): Nắp
by increasing or decreasing the flow of propane gas, but they
44. Ascent (n) = climb = rise = scaling:
cannot control horizontal direction. As a result, balloons are often Sự đi lên, sự tăng lên
followed by ground crew, who may have to pick up the pilot, 45. Descent (n) = fall = drop = dive =
passengers and balloon from any number of landing sites. A pilot plunge: Sự đi xuống >< ascent
who wants to fly a hot air balloon must have his commercial 46. Parachute valve (n): Cái van dù
pilot’s license to fly and must have at least 35 hours of flight 47.
instruction. There are no official safety requirements for 48. Vent (n): Lỗ thông hơi
49. Cable (n): Cáp treo
passengers onboard, but they should know whom they’re flying
50. Hang (v): Treo, mắc vào
with and what qualifications they may have. For safety reasons, 51. At the mercy of sb/sthg: Phó mặc cho
hot air balloons don’t fly in the rain because the heat in the ai/cái gì định đoạt
balloon can cause water to boil on top of the balloon and destroy 52. Prevail (v) = triumph = succeed =
the fabric. conquer = carry the day: Thắng thế
53. Pilot (v) = guide = conduct = control =
 One of the largest hot air balloon organisations is the Balloon navigate = lead = direct: Điều chỉnh, định
Federation of America. Founded in 1961, membership in the BFA hướng cái gì
attracts those with a fascination with ballooning (or ‘Lighter Than 54. Propane
Air’ flight). With an active discussion forum, meetings and 55. Direction (n) = navigation = track =
displays all around the USA and beyond, the BFA runs on a route = path: Hướng đi, đường đi
number of guiding principles, primarily that the future of 56. Ground crew (n): Nhân viên đường
bộ
ballooning is directly related to the safety of enthusiasts. They run
57. Onboard: Trên tàu
a number of training courses, from a novice who is interested in 58. Membership (n) = members =
getting a basic license to pilot achievement courses. They even followers = adherents = fellows: Thành
boast of a balloon simulator, which although will not directly lead viên, hội viên
to a pilot’s license, it can give participants a degree of the 59. Fascination (n) = captivation = charm
sensation enjoyed by professional balloon pilots. = attraction = appeal = allure: Sự say
mê, sự quyến rũ
60. Forum (n): Diễn đàn
61. Primarily (adv) = mainly: Chủ yếu,
căn bản
62. Novice (n) = beginner = learner =
trainee: Người mới vào nghề
63. Simulator (n) = simulant = emulator =
trainer: Người giả vờ, người giả cách
64. Sensation (n) = feeling = sense =
awareness: Cảm giác, sự nhận thức
được
 1. Endless (a) = boundless = infinite =

