Department of Physics

Faculty of Engineering & Applied Sciences

Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan

Program: B.Sc. Physics Semester: V

Subject: Basic Electronics Date: 23 JAN 2021

END TERM EXAM SOLUTION

NAME: AMNA BIBI
SAP ID: 87
QUESTION 1:
To Design a Clamper circuit
With Vm= Vp = 87 V (my sap id)
And output of that circuit should be 2Vm = 87 (2) =174 V
To get such a output, I made clamper circuit as shown:

Circuit Parameters:
The input voltage is in Vrms here:
As we know
Vrms= Vm / 1.414
Vrms = 87 / 1.414
Vrms = 61.5 V
Some voltage is consumed by the capacitor in discharging. So I set 62 as input
Vrms voltage.
Frequency of input voltage = 500 Hz
Time period of input signal = 2ms
So time constant of capacitor must be 100 times this value for excellent clamping.
I used
R= 18k ohm
C= 22u F
RC= 0.396s
Which is 100 times or some factor greater.
In this way I setup my circuit for clamping;

RESULTING OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

It can be verified from this linked Multisim file
Its positive peak = 2Vm = 174 V and negative peak = -0.7 V
This was the required output,
QUESTION 2:
Design a AC to DC power supply of negative output equal to -87 (my sap id )

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF SINGLE NEGATIVE SUPPLY:

OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF NEGATVE SUPPLY CIRCUIT:

The output waveform and results are as follows :
Question 3:
Two differences between conventional diode and zener diode:
1. Zener diodes are specifically designed for use in reverse breakdown region
so that operating in breakdown over a specified large limit of reverse
voltages, they donot get damaged. They can be operated in forward region
too. So it is conducting in both directions ( for reverse conduction bias
voltage must be greater or equal to breakdown voltage]
While conventional diodes cannot be operated in breakdown for a long time
,the get damage and cannot bear higher reverse potential. They are suitable
for use in forward biasing only. It is uni-directionl current conducting
device.
2. Zener diodes are heavily doped pn junctions . While normal diodes are
normally doped with small doping concentration in them. We can convert a
normal diode to zener diode by increasing its doping concentration. So zener
diodes are derived from normal diodes for special purpose.
QUESTION 4:
Three applications of clipper circuits:

1. Normally in signal transmission, there is overlapping of noise signals present

in atmosphere, which results in increment of peaks in a given concerned
signal, sometimes the negative signal is affected the most, sometimes the
positive one, so using clipping we can decide what to keep, what to exclude.
So excessive noise signals above a certain level are clipped using this.
2. Clippers can also be used as voltage regulators/limiters and amplitude
selectors.
3. They can be used for the shaping given waveforms to square waveforms or
other forms. They can be used for half wave rectification too. either positive
or negative