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Integrals: Definitions Definite Integral: Suppose Anti-Derivative: An Anti-Derivative of
Integrals: Definitions Definite Integral: Suppose Anti-Derivative: An Anti-Derivative of
Integrals
Definitions
Definite Integral: Suppose f ( x ) is continuous Anti-Derivative : An anti-derivative of f ( x )
on [ a, b ] . Divide [ a, b ] into n subintervals of is a function, F ( x ) , such that F ′ ( x ) = f ( x ) .
width ∆ x and choose x from each interval. Indefinite Integral : ∫ f ( x=
) dx F ( x ) + c
*
i
where F ( x ) is an anti-derivative of f ( x ) .
n
∫ f ( x ) dx lim ∑ f ( xi ) ∆ x .
b
Then= *
a n →∞
i =1
Part II : f ( x ) is continuous on [ a, b ] , F ( x ) is d u( x)
f ( t ) dt u ′ ( x ) f [ u ( x ) ] − v′ ( x ) f [ v ( x ) ]
dx ∫ v( x )
=
an anti-derivative of f ( x ) (i.e. F ( x ) = ∫ f ( x ) dx )
then ∫ f ( x=
) dx F ( b ) − F ( a ) .
b
a
Properties
∫ f ( x ) ± g ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx ± ∫ g ( x ) dx ∫ cf ( x ) dx = c ∫ f ( x ) dx , c is a constant
∫ a f ( x ) ± g ( x ) dx= ∫ a f ( x ) dx ± ∫ a g ( x ) dx ∫ a cf ( x ) dx = c ∫ a f ( x ) dx , c is a constant
b b b b b
∫ a f ( x ) dx = 0 dx c ( b − a )
a b
∫ c=
a
∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ ∫ f ( x )
b b
∫ a f ( x ) dx = −∫b f ( x ) dx
b a
dx
a a
If f ( x ) ≥ g ( x ) on a ≤ x ≤ b then ∫ f ( x ) dx ≥ ∫ g ( x ) dx
b b
a a
If f ( x ) ≥ 0 on a ≤ x ≤ b then ∫ f ( x ) dx ≥ 0
b
If m ≤ f ( x ) ≤ M on a ≤ x ≤ b then m ( b − a ) ≤ ∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ M ( b − a )
b
Common Integrals
∫ k dx
= k x+c ∫ cos u=
du sin u + c ∫ tan
= u du ln sec u + c
∫x = dx ∫ x=
−1
dx ln x + c 1
∫ sec u=
2
du tan u + c ∫=
1
du a tan ( ua ) + c
1 −1
a +u
2 2
∫ a x +b=dx a ln ax + b + c
1 1
∫ sec u tan u=
du sec u + c
∫ a=
1
−u2
du sin ( ua ) + c
2
−1
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet
g (b)
u Substitution : The substitution u = g ( x ) will convert ∫ a f ( g ( x ) ) g ′ ( x ) dx = ∫ g ( a) f ( u ) du
b
using
cos ( x 3 ) dx cos ( x 3 ) dx = ∫ ( u ) du
2 2 8
∫ 1 5x ∫ 1 5x
2 2 5
Ex. cos
1 3
b b
Integration by Parts : ∫ u dv
= uv − ∫ v du and ∫ a u= − ∫ v du . Choose u and dv from
b
dv uv a a
∫ xe
−x 5
Ex. dx Ex. ∫3 ln x dx
u= e− x ⇒
x dv = du = −e − x
dx v = u = ln x dv = dx ⇒ du = 1x dx v = x
∫ xe + ∫ e dx =
−x −x −x −x −x
dx =
− xe − xe −e +c
( x ln ( x ) − x ) 3
5 5 5
∫3 ln x dx = x ln x 3 − ∫ dx =
5
3
= 5ln ( 5 ) − 3ln ( 3) − 2
∫ tan ∫ cos x dx
sin5 x
3
Ex. x sec5 x dx Ex. 3
= ∫ ( sec x − 1) sec
2 4
(1−cos x ) sin x
x tan x sec xdx
( u cos x )
2 2
= ∫= dx 3
∫ ( u − 1) u du
cos x
= 2 4
(u = sec x )
= −∫
(1−u )
du = − ∫ 1−2u +u du
2 2 2 4
u u 3 3
= 17 sec7 x − 15 sec5 x + c
= 12 sec 2 x + 2 ln cos x − 12 cos 2 x + c
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins