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REVIEW CHAPTER 1: FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

1. What is calculus?

2. Parallel and perpendicular line:

(1 ) : y  a1 x  b1
( 2 ) : y  a2 x  b2
.
If 1   2 , then a1  a2
If 1   2 , then a1.a2  1
3. Function and graph:

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4. One-to-one function

5. Composition of functions: ( f  g )( x )  f [ g ( x )]
(the composite function f  g )

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6. Symmetry:
f (  x )  f ( x ) : The function f (x) is called an even function. The graph of this
function is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
f (  x )   f ( x ) : The function f (x) is called an odd function. The graph of this
function is symmetric with respect to the x-axis.

7. Inverse function:
f : X Y g :Y  X
Let f is one-to-one function , then is the inverse of f .
x  y  f ( x) yx
It is denoted f . 1

It means f 1 ( y )  g  x .
1
Note: f 1 ( f ( x))  x ; f ( f 1 ( y ))  y ; f 1 ( x)  .
f ( x)

8. Inverse trigonometric functions:

sin 1 x; cos 1 x; tan 1 x; cot 1 x; sec 1 x; csc 1 x .
1   1
Example: sin 1   sin  -
2 6 6 2
Note:
1 1
csc x  ; sec x 
sin x cos x

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REVIEW CHAPTER 2: LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

0 
1. Evaluate limits: Seven indeterminate forms of limits:   ; ; ;0.;00 ;1 ; 0
0 

a/ Note: e   ; e   0 ; ln     ; ln 0   

0 
; : use L’hospital formula , special trigonometric limits.
0 
f .g  0. : divided by f or g
lim[ f ( x ) 1]. g ( x )
1 : lim f ( x) g ( x )  e xa
xa

00 ;1 ;  0 : take ln both sides

lim sin x ; lim cos x do not exist.

x  x 

b/ Special trigonometric limits :

sin h sin h
lim 1 lim 0
h 0 h h  h
sin 1 h cos h  1 1
lim 1 lim 
h 0 h h 0 h2 2
cos h  1
lim 0
h 0 h
c/ Squeeze rule:
If g ( x )  f ( x )  h ( x ) on an open interval containing c,

and if lim g ( x )  lim h( x )  L , then lim f ( x )  L .

xc xc x c

0   f ( x ) LP f / ( x)
d/ L’hospital Formula:  ;  lim  lim /
0   xa g ( x ) x  a g ( x)

Example:
ln x cos x
a/ lim d / lim
x  x 3 x  x 2

b / lim x.ln x e/ lim x x

x0 x 0

(1  cos x)sin 4 x
c / lim
x 0 x3 cos x

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2. Continuity:
a. Type 1: Continuity at a point: A function f is continuous at a point x  c if
the following three conditions are satisfied:
1/ f (c ) is defined
2/ lim f ( x ) exists
xc

3/ lim f ( x)  f (c)
xc

A function that is not continuous at c is said to have a discontinuity at that point.

 3.sin 2 x
 ; x0
Ex: Test the continuous at x  0 of the function : f ( x)   5 x
4 ; x0

b. Type 2: Continuity on an interval

Step 1: If f ( x ) is polynomial / rational function / power function/ trigometric
function/ exponential function/ logarithmic function , then the function is continuous on
its domain.
Step 2: If c is not in its domain, then we test the continuity at point c ( the same
type 1)
Step 3: Conclusion: From step 1 and step 2, we have the final interval that f ( x )
is continuous.
 s in5x . sin 1 x
 2
; x0
Ex: Find the interval that the function is continuous f ( x)   6 x
5 ; x0
 6

3. The intermediate value theorem:

a. The intermediate value theorem:
b. The root location theorem:
If f is continuous on the closed interval [a,b] and if f (a ). f (b )  0 , then f ( c )  0
for at least one number c with c   a, b  .

  
EX: Show that cos x  x3  x has at leat one solution on the interval  ,  .
4 2

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4. Compounding of Interest:
- If P dollars are compounded n times per year at an annual rate r, the future
n .t
 r
value after t years is given by A(t )  P  1   .
 n
- If P dollars are compounded continuously at an annual rate r, the future value
after t years is given by A(t )  P.e rt .
EX: If $12,000 is invested for 5 years at 4%, find the future value at the end of 5 years if
interest is compounded: a/ monthly b/ quarterly c/ continuously d/ If the interest is
compounded continuously, how long will it take for the money to double?

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REVIEW CHAPTER 3: DIFFERENTIATION

1. Evaluate Derivative:
a/ Using definition of derivative:
f ( x)  f ( x0 ) f ( x)  f ( x0 )
f / ( x0 )  lim ; f / ( x0 )  lim
x  x0 x  x0 x  x0 x  x0

If f / ( x0 )  f / ( x0 )  a then there exists a derivative at x0 : f / ( x0 )  a .

b/ Using derivative’s rule : (see in your book)

(u  v) / 
(u.v) / 
/
u
  
v

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1 1 1 u/
(sin x)  /
; (sin u )  /

1  x2 1 u2
1 u /
(cos 1 x) /  ; (cos 1 u ) / 
1 x 2
1 u2
1 u/
(tan 1 x) /  ; (tan 1 u ) / 
1  x2 1 u2
1 u /
(cot 1 x) /  ; 1
(cot u )  /

1  x2 1 u2
/

 sec x   
1 
 sec u 
/ /
  sec x .tan x ;  u / .sec u .tan u
 cos x 
/

 csc x   
1 
   csc x .cot x ;  csc u   u .csc u .cot u
/ / /

 sin x 
1 u/
(sec 1 x) /  ; (sec1 u ) / 
x x2 1 u u2 1
1 u /
(csc 1 x) /  ; (csc1 u ) / 
x x2 1 u u2 1

Ex 1 : (type 1 – definition of derivative, derivative’s rule)

e x x 0

Let the function f (x )   2
x  x  1 x  0

a/ Find f '(5) b/ Find f '(1) c/ Find f '(0) d/ Find f '(x )

Solution:
a/ x  5  0 : f ( x)  e x ; f / ( x)  e x ; f / (5)  e5

b/ x  1  0 : f ( x)  x 2  x  1 ; f / ( x)  2 x  1; f / ( 1)  1
c/ x=0:
f  x   f (0) ex  1
f   0   lim  lim 1
x 0 
x0 x 0 x 
.
f  x   f (0) x  x 11
2

f   0   lim  lim 1
x 0 
x 0 x 0 x 

So f   0   f  0    f  0   1
 

d/ x>0 : f / (x )  (e x )/  e x

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x<0: f / (x )  (x 2  x  1)/  2x  1

x=0:
f  x   f (0) ex  1
f   0   lim

 lim 1

x 0 x0 x 0
x .
f  x   f (0) x  x 11
2

f   0   lim  lim 1

x 0 x 0 x 0
x

   f   0   1.
So f   0   f  0
 

e x x 0

Derivative of the function: f (x )   1 x  0.
/

2x  1 x 0

Ex 2: (type 2 – using derivative’s rule)
Find the derivative of these functions:
a/ (e3 x .sin x) / b/ tan 1 x
Ex 3: (type 3- take ln both sides )
Evaluate the derivative:
e 2 x .(2 x  1)6
a/ y  x x b/ y 
( x 3  5) 2 .(4  7 x)

Note:
dy
1. Leibnizt notation:  f / ( x)
dx
dy
f / ( x) 
dx
d2y
2. Higher-order derivatives : f / / ( x)  2
dx
d3y
f (3) ( x)  3
dx
3. Theorem: “ If a function f is differentiable at c , then it is also continuous at c ”.
(But if a function is continuous at x0 , it is not sure whether the function is differentiable or not.)

Ex 4: (type 4- implicit differentiation - see it in your book)

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dy d 2 y
Find ; 2 at P(-1,3) of the function x 2  y 2  10 .
dx dx

2. Tangent line: y  f / ( x0 )( x  x0 )  f ( x0 )

Normal line to graph: This is a line which is perpendicular to the tangent line.
3. Rates of change: (section 3.4)
CHANGE IN y y f ( x  x )  f ( x )
AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE   
CHANGE IN x x x

y f ( x  x)  f ( x) dy
INSTANTANEOUS RATE OF CHANGE  lim  lim  f / ( x0 ) 
x  0 x x  0 x dx x  x0

INSTANTANEOUS RATE OF CHANGE f / ( x0 )

RELATIVE RATE OF CHANGE  
SIZE OF QUANTITY f ( x0 )

a/ Rectilinear motion: An object that moves along a straight line with position s (t ) has velocity
ds dv d 2 s
v (t )  and acceleration a(t )   2 when these derivatives exist. The speed of the object is
dt dt dt
v(t ) .

b/ Falling body problem:

1
Formula for the height of a projectile: h(t )   gt 2  v0t  s0
2
g is the acceleration due to the gravity ( g = 32 ft/s2 or g = 9.8 m/s2 )
v0 is the initial velocity

s0 is the initial height

4. Related rates and applications: (section 3.7)

- Draw a figure, if appropriate, and assign variables to the quantities that vary.
- Find a formula or equation that relates the variables.
- Diffentiate the equations.
- Substitute the numerical values and solve algebraically for any required rate.
5. Linear approximation and differentials: section 3.8 page 202
a. Tangent line approximation:

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f ( x0  x)  f ( x0 )  f / ( x0 ).x
 f ( x0  x)  f ( x0 )  f / ( x0 ).x
 y  f / ( x0 ).x

b. Differential: f ( x0  x )  f ( x0 )  f / ( x0 ).x

1
Ex: Approximate using differentials.
3.98

c. Error propagation: f  f ( x0  x)  f ( x )  f / ( x0 ).x

f df  f 
The relative error is  .The percentage error is 100  %.
f f  f 

d. Marginal analysis in economics:

- Marginal cost: MC ( x)  C / ( x)

- Marginal revenue: MR ( x)  R / ( x)

Note: a/ MC ( x)  C  C (n  1)  C (n)  C / ( n).1  C / (n)

b/ R ( x )  x. p ( x )

e/ The Newton-Raphson method for approximating roots:

REVIEW CHAPTER 4: ADDITIONAL APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVE

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1. Definition of Extreme:
a. Absolute values ( absolute extreme):
- Absolute maximum: f is defined on I ; c  I , f ( x)  f (c) , x  D , then f (c) is
absolute maximum of f on D.

- Absolute minimum: f is defined on I ; c  I , f ( x)  f (c) , x  D , then f (c) is

absolute minimum of f on D.

- A function doesn’t necessarily have extreme value on a given interval.

- A function may assume an absolute extreme at more than one point.
- Extreme value theorem: an function f has both an absolute max and min on any
closed bounded interval [a,b] where it is continuous.

b. Relative extreme: ( f / ( x)  0 )

- Relative maximum: f ( x)  f (c) , all x in an interval containing c.

- Relative minimum: f ( x)  f (c) , all x in an interval containing c.

- “peak” and “valley” (points where the graph is higher or lower than all nearby points )-
 relative extreme.
- End point is not a relative extreme.
c. Critical number:
1. f is defined at c .

2. f / (c)  0 or f / (c) does not exist.

=> c is called a critical number of f , and P(c, f (c) ) is called critical point.
d. Procedure for finding absolute extrema:
To find the absolute extrema of a continuous function f on [a,b] follow these steps:

Step 1: Compute f / ( x) and find all critical numbers c of f on [a,b].

Step 2: Compare f (a) ; f (b) ; f (c)

The largest number is the maximum of f on [a,b] . The smallest number is the
minimum of f on [a,b] .
e. Procedure for finding relative extrema:

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First way:
 Find the solutions of f / ( x)  0 and find critical numbers
 Using table of variation for finding relative extreme.
Second way:
 f / ( x)  0 at x = c
 If f // (c)  0 , the graph of f ( x) is concave up . Then the relative minimum
occurs at x =c.
If f // (c)  0 , the graph of f ( x) is concave down . Then the relative maximum
occurs at x =c.
2. Application of extreme : Optimization – Find the absolute extreme
a. Optimization in the physical sciences and engineering
To find the max and min value for an applied problem, follow these steps:
Step 1: Draw a figure (if appropriate) and label all quantities relevant to the problem.
Step 2: Focus on the quantity to be optimized. Name it. Find a formula for the quantity to
be maximized or minimized.
Step 3: Use conditions in the problem to eliminate variables in order to express the
quantity to be maximized or minimized in terms of a single variable.
Step 4: Find the practical domain for the variables in Step 3; that is, the interval of
possible values determined from the physical restrictions in the problem.
Step 5: If possible, use the methods of calculus to obtain the required optimum value.
b. Optimization in business, economics and the life sciences:
NOTE:
- Maximum profit: Profit is maximized when marginal revenue equals marginal cost .
( i.e MR ( x)  MC ( x ) ).

- Minimum average cost: Average cost is minimized at the level of production where
C ( x)
the marginal cost equals the average cost. (i.e A( x)  so A( x )  MC ( x ) ).
x

3. Theorems:

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a. Rolle’s theorem:
f is continuous on the closed interval [a,b] and differentiable on the open interval (a,b).
If f (a)  f (b) , then there exists at least one number c between a and b such that
f / (c)  0.

b. The mean value theorem for derivatives (MVT):

If f is continuous on the closed interval [a,b] and differentiable on the open interval (a,b)
, then there exists at least one number c between a and b such that
f (b)  f (a)
 f / (c )
ba

4. Sketching the graph of a function: ( A general graphing strategy)

Step 1: Find the domain that the function f is defined.
Step 2: Find asymptotes
- Vertical asymptote: x  a if lim f ( x)  
x a

- Horizontal asymptote: y  b if lim f ( x)  b

x

Step 3: Find the first derivative f / ( x ) , and find the critical number ( f / ( x)  0 )

Step 4: Find the second derivative f / / ( x ) , and find the inflection point ( f / / ( x)  0 )

Step5: Table of variation

x
f / ( x)
f / / ( x)
f ( x)

- Determine intervals of increase and decrease, and find relative extreme

f / ( x)  0 : curve rising

f / ( x)  0 : curve falling

- Find the relative maximum, relative minimum : using the variation in the table of the
first derivative or f / / (c1 )  0  c1 is minimum ; f / / (c1 )  0  c1 is maximum .

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- Determine the inflection point and concave up ( f // ( x)  0 ) and concave down (

f // ( x)  0 )

Step 6: Sketch the curve ( we can find some special points to draw)
NOTE:
- Vertical tangent : Suppose the function f is continuous at the point P (c, f (c)) . Then
 lim f / ( x )    lim f / ( x )  
  xc
f has a vertical tangent at P if  x c / or  .
 xlim f ( x)    xlim f /
( x )  
c c

 lim f / ( x )    lim f / ( x )  
  x c
- Cusp: The graph has a cusp at P if  x c / or 
 xlim f ( x)    xlim f / ( x)  
c  c 

REVIEW CHAPTER 5: INTEGRATION

1. Definition of integral:

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a. Antidifferentiation: F(x) is an antidifferentiation if F / ( x)  f ( x) .

b. Indefinite integral :  f ( x ) dx is an indefinite integral if  f ( x) dx  F ( x)  c .

c. Antidifferentiation formulas: ( Integration rules) ... in your book

x  1 dx 1 x
1 /  x dx   C ,   1 8/  arctan C
 1 x a
2 2
a a
dx dx x
2/   ln x  C , x  0 9/   arcsin C
x a x2 a
2

ax
3 /  a xdx  C, 0  a  1 dx 1 a x
ln a 10 /   ln C
a x22
2a a  x
 e dx  e  C
x x

dx
11/   ln x  x 2  a C
4 /  sin xdx   cos x  C x a2

5 /  cos xdx  sin x  C x 2 a

12 /  x 2  a dx  x  a  ln x  x 2  a C
2 2
dx 
6/  tg x  C , x   k  x 2 a2 x
cos x
2
2 13 /  a  x dx 
2
a  x  arcsin C
2 2

2 2 a
dx
7/   cotg x  C , x  k  dx x
sin 2 x 14 /   ln tan C
sin x 2
dx x  
15 /   ln tan    C
cos x  2 4 
………
d. Reimann sum:
b
e. The definite integral:  f ( x)dx
a

b a
a


b
NOTE:  f (x )dx   f (x )dx ;
a
f (x )dx  0 ; AREA   f ( x)dx
a b a

2. The fundamental of calculus:

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a. The first fundamental theorem of calculus: If f is continuous on the

interval [a,b] and F is any function that satisfies F / ( x)  f ( x) throughout this interval,
b

then  f ( x)dx  F (b)  F (a)

a
.

b. The second fundamental theorem of calculus:

2 x 

 

  f t dt   f 2 x .2 x   f 1 x .1 x 
1 (x ) 
cos x

Ex: a/ Let f x    cos t 2dt . Find the derivative of f (x).

sin x

b/ Let f x    e . ln(1  t
t 2
)dt . Find the derivative of f (x ).
l nx

c/ Evaluate lim
 0
cos(t 3 )dt
.
x 0 2x
3. Evaluate definite integral:
a. Integration by substitution:

Let  f(x)dx  F(x)  C then  f  t  t dx  F((t))  C ( with is  (t )

differentiable).
8
2
Ex: Evaluate  x(1  ln x) dx . Hint:
2
t  ln x .

b
b b

b. Integration by parts:  udv  u.v a   vdu .

a a

Ex: Evaluate I=  xe x dx

u  x
 
du  dx

Solution: Let   . So I  xex   e x dx  xex  e x  C

dv  e dx 
x
v  e
x


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4. Differential equations:
a. Separable differential equations:
Method: Take integral both sides
dy g ( x)

dx f ( y )
f ( y ) dy  g ( x) dx

 f ( y ) dy   g ( x) dx
Ex : Verifying that a given function is a solution to a differential equation:
dy 2
If 4 x  3 y 2  10 , and y  0 , verify that  .
dx 3 y

dy x
Ex: Solving a separable differential equation: 
dx y

( See the solutions in your books section 5.6)

b. Application of differential equations:

- Modeling exponential growth and decay: Q(t )  Q0 .ekt

Q (t ) is the amount of the substance present at time t .

Q0 is the initial amount of the substance.

k is a constant that depends on the substance. If k  0 , it is a growth equation; if k  0 ,

it is a decay equation.
- Orthogonal trajectories / Modeling fluid flow through an orifice / Modeling the motion
of a projectile: escape velocity .
5 a. Mean value theorem for integrals: (MTV)
If f is continuous on the interval [a,b], then there is at least one number c between a
b

and b such that  f ( x)dx  f (c)(b  a)

a

5b. Modeling average value of a function: If f is continuous on the interval [a,b], the
average value (AV) of f on this interval is given by the integral
b
1
b  a a
AV  f ( x ) dx

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6. Approximation :
ba
a. By rectangles: x  ; x1*  a ; xn*  b ; xk*  a  k.x
n
b

 f ( x)dx  f ( x )x  f ( x )x  ...  f ( x )x

* * *
1 2 n
a

ba
b. By trapezoidal rule: x  ; x0  a ;.... ; xn  b ; xk  a  k .x
n
b
1
 f ( x)dx  2 [ f ( x )  2 f ( x )  ...  2 f ( x
a
0 1 n 1 )  f ( xn )]x

ba
c. By Simpson’s rule: x  ; x0  a ;.... ; xn  b ; xk  a  k .x ; n is an even
n
integer.
b
1
 f ( x)dx  3 [ f ( x )  4 f ( x )  2 f ( x )  4 f ( x )  ...  4 f ( x
a
0 1 2 3 n 1 )  f ( xn )]x

d. Error estimation:

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