PHILIPPINE LITERATURE LIT 1 STUDY MATERIAL & NOTES

Literature during the American Period - The Period of Self-Discovery:

➢ Historical Backgrounds:
• Philippine Independence
• Philippine-American Conflicts
• 1900s – peace movements
➢ Literature
• Desire for freedom
• Love of country
• Fight against colonialism and
imperialism
• characterized by:
- nationalism
- freedom of speech
- experience
- search for and use of a new
medium
➢ American Influences
• schools
• new education system
• cleanliness and hygiene
• English language
• politics
• freedom of speech
➢ Newspapers
• El Grito del Pueblo – Pascual
Poblete – 1900 (The Call of the
Nation)
• El Nuevo Dia – Sergio Osmeña –
1900 (The New Day)
• El Renacimiento – Rafael Palma –
1900 (The Rebirth)
• Manila Daily Bulletin – 1900
➢ Three Groups of Writers
• Spanish
- The writers in Spanish were
accustomed write
nationalism like honoring Rizal
and other heroes. (Claro M.
Recto, Cecilio Apostol,
Fernando Ma. Guerrero, Jesus
Balmori, and Manuel Bernabe)
• English
- The writers in English imitated
the themes and methods of the
Americans.
- The Period of Re-orientation:
1898-1910
- The Period of Imitation: 1910-
1925
1925-1941
• Filipino
- Tagalog writers continued their
lamentations on the conditiond
of the country and their
attempts to arouse love for
one’s native tongue.
- Poets of the Heart (Makata ng
Puso)
▪ Lope K. Santos, Iñigo Ed.
Regalado, Carlos
Gatmaitan, Pedro
Deogracias del Rosario,
Ildefonso Santos, Amado V.
Hernandez, Nemecio
Carabana, and Mar Antonio
- Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay)
▪ Lope K. Santos, Jose
Corazon de Jesus,
Florentino Collantes,
Patricio Mariano, Carlos
Gatmaitan, and Amado V.
Hernandez
- Poets of the Stage (Makata ng
Tanghalan)
▪ Aurelio Tolentino, Patricio
Mariano, Severino Reyes,
and Tomas Remigio
➢ Cecilio Apostol
• masterpiece – A Rizal
• his poems were used to teach the
Spanish language (R.A. 1881)
• pen name – Catulo
➢ Fernando Ma. Guerrero
• masterpiece – Crisadilas
on • Prince of Filipino Lyric Poets in
Spanish
• favorite theme – eternal sadness on
things
➢ Claro M. Recto
• Bajos Los Cocoteros
• Father of Philippine Constitution
➢ Jesus Balmori
• Mi Casa de Nipa, Mi Choza de Nipa
• pen name: Batikuling
• Premio Zobel Award for his
contributions to Philippine
Literature
• Poet laureate in Spanish
➢ Manuel Bernabe
• Translated Omar Khayyam’s
Rubaiyat in Spanish
• King of Balagtasan in Spanish
➢ Lope K. Santos
• masterpiece – Banaag at Sikat
• Balarila ng Wikang Pambansa
• Father of Filipino Grammar
• “Apo” of the Tagalog Writers
➢ Amado V. Hernandez
• masterpiece – Luha ng Buwaya,
Ang Panday
• Isang Dipang Langit
• First King of Balagtasan
• A Pillar in Tagalog Literature
➢ Jose Corazon de Jesus
• masterpiece – Ang Isang
Punongkahoy (A Tree)
• Bayan Ko
• Huseng Batute
• The Legendary Lyric Poet
• King of Balagtasan
➢ Aurelio Tolentino
• masterpiece – Kahapon, Ngayon,
at Bukas
• Father of Tagalog Drama
• A theatre at the CCP is named after
him (Tanghalang Aurelio Tolentino)
➢ Severino Reyes
• masterpiece – Walang Sugat
• Mga Kuwento ni Lola Basyang
• Father of Tagalog Plays, Father of
the Tagalog Zarzuela
• pen name – Lola Basyang
➢ The Period of Re-orientation
• 1900 – English (medium of
instruction in the public schools
• El Renacimiento – Rafael Palma –
1901
• Philippines Free Press – 1905
• Sursum Corda – Justo Juliano –
1907 – first work published in
English
• My Mother and Air Castles – Juan
F. Salazar 1909
➢ The Period of Imitation
• 1919 – UP College Folio
• 1920 – Bulletin, Philippine Herald
• 1924 – The Philippine Review, the
Independent, Rising Philippines
and Citizens, and the Philippine
Education Magazine
➢ The Period of Self-Discovery
• Writers had acquired the mastery of
English writing; competent and
confident
➢ Essays
• scholarly and characterized by
sobriety, substance and structure
• serious essay, especially the
editorial type
• Carlos P. Romulo, Jorge C.
Bocobo, Mauro Mendez and
Vicente Hilario
• Political, social reflective essays
(through newspaper columns)
• critical essays
• personal or familiar essays
➢ Informal Essays
• works are spiced with humor, wit,
and satire
• Ignacio Manlapaz, Godefredo
Rivera, Federico Mangahas,
Francisco B. Icasiano, Salvador P.
Lopez, Jose Lansang, and Amando
G. Dayrit
➢ Short Stories
• Imitation of foreign models
• Ignacio Manlapaz, Godefredo
Rivera, Federico Mangahas,
Francisco B. Icasiano, Salvador P.
Lopez, Jose Lansang, and Amando
G. Dayrit
➢ Francisco Benitez
• What is an Educated Filipino?
• First Editor of Philippine Journal on
Education
• Dean of UP College of Education
➢ Paz Marquez Benitez
• First Filipino modern English
language short story writer
• Dead Stars (1925)
• One of the Founders of Philippine
Women College (now PWU)
➢ Zoilo Galang
• A Child Sorrow – First Philippine
Novel written in English (1921)
• Nadia (1929)
• Encyclopedia of the Philippines
(1957)
• Filipino encyclopedist and the 1st
English-language Filipino novelist
➢ Carlos P. Romulo • pen name: Quijano de Manila
• The Voice of Freedom • May Day Eve (1947)
• I am a Filipino • The Woman Who Had Two Navels
• I Saw the Fall of the Philippines (1961)
• My Brother Americans • A Portrait of the Artist as a Filipino
➢ Jose Garcia Villa (1966)
• National Artist of the Philippines for • Summer Solstice (1972)
Literature (1973) ➢ Carmen Guerrero Nakpil
• Introduced – reversed consonance • Woman Enough and Other Essays
rime scheme and extensive use of (1963)
punctuation in poetry • The Philippine: The Land and The
• Comma Poet People (1990)
• pen name - Doveglion • Lifetime Achievement Award 2005
➢ Rafael Zulueta da Costa for her outstanding achievement in
• Like the Molave and Other Poems history
• Commonwealth Literary Award of • Icon of Philippine Literature and
Poetry, 1940 Journalism
➢ Salvador P. Lopez ➢ N.V.M. Gonzales
• Literature and Society – a collection • “Literature is an affair of letters”
of critical reflections and serious • The Winds of April, The Bamboo
essays Dancers, A Season of Grace,
➢ Vidal A. Tan Children of the Ash-covered Loam
• Modern High School Arithmetic for • Palanca Memorial Awards for
the Philippines (1924) Literature
• The Husband of Mrs. Cruz • National Artist Awardee for
➢ Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero Literature (1997)
• The first Filipino to have a theatre • Centennial Award for Literature
named after him – The Wilfrido Ma. (1998)
Guerrero Theater of the UP
• Wanted: A Chaperon
• National Artist for the Philippine
Theater – 1997 (post-humous)
➢ Manuel E. Arguilla
• How My Brother Leon Brought
Home A Wife (1940)
• Epilogue to Reconciliation (1936)
• “the best craftsman among Filipino
fictionists in English, (whose voice)
is the only really authentic voice.
He is shamelessly Filipino.”
- Dean Leopoldo Yabes
• Republic Cultural Heritage Award
(1972), posthumous
➢ Nick Joaquin
• Republic Cultural Heritage Award
(1961)
• National Artist of the Philippines for
Literature (1976)
• The most important Filipino writer
in English
• The third most important writer
(after Jose Rizal and Claro M.
Recto)