GROUP NO.

Compilation of Report
in Electricity
 GROUP MEMBERS

1. April Claire Camral

2. Marvin Raymundo
3. Ryan Bengie Amualla
4. Fretz Hope Quirino
5. Aldrin Compacion
 ELECTRICITY
Inroduction
Electricity is a phenomenon which is known more by its
effects. You can only see, feel, or hear its effect because it can
produce heat, light, sound and is able to cause mechanical
movements of things in a certain place or from one place to
another.
Scientifically, electricity is defined as a basic form of
energy that is a property of a certain fundamental particles of
matter known as protons and electrons. Protons are the
positively charged particle of matter, while electrons are the
negatively charged particles.
THE ELECTRON THEORY
Everything around us consists of matter and
all matter is composed of atoms. Atoms consist of
a nucleus with, positive protoneutral neutrons
and negative electrons orbiting around the
nucleus in different energy levels. Electrons have
higher energy level as compared to protons.
Electrons in the outermost shells are called
valence electrons which are very important in
determining the conductivity of any substance.
The movement of valence electrons in the
conductor is the essence of the electric current.
hence, ELECTRICITY is the movement or flow of
eleectrons in a conductor.
KINDS OF ELECTRICITY
 Static Electricity- is the electricity that is not in
motion or electricity at rest. It is generated by
means of friction.
Example: Lighting
 Dynamic or Current Electricity- it is electricity in
motion. It can be transmitted through a
conductor from one place to another by means of
potential difference.
SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
1. Mechanically generated electricity
. Motors and dynamo
. Rotary magnetic machine
. Geothermal power
. Generator engine
2. Chemically generated electricity
. Electric cells or battery
SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL POWER
. AC (Alternating Current) source – common
household convenience outlet where appliances
are plugged or electrical transformer. (Step-down
transformer).

. DC (Direct Current) Source- Cells, Batteries,

power adaptors.
Converters- change AC input to DC output
Inverters- Change DC input to AC input
TYPES OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
1. Direct Current (DC)- the flow of electron in a
conductor is in only one direction, conventionally,
it flows from a negative pole through an electrical
device (such as light bulb) to the positive pole.

Method of causing Direct Current

1. Chemical- chemical energy is converted to
electrical energy by the use of primary cell.
2. Photoelectric- when negative ion-rich
photosensitive material like silicon is stuck or
exposed to light, it releases electrons and
produces direct current. It is popularly known as
solar cell.
 3. Thermo coupling- by coupling and heating
two negative ion-rich thermally sensitive
materials, electrons are released causing electron
flow with high temperature in one of the
junctions.

2. Alternating Current (AC)- the flow of electron

changes alternately. At one moment it goes
positive, and then it goes negative and so
on as a cycle.
1 cycle or 1 hertz- one complete positive and
negative movement of the electric wave.
Frequency- refers to the number of complete cycles
performed in one second. Usually known as (cps-
cycles per second) or hertz.

Method of causing Alternating Current

1. By Induction- this is the most useful method of
generating electricity that is currently used
today.
2. Magnetic- use of magnetic to go back and forth
or to rotate inside a coil or the coil rotates around
a magnet.
3. Piezoelectric Effect- this method works when
crystal of quartz or ceramic materials are
sandwiched between two metal plates and
pressure is applied, it generates electric current.

Properties of Electricity
1. Current- is the intensity of the flow of electrons
in a conductor
2. Voltage- is the electromotive force (EMC) that
enables or pushes the electrons to flow in a
conductor toward a certain direction.
3. Resistance- it is the force that opposes the flow of
electrons
4. Power- it is the total measure of electrical energy
consumed in a circuit.
Magnetism
- any thing that attracts steel or iron is a
magnet and this attraction ability is called
magnetism.
Electromagnetism
- any piece of iron or steel can be made as
electromagnet by winding an insulated copper
wire around it and allow current pass through
the wire.
OHM’S LAW
George Simoun Ohm, a german physicist
discovered that voltage, current and resistance in
a circuit have definite relationship with one
another.
Ohm’s Law can be expressed in the following
formula:
To compute for voltage:
volts= Ampere x ohms
or E= IxR
Where: E- applied Voltage in volts
I- Electron current in amperes
R- Circuit Resistance in ohms

