English & Reading Comprehension I

SEMEPxDOST 2020 00
ENGLISH &
READING COMPREHENSION
Presentation by
UPLB DOST
Scholars'
Society
Topics Covered
PART I Parts of Speech 02
Agreement 70
PART II Verb Usage XX
Reading Comprehension XX
01 SEMEPxDOST 2020 | UPLB DOST Scholars' Society

TOPIC 1: Parts of
Speech
Nouns 03
Pronouns 16
Prepositions 24
Verbs 38
Adjectives 51
Adverbs 57
Conjunctions 65
Interjections 69
02
SEMEPxDOST 2020 | UPLB DOST Scholars' Society
NOUNS
name of a person, a thing, an animal, an event, or a place
usually serve as subjects in a sentence, subject of verbs, and

as complement of verbs and prepositions
03
Nouns
examples:
John is the leader of the band. (John is the subject or the
one being talked about in the sentence.)
He sharpened the pencil. (Pencil is the receiver of the

action word ‘sharpened’.)
We went to church. (Church acts as a complement to the

preposition ‘to’.)
04
Types Nouns
1. Concrete Nouns 2. Abstract Nouns
Things you can see, Things you cannot perceive
hear, smell, taste, or through any of your five
touch senses; uncountable.
examples: mother, examples: hope, love,
music, perfume, improvement, ideas,
chocolate, fabric, book knowledge, justice,
05
Types Nouns
3. Collective Nouns
a group or collection of things and people; considered
singular if it acts as a group or a single unit, but plural if it
pertains to the individual members.
examples:
choir, bunch, class, flock,
police, baggage, furniture
06
Types Nouns
4. Common Nouns 5. Proper Nouns
any one of a class of specific people or things

people or things. (first letter is capitalized)
examples: boy, pencil, examples: Paul, Mongol,

country, month, dog Philippines, July, Pluto
07
Types Nouns
6. Compound Nouns
made up of two or more words acting as a single unit.
examples:
matchbox, sister-in-law,
pay day
08
Types Nouns
7. Singular Nouns 8. Plural Nouns
a single person, single these are words that name
thing, or a single unit. more than one person,
examples: meal, bush, one thing or one place.
baby, knife, alumnus,
child, mouse
09
Types Nouns
Forming Plural Nouns
Generally done by examples:

adding -s or -es meals (meal), bushes (bush),
Can also be done by babies (baby), knives (knife),
alumni (alumnus), children
changing the spelling
(child), mice (mouse)
(-ies, -ves, -i, etc.)
10
Types Nouns
9. Plural-looking Nouns 10. Singular-looking Nouns
plural in form but pertain to single objects but
singular in meaning considered plural since they
have two identical parts.
examples: economics, examples: scissors, pants,
politics, news, measles tweezers, binoculars,
glasses, pajamas
11
Types Nouns
11. Count Nouns
things we can count which can be singular or plural.
Singular: 'a' or 'an'

Plural: 'many,' 'several,' 'a large number of,' 'some,' or 'few'
For questions and negative sentences: 'any'
12
Types Nouns
12. Mass Nouns
things we cannot count but can be measured
not countable because they are too small to count, or