READING PASSAGE 2
limitless = intermibale = ceaseless =
uninterrupted: Vô tận, không hồi kết
2. Take this route
3. Well-known (a) = famous: Nổi tiếng...
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 12-23, which are 4. Wrist
based on Reading Passage 2 below. 5. Slap (n) = smack = cuff = clout: Một
tiếng vỗ, cái vỗ
6. - Entitle (v) = enable = allow = permit:
Cho quền làm gì
- To be ebtitled to do sthg: Được phép,
được quyền làm gì
7. Infringement (n) = breach = violation =
contravention = infraction: Sự xâm phạm,
vi phạm bản quyền
8. Jury (n) = adjudicator = judge = bench
= panel: Hội đồng xét xử, thẩm đoàn
9. Deliberate (a) = purposeful =
premeditated = conscious = intentional =
ILLEGAL DOWNLOADS calculated = planned: Cố tình, có tính
toán từ trước
10. With charges of
A. Downloading music from the internet has become a simple, 11. Copyright (n) = patent = charter =
fast and easy thing to do. The correct or legal way of going about right: Bản quyền, quyền của tác giả
12. Piracy (n): Việc sao chép bất hợp
it seems to be ignored by those who find it too costly. Illegal
pháp
music downloads have reached an all time high, and a recent 13. Court (n) = court of law = high court:
survey of high school students revealed an estimated 3.6 billion Tòa án, tòa án tối cao
songs being downloaded per month. There are now endless 14. Unsettled
possibilities available to the public where music can be 15. Offender (n) = criminal = lawbreaker
downloaded for free and people are choosing to take this route = wrongdoer: Tội phạm, người có lỗi
even though it is illegal. iTunes is one of the most well-known 16. Penalty (n) = punishment – sentence
sites where music can be bought legally for just over 51 per track. = consequence: Hình phạt, hậu quả
17. Breach (v) = break: Chọc thủng, phá
So when it is this cheap why are people still going to alternative vỡ
unauthorized sites? Or is the legal route still considered a costly 18. Slightly (adv) = somewhat = a little =
way to go about it? a touch: Không đáng kể
19. Depend upon (v) = believe in S.O:
B. If you think that copying music results in simply a slap on the Tin tưởng, tin cậy ai đó
wrist, think twice. Under government law, record companies are 20. Commercial (a) = industrial =
entitled to $750 to $30,000 per infringement but the law allows mercantile = for-profit = profitable =
marketable = salable: Thuộc về thương
the jury to increase that to as much as $150,000 per song if it mại, tạo ra lợi nhuận, có lãi
finds the infringements were deliberate. The music industry has 21. Nonetheless (adv) = however =
threatened about 35,000 people with charges of copyright nevertheless = even so = on the other
Infringement over the past decade. In recent months there have hand: Tuy nhiên, mặt khác
been more cases of music piracy heading to the courts. The 22. Versus
industry estimates that more than a hundred of these cases 23. - Punitive (a) = punitory = disciplinary
remain unsettled in court, with fewer than 10 offenders actively = penal = retributive = revengeful: Nhằm
trừng trị, trừng phạt
arguing the case against them. The penalties for breaching the
- Punitive taxation: Sự đánh thuế
copyright act differ slightly depending upon whether the infringing nặng tay, hà khắc
is for commercial or private financial gain, with the latter 24. - Pole (n): Người Balan
punishment being far milder. - Pole (n): Cực
- Negative pole: Cực âm
 - Positive pole: Cực dương
C. Nonetheless, the potential gains from illegal downloading 25. Sue sb for sthg (v) = litigate =
versus the punitive measures that can be taken are, in many prosecute = indict: Kiện ai đó ra tòa vì
việc gì
cases, poles apart. Recently, an American woman shared 27 26. Face a penalty (v): Chịu sự trừng
illegally downloaded songs with her friends and was ordered to phạt, đối mặt với bản án
pay $1.92 million to the record company for deliberate 27. Track (v) = follow one’s step = go
infringement of the companies’ copyrights. More recently in back with: Theo ai đó
America a 12 year old girl was sued for downloading music 28. - Spur controversy (v): Dấy lên cuộc
illegally and could face a penalty of $1150per song. The order of tranh cãi
payment from the courts to the American woman who shared the - Spur so to do sthg: Khuyến khích ai
làm việc gì
27 tracks with her friends has spurred controversy as the public
29. Liable for (a) = legally responsible =
disagree with the ordered Infringement. The woman shared 27 accountable = answerable: Có trách
songs at $1.99 per song, so should she be liable to pay such a nhiệm pháp lý về việc gì...
large and impossible amount? 30. Discourage from (v) = dissuade =
oppose = hinder = inhibit = prevent =
D. It has also been noted that of all measures that can be taken, stop = suppress: Can ngăn ai làm việc gì
fining is actually the least likely method of preventing further 31. Prison (n) = custody = pen =
detention: Nhà tù, nhà giam
abuse. With driving, for example, statistics have shown that those
32. Track down
that repeatedly drive over the speed limit are not discouraged by 33. Obey (v) = submit = follow = abide by
the loss of a sum of money, but this attitude quickly changed = act upon: Tuân theo, vâng lời
when the penalty was possibly losing their driving license or even 34. Take appropriate action: Hành động
spending time in prison. 35. - Amnesty (v) = pardon = reprieve =
forgive: Ân xá
E. Being a difficult thing to police, the music industry has decided - Amnesty the political prisoners: Ân
xá các tù nhân chính trị
that it would be much easier to go after the internet service
- Amnesty (n): Sự tha tội, sự ân xá
provider than to try and track down each individual case. The - An amnesty has been declared
music industry feels internet piracy has decreased their artists’ 36. Eligible (a) = qualified = entitiled =
sales dramatically and is a danger to their business, although on suitable = seasonable = adequate: Đủ tư
the other hand, online music sales promote individual tracks to be cách, phù hợp
sold rather than albums, therefore increasing the amount spent by 37. - Crime (n) = offense = felony =
the purchaser. misdemeanor = violation = illegality =
infringement: Tội ác, tội phạm
- Crime prevention: Ngăn ngừa tội
F. If there are so many issues around the downloading of music, phạm
you might wonder why sales of MP3 players and CD burners are - Commit a serious crime: Phạm một
increasing rapidly The answer is simple – these devices do have a trọng tội, tội nghiêm trọng
legitimate purpose defined as ‘fair use’. You can choose to make 38. Net (n): Mạng lưới, phạm vi
your personal back-up copy to use in a MP3 player, or you may 39. Theft
visit one of many web sites, like iTunes, which offers music that 40. Come forward
you pay for as you download. While some may wonder why you
would pay for something that can be had for free, those who do
prefer to obey the copyright protection laws had purchased over
150 million songs from the iTunes site alone.

G. Online music sales are a business just like any other and music
companies are fighting to salvage their industry. Cary Sherman,
the President of RIAA (Recording Industry Association of
America), stated that when your product is being regularly stolen,
there comes a time when you have to take appropriate action. At
the same time, the RIAA has offered amnesty to the illegal
downloader who decides to come forward and agree to stop
illegally downloading music over the Internet. People who have
already been sued are obviously not eligible for amnesty.

H. When high school students were asked how they felt about the
business of downloading illegally from the net, they appeared to
be divided on the issue. Some seemed to think there was
absolutely nothing wrong with it, others felt that it should be
thought of as a serious crime like any other form of theft.
 1. - Dominate (v) = control = rule = lead =

READING PASSAGE 3
govern = dictate = take over: Thống trị,
chi phối, dẫn đầu
- Dominate one’s emotions: Nén cảm
xúc vào trong
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 24 – 40, which 2. - Cycle (n) = sequence = rotation =
are based on Reading Passage 3 below. succession = phase: Chu kì, chu trình,
vòng
- Reversible cycle: Chu trình thuận
nghịch
3. Constant (a) = persistent = perpetual =
incessant = continual = steady = stable:
Kiên định, không thay đổi
4. Repeat (v) = recap = reiterate = retell =
recite: Lặp lại
5. Rotation (n) = cycle
6. Rhythm (n) = flow: Nhịp điệu
7. Metabolism (n): Sự trao đổi chất
8. Circadian (a) = daily = diurnal = day-
The natural world to-day = everyday
9. Amplitude (n) = largeness = fullness =
plenty: Độ rộng, biên độ, sự dồi dào
A. The natural world is dominated by cycles that are constant and 10. Turns to (v): Tới lượt, phiên ai
repeated – the moon’s rotation around the earth, the changing of 11. Trigger (v) = cause = set off: Gây ra
the seasons, the changes between night and day. It is these 12. Alert (v) = alarm = warn = forewarn =
cycles or rhythms that in part control changes in our metabolism, notify = draw somebody’s attention to:
Báo động, cảnh báo
mood and behaviour, and even the patterns of our sleep. 13. Night shift (n): Trực đêm
14. In contradiction to (v): Đối lập với
B. The circadian rhythm is the cycle that indicates when to be 15. Drowsy (a) = sleepy = tỉed = dzy
awake and when to be asleep. This is a daily cycle that is =somnplent = nodding: Ngủ lơ mơ, ngủ
controlled by changes in amplitude (highs and lows) of light and gà ngủ gật, buồn ngủ, uể oải, thẫn thờ
temperature. As day turns to night, the sun sets and it becomes 16. Stimulate (v) = spur = encourage:
cooler. The triggers of less light and lower temperatures signal to Kích thích, khuyến khích
17. Warmth
the body that it is time to slow and begin the pattern of sleep. Of 18. In excess of: Hơn quá
course, there may be many hours between sunset and the time 19. Take up to
people actually go to bed, but it is from this time that we generally 20. Reset (v): Thiết lập lại
become increasingly less alert and reaction times can be 21. Phenomenon (n): Hiện tượng
noticeably slower. 22. Jet lag
23. Milder (a) = slight = minor =
C. There are a number of factors that can affect our circadian insignificant = trivial: Nhẹ, không đáng kể
24. Forward and backward = back and
rhythm. Working night shifts, which requires people to act in forth: Xuôi ngược, tới lui
contradiction to the body’s natural rhythm, is perhaps the most 25. Curtain (n): Màn che
damaging. Despite getting a good 8 hours sleep during the day, 26. Wavelength
night shift workers still tend to feel drowsy for at least some of 27. Nod off (v): Lắc đầu
the night. This is the main factor for the increase in workplace 28. Take scheduled breaks: Nghỉ giải lao
accidents on this shift when compared to the day shift. The đúng giờ
seasons can also affect our natural rhythm, with people having 29. - Exercise (n): Bài tập
- Do exercise: Tập thể dục
less energy during winter months when there is less sunlight and
30. Overrate (v) = overestimate =
warmth to stimulate the brain. International travel, notably when overprize = exaggertae = overvalue:
travelling in excess of 4 hours, can also have a significant effect; Đánh giá cao
in extreme cases, it can take up to 7 days for your rhythm to reset 31. Workplace
due to this, a phenomenon referred to as jet lag. A similar, 32. Oversee (v) = supervise = superinted
although milder, effect can be felt in countries with daylight = manage = administer = keep an eye
savings time, when the clocks are moved forward and backward on: Trông nom, giám sát
33. Dictate
depending on the season.
34. Night owl (n): Cú đêm
35. - Humming (a) = droning = whining =
D. There are some tips for helping your body work with your purring = buzzing = whirring: Vo ve, kêu
circadian rhythm. First thing in the morning take a short walk ô, kêu rền (máy móc), mạnh
outside or open all the curtains to get as much light as possible - A humming blow: Cú đấm mạnh
through the eyes and into the brain. Lighting levels that affect 36. Grumpy (a) = grumpish: Gắt gỏng,
circadian rhythm in humans are higher than the levels usually cục cằn
37. Digestion (n) = ingestion = absorption
used in artificial lighting in homes. In addition to the strength of
= incorporation: Sự tiêu hóa, sự hiểu
the light, wavelength (or colour) of light is a factor, the best being thấu
that present in sunlight. Plan your work and other activities 38. Hormone (n): Hooc môn
around the highs and lows of your temperature rhythm. For 39. Days off (n): Ngày nghỉ
example, plan easier activities for first thing in the morning when 40. Interruption (n) = break = pause =
you’re not operating at your physical best. Late morning is better disruption = intermission = disturbance:
for challenging tasks. After lunch you may feel like nodding off. Sự gián đoạn, sự nghỉ ngơi
Take scheduled breaks. The best time to exercise is in the late 41. - Intermittent (a) = sporadic =
recurrent = erratic = discontinuous =
afternoon – your body temperature reaches its daily high, it is
occasional: Không liên tục, lóe lên
warmed up and stretched from spending your day at work. Avoid - Intermittent bursts of anger/
driving during sleep times. Sleepy drivers should stop for a nap – energy/interest: Những cơn tức giận/ sự
playing loud music or leaving windows open is an overrated gắng sức/ quan tâm có lúc không
misconception. At night, close the blinds and curtains and sleep 42. Irregular (a) = uneven = unequal =
in a dark room. If you work the night shift, use bright lights and asymmetrical = bumpy = erratic: Không
music in the workplace to keep your brain alert. Wear an eye đều đặn, không thường xuyên
43. - Generate (v): Phát ra
mask to block out the light when you want to go to sleep.
- Generate electricity: Phát điện
44. Frequent (a) = recurrent = everyday =
E. Every human – in fact, most non-nocturnal animals – follow the regular: Thường xuyên
basic rules of the circadian rhythm. However, we also have our 45. Stoke (v): Đốt, tiêu hao
own unique body clocks which control the daily changes in how 46. Reinforce (v) = strengthen = underpin
we think and feel, and oversee a number of our personal = bolster = fortify: Củng cố, tăng cường
characteristics such as sleep patterns. Your body clock dictates 47. Assessment (n) = evaluation =
whether you are a night owl, happy to work late into the night, an appraisal = estimation = judgment =
consideration: Nhận xét, đánh giá
early bird who prefers the morning or a humming bird, happy to 48. Cigarette (n) = smoke: Thuốc lá
work both ends of the day. Your body clock determines not only 49. Alcohol (n): Cồn, rượu
your personal sleep patterns, but also whether or not you are 50. Take a short nap (v): Nghỉ một lúc
grumpy before you have your morning coffee, when and what you 51. Catnap (n): Giấc ngủ ngắn
need to eat throughout the day, whether you work better In the
morning or the afternoon and the best time for you to do exercise.
It also affects physical performance, such as temperature, blood
pressure, digestion, hormone levels and brain activity (such as
mood, behaviour, and alertness). Your body clock is what causes
you to gain a few kilograms in autumn and winter time and to
make it easier to lose weight in spring and summer.

F. Being aware of a few issues can help us maintain the best

rhythms for our body docks, but there are some tips and tools for
that can help. Keeping to the same bedtime routine and wake-up
schedule, even on your days off, is particularly important – there
should be no more than a few hours difference in the time you go
to bed. Avoiding interruptions to your sleep is also very important.
If there is intermittent, irregular noise, use a fan or any white noise
device that generates calming sounds. This is particularly
important for night shift workers, for whom daytime noises are
generally louder; soft, background noise can help drown out
daytime activity noises. Eat small frequent meals to help stoke
your metabolism. This is not only helpful in weight maintenance,
but reinforces the “day” phase of your circadian clock. Eat most
of your energy foods earlier in the day and avoid eating a heavy
meal near bedtime. Avoid all-nighters, like studying all night
before an assessment. Cutting back on sleep the night before
may mean that you perform less well. Reduce changes to your
work shift, such as changing from night shift to day shift. Avoid
alcohol and cigarettes before sleep time. If you feel sleepy during
the day, take a short nap. Set an alarm so you sleep for no more
than about 20 minutes. Anything more than just a ‘catnap’ and
you will enter into Stage 3 (deep sleep) and find it harder to wake
up from

READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-16, which are
based on Reading Passage 1 below.
MOBILE PHONES AND DRIVING
A. Though once perceived a luxury cell phones have become a
common possession over the last ten years or so. Due to modern
day technology and public demand cell phones have been made
affordable to most. However, one of the most controversial topics
of today is whether or not we should be using our cell phones
whilst driving, Does it pose a danger to ourselves and other
drivers? Or doesn’t it make any difference to the likelihood of an
accident.
B. Several countries around the world have already imposed a
national Jaw with heavy infringements. More recently the UK,
Australia and Finland have joined the ranks of countries opposing
this very hazardous act, with Ireland imposing the harshest
penalties on the continent (a third offence can mean 3 months
imprisonment). Also in Europe, the Netherlands is fining
offenders 2000 Euros and 2 weeks in jail.
C. This dangerous distraction contributes largely to motor vehicle
accidents and the statistics are Increasing daily as we continue to
take our eyes off the road to call or even more dangerously text.
Research by road safety groups suggests speaking on a phone
whilst driving increases your chances of an accident, increasing
to nine times more likely when texting. Time and again, in study
after study replicated across the world, the use of a cell phone by
the driver has been proven, beyond any sense of reasonable
doubt, to dramatically increase the probability of a motor vehicle
crash.
D. In New Zealand, a proposal made by a previous Labour led
1. - Luxury (n) = treat = extra =
extravagance = indulgence: Sự xa xỉ, xa
hoa
- Luxurious (a) = lavish = sumptuous =
opulent = splendid: Xa hoa, lộng lẫy
- Luxuriant (a) = lush = flourishing =
fertile = rich = versant: Um tùm, xum xuê
2. Cell phone (n): Điện thoại
3. Possession (n) = ownership = tenure =
custody: Sự chiếm hữu, sự có, sự sở
hữu
4. Due to (v): Do
5. Affordable (a) = reasonable =
inexpensive: phải chăng, hợp lí (giá cả)
6. Controversial (a) = contentious =
provocative = debated = divisible =
notorious: Có thể gây tranh cãi
7. Whilst = while: Trong khi
8. Pose a danger to: Đưa ra mối đe dọa
với
9. Make any difference: tạo ra sự khác
biệt
10. Impose (v) = levy = execute = carry
out = enforce = enact: Ban hành, áp đặt
11. Imposed
12. Hazardous (a) = dangerous = risk =
perilous = unsafe = harmful = precarious:
Nguy hiểm, độc hại
13. Continent (n): Lục địa, đại lục
14. Harsh (a) = severe = bleak = austere
= stark = cruel: Cay nghiệt, khắc nghiệt
15. Offence = commit: Phạm, phá vỡ...
16. - In jail = gaol (n) = prison: nhà tù
- To be sent to gaol: Bị bỏ tù
- Gaol/jail (v) = sentence: Bỏ tù
17. Replicate (v) = duplicate = repeat =
copy = iminate = photocopy: Tạo bản,
bản sao thay thế
18. Beyond (adv) = outside = yonder =
elsewhere: Nằm ngoài
19. Crash (v): Phá sản, làm tan nát
Crash in (on) = break into: Tràn vào,
đột nhập vào, xâm nhập vào
20. Demerit (n) = fault = imperfection: Sự
lầm lỗi, sự sai lầm, lỗi sai
21. Consultation (n) = discussion =
session = conference: Sự tham khảo,
bàn luận, hỏi ý kiến
22. Pending (v) = waiting: Chờ phê duyệt
23. Consequence (n) = result = outcome:
Kết quả, hậu quả
24. Potential (a) = conceivable = possible
= probable: Tiềm năng, có khả năng
25. Kit (n): Bộ đồ nghề, hay bộ phận
trong máy móc
Government suggests a $50 fine and 27 demerit points for any Kit sb out/ up with = equip with:
person using a cell phone whilst driving, although the Ministry of Trang bị đồ đạc cho ai đó
Transport is still preparing a report based on public consultation. 26. Integral (a) = essential = vital =
important = fundamental = primary: Quan
Although this is only a pending idea, the government knows this
trọng, thiết yếu, không thể thiếu
will be a difficult infringement to police but a start needs to be 27. Confront with (v) = meet = face = put
made and people need to understand the consequences of what up with = suffer = encounter: Đương đầu
potentially could happen. It is a common misconception that với, đối mặt với
hands free kits are safe to use, but research conducted by 28. Steer (v): Hướng theo, Hướng về
Waikato University has proven that these can be equally as 29. Wheel (n): Bánh xe
dangerous as hand held phones. 30. Ban (v) = forbid = outlaw = proscribe
= disallow: Ngăn cấm
31. Billboard (n): Bảng dán thông cáo,
E. On one hand, using a cell phone whilst driving has become an bản dán yết thị
integral part of our lives and is going to be a hard habit to kick. 32. Decade (n) = period: Thập kỉ
But it has been proven that our reaction time is never fast enough 33. Introduce (v) = enact: Ban hành
when confronted with a road hazard, but if you are having a 34. Debatable (a) = controversial =
conversation at the same time it will slow your reaction time by dubious = arguable: Có thể tranh cãi
even more. Most people find it takes 2 and a half seconds to 35. Conclusion (n): Sự kết luận
react in a dangerous situation but if you are on the phone you can
add another 2 seconds onto that. Your attention is divided; part of
you concentrates on your conversation, the other on driving. The
demands of die conversation and the road are competing,
therefore making it a cognitive distraction as well as physical as
you are removing one hand from the steering wheel to hold the
phone. On the other hand, an American radio host suggested that
banning cell phones whist driving was taking it a step too far, “if
we ban cell phones, what’s next? No billboards, coffee drinking, or
CD players?” The host agreed that texting whilst driving was a
danger but phoning was not.

F. Many people agreed with him in saying that texting was a

definite hazard as the act of looking down would lead your eyes
off the road. However, doesn’t holding a conversation while
driving seems just as distracting as eating food or reaching for a
CD? Accidents were happening decades before the cell phone
was introduced so should we be taking this matter so seriously?

G. Obviously opinions will differ on this matter, and it will always

remain a debatable issue. A long list of countries seems to be
following the trend and imposing a law against cell phones on the
road, but there is still and even longer list yet to follow. Lack of
data leaves uncertain results but it seems research is ongoing
and surveys and tests are being carried out on a regular basis to
reach some kind of conclusion as to just how dangerous and
potentially fatal this habit may be.
 1. Erect (v) = build = construct: Xây lên,

READING PASSAGE 2
dựng lên
2. Exposition (n) = show = exhibition =
display = showcase: Sự phơi bày, sự
trưng bày, làm sáng tỉ
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 17-29, which are 3. Statue of Liberty: Tượng nữ thần tự do
based on Reading Passage 2 below. 4. Radical (a) = fundamental = bassic =
essential = profound: Thiết yếu, cơ bản
5. Bizarre (a): Kỳ quái, dị hợp
6. Confirm (v) = verify = approve = prove:
xác nhận, chứng thực
7. Petition (n) = appeal = entreaty =
supplication = requistion = plea: Sự cầu
xin, lời thỉnh cầu
8. - Castigate (v) = criticize = reprimand =
rebuke = rake over the: Trừng trị, khiển
trách
- Castigate (v): Trau chuốt (một tác
phẩm)
9. Accuse sb of (v): Buộc tội ai đó đã làm
THE EIFFEL TOWER gì
10. Appeal with (v) = castigate: Khẩn
High above the city of Paris the Eiffel Tower looks over the khoản yêu cầu...
thousands of tourists that visit her each day. One of the greatest 11. Opponent (n) = rival = enemy =
sites in Paris, the Eiffel Tower was erected in 1889 for the great antagonist: Đối thủ, kẻ thù
12. Claim (v) = assert = obtain = retrieve:
Paris Exposition. Đòi hỏi, yêu cầu, thỉnh cầu
13. Withstand
Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, who also designed the Statue of Liberty, 14. Calculation (n): Sự tính toán
put his design forward amongst 700 other designs and Eiffel’s 15. Monstrous (a) = bizarre = atrocious:
design was chosen collectively without any further thought. The Kỳ dị, kỳ quái, dị hợm
decision was made to build this radical creation and two years 16. Demolish (v) = ruin = destroy =
later it was completed. Eiffel had originally decided to build the defeat = raze: Đánh đổ, đánh baik
17. - Expiration (n): Sự quá hạn, sự kết
tower in Barcelona, for the Universal Exposition of 1888, but
thúc
organizers and planners in Barcelona thought it was a bizarre and - The expiration of the lease (n): Sự
expensive construction, which did not fit into the design of the kết thúc hợp đồng thuê nhà
city. 18.
19. Antennas (n): Râu của sâu bọ, ăng
After the design and build of the Eiffel Tower was confirmed for ten
Paris, a petition was signed by over 300 names to fight against 20. Telegraphy
the building of this project. These names included Parisian 21. Iron (n): Sắt
22. Massive (a) = huge = enormous =
architects, engineers and famous citizens of Paris. Eiffel was
giant = immense: To lớn, đồ sộ
heavily castigated for his design and was accused of designing 23. Stands at
something for its appearance and artistic appeal with no regard 24. Panoramic (a): Có tính bao quát, có
to engineering; opponents to the building claimed that the design tính chất toàn cảnh
did not have sufficient stability to withstand the high winds its 25. Observatory (n): Đài thiên văn, đài
height would be exposed to. But Eiffel and his team of ex bridge quan sát
builders understood the importance of wind forces, and the shape 26. Platform (n): Bục, bệ, nền
27. Gallery (n) = portico = balcony =
of the tower was largely decided by mathematical calculation
veranda = porch: Phòng trưng bày tác
involving wind resistance phẩm nghệ thuật
28. Kiosk (n): Quán, trạm điện thoại
French painters, sculptures and writers did not see the beauty in công cộng
the tower and referred to it as useless and monstrous. However, 29. Spectacular (a) = stunning =
the Eiffel tower was admired by many notable people (Rousseau impressive = magnificnet = fabulous =
was particularly impressed) and construction began in 1887 and fantastic: Đẹp mắt, hùng vĩ
30. A wax reproduction of
was soon completed by the end of 1889. In 1909 it was almost
31. Stair (n): Cầu thang, bậc thanh
demolished because of the expiration of its 20 year lease but was 32. Restoration (n) = reestablishment =
saved due to its antennas used for telegraphy at the time, With restitution: Sự phục hồi, sự trùng tu, sự
such a difficult beginning to the Tower. It is now internationally sửa chữa
recognized and is a symbol of Paris completely accepted and 33. Monument (n) = statue: Tượng đài
valued by its French Citizens. 34. Rust (a): Gỉ, màu gỉ sắt (rỉ)
35. Framework (n): Cơ cấu, khuôn khổ
36. Spotlight (n) = attention: Sự chú ý
It took 300 workers and 15,000 pieces of iron to complete this
37. Bulb (n): Bóng đèn
massive landmark which now stands at 320 metres tall. With 38. Glisten (v) = gleam = sparkle = glint =
three different levels, the third and highest level offers panoramic flash: Lấp lánh, tỏa sáng
views of the City of Paris and sits 276 metres above the ground. 39. - Lam (n): sự chạt trốn, sự trốn tránh
Today all three levels of the Eiffel Tower are observatory - To be on the lam: Bỏ trốn, đòa tẩu,
platforms. The first level offers a souvenir kiosk, gallery and trốn mất
restaurant. The second level offers telescopes, shops and 40. Beam (n): Chùm tia sáng
another restaurant with even more spectacular views, the third 41. Recognisable (a) = familiar =
identifiable = decipherable = noticeable:
offers a gallery featuring the history of the Eiffel Tower; a wax
Có thể công nhận, thừa nhận
reproduction of Gustave Eiffel and his original office restoration. 42. Ruling (n): Sự thống trị, sự cai trị, sự
Although stairs are still available, lifts commonly take passengers chỉ huy
to all three of these levels. 43. illuminate (v) = clarify = explain =
illustrate = demonstrate: Chứng minh,
On a dear day you can see as far as 67 kilometres across Paris. làm sáng tỏ
More than 300,000,000 people have visited the Tower since its 44. Constitute (v) = set up = establish =
create = form: Cấu thành, tạo thành
completion in 1889 making it one of the most visited monuments
45. Entitled
in Europe. 46. Innocent (a) = blameless = not guilty
= guiltless = cleared: Vô tội
Every seven years, the Eiffel Tower is repainted with 50 to 60
tones of paint to protect its framework from rust. So that the
Eiffel Tower appears the same colour at each level when viewing
it from the ground up, the Tower is painted in three different
shades of the same colour. The bottom painted with the darkest
brown and the lightest at the top of the tower. At the time of its
completion, the Eiffel Tower was the world’s tallest structure until
New York’s Chrysler building was completed in 1930.

Today more than 500 hundred people operate the day to day
running of the Eiffel Tower. Each and every day the Eiffel Towers
335 spotlights and 20,000 bulbs create a glistening affect and at
night the Eiffel Tower lights up the city of Paris and is a sight not
to be missed by anyone. The Tower lights up every evening from
sunset to lam, coupled with the light house on the top that sends
out its light beams during the same hours. As recognisable as a
night time picture of the Tower is, rulings made in the early 1990s
actually made copyrighted the illuminated image, Unless it is
taken as part of a wider panoramic view, the image is protected
under French law. The argument is that the arrangements and
display of the lighting constitutes an original visual creation,
much as a major work of art, and thus should be entitled to the
same degree of protection, The ruling was and

remains highly controversial, with concerns that an innocent

tourist taking a photograph of the tower at night is potentially
breaching copyright.
 1. Hazard (n) = danger = threat = risk =

READING PASSAGE 3
peril = deathtrap = menace: Sự nguy
hiểm, rủi ro
Hazard (v) = suggest = proffer =
propose = take a change = jeopardize:
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 30-40, which are Đề xuất, đưa ra... or mạo hiểm, nguy
based on Reading Passage 3 below. hiểm để làm gì
Hazard one’s life: Liều mình để làm gì
2. Industrial
3. Manufacture (v) = build = construct =
produce: Sản xuất, chế tạo
4. Essential (a) = necessary = important
= integral = fundamental: Cần thiết, quan
trọng
5. Go through (v): Trải qua
6. Identify (v) = classify = recognize =
find = categorize = detect: Nhận ra, nhận
biết, nhận dạng
7. Class as (v): Xem như là, coi như là
HAZARD MANAGEMENT 8. illustrate (v) = explain = demonstrate...
9. Machinery (n) = equipment =
machines = apparatus = tackle = gear:
 In many industrial or manufacturing workplaces, managing Cơ cấu =, máy móc
hazards is essential for a successful health and safety system. 10. Legislation (n) = lawmaking =
Hazard management is an ongoing process that goes through legislature = rule: Pháp luật
11. - Subjective (a) = slanted = biased =
five different stages, with each step becoming a stage on tire
prejudiced = personal: Chủ quan
hazard management plan. - Objective (a) = real = factual =
actual = tangible: Khách quan
 The first step is to identify potential hazards, remembering that 12. Uniformity
hazards are classed as anything that could potentially cause 13. Assign (v) = appoint = designate =
harm not only to people, but also to the organisation. To illustrate, delegate: Bổ nhiệm, phân công
an industrial accident can cause an injury to employees, but can 14. Exposure (n): Phơi bày sự thật,
also result in lost production, broken machinery and wasted quảng cáo
15. Exposed
resources for the company. In many cases, local and national 16. Multiply (v): Tăng lên, sinh sôi nhiều
government legislation has strict regulations concerning hazard lần
identification, and in many industries, especially those perceived 17. Definite (v): Nhất định
to be dangerous, severe penalties can be incurred by companies 18. - The sum of: Tổng...
overlooking such hazard identification. - The sum of two and three is five
19. Disaster (n) = ruin = adversity =
 Having identified the potential hazards, the next step is to assess catastrophe = cataclysm = misadventure:
Thảm họa, thảm khốc
the hazard; that is, to consider to what extent they are significant.
20. In excess of
To a degree, this is a subjective aspect of risk management, as 21. Caution (n) = carefulness =
what may be seen by one person to be a significant issue can be thoughtfulness = attentiveness =
seen by another to be an acceptable feature of a workplace. To attention = risk avoidance: Sự thận trọng,
allow for a degree of uniformity, in this stage, hazards are rated cẩn thận
using risk assessment tables. These tables work by assigning a 22. Priority (n) = precedence = urgency:
point value to three areas. The first is the exposure score, which Sự ưu tiên
assesses how often people are exposed to the hazard. If this is a 23. - Permanent (a) = enduring =
perpetual = lasting = stable = constant:
continuous risk which employees face all the time, the score will
Lâu dài, mãi mãi, bền bỉ
be high; if the exposure is very rare, the points given will be - Temporary (a) = short-term: Tạm
substantially lower, The score is then multiplied by the likelihood thời
 of this hazard causing an injury, ranging from ‘Definite’ (it 24. Additional (a) = extra = added =
happens all the time) down to ‘Unlikely’ (it hasn’t happened yet). supplementary = bonus: Thêm vào, trả
This is referred to as the chances rating. The sum of the first two thêm
25. Apply for (v): Áp dụng vào
scores is again multiplied by the effects score, which considers
26. Eliminate (v) = remove = wipe out:
how serious any accident might be. This can be rated from 1 Xóa bỏ, loại trừ
(requiring minor first aid) right up to multiple deaths (classed as 27. Debris (n) = wreckage = remains =
disaster). All 3 scores then give the final risk assessment result. fragments = trash: Mảnh vỡ, mảnh vụn
Generally, a result in excess of 100 points requires caution, but a 28. Obstacle (n) = problem = difficulty =
result of 200 hundred or more is classed as high priority. Certain hindrance = impediment: Chướng ngại
jobs are, for the most part, permanently gamer scores of over 200 vật, khó khăn, thử thách
29. Enforce (v) = apply = carry out =
(fire-fighting, for example) and in many cases additional
impose = implement = administer: Tiến
payments, informally known as ‘danger money’, are applied. hành, làm cho có hiệu lực, thực hiện
30. Guideline (n): Nguyên tắc chỉ đạo,
 The third step on the hazard management plan is to control đường lối chỉ đạo
hazards that have been identified. There are 3 stages to hazard 31. Isolate (v) = separate = segregate =
control. The first aim is to eliminate the hazard – that is, to get rid detach = set apart: Cô lập
of it altogether. This can be achieved by removing debris or 32. Minimise (v): Tối thiểu
unnecessary obstacles from the workplace. Often, however, this 33. - Handle (v) = hold = control = treat:
Cầm, điều khiển, đối xử
is not possible, so the next step is to isolate the hazard, to store it - Handle someone roughly: Ngược
out of the way. For example, a cleaning company cannot đãi ai đó
completely eliminate hazardous chemicals, but they can keep 34. Staff (n): Nhân viên
these chemicals locked away until required. Isolating hazards is 35. Train (v): đào tạo
an ongoing process which requires companies to have very dear 36. Provision (n) = delivery = supplyment:
and enforced guidelines regarding safe storage of potentially Sự cung cấp
hazardous products. 37. Glove (n): Tất tay
38. Footwear (n): Tất chân
39. Record (v) = note down = jot down =
 If the hazards cannot be isolated, then the aim must be to keep details: Ghi chép lại, quay hình lại
minimise the risk. This is achieved through staff training in safe 40. Footwear
handling techniques and best practices, as well as the provision 41. Register (v) = enroll = record = sign
of personal protection equipment (PPE). PPE commonly includes up: Đăng kí, ghi tên vào...
items such as gloves, overalls and footwear with steel reinforced 42. - Continual (a): Liên tục, liên miên
areas. - Continual rain: Mưa liên miên
43. Investigator (n): Điều tra viên
44. Report (v): Báo cáo, phản hồi
 The fourth and fifth steps on a hazard management plan are
45. Issue (n) = problem = difficulty =
connected – to record and review’ the hazard. The recording is obstacle = barrier: Vấn đề, trở ngại
done in the hazard register, and this register is continually 46. - Rigorous (a) = hard = severe =
reviewed to ensure best practices are maintained. If a severe laborious = rough = arduous = harsh:
accident does occur in the workplace, it is the hazard register that Nghiêm khắc, khắt khe, khắc nghiệt
investigators often first turn to, to see if the issue had previously - Rigorous discipline: Kỷ luật khắt khe
been reported and if so what the company bad done about the - Rigorous analysis: Phân tích chi
hazard. tiết, cặn kẽ
47. Rigorous
 It is worth noting that since more rigorous application of hazard
management systems, workplace accidents have experienced a
significant decline in many industries previously identified as
‘high risk’