Prepared by: Marvin Raymundo

THE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
CIRCUIT
A circuit is the complete flow
of current through a conductor
or path from the source to the
load and back to the source. In
other words it is a continuous
flow of current.
PARTS OF AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
1. Source- provides electrical power to the
circuit.
2. Load- an electrical device usually an
appliance, lights or any equipment
connected to the circuit that consumes
power or electricity.
3. Control/Switch- an electrical device
that turns the current ON and OFF
conveniently.
4. Path- a conductor composed of two or
more lines that provide passage for electric
current from the source to the loud.
ANATOMY OF CIRCUIT
Electros always flow in circles, known as
circuits. In illustration, it all begins at the power
supplier’s generating plant which pumps out
charge electrons illustrated by the black loads of
the truck. The supplier’s lines bring power to your
home’s service entrance, and then through a
meter that keeps track of those household
consumption. Next traffic proceeds to the service
panel, which directs flow to the series of circuits
such as this simplified example. ( Fuses or circuit
breakers here stop traffic instantly if an accident
occurs in any circuit).
CIRCUIT CONNECTION

SERIES CIRCUIT- Loads are

connected end to end along
the path of current in a single
closed loop
RULE # 1
When two or more resistors are connected in
series, the total resistance is the sum of all the
resistances in the circuit.
RT=R1+R2+R3+-------Rn
Where:
RT-total resistance
R1- resistance of the number one resistor
R2-resistance of number two resistor and so on
Hence:
RT=R1+R2+R3
=20+40+60
= 120 ohms
RULE # 2
The total voltage in series circuit is the sum of
all individual voltage drops of the loads.
ET=E1+E2+E3+-------En
Where:
ET- total voltage
E1-Voltage drop across R1 or load # 1
E2-voltage drop across R2 and so on

Example:
ET=E1+E2+E3
=10v+20v+30v
=60 volts
IT=ET / RT = 60V .
R1+R2+R3

=___________60V_________
20 ohms+40 ohms+60 ohms
=____60v_____= .5 Amperes
120 ohms
RULE # 3
The current flowing in a series circuit is the
same or constant.
Hence,
IT=I1=I2=I3=--------In
I1=E1/R1=10v/20 ohms= .5 Amp.
I2=E2/R2=20v/40 ohms= .5 Amp.
I3=E3/R3=30v/60 ohms= .5 Amp.

Therefore: IT=I1=I2=I3
TO PROVE RULE #2
ET=E1+E2+E3
E1 = I1 x R1=.5A x 20 ohms = 10 volts
E2 = I2 x R2 =.5A x 40 ohms = 20 volts
E3= I3 x R3 = .5A x 60 ohms = 30 volts
ET = 10v +20v + 30v = 60 volts
Proof:
ET = IT x RT
= .5 A x 120 ohms
= 60 volts
TO PROVE RULE # 2
RT = R1 + R2 + R3
R1 = E1 / I1 = 10v / .5A = 20 ohms
R2 = E2 / I2 = 20v / .5A = 40 ohms
R3 = E3 / I3 = 30v / .5A = 60 ohms
RT = 20 + 40 + 60 = 120 ohms
Proof:
RT = ET / IT = 60v / .5A = 120 ohms
RULE # 4
The total power in series circuit is the sum of the
individual power consumption of each load in the
circuit.
Pt = P1 + P2 + P3 +------Pn
Where:
Pt- total power in watts
P1- power consumed by load #1
P2- power consumed by load #2 and so on
P=IXE
P1 = I1 x E1 = .5A x 10v = 5 watts
P2 = I2 x E2 = .5A x 2Ov = 10 watts
P3 = I3 x E3 = .5A x 30v = 15 watts
Pt = 5w + 10w + 15w = 30 watts

Prepared by: Ryan Bengie E. Amualla

POWER IN WATTS
Total power in a circuit can be computed
using the following magic circle. If two quantities
are given or present, the missing quantity can be
solved by simply deriving the formula.

PARALLEL CIRCUIT- loads are connected side by

side across the path of current.
the current flowing in each branch is
independent from each other that when one
branch or load opens the other loads will still
function.
The total voltage in a parallel connected voltage is
constant. Hence, Et= E1= E----En

Et= 1.5v= 1.5v=1.5v= 1.5 volts

The total current in a parallel connected power
source is the sum of the individual current values
connected in the circuit. Hence: It= I1+I2+13+ ----
-In
Therefore:
It= 1A+1A+1A=3A

rule #1:
The resistance in parallel circuit is the
reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of all the
branches. The total resistance is always lower
than the lowest value in the circuit once the
resistance decreases.
Rule # 2
The voltage in parallel circuit is always equal to
the voltage drop in each load.
Hence,
Et= E1=E2=E3=-------En

Rule # 3
The current in parallel circuit is distributed in
every branch. The total current is the sum of the
currents of each branch.

It=I1+I2+I3+----In
Rule #4:
The total power consumed in the circuit is the
sum of all the power consumed by each branch.

