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AST L Notes
Electricity - is a flow of electrons from an area high in electron exist. To the one lower in electron
content
a) Invisible
b) Causes the wire to become hot.
c) causes the magnetic field to develop around the wire
d) can be put to work driving pumps, blows, fans etc.
Definition of terms
Molecule – the smallest particle of the matter w/o retains Alf of The properties of the original
substances
Atom - the smallest particle of the elements that contains all of the properties of the elements.
Electrostatic field - the spare around a charge body in w/e the infidence is felt.
Nucleus - the center of the atom that contains the proton. And neutron.
Atomic number – the number of protons in nucleus of an atom on the number of electrons in the
orbit of on atom.
Mass number – The sum of the protons and neutron in the nucleus of an atom
Free Electrons – electrons in the outer shell that easily move from the atom to another.
Sources of Electricity
Heat Action - two dissolution metals bonded together is a conjunction when heard.
Chapter 2 Current
-Their charge
Electric Current - consist of the drift of electrons from an area of negative charge to an area of positive
charge.
I = Q/T
Coulomb – is a unit for measuring charging
Scientific Notation – is a means of using single digit number plus power of ten to express large and
small number.
Exponent – indicates the number of decimal places to the right or left of the decimal point in the
number.
CHAPTER 3. VOLTAGE
Potential Difference or Voltage – the force that causes electrons to move in a common direction.
2 types of Generator
1.Direct current (DC) generator – the electron flows only in one direction. Example.
CAR/TRUCK/SAKYANAN
2.Alternating current (AC) generator – the electron flows in one direction they in the opposite
direction.
Cell – consists of two dissimilar metals, copper, and zinc, immersed in a salt, acid, alkaline solution.
Piezoelectric effect – when a pressure is applied to a certain crystalline materials such as quartz,
tourmalines, rochelle salts or barium ternate, a small voltage is produce. (VOLCANO)
2.Alkaline cell – it is named because of the highly caustic based potassium hydrochloride use as an
electrolyte
3.Lithium cell – it is reactive with water
1. SERIES
2. PARALLEL
3. SERIES-PARALLEL
1.Series-aiding configuration – the positive terminal of the first cell is connected to the negative
terminal of second cell, the positive terminal of the second cell is connected to the negative terminal
of the third cell and so on
2.Series-opposing configuration – the cells or batteries are connected with like terminals together,
negative to negative or positive to positive
3.Parallel configuration – all the positive terminals are connected together and all the negative
terminals are connected together.
1.EARTH – refrigerator
1.Material itself
2.cross-sectional Areas
3.Length
4.Temperature
R = p l/a
A = d² (Area Formula)
R = resistance in ohms
W – symbol (G)
Resistor – components manufactures to possess a specific value of resistance to the flow of current.
Resistor’s Tolerance – the amount that the resistors may vary and still be acceptable.
Types of Resistors
1.molded carbon composition – it is the common used resistors in the electronics current
2.wire wound resistor – is constructed of a nickel-chromium alloy wire wound on a ceramic form
3.film resistor – offer a small size of composition resistor with the accuracy of the wire wound resistor.
1.Series circuit – two or more resistors provides one path for current to flow.
2.Parallel circuit – contains two or more resistors and provides two or more paths for current to flow.
1.The first law states that the individual resistance in a series circuit add up to, to the total circuit
resistance
2.The second law states that the current has the same value at any point with in a series current
3.The third law states that the individual voltage across the resistor in a series circuit adds up to the total
applied to that current
1.The voltage in a parallel circuit is the same as the voltage across each branch of the current
2.The total current in a parallel circuit is equal to the sum of individual branch current
3.The total resistance in a parallel circuit is always less or approximately equal to the value of the
smallest resistive branch
1.Reciprocal Technique
OHMS LAW
1.CURRENT
2.VOLTAGE
3.RESISTANCE
Electric circuit – the path the current follows
1.VOLTAGE
2.SOURCE
3.LOAD
Ohms Law – states that the current in an electric circuit is directly proportional to the voltage and
inversely proportional to the Resