Generation, Transmission and Distribution of electrical energy

Generation of electrical energy is the process of generating electric power from

sources of primary energy. For utilities in the electric power industry, it is the stage prior
to its delivery to end users (transmission, distribution, etc.) or its storage (using, for
example, the pumped-storage method) A characteristic of electricity is that it is not
freely available in nature in large amounts, so it must be "produced" (that is,
transforming other forms of energy to electricity). Production is carried out in power
stations (also called "power plants"). Electricity is most often generated at a power plant
by electromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat engines fueled by combustion
or nuclear fission but also by other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water
and wind. Other energy sources include solar photovoltaics and geothermal power.

https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/electricity/how-electricity-is-generated.php

Transmission of Electrical energy is the process of delivering generated

electricity usually over long distances to the distribution grid located in populated areas.
The electrical transmission system combined with power plants, distribution systems,
and sub-stations to form what is known as the electrical grid.
When it is generated at a power station, electrical energy will typically be anywhere
between 11kV and 33kV. Before it is sent to distribution centers via transmission lines, it
is stepped up using a transformer to a voltage level that can be anywhere between
100kV and 700kV or more, depending on the distance that it needs to be transmitted,
the longer the distance, the higher the voltage level.
The reason electrical power is stepped up to these voltage levels is to make it more
efficient by reducing the I2R losses that take place when power is transmitted. When
voltage is stepped up, the current reduces relative to the voltage so that power remains
constant, thus reducing these I2R losses.
This stage is known as primary transmission—the transfer of a large quantity of
electrical power from the initial generating station to the substation via overhead
electrical lines. In some countries, underground cables are also used in cases where
transmission takes place over a shorter distance.
Secondary transmission
When electrical power reaches a receiving station, the voltage is stepped back down to
a voltage typically between 33kV and 66kV. It is then sent to transmission lines
emerging from this receiving station to electrical substations closer to “load centers”
such as cities, villages, and urban areas. This process is known as secondary
transmission.

When electrical power reaches a substation, it is stepped down once more by a step-
down transformer to voltages closer to what it was generated at—usually around 11kV.
From here, the transmission phase graduates to the distribution phase, and electrical
power is used to meet demand from primary and secondary consumers.

http://www.hk-phy.org/energy/power/print/elect_is_print_e.html

Distribution of Electrical energy is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it

carries electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers.
Distribution substations connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission
voltage to medium voltage ranging between 2 kV and 35 kV with the use
of transformers.
Primary distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution
transformers located near the customer's premises. Distribution transformers again
lower the voltage to the utilization voltage used by lighting, industrial equipment and
household appliances. Often several customers are supplied from one transformer
through secondary distribution lines.
Primary distribution
Primary distribution voltages range from 4 kV to 35 kV phase-to-phase (2.4 kV to 20 kV
phase-to-neutral) Only large consumers are fed directly from distribution voltages; most
utility customers are connected to a transformer, which reduces the distribution voltage
to the low voltage "utilization voltage", "supply voltage" or "mains voltage" used by
lighting and interior wiring systems.
Secondary distribution
A low-voltage network or secondary network is a part of electric power distribution
which carries electric energy from distribution transformers to electricity meters of end
customers.

Secondary networks are operated at a low voltage level, which is typically equal to the
mains voltage of electric appliances. Most modern secondary networks are operated
at AC rated voltage of 100–120 or 230–240 volts, at the frequency of 50 or 60 hertz.

Distribution transformers or secondary transformers, placed along feeders, convert the

voltage from the medium to a low voltage level, suitable for direct consumption by end
customers (mains voltage)

https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/primary-secondary-distribution-systems