Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

LIMITS OF REAL FUNCTIONS

Consider the functions f  x   x 2 . The values of f  x  when x approaches to

two are tabulated below.

x 1.5 1.9 1.9999 2 2.01 2.5 2.9 2.99

f x   x 2 2.25 3.61 3.9996009 4 4.0401 6.25 8.41 8.9401

From the table it can be seen that when 'x' approaches or tends to '2' the value of
f  x   x 2 approaches to 4 and Mathematically we say the limit of f  x   x 2 when x
tends 2 is 4. In symbols we write.

Lt f  x   Lt x 2  4
x 2 x 2

Right Hand Limit (RHL)

From the above table it can be seen that when 'x' tends to 2 from x  2 the value of
Lt f  x   4 and is called the
f  x   x 2 approaches to 4 and we write that in symbols  x 2

RHL of f  x  at x  2 . When we write x  2 it means that 'x' is tending to 2 from x  2

Left Hand Limit (LHL)

From the table it can be seen that when 'x' approaches to 2 from values less than 2, then
also graph of f  x   x 2  2 and we write Lt  f  x   4
x 2

Results

1) When RHL  LHL  K we say Lt f  x  exists and Lt f  x   k

x a x a

2) When RHL  LHL we say Lt f  x  does not exist (DNE)

x a

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3) The RHL is the expected value of f  x  when x  a from x  a and LHL is the ex-

pected value of f  x  when x  a from x  a

Geometrical Meaning of Lt f  x   k
x a

In geometrical sense Lt f  x   k means the graph of f  x  meets the line x  a at the

x a
point (a, k) where limiting point (a, k) need not be on the graph.
The limiting point (a k) is on the graph if the limit is obtained by direct substitution. If
there is no limit on direct substitution and if the limit exists, then the limiting point (a k) is
not on the graph it is a hole.
Examples

1) Let f  x   x 2 . Lt x  4 . It means that the graph of f  x   x 2 and the line x  2

2
x 2

meets at the point  2, 4 . f  x   x 2 f  2   4 . Limit is obtained by direct substitution.

 Limiting (2, 4) is on the graph

Example-2 Let f  x   x 2  1
 x 1
 x  1
1 x 1

Lt f  x   Lt
x2 1
 Lt
 x  1 x  1
x 1 x 1 x  1 x 1  x  1

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 Lt  x  1  1  1  2
x 1

Lt f  x  exist and is 2
x 1

x2 1 11 0
f x  f 1   undefined Thus limit can not be obtained by direct substi-
x 1 11 0
tution. Hence limiting point (1, 2) is not on the graph. It is a hole as shown below.

From the above discussion it can be seen that the concept limit is
defined to find the exp ected value (not the exact value) of a function
at a point whose direct substitution is an undefined quantity.

Algebra of limits

1) Lt f  x   g  x   Lt f  x   Lt g  x 
x a x a x a

2) Lt K f  x   K Lt f  x 
x a x a

3) Lt f  x   g  x   Lt f  x   Lt g  x 
x a x a x a

f  x  xLt f x
4) xLt   a If Lt g  x   0
a gx Lt g  x  x a
x a

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Geometrical Meaning of xLt f  x  Does not Exist (DNE)

a

In geometrical sense Lt f  x  does not exist means there is a jump in the graph of
x a

f  x  at the line x = a. For example consider the signum function

1 x0
f  x   sig x 
 0 x0

 1 x0

RHL  Lt sig x  1 LHL  Lt sig x  1

x 0 x 0

 Lt sig x does not exist and there is a jump in the graph at x = 0

x 0

Example

f  x    x 2 x  1 Lt f  x   Lt f  0   0
 x 0 x 0
  2 x  1
Lt f x  2 Lt f  x   1
 Piecewise function  x 1 x 1

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The limits of some Real valued functions

1) Constant function

f  x   K x

Lt f  x   Lt K  K
x a x a

ie limit of a constant is that constant itself.