they are particles, liquids, gases, concepts or activities.
13
Types Nouns
More on Mass Nouns
examples:
Particles - rice, corn, dust
Liquids - water, coffee, tea;
Gases - smoke, pollution, stream
Plural form is formed with quantifiers (e.g. bottles of
milk, a gallon of water, bowls of rice)
14
Types Nouns
More on Mass Nouns
can also use much, little, much, large amount of, a
great deal of, and some
some commonly misused mass nouns:
advice traffic progress permission
baggage hair weather scenery
bread behavior furniture work
damage data equipment garbage
15
PRONOUNS
are nouns in disguise, and have the same use as nouns. These
are words that take the place of nouns.
examples:
He is the leader. (The pronoun he is the subject in the sentence.)
He sharpened it. (The pronoun ‘it’ is the receiver of the action.)
We went there. (The pronoun ‘there’ acts as a complement to the verb.)
16
Types Pronouns
1. Personal Pronouns
pronouns that refer to particular people,
places, or things
Subjective: I, You, He, She, It, We, They
Possessive: My, Mine, Your, Yours, His, Hers, Our, Ours, Their, Theirs
Objective: Me, You, Him, Her, Them, Us
17
Types Pronouns
2. Reflexive Pronouns
end in –self or –selves
add information to a sentence by pointing back to a noun or
pronoun near the beginning of a sentence
usually act as objects of verbs.
example:
We watched ourselves on the TV monitor.
18
Types Pronouns
3. Intensive Pronouns
also end in –self or –selves
adds emphasis to a noun or pronoun within the same
sentence
usually comes after the subject
example:
The president himself admited his fault.
19
Types Pronouns
4. Demonstrative Pronouns
pronouns that direct attention to a specific
person, place, or thing
Singular: This (near), That (far)
Plural: These (near), Those (far)
example:
Of all the colors available, I like this best.
20
Types Pronouns
5. Relative Pronouns
pronouns that begin a subordinate clause and
connect it to another idea in the sentence
That, Which, Who, Whom
examples:
We will go to the store that advertised a sale.
We saw a person whose essay had won the prize.
21
Types Pronouns
6. Interrogative Pronouns
can be used to begin questions
What, Which, Who, Whom, Whose
examples:
Who knocked on the door?
Whose pencil is this?
Who's the girl in the red dress?
22
Types Pronouns
7. Indefinite Pronouns
refer to people, places, or things, often
without specifying which ones.
Singular: another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, everybody, either,
everyone, everything, little, much, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one,
other, somebody, someone, something
Plural: both, few, many, others, several
Both: all, any, more, most, none, some
23
PREPOSITIONS
typically come before noun phrases and pronouns, and tell you
something about place, time, reason, and so on.
examples:
on the bus until Tuesday
at home after Christmas
opposite the table
24
Prepositions
Preposition of Time
Preposition of Place
Preposition of Movement
25
Preposition of Time
IN
long periods of time (months, seasons, years, decades,
centuries)
parts of the day
duration of an action
examples:
I was born in August. We just stay at home in winter.
The war began in 1982. I watch TV in the evening.
Phones boomed in the 21st Century. I learned to drive in four weeks.
26
Time Prepositions
ON
used before days, dates, and holidays
examples:
I will see you on Friday.
We will celebrate on the 25th of July.
We exchanged gifts on Christmas Day.
27
Time Prepositions
AT
for a specific time of the day
examples:
My work starts at 7:00 in the morning.
We read a story at bedtime.
28
Time Prepositions
FOR
measuring time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months,
years)
examples:
He held his breath for seven minutes.
He fasted for 40 days.
I avoided contact for three months.
29
Time Prepositions
SINCE
specifies a time or date in the past up to now
examples:
She's been sitting in the room since two-thirty.
I've been waiting for this moment since the day I was born.
He hasn't seen his father since five years ago.
30
Preposition of Place
in front of next to/beside on above between
behind near beneath below in

31
Place Prepositions
IN
for an enclosed area or container
may be used for a town, province, city, country, village
examples:
He is in the pool.
She lives in Laguna.
32
Place Prepositions
ON
surface
indicate specific direction
for vehicles with surfaces that we can navigate
indicate something is on top of another thing
examples:
There is a painting on the wall. We stepped on the plane.
The car was parked on the left. I will ride on his bike.
33
Place Prepositions
AT
refer to a particular spot or building
refer to places where you do something
refer to places where an event takes place
for specific addresses including the house number
examples:
I am at the mall right now
The store is at the corner of the street.
John Smith lives at 55 Boretz Road in Durham.
34
Preposition of Movement
TO
used in order to express movement toward a place
examples:
She's going to the clinic.
I'm taking my dog to the vet.
35
Movement Prepositions
TOWARD/TOWARDS
Toward and towards are also helpful prepositions to
express movement. These are simply variant spellings of
the same word; use whichever sounds better to you.
examples:
This is a big step towards the project's completion.
They continued walking toward the house.
36
Prepositions
No Preposition
With the words home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs,
upstairs, we do not use prepositions.
examples:
Grandma went upstairs.
I'm going home.
37
VERBS
are words that do not only express action or what is being done
in a sentence, but also time or when the action takes place
Types of verbs:
Action Verbs
Abstract Verbs
Linking Verbs
Auxiliary Verbs
38
Types Verbs
1. Action Verbs
tell what action someone/something is doing;
usually refer to visible actions or movements.
Singular: -s form (jumps, runs)
Plural: base form (jump, run)
39
Types Verbs
2. Abstract Verbs
suggest actions but not necessarily movement;
usually not visible.
Singular: -s form (learns, thinks, imagines)
Plural: base form (learn, think, imagine)
40
Types Verbs
3. Linking Verbs
do not suggest action but connects the subject
to its predicate
Singular Linking Verbs: Plural Linking Verbs:
The house is empty. The houses are the same.
The door was locked. The doors were locked.
She has dimples. You have dimples too.
41
Types Verbs
4. Auxiliary Verbs
do not exist on their own; helps the main verb
convey when the action was done
examples:
The baby has slept all afternoon.
The man is crying for help.
42
Verbs
Transitive Verbs
direct action towards someone or something; need a
direct object that will receive the action.
examples:
She read the whole book.
She sang an old song.
43
Verbs
Intransitive Verbs
verbs that do not need a direct object or person.
examples:
She reads everyday.
She sang badly.
44
Verbs
Verbals
verb forms that do not act as verbs but as nouns,
adjectives, or adverbs
Kinds of verbals:
Gerunds
Participles
Infinitives
45
Verbals Verbs
1. Gerunds
verbs that are used as nouns; formed by adding
‘-ing’ to the base form of the verb (present
participle); used as subjects in sentences.
examples:
Writing is time consuming.
The tree planting was successful.
46
Verbals Verbs
2. Participles
verbs that are used as adjectives. They can either
be the present participle or the past participle
Present Participle Past Participle

- used to describe something - used to describe someone
ex. ex.
The news was shocking. I was shocked.
47
Verbals Verbs
3. Infinitives
verbs that are used as nouns and adverbs as
well; formed with TO and the main verb.
examples:
To jog is useful.
He has some work to complete.
48
Verbs
Verb Conjugation
Verb + Present Participle
enjoy avoid stop delay practice
finish consider quit imagine allow
postpone admit mind deny involve
suggest miss risk
examples:
Everybody stopped talking.
I have finished cleaning the house.
49
Conjugation Verbs
Verb + Infinitive
offer agree refuse decide seem
plan arrange hope aim tend
learn deserve afford need pretend
attempt manage fail mean dare
attend forget promise threaten
examples:
We decided to take a taxi home.
Karen failed to make a good impression.
50
ADJECTIVES
are words that describe or modify a noun or a pronoun; usually
come before noun or after linking verbs including seem, taste,
feel, look, grow, remain, stay, sound and appear, become;
answer questions such as:
Which?
What kind?
How many?
51
Types Adjectives
1. Adjective of Number
a - used before a singular noun that starts with a consonant sound
an - used before a singular noun that starts with a vowel sound
the - used for particular things or people, for plural nouns, one kind
of something
many/few - countable nouns
little/much - mass nouns
52
Types Adjectives
2. Adjective of Quality 3. Adjective of Age
examples: examples:
beautiful, dirty, clean, young, old, new
strong, hard
4. Adjective of Size, Length, Shape, and Width
examples:
big, short, round, fat
53
Types Adjectives
5. Adjective of Color 6. Adjective of Origin
examples: examples:
red, black, blue, Filipino, Australian,
yellow, white Japanese
7. Adjective of Material
examples:
wooden, plastic, cotton
54
Adjectives
Degrees of Comparison
Comparatives
used for comparing two things or places
-r/-er/-ler/more + positive form of the verb; usually
followed by than
much, a little, slightly, and a lot can also be added
examples:
He is older than John.
Can you walk a little faster?
55
Degrees of Comparison Adjectives
Superlatives
used for emphasizing one thing or one person among other
things or other people
-st/-est/-lest/most + positive form of the verb
use the before the superlatives
examples:
Peter is the oldest among the three brothers.
You are the fastest runner I have ever met.
56
ADVERBS
are words that modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
They tell how, how often, why, when and where the action
takes place; usually end in –ly. They come before or after the
verb and before adjectives and adverbs.
Types of adverbs:
Adverbs of Place Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs of Time Adverbs of Degree
Adverbs of Frequency
57
Types Adverbs
1. Adverb of Place
refers to the direction or place where the action
takes place; answers the question where?
examples:
The balloon floated up.
London Bridge is falling down.
They'll build a house nearby.
58
Types Adverbs
2. Adverb of Time
refers to the time when the action happened;
answers the question when?
examples:
The letter was delivered today.
We will party tonight.
I'll fall asleep soon.
59
Types Adverbs
3. Adverb of Frequency
refers to how frequent the action happens;
answers the question how often?
examples:
She never eats vegetables.
I often drink water.
We usually order chicken.
60
Types Adverbs
4. Adverb of Manner
describes the manner by which the action is done;
answers the question how?
examples:
Time passed quickly.
The rabbit approached the flowers curiously.
The contestants danced gracefully.
61
Types Adverbs
5. Adverb of Degree
refers to the degree of the condition;
answers the question to what extent?
examples:
He is so smart.
The challenge was extremely difficult.
The children were very polite.
62
Adverbs
Confusions with Adverbs
Good vs. Well
Good is an adjective. Well is an adverb.
example:
Susan is a good pianist. She plays the piano well.
Late vs. Lately
Late is the opposite of early. Lately means recently.
example:
Haven't I told you lately that you shouldn't be late for work again?
63
Confusions Adverbs
Hard vs. Hardly
Hard is an adjective. hardly gives a negative meaning.
example:
He tried hard to find a job. || He hardly tried to find a job.
So vs. Such
So comes before an adjective. Such comes before a
noun/noun phrase.
example:
The room is so messy. || It's such a messy room.
64
CONJUNCTIONS
words that connect parts of the sentence or clauses
(and, but, or, because, when, etc.)
examples:
I am learning English so that I can get a better job.
You look as if you have seen a ghost.
We were late because the car broke down.
65
Types Conjunctions
1. Coordinating Conjunctions
These are conjunctions that join two items of equal
importance. They include for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so
(FANBOYS). When using a conjunction to join two sentences,
use a comma before the conjunction.
examples:
This is a useful but difficult rule to remember.
I wanted to sit in front of the balcony, so I ordered my tickets early.
66
Types Conjunctions
2. Correlative Conjunctions
These are conjunctions that are always used in pairs. They
join equal elements. They include both – and, not only- but
also, neither – nor, either – or and whether – or.
examples:
Both my sister and I play the piano.
Whether you win or lose, it doesn't matter as long as you did your best.
Neither the students nor the teacher witnessed the incident.
67
Types Conjunctions
3. Subordinating Conjunctions
These are conjunctions that introduce a dependent clause.
English examples include after, although, if, unless, so that,
therefore and because.
examples:
Because he loved acting, he fought for his dream of being in the movies.
All is lost unless we act now.
68
INTERJECTIONS
These are words or phrases used to exclaim. They usually
express different emotions. They sometimes stand by
themselves, but they are often contained within larger
structures. They are usually accompanied by an
exclamation point, but a comma can also be used.
examples:
Wow! I won the lottery!
Oh, I don't know anything about that.
69
TOPIC 2:
Agreement
Subject-Verb Agreement
Pronoun and Antecedent
Agreement
70
Rule 1. Agreement in Number
A singular subject takes a singular verb.
Example:
The DOG growls when it is angry.
A plural subject takes a plural verb.
Example:
The DOGS growl when they are angry.
71
Rule 2. Intervening Clauses
A phrase or a clause that interrrupts the subject and its
verb does not affect the agreement.
Example:
The CLOWN with the sad eyes looks pathetic.
ONE of the girls is absent.
YOUR THEORY, as well as his, lacks support.
72
Rule 3. Positive and Negative Subjects
In compound sentences having one positive and one negative
subject, the verb should agree with the positive subject.
Example:
JOE, not the other men, was sent home.
The DOGS, not the trainer, were making the noise.
73
Rule 4. One of and Only One of
In using one of, the verb agrees with the antecedent of the
relative pronoun.
Example:
She was one of the LADIES who were always dressed up.
In using only one of, the verb agrees with the singular
antecedent ONE.
Example:
She was only one of the LADIES who was always dressed up.
74
Rule 5. OR/NOR
For compound subjects joined by or/nor, the verb must agree
with the closest subject.
Example:
A flagstone or A BRICK makes a good material.
Chopped apples or NUTS make a good topping.
Neither pins nor TAPE was holding the pieces.
75
Rule 6. AND
A compound subject joined by "and" is generally plural and must have
a plural verb.
Example:
COOKING and GARDENING are my hobbies.
TO BALANCE in a rope and TO JUGGLE balls require great skill.
If the compound subject joined by "and" equals one thing, a singular
verb is required.
Example:
MACARONI AND CHEESE is an easy dish to make.
76
Rule 7. Subject after the Verb
A subject that comes after its verb must still agree with it in number.
Example:
There is A PROBLEM with the balance sheet.
Here are THE PAPERS that you requested.
Does your PET usually eat grass?
77
Rule 8. Linking Verbs
A linking verb must agree with its subject, regardless of the number of
its predicate nominative.
Example:
Orange BLOSSOMS are one sign of spring.
One SIGN of spring is orange blossoms.
78
Rule 9. Collective Nouns
A collective noun takes a singular verb when the group it names acts
as a single unit. It can also take a plural verb if it refers to the members
of the group.
Example:
The JURY has reached a decision. (action is done by the whole group)
The TEAM are tying their shoe laces. (action is done by the individuals)
79
Rule 10. Uncountable Nouns
Some abstract nouns are uncountable and do not have plural forms.
They should take singular verbs.
Example:
LOVE is blind.
HONESTY is the best policy.
Mass nouns also take singular verbs. You can make them plural by
using quantifiers.
Example:
80 The GALLONS OF WATER were poured into the dry field.
MONEY makes the world go round. SEMEPxDOST 2020 | UPLB DOST Scholars' Society
Rule 11. Confusing Nouns
Nouns that are plural in form but singular in meaning take singular verbs.
Example:
PHYSICS is a challenging subject.
The NEWS was very interesting.
81
Rule 11. Confusing Nouns
Words such as eyeglasses, pants, pliers, and scissors, though they
name single items, take plural verbs. They are considered plural since
they have two identical parts. The singular form of these nouns is
formed by using "a pair of."
Example:
My lost EYEGLASSES were behind the sofa.
My PANTS are a perfect fit.
82
Rule 12. Indefinite Pronouns
Singular indefinite pronouns include each, someone, anybody,
everything, nobotdy, etc., they take singular verbs.
Example:
EACH of the answers is correct.
EVERYBODY is happy about the news.
83
Rule 12. Indefinite Pronouns
Many, few, several, and both are plural indefinite pronouns and must
be used in the plural sense only.
Example:
BOTH OF THE CARS were dented.
SEVERAL STUDENTS do not approve of the tuition increase.
84
Rule 13. Pronouns and its Antecedent
In using all, any, more, most, none, and some, the verb must agree
with its antecedent.
Example:
SOME OF THE FRUIT is rotten.
MOST OF THE PIECES are lost.
ANY OF IT is worth taking.
NONE OF THE GIRLS are coming.
85
Rule 14. Amounts and Measurements
Expressions stating amount of time, money, weight, volume are plural
in form but take a singular verb.
Example:
THREE WEEKS is a long time.
TWO HUNDRED DOLLARS is a lot of money.
TWO CUPS of flour is needed for the cake.
86
Rule 15. Fractions
A fraction of singular nouns takes a singular verb.
Example:
HALF OF THE BUILDING is decorated.
A fraction of plural nouns takes a plural verb.
Example:
HALF OF THE INVITATIONS were mailed today.
87
Rule 16. Titles
A title is singular and must have a singular verb.
Example:
THE NOTEBOOK is one of my favorite movies.
THE ALCHEMIST is a novel written by Paulo Coelho.
88
Rule 17. A Number vs. The Number
The expression A NUMBER takes a plural verb. While THE NUMBER
takes a singular verb.
Example:
A NUMBER of boys have come here.
THE NUMBER of boys has increased by 50 percent.
89
Pronoun and Antecedent Agreement
Must agree with its antecedent in three ways:
1. Person. This refers to the quality of being.
If A PERSON wants to succeed in corporate life, you have to know
the rules of the game.
If YOU want to succeed in corporate life, you have to know the rules
of the game.
90
2. Number. This is the quality that distinguishes between
singular (one entity) and plural (numerous entities)
When an EMPLOYEE does not agree with their boss's decision, the
employee should not support that decision.
When an EMPLOYEE does not agree with his or her boss's decision,
the employee should not support that decision.
91
EVERYONE should make their own decision.
EVERYONE should make his or her own decision.
92
3. Gender. This is the quality that distinguishes the entities
as masculine or feminine.
MOTHER cooked his specialty.
MOTHER cooked her specialty.
EVERYONE should clean his plate.
EVERYONE should clean his or her plate.

93
3. Gender. This is the quality that distinguishes the entities
as masculine or feminine.
MOTHER cooked his specialty.
MOTHER cooked her specialty.
EVERYONE should clean his plate.
EVERYONE should clean his or her plate.

94
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English &amp; Reading Comprehension I

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SEMEPxDOST 2020 00

01 SEMEPxDOST 2020 | UPLB DOST Scholars' Society

usually serve as subjects in a sentence, subject of verbs, and

He sharpened the pencil. (Pencil is the receiver of the

We went to church. (Church acts as a complement to the

any one of a class of specific people or things

examples: boy, pencil, examples: Paul, Mongol,

made up of two or more words acting as a single unit.

Generally done by examples:

Singular: 'a' or 'an'

things we cannot count but can be measured

not countable because they are too small to count, or

in front of next to/beside on above between

behind near beneath below in

Present Participle Past Participle

EVERYONE should make their own decision.

EVERYONE should make his or her own decision.

MOTHER cooked her specialty.

EVERYONE should clean his plate.

EVERYONE should clean his or her plate.

MOTHER cooked her specialty.

EVERYONE should clean his plate.

EVERYONE should clean his or her plate.

EMAIL ADDRESS uplbdostss1985@gmail.com

UPLB DOST Scholars' Society PHONE NUMBER 09454019867

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