Having completed the voltage applied to each load

or resistor, we can solve for the individual
current by using Et, because
Et=E1=E2=E3

Prepared by: Aldrin Compacion

COMPLEX CIRCUIT
(SERIES-PARALLEL COMBINATION)

THIS CIRCUIT IS USED WHEN IT IS

NECESSARY TO PROVIDE THE VARIOUS
AMOUNTS O
CURRENTS AND VOLTAGES AT DIFFERENT
POINTS OF THE CIRCUIT USING ONLY ONE
SOURCE OF SUPPLY VOLTAGE.
Conditions of a circuit
1. Short circuit- when an-insulated conductors from
line 1 and line 2 of a circuit come into a contact
with each other without passing any load or in
low resistance.
2. Open circuit- switch OFF/ incomplete.
3. Closed circuit- switch On/ complete.
4. Grounded circuit- when in- insulated conductor
in a circuit touches the metal part of the
appliance. It causes voltage drain and may cause
electric caution when touched by an un-insulated
individual.
5. Overloaded circuit- when the total current
flowing is more than the current capacity of a
conductor.
HOUSE WIRING
THIS REFERS TO THE INSTALLATION OF
ELECTRICAL WIRING CIRCUITS IN A RESIDENTIAL
HOUSE. NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE,
PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODE AND LOCAL
ORDINANCES REGARDING SAFETY AND CIRCUIT
WORTHINESS MUST BE CONFORMED.
House Wiring Methods Approved by the
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

1. Open conductors.
2. Concealed knob and tube wiring
3. Conduit wiring
4. Surface metal railways
5. Armored cable
6. Under floor raceways
7. Non-metallic sheathed cable
8. Electrical metallic tubing (EMT)
9. Cast –in-place race ways
10. Wire ways and house ways
Basic Requirements and considerations in
Electrical house wiring

1. Prepare the house wiring plan in accordance

with the safety standards for ( PEC).
2. Determine the loads and compute for the
expected power and current consumption.
3. Identify the service point where electricity will
come from.
4. Determine the number of outlets per branch and
their specifications.
5. Determine the sizes of receptacles, tubes, wires,
circuit protectors, load consumption and panels
specified by PEC.
Definition of Terms
1. Service- the conductor or equipment for delivering energy from
the electricity supply system to the wiring system of the
premises served.
2. Service conductor – the supply conductor which extends from
the street mains or from transformers to the service equipment
of the premises supplied.
3. Service drop- the overhead service conductor from the last pole
to the other aerial support to including the splices, if any ,
connecting to the service entrance at the building or other
structures.
4. Feeder- all the conductors between the service equipment, or
the generator switchboard of an isolated plant, and the final
branch circuit over the current device.
5. Load- these are fixtures, equipment, or appliances that are
connected in the circuit that consume power.
6. Branch circuit- the portion of the wiring system extending
beyond the final over current device protecting the circuit.
Conduits
Pipe like conduit protects individual
conductors from moisture and physical harm. It
may be classified as; thin wall metal conduit or
EMT – a standard choice for exposed interior
locations; flexible metal conduit sometimes
called Greenfield is similar to MC (Armored
Cable). It is used indoors where EMT would be
to much trouble to route and for water heaters
and other large appliances; Rigid non-metallic
conduits are made from PVC plastic, it is often
allowed for interior installation. The size of the
conduit depends on the number and size of
conductors it will be holding.
Wires and cables

Multi conductor cable(non-metallic

sheathed)- for interior circuits routed behind
walls, ceilings and floors.
Large appliance cable- only can hold 120v-
240v, bendable stranded wire.
Armored cable- for interior only.
Single conductor wire- e.g. stranded wire
and solid wire
 Wire/Cable Sizes ( based on American
wire Gauge)

For lighting fixtures and circuit

# 14 AWG

Circuit for convenience outlets

# 12 AWG

Cable for service entrance

# 8 AWG

Note: The larger the wire diameter, the larger its

current carrying capacity, and the lower its gauge
number.
Light Fixtures
1. Task lighting- used to illuminate the area
of visual activity- such as reading, sewing
and writting.
2. Accent lighting- primarily decorative,
directional light , but d used to focused
attention on an artwork, highlight
architectural features, or set of mood.
3. Ambient or general lighting- it provides
soft level of light appropriate ton such
activities as watching televisions or
entertaining. It may come from fixtures
that provide a diffused spread of
 Circuit Protection Device
Fuses:
60A-100A- Main fuse
20A- Lighting circuit
30A- Convenience outlets(general purpose)
Circuit Breakers
60A-100A- Main Breaker
Branch Circuits
15A- for lighting fixtures
20A- for convenience outlets(general purposes)
30A- Heavy duty appliance outlets

Prepared By: Fretz Hope Quirino

BASIC HOUSE WIRING TOOLS
1. Set of Pliers -are a similar tool
with a different type of head
used for cutting and pulling,
rather than squeezing. Tools
designed for safely handling hot
objects are usually called tongs.
Special tools for making crimp
connections in electrical and
electronic applications are often
called "crimping pliers"; each
type of connection uses its own
dedicated tool.
 long-nose pliers- are both cutting and
holding pliers used by artisans, jewellery
designers, electricians, network engineers
and other tradesmen to bend, re-position
and snipwire. Their namesake long nose
gives excellent control while the cutting
edge near the pliers' joint provides "one-
tool" convenience. Because of their long
shape they are useful for reaching into
small areas where cables or other
materials have become stuck or
unreachable with fingers
 Side-cutting pliers-
are a type of pliers used
by electricians and
other tradesmen primarily for
gripping, twisting, bending
and cutting wire and cable.
 linesman pliers -typically
are machined from forged steel and the
two handles precisely joined with a heavy-
duty rivet that maintains the pliers'
accuracy even after repeated use under
extreme force on heavy-gauge wire.
Lineman's pliers usually have grips for
better handling than bare metal handles
 3. Combination tool/wire stripper

4.Testers
5.Electric drill and bits electric drill which
uses rechargeable batteries. These drills are
available with similar features to an AC mains-
powered drill. They are available in the
hammer drill configuration and most have a
clutch, which aids in driving screws into various
substrates while not damaging them.

 6. Tube cutter- A pipecutter is a type
of tool used by plumbers to cut pipe.
Besides producing a clean cut, the tool is
often a faster, cleaner, and more
convenient way of cutting pipe than using
a hacksaw, although this depends on
the metal of the pipe.
7. conduit blender - A tool used in
conjunction with a very long lever, used
to bend angles in conduit,
that electric wires are placed into.

8. soldering gun and solder

9.Fish Tape
10. Tool pouch
TESTING DEVICES

DIGITAL TESTER

Basic House wiring Electrical Symbol

1. Circuit breaker

Fuse
2. Single receptacle outlet

3. Double receptacle outlet

4. Triple receptacle outlet

5. Single pole switch

6. Double pole switch

7. Three-way switch
8. Four-way switch
9. Switch and pilot lamp
10. Door switch
11. Time switch
12. Push down
13. Buzzer
14. Wiring concealed in ceiling or wall
15. Wiring concealed in floor
16. Wiring exposed
17. Circuit homerun to panel board
18. Three-wire run
19. Four-wire run
20. Wire crossed but not connected
21. Wire crossed and connected
22. Light fixture
INTERPRETING BASIC HOUSE WIRING DIAGRAM
1. A schematic, or schematic diagram, is a representation of
the elements of a system using abstract, graphic symbols rather
than realistic pictures. A schematic usually omits all details
that are not relevant to the information the schematic is
intended to convey, and may add unrealistic elements that aid
comprehension
2. A wiring diagram usually gives information
about the relative position and arrangement of
devices and terminals on the devices, to help in
building or servicing the device. This is unlike
a schematic diagram, where the arrangement of
the components' interconnections on the diagram
usually does not correspond to the components'
physical locations in the finished device
 3. The one-line diagram has its largest application in power
flow studies. Electrical elements such as circuit breakers,
transformers, capacitors, bus bars, and conductors are
shown by standardized schematic symbols.[1] Instead of
representing each of three phases with a separate line or
terminal, only one conductor is represented. It is a form
of block diagram graphically depicting the paths for power
flow between entities of the system. Elements on the
diagram do not represent the physical size or location of the
electrical equipment, but it is a common convention to
organize the diagram with the same left-to-right, top-to-
bottom sequence as the switchgear or other apparatus
represented.
CIRCUIT MAPPING
Using numbers and symbols, you can make good
working drawing of your electrical system. Such
a drawing or map can save you a lot of time,
whether you plan to wire new home , alter
existing wiring, or trouble shoot a problem
Calculating Electrical Usage
 After mapping out your home’s wiring circuit,
the next step is to determine your present usage,
or electrical load. The National Electrical Code
(NEC) has established certain values that
represent typical electrical usage. For 100 amps
or more
 one formula work, consider the example of a
house with 1800 square feet(base on dimensions)
of finished living space and space adaptable for
future use.
 The house has the usual two small-appliance
circuits(3000 watts), a laundry circuit
(1500watts), a hot water heater (5500watts)a
clothes drier (5600 watts) a range
(15000watts)a garbage disposal (600watts)
and a central air-conditioner (5,000watts).
From the panel, the freeway narrows to
two lines which correspond to the two
wires need for a circuit, one of them is
identified as charged or “HOT’’ the other
carries no charge.
 Every potential exit from an
electrical called an outlet,
regardless of whether it consists of a
receptacle, switch, or light.

Prepared by; April Claire Camral

 REFERENCE

Romeo S. Ebonite
and
Cherrypyn Barbacene