Republic of the Philippines

Technological University of the Philippines

Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 ACME1L

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Ohm’s Law

Agtarap, Ralph Vincent

Antonio, Thomas Jefferson
Arellano, Jeah
Ayala, John Felix
Baet, Isaac Joseph
Bartolome, Dominick
Bentabal, Prince David
Cabrela, Noe

BSME 2F

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB (ACME1L)

Instructor: Engr. Edwin C. Espinas

Grade:

Remarks:

1
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 ACME1L

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT TWO
Ohm’s Law

I. OBJECTIVES
To demonstrate Ohm’s Law and to show its various forms.

II. THEORY
Electrical resistance is the opposition to the flow of electric current in a circuit and is dependent on
many factors. Copper wire, though considered a good conductor of electric current, does offer some
resistance. A German physicist, George Simon Ohm (1787-1854) discovered that the ratio of voltage to
current was constant for a given metal conductor of specified length and cross-sectional area. The ratio is
known as resistance and is expressed in units of ohm, in his honor. Ohm’s Law is often referred to as the
foundation of circuit analysis and can be expressed by the formula:

E equation 1
R=
I
where:
E= the potential difference from one end of the element to the other
(Measured in volts)
I= the current through the element (measured in amperes)
R= resistance of the element (in ohms)

The other useful expressions can be derived from equation 1, they are:

E equation 2
I=
R

E=IR equation 3

To produce a current, a voltage must first exist across the element. Early experimenters in electricity
recognized the fact that an electric current was a movement of charges along a conductor. The direction of
the flow of current was not known and unfortunately, it was arbitrarily chosen to be a positively charged
body to a negatively charged body (positive to negative) and this convention has been so firmly established
that it is still in use.
Thus, the conventional direction or positive direction of current flow taken to be from positive to
negative current even though it is not known that the direction of electron flow, which actually constitutes
an electric current, is from negative to positive.
Electric power systems of which this program is a part use “conventional current flow” for electric
current. In this “conventional system,” current flows from a positive to a negative terminal.

III. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

1 Digital multimeter / VOM
2 Carbon resistors (1W)
2
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 ACME1L

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

LABORATORY
1 33
1 22
1 Breadboard
1 Regulated DC Power Supply
Connecting Wires

IV. PROCEDURES
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2.1. Be careful to observe instrument polarities. Make
certain that the power supply switch is open, and the variable output control of the regulated
power supply is turned fully counterclockwise.
2. Turn on the power supply. Slowly advance the voltage output control clockwise until the
voltmeter across the 33  load indicates 30 V. Measure the current flowing through the load
and record the results in Table 2.1.
3. Repeat Procedure 2 for each of the voltage listed in Table 2.1. Return the voltage to zero and
turn OFF the switch of the power supply after each measurement. (Do not disconnect your
circuit.)
4. Using the values of E and I from the table in Procedure 3, calculate the ratios of E to I in each
case. Record your calculations in Table 2.2.
5. Using the results in Table 2.2, get the average value of E/I. Note that the ratio between the
voltage applied across the resistor and the current flowing through it is a constant value, called
resistance.
6. You will now verify that the alternate form of Ohm’s Law (I = E/R) is valid. Use the same circuit as
shown in Figure 2.1. Turn on the power supply and adjust for 15 V as indicated on the voltmeter
across the 33  resistor. Measure and record the current through the 33 . Return the voltage
to zero and turn off the switch of the power supply.
7. You will now verify that the other alternate form of Ohm’s Law (E = IR) is valid. Use the same
circuit shown in Figure 2.1, however, this time use 22  resistor. Turn on the power supply and
adjust the output voltage until the ammeter indicates 0.45 A. Measure and record the voltage
across the 22  resistor. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.

3
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 ACME1L

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

LABORATORY

I. DATA AND RESULTS

TABLE 2.1

VOLTS (V) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

AMPS 0 151.52m 303.03m 454.55m 606.06m 757.58m 909.09m

A A A A A A

TABLE 2.2

VOLTS (V) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

E/I 0.0329989440 0.0330003 0.0329996 0.0330003 0.032999815 0.0330003

3 3 7 3 2 3

VI COMPUTATION AND SIMULATIONS

TABLE 2.1

0V

4
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 ACME1L

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

LABORATORY

5V

10V

5
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 ACME1L

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

LABORATORY

15V

20V

6
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 ACME1L

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

LABORATORY

25V

30V

7
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 ACME1L

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

LABORATORY

2.2

0.03299894403+0.033000033+0.03299967+0.033000033+0.0329998152+0.033000033
R= =0.032
6
9997547Ω

E
R=
I

5V
R= =0.03299894403 Ω
151.52mA

10V
R= = 0.033000033Ω
303.03 mA

15 V
R= = 0.03299967Ω
454.55 mA

20 V
R= = 0.033000033Ω
606.06 mA

25 V
R= = 0.0329998152Ω
757.58 mA

30 V
R= = 0.033000033Ω
909.09 mA

FOR NO.6

I= E / R

5V
I= = 151.52 mA
0.03299894403

10 V
I= = 303.03 mA
0.033000033

8
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 ACME1L

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

LABORATORY
15 V
I= = 454.55 mA
0.03299967

20 V
I= = 606.06 mA
0.033000033

25V
I= = 757.58 mA
0.0329998152

30 V
I= = 909.09 mA
0.033000033

FOR NO.7

E = IR
E = 0.45 X 22 = 9.90V

E
I= R
9.9 V
I= 22Ω = 0.45A

9
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 ACME1L

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

LABORATORY

VI. CONCLUSION

The experiment explain that the current is dependent to the voltage and the voltage is
independent because in the given experiment we can see that if the voltage is change the current will
change also so the voltage is affecting the result of the circuit, this applies the theory of ohms law that
says the voltage is directly proportional to current.

VII. GUIDE QUESTIONS

1. Plot the recorded currents at the listed voltages of Table 2.1 on Excel. Is the current directly
proportional to the voltage?

10
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 ACME1L

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

LABORATORY
Yes, Because as you can see in the table 2.1 when the voltage is increasing the current is increasing
also that’s why we can say that the current is directly proportional to the voltage.

TABLE 2.1

VOLTS (V) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

AMPS 0 151.52m 303.03m 454.55m 606.06m 757.58m 909.09m

A A A A A A

2. From the result of Procedure 6, does the measured value of current I = E/R = 15/33?

Yes , Because if we see in the table that the value we got is 454.55mA current but if we use the other
formula to get the E the answer will be 15 volts that is given in the no.2 and if we use the formula of
getting the resistance we got the same value that the problem no.2 given so we can conclude that
the result in procedure 6 is correct.

E=IR
E= 0.45455 x 33 = 15

R= E/I
R= 15/0.45455 = 33

3. From the result of Procedure 7, does the measured value of voltage E = IR = (0.45)(22)?

Yes, Using the given formula in no.3 E= IR = (0.45)(22) = 9.95V then if we use the formula looking for
Resistance it is R=E/I which is R=9.95V / 0.45 = 22 which is the given in no.3 problem then we can
use again the current formula I=E/R , 9.95V / 22 = 0.45 so we can say that the given result in
procedure 7 is correct.
11
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 ACME1L

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

LABORATORY

4. An experimenter accidentally touches a 240 V DC line. If his skin resistance is 10 k, what value
of current flows through his body?
Using the formula of current I=E/R we can solve the given problem in no.4
I=E/R
I = 240V / 10,000ohms = 0.024 A
So the answer is 0.024 A

5. Birds are known to perch on 2300V bare transmission line without apparent harm. Explain the
reason behind this.

Because the bird is not a good conductor that’s why electric flow just bypasses the bird.

12