2)Modulus function

x x0
f  x   x 
 0 x0

 x x0

There is no jump in the graph anywhere Lt  x  0, Lt x  0  Lt x  0

x 0 x 0  x 0

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3) Signum function

1 x  0
f  x  
 0 x0

 1 x  0

There is jump at x  0  Lt sig x DNE

x 0

Lt  sig x  1 and Lt sig x  1

x 0 x 0

4) Reciprocal function

1
f x 
x
1 1
Lt   
x 0 x 0 Also
1 1
Lt      
x 0 x 0

1 1
Lt  0
x  x 
1 1
Lt  0
x  x 

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5) Square Root Function

Y  x where x  0 and y  0 is the square root function.

Lt x  Lt x 0
x 0 x 0

An important Note: (Limits at the end points)

Let y  f  x  be defined in a  x  b ie domain is  a b 

Lt f  x  is defined as Lt f  x 
x a x a 

Lt f  x  is defined as Lt f  x 
x b x b 

Thus limit as the first point of the domain is the RHL at that point. The limit at the last
point of the domain is the LHL at that point.
Greatest Integer value function

f  x    x  where  x  is the greatest integer  x

 2.5  2  2  2  2.5  3 0.5  0

Let a  Integer
Lt x  a
x a 
Lt x  a 1
x a 

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Question : 09/01/2019(JEE (MAIN))

x  x   x  sin  x 
Lt
x 0 x

When x  0  x   x and  x   1

x  1  x  sin  1
Rea. lim it  Lt
x 0 x


 1  0   sin 1   sin 1  sin 1
1 1

Fractional value function

f  x   x  x   x 

Domain = R Range  0  x  1

Logarithmic function

It is the inverse of exponential functions. It is defined as f  x   log ax where x  0

and a  0 and a  1

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Natural logrithmic functions

Where base a  e  f  x   log x is called natural logarithmic function. It is also de-

noted by f  x   nx

1) log o  , log 1  0, log o  1

log 10  2.303, log   0
log x
2) log a x 
log a
1
3)  log a  log  
a
4) log a  log b  a  b
log f  x 
5) e  
f x

Exponential function

f x  ax x  R, a  0 and a  1

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Lt a x  a    Lt a x  a   0
x  x 

Lt a x  a   0 Lt a x  a   
x  x  

1 1
Lt  3  2n 1  4  5n 20
Question : Find x0
1 3 
32x 5 2  7  5
n n 7

1 1 1 1 1
Lt    
x 0
1 1
3  2 30 3
3  2x 3 2 0

1
Question: Find Lt
x 
4 x
5 x x

1
  4 x  x
 4 x  5x  x
1
Lt  Lt 5     1
x  x    5  
 

1
 4  
 5  0  1  5
o
 5     1
 5  
 

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 0 1  x  1

Lt x n
x 
 
1
x 1
x 1
0 1  x  1

DNE x  1
Lt x 2n
  x  1 a x  1 1
x 
1 x  1  2 10.5   2 10   2  2
  2    2
10

Evaluation of limits
Method 1 : Direct substitution
Directly put value of x and get limit. This is possible only if limiting point is on the graph.

0
Method 2: Direct substitution results in form
0

0
When the direct substitution results in
, Identify and eliminate the factor which
0
makes denominator zero and evaluvate the limit.

 x  15  1  0
Example Lt
x 0 x 0

 Lt
 x  15  1  Lt
 x 2  5x 4  10x3  10x 2  5x  1  1
x 0 x x 0 x

 Lt x
 x 4  5x3  10x 2  10x  5
Factor which makes Dr  0is eliminated
x0 x

 05  5

x 4  81 34  81 0
Example Lt  
x 3 2x 2  5x  3 18  15  3 0

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Lt
x 4  81
 Lt
 x 2  9  x 2  9 
x 3 2x 2  5x  3 x 3 2x 2  6x  x  3

 x  3 x  3  x 2  9 
Lt
x 3 2x  x  3   x  3

 x  3  x 2  9  108
Lt 
x 3 2x  1 7

1 x 1 0
Example Lt 
x 0 x 0

 Lt
 1 x 1  1 x 1  Lt
1 x 1
x 0 x  1 x 1  x 0 x  1 x 1 
1 1
 Lt 
x 0 1 x 1 2

Method 3: Limits of piecewise Functions

In case of piecewise functions we find RHL and LHL at the points where the function is
divided in to pieces. If RHL  LHL the limit exists and if RHL  LHL the limit does not
exist (DNE).

Example 1:  ex x0
f  x  
  x 0  x 1
2
Jump at x  1 

Lt f  x  DNE 
1 x 1
x 1
x
Example 2 :
 ex 0  x 1
f  x   x 1
  2e 1 x  2

 xe 2x3

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i) xLt f  x   Lt f  x   Lt e x  e0  1
0  x 0 x 0

ii) Lt f  x   Lt e x  e 
x 1 x 1  RHL  LHL
 Lt f  x  DNE
Lt f  x   Lt 2  e x 1  2  1  1 x 1
x 1 x 1 

iii) Lt f  x   Lt 2  e x 1  2  e  RHL  LHL  2  e

x 2  x 2 
 f x  2  e
Lt f  x   Lt x  e  2  e  xLt  2
x 2  x 2 

iv) xLt f  x   Lt f  x   Lt x  e  3  e
3  x 3 x 3

f  x   5 x 1

  a  bx 1 x  3

  b  5x 3 x 5
 a  bx, x 1   30 x5
Example f  x   
Find a and b if f  x  is has limits
  4, x 1
 at x  3, x  5 and x  1
 b  ax, x 1

Given Lt f  x   f 1 . Find 'a' and 'b'

x 1

Given Lt f  x   f 1  4 Since given f(1) = 4

x 1

 Lt f  x   Lt f x  4
x 1 x 1

Lt b  ax  Lt a  bx  4
x 1 x 1

ba  a b  4

b  a  4 a  0

a  b  4 b  4

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Method 4: Limits based on the trigonometric

sin x
Lt 1
x 0 x

sin x
Based on Lt  1 we can proove the following limits
x 0 x

x tan x x
i) Lt sin x  1 ii) Lt 1 iii) Lt tan x  1
x 0 x 0 x x 0

When x is replaced by f  x  the limit = 1 when f  x   0 . For example

sin f  x  tan f  x 
Lt  1 Also Lt 1
f  x  0 f x f  x  0 f  x 

Example

sin 5x
i) Find Lt
x 0 x

sin 5x sin 5x
Lt  Lt 5  5 1  5
x 0 x x 0 5x

sin a x
ii) Find xLt
0 sin b x

 sin a x 
ax  
Lt
sin a x
 Lt  ax   a 1  a
x 0 sin b x x 0  sin bx  b 1 b
bx  
 bx 

sin    x 
Lt
iii) Find x    x

sin    x  sin    x 
Lt  Lt
x      x    x 0     x 

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1 sin    x  1 1
 Lt  1 
   x 0    x   

cos 2x  1
iv) find xLt
0 cos x  1

cos 2x  1 1  cos 2x
Lt  Lt
x 0 cos x  1 x 0 1  cos x

 sin 2 x  2
2 sin 2 x
 2 
x  
 Lt  
x
 Lt 4
x 0 2 x x 0  
2 sin  sin 2 x   2 
2
 2  x 
 x 2  4 
     
 2 

v) Lt  cosec x  cot x 
x 0

1 cos x
Lt  cosec x  cot x   Lt 
x 0 x 0 sin x sin x

x
2 sin 2
1  cos x 2
 Lt  Lt
x 0 sin x x 0 sin x

x
2 sin 2
2 x
 Lt  Lt tan  tan 0  0
x 0 x x x 0 2
2 sin cos
2 2

Method 5: Limits based on series expansions of functions

The following series expansions of functions are used to evaluate limits.

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Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

x x 2 x3
1) e  1  
x
  .....
1! 2! 3!

n  n  1 2
1  x n  1  nx  n 
1 2
2) n  n  1 n  2  3
x  .... x  1
1 2  3

2 3
x x x
3) e x  1     .......
1! 2! 3!

4) a x
 1  x log a 
 x log a 
2

 x log a 
3
 .......a  0
2! 3!

x 2 x3 x 4
5) log 1  x   x     ..........  1  x  1
2 3 4

x 2 x3 x 4
6) log 1  x    x     .....
2 3 4

x 3 2x 5
7) tan x  x    ....
3 15

8) sin x  x 
x 3 x5

3! 5!

 .... without factorial it the expansion of tan 1 x 
x2 x4
9) cos x  1    .......
2! 4!

1  x 11 
10) 1  x  x  1   x 2  ........ 
 2 24 

12 3 12  32 5 12  32  52 7
11) sin 1 x  x  x  x  x  .......
3! 5! 7!

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Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

12) sec 1 x

x 2 5x 4 61x 6
sec1 x  1     .......
2! 4! 6!

Examples

 x2 
 1 x   .......   1
ex  1  2 
 Lt  
i)
Lt
x 0 x x 0 x

x
 Lt 1   ........  1
x 0 2

 x 2  log a 
2 
1  x log a   .......   1
a x 1  2 
 Lt  
ii)
Lt
x 0 x x 0 x

 Lt

x log a  x  log a   ......
2
  log a
x 0 x

x 2 x3
x   .....
iii) Lt log 1  x   Lt 2 3
x 0 x x 0 x

 x x2 
x 1    ....... 
 2 3 
 Lt   1
x 0 x

Thus we have 3 more important limits

ex  1
i) Lt 1
x 0 x
a x 1 log 1  x 
ii) Lt  log a iii) Lt 1
x 0 x x 0 x

When x is replaced by f(x) the limits remain unchanged if f  x   0 . For example

17
Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

e   1
f x
a   1
f x log 1  f  x  
Lt  1, Lt  log a and Lt 1
f  x  0 f x f  x  0 f  x  f  x 0 f x

2020 JEE(MAIN)

1  1 3 x 
Lt log  
x 0 x  1 2 x 

log 1  3x  log 1  2x 
Lt 3  2 
x 0 3x 2x
 3   2   5

Questions

tan x  sin x
i) find Lt
x0 x3

x 3 2x 5  x3 x5 
x   .....   x    .... 
tan x  sin x 3 15  3! 5! 
Lt  Lt  
x 0 x3 x 0 x3

 1 2x 2   1 x2 
x3    .....       ..... 
 3 15

  6 5!
 


 Lt 3
x0 x

1  1 1
   
3  6 2

x2
log 1  x   sin x 
ii) Find Lt 2
x 0 x tan x sin x

18
Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

 x 2 x3 x 4   x3 x5 x
 x       x    .....  
Given limit  Lt  2 3 4   3! 5! 2 
x 0 x3

 1 x   1 x
2 
x 3    .....       ....  
 3 4   6 5! 

 Lt 3
x 0 x

1  1 1
   
3  6 2

 ex 1
2

Lt  12
iii) x 0 sin  x  log  1  x  Find a
   
a  4

2
 ex  1 

 x 
 x  
2

Lt  12
x 0  x    x
 sin   x   log 1  4    x 
 a    
 
  
x  a  x  4 
 a   
     4 

x2
Lt  12  4a  12  a  3
x 0  x  x 
  
 a  a 

1
e  1  x  x
iv) Find Lt
x 0 tan x

 x 11 
e  e 1   x 2  ...... 
Given Limit  Lt  2 24 
x 0 x

19
Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

ex 11 2
ee  ex  .....
 Lt 2 24
x 0 x

 e 11 
x   ex  ..... 
 Lt  
2 24
x 0 x

e

2

xn  an
Method 6 : Limits Based on Lt  na n 1
x a x a

x3  8 x 3  23 31
i) Lt  Lt  3  2   12
x 2 x  2 x 2 x  2

 x15  1 
 
x15  1  x  1  15 114 3
Lt  Lt  
ii) x 1 x10  1 x 1  x10  1  10 19 2
 
 x  1 

iii) Find Lt
 x  15  1
x 0 x

Put u  x  1 when x  0  u  1

u5  1
 5 1  5
4
Given limit  Lt
u 1 u 1

1 x 1
iv) Find Lt
u 0 x

Put u  1  x  x  u  1 x  0  u  1

1
u 1 1
2
Given limit  Lt 
u 1 u 1 2

20
Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

Method 7: Limits Based on Sandwich Theorem (squeese law)

Lt f1  x   K and Lt f3  x   K
x a x a

If f1  x   f 2  x   f3  x  then Lt f 2  x   K
x a

Example

1
Let f  x   x sin
x

1 1
1  sin  1   x  x sin  x
x x

Lt  x  0 and Lt x  0  By sandwich thereom

x 0 x 0

1
Lt x sin 0
x 0 x

Question

cos 2 tan x
Lt
Find  tan x
x
2

We have 0  cos 2 tan x  1

cos 2 tan x 1 Lt 0  0
0  We have x  
tan x tan x 2

1 1 1
Lt   0
Also x
 tan x tan  
2 2

cos 2 tan x
Lt 0
By sandwich Theorem x   tan x
2

21
Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

Method 8: Limits of Rational functions when x  

a o x n  a1x n 1  .....  an  a o
Lt  If m  n
x  bo x m  b1x m 1  ....  bm  bo
 If m  n
 o
   If n  m, a o bo  o
 If n  m, a o bo  o
  


Example

5x 3  2x 2  1 ao 5
i) Lt  
x  4x  3x  1
3 bo 4

5x 2  3x  4
ii) Lt 0
x  2x 3  2x 2  1

8x 5  3x 4  7x  6
iii) Lt  
x  9x 3  4x 4  11 x 2  2

Questions

12  22  32  ...........  n 2 n  n  1  2n  1 2 1
i) Lt 3
 Lt 3
 
n n x 6n 6 3

n Pr n!
Lt  Lt
ii) n  nr x   n  r !nr

n  n  1 n  2  ....3  2 1
 Lt
n   n  r  n  r  1 .....3  2 1 nr

n  n  1 n  2  ....  n  r  1
 Lt 1
n  nr

Result

22
Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

n Pr nCr 1
Lt r
 1 and Lt r

n  n n  n r!

Question:

 x2 1 
Lt   ax  b   0 find 'a ' and ' b '
x   x  1 


x 2  1  ax  x  1  b  x  1
Lt 0
x   x  1

x 2  1  ax 2  ax  bx  b
Lt 0
x  x 1

Lt
1  a  x 2   a  b  x  1  b   0
x  x 1

Limit  0  Deg of Dr  Deg of Nr

 1  a  0  a  1 also a  b  0  a  b

Home work

 x3  1 
Lt  2  ax  b   2 find 'a ' and ' b '
x   x  1 

Method 9: Limits of undefined fom 1

Let Lt f  x   0 and Lt g  x   0
x a x a

1
f x
g x  Lt
Then Lt 1  f  x    e x a  
g x
x 0

Examples

tan x
1 Lt
i) Lt 1  tan x  x  e x 0 x
 e'  e
x 0

23
Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

x
1 Lt
ii) Lt 1  x  x  e x 0 x e
x 0

1
 
Lt  
x
x x  1 

 1  
x
iii) Lt 1   e e
x   x

1 tan x
Lt 
1
 e 1 
x
iv) Lt 1  tan x   e x 0 x
x 0 e

Questions

1 1
   1  tan
x x x
i) Lt  tan   x    Lt  
x 0  4  x 0  1  tan x 

1
Lt 1  tan x  x
x 0 e
   e2
1 1
Lt 1  tan x  x  
x 0 e

x 4 x 4
 x6  x6 
ii) Lt    Lt 1   1
x   x  1  n   x 1 

x 4
 x  6   x  1 
Lt 1  
x   x 1 

1  5 
 1   
x 1 
  Lt 
 x4  x 1
 5  x4
 Lt 1    e
x  x 1

24
Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

5 x  4 
Lt
 e x   x 1  e5

08 / 01/ 2020
JEE(MAINS)
1
 3x 2
 2  x2 Add and substract 1 and convert in to standard form.
Lt  2 
x 0  7x  2 

2 2
a x
b x x  a b x x x
iii) Lt    Lt 1   1

x 0  2  x 0  2 

1  a x  bx  2
 a x  bx  2   x  Lt
 Lt 1    2   ex0 2
x0  2  x
 
2

Lt
a x  bx  2
 e 0
x
x

 a x 1 b x 1 
Lt   
x 0 x x 

e

log ab 
 elog a log b  e  ab
Method 10: L - Hospital’s Rule (LHR)

0 
LHR is a very powerful method of evaluating limits if direct substitution results in or
0 
f x 0 
form. Let Lt g x  0 or  Then by LHR
x a  

25
Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

d
f x f x
Lt  Lt dx
x a g  x  x a d
gx
dx

Example

sin x sin o o
Lt   By LHR
x 0 x o o

d 1  cos x1
sin x 
sin x
Lt  Lt dx x 2 2
x 0 x x o d
x when x  0
dx

cos x
 Lt  cos o  1
x 0 1

Questions

2x  1 o
Lt   By LHR
i) x o 1
1  x  2  1 o

07 / 01/ 2020
3x  33 x  12
Lt x
x 2 
3 2  31 x

 Lt
d x
dx
2 1   Lt
2 x log 2
x 0 d 1 1
1  x  2  1 x 0 1
  2
1  x

dx 2

219 JEEMAIN
f  3  f  2   0
log 2
  2 log 2  log 4 1
1  1  f  3  x   f  3  x
 
2 Lt  
x 0 1  f  2  x   f  2  

26
Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

cot 3 x  tan x o
Lt  By LHR
ii) x     o
cos  x  
4
 4

 Lt
 
3cto 2 x  cos ec 2 x  sec 2 x

3  3  2  2 
8
   1
x  sin  x  
4
 4

Method 11: Limits when direct substitution results in o   or   o

o 
When direct substitution results in o   or   o convert it in to or and use LHR
o 

Example

 x  
Lt 1  x  tan    1  0  tan  o  
x 1  2  2

1 x 11 o
 Limit  Lt    By LHR
x 1 x  o
cot cot
2 2

1 2 x 2
 Lt  Lt sin 2 
x 1 2 x   x 1 2 
 cos ec 
2 2

Method 12: Limits when direct substitution results in 0° form

When direct substitution is 0° take logaritham and evaluate the limits
Example

Lt x x  0
x0

 Let A  Lt x x  log A  Lt x log x

x 0 x 0

log x 
log A  0    log A  Lt 
x 0 1 
 
x

27
Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

1
 
 By LHR  log A  Lt    Lt  x  0
x

x 0  1  x 0
 2
x 

log A  0  A  1

 Lt x x  1
x 0

x
Find Lt x  x
x x
x 0

x
Limit  Lt x  Lt x
x x
x 0 x 0

we know Lt x  1
x
x 0

x
Let A  Lt x  log A  Lt x log x
x x
x 0 x 0

log A  Lt x x  Lt log x
x 0 x 0

log A    A  0

Given limit  0  1  1

13) Limit of an infinite sum as definite integral

n 1 1
1 r
Lt
a) n  n
 f  n    f  x  dx
r 0 0

Example

n 1 n 1
n n
Lt  n2  r2  Lt 
r 0 2 
n  n  2
r 0 r
n 1    
  n  

28
Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

n 1
1 1
 Lt
n  n
 2
r 0 r
1  
n

r 1
f 
x r
2
1  
x
1 r
1
 dx pat x
1 x 2 n
0
1
f x 
1 x2

1
  tan 1 x   tan11  tan 01
 0

 
 0 
4 4

g b
1 r
Lt
x  n
 f  n    f  x  dx
12  b  r  a
 g
where a  Lt   and b  Lt  
n   n  n   n 

Example

n n n 1
i ) Find Lt    ........ 
n  n 1 n  2
2 2 2
n 3
2 2 5n

(JEE MAIN 2019)

n
rth term is r  1, 2, 3...........2n
n2  r2

2n 2n
n n
Limit  Lt
n  r 1
 n2  r2
 Lt
n  r 1
   r 2 
n 2 1    
  n  

29
Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

2n b
1 1
 Lt
n  n
 2
  f  x dx
r 1 r
1   a
n

a  Lt
1
 0 b  Lt
 2n   2
n  n n  n

1
r 1 1 a 0
f   f x  
n r
2
1 x2
1   b
2n
2
n n

b 2 2
1
  f  x  dx   dx   tan 1 x 
1 x 2  0
a 0

 tan12  tan10  tan12

Questions

2n 2n
1 r 1 r
n 
Lt
n
  Lt
n  n

2) r 1 n2  r2 r 1 r
2
n 1  
n

2 2
dx   1  x 2 
x

1 x2  0
0

d 12x
1 x2 
dx 2 1 x2
 5 1  5 1  
x
 1 x2
1 x 2

Question :

n 1
 r 
1) Lt
n  r 0
  2 2
n r 

30
Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

n 1 n 1
r 1 r 1
Lt 
n  r 0   r 2 
 Lt
n  n
  n  2
r 0 r
n 1    
2 1  
 n  n
 

1 2
x 1 dx
 dx  
0 1 x
2 u 2
1

Put u  1  x 2
x  0  u 1
x 1 u  2
1 1 du
  log u 12  log 2 dx
 2n
2 2
du
x dx 
2

1 1 2 4 1
2) Lt 2
sec 2 2
 2
sec 2 2
 ......  sec 2 1 
n  n n n n n

2
r 2 r 
r th term  sec   r  1, 2, 3,........n
n2 n

n 2
r r 1
Given limit Lt 
x  r 1 n 2
sec    tan 1
n 2
2

1 n n n 
Lt 1    .........  
3) x  n  n 3 n6 n  3  n  1 

n
r th term  r  0, 1, 2, ......  n  1
n  3r

1 n 1 n
Given Limit  Lt 
n  n r 0 n  3r

31
Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

1 n 1 1 u  1  3x
 Lt  0
x  0 u 1
n  n r 0  r
1  3  x 1 u  4
 n

d 1
x x
1 4 dx 2
1 1 24
 dx   du  3dx 1
0
1  3x 1
4 3  x dx  2 x

 1 1
1 4
 2
3

2 2
   2  1 
3 3

12020  22020  32020  ........  n 2020

4) Lt
n  n 2021

r 2020
r th
term  r  1, 2, 3,......n
n 2021

n
r 2020
Given Limit  Lt 
n  r 1 n 2021

2020
1 n r
 Lt   
n  n r 1  n 
f  x   x 2020

1
1  x 2021 
 0
 x 2020
dx 
2021
0

1

2021

32
Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

Results

1f  x   2f  x   ...  n f  x  f  x 

1) Lt 
n n2 2

12 f  x     22 f  x    ....   n 2 f  x  
2) Lt        f x
n  n3 3

13 f  x     23 f  x    ....   n 3 f  x  
3) Lt        f x
n  n4 4

Additional Questions

1 n0

1) f  x   1

 1 e x Find Lt f  x  
 x 0
0 n0

1
n0
2) f  x   ex 1
 Find Lt f  x  
 x 0
1 n0

Ae x  Bcos x  Ce  x
2) (a) Find the values of A, B, C so that Lt 2
x 0 x sin x

3) f  x  is a polynomial of degree 4 s.t

 f x
f ' 1  f  2   0 Given Lt 1  2   2 find f  2 
x 0  x 

Find f  2  

tan e2  x 2  tan  e2  x 2 e  2.72

   
4) Lt
x 0 2
sin x e2  7.39

33
Brilliant STUDY CENTRE



5) Lt  Mini t  4t  6
x 0 
2 sin x  

x  

Important Note

sin x  sin n 
x
 1  Lt 
x 0  x 
   number  1  0

tan x  tan x 
x
 1  Lt 
x 0  x 
   number  1  1

cot x  cos x 1
Lt 
n

   2x 3 16
2

 u 
u    2x  x   x u0
2 2 2

 x  x
cot     cos   
Lt 2 2 2 2
u 0 3
u

u u
tan  sin
 Lt 2 2
u 0 3
u

u u
tan 1  cos 
2 2
 Lt 3
u 0 u

u u
tan 1  cos 2
2u 2u
   
 u   2   u 2  2 
   
2 2
 Lt
u 0 u3

u 1 u2

1
 Lt 2 2 4 
u 0 43 16

34
Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

Method 14 : Leibnitz Theorem

g x 

 f  t  dt  g '  x  f g  x    '  x  f    x     x 

d
dx
d x 

x3
d
 log t dt  3x log x 3  2n log x 2
2
dx
x2

 9x 2 log x  4x log x

ex
 t 1  x  e 1   sin x  1 
x
d
dx   t  1  dt  e  ex  1   cos x  sin x  1 
sin x  

Derivative or differential coefficient


Let y = f(x) be a differentiable function. Let A  x,f  x   and B x  h, A  x, f  x   f  x  h  
be two points ont he grpah of f(x)

Explain

chord, secant
tangent

f x  h  f x
Slope of secant AB 
xhx

f x  h  f x
Slope of tangent at A  Lt
h 0 h

35
Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

This limit, if it exists, is called the derivative or differential coefficient of y=f(x) w.r.t x. It is
dy
denoted by or f   x 
dx

dy dy
Geometrically is the slope of tangent and in physical sense is the rate of change
dx dx
of y w.r.t x
If we find the derivative using this method it is called differentiation from first principles
or the ab-Initio method. The process of finding the derivative is called differentiation .
1) Find the derivative of f(x) = ax using ab-initio method

f  x   a x f  x  h   a x h  a x a h

f x  h  f x a x .a h  a x
f   x   Lt  Lt
h 0 h h 0 h

a h 1
 Lt a x  a x log a
h 0 h

dy
y  ax   a x log a
dx

2) Find the derivative of f  x   log x using first principle method

f  x   log x f  x  h   log  x  h 

xh
log  x  h   log x log  
f   x   Lt  Lt  x 
h 0 h h 0 h

 h  h
 h log 1   log 1  
log 1    Lt  x   Lt
1  x 1 1
 Lt  x  ; h 0  h  x h  0 h ; 1 
h 0 h   x   x x
x x

d 1
 y  log x  log x 
dx x

36
Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

Results

d d n d 1 n
1) k0 2) x  nx n 1 3) n
 n 1
dx dx dx x x

d 1 1 d 1 d x
4)  5) x 6) e  ex
dx x x 2 dx 2 x dx

d x d d
7) a  a x log a 8) sin x  cos x 9) cos x  sin x
dx dx dx

d d d
10) tan x  sec 2 x 11) sec x  sec x tan x 12) cos ec x  cose x cot x
dx dx dx

d d 1
13) cot x   cos e 2 x 14) log x 
dx dx x

Chain Rule

d d
f  g  x    f   g  x   g  x 
dx dx

d d
g  f  x    g  f  x   f  x 
dx dx

d 1
Ex: log sin x  cos x  cot x
dx sin x

d 1
sin log x  cos log x 
dx x

Power Rule

d n 1 d
 f  x    n  f  x   f x
n

dx dx

d
Ex: sin s x  5sin 4 x cos x
dx

d 1
log 3 x  3log 2 x 
dx x

37
Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

Reciprocal Rule

d  1  1 d
   f x
dx  f  x   f  x   dx
2
 

d 1 1 1
Ex:  2

dx log x log x x

d 1 1
  6x 2
dx 2x  3  2x  3
3 2 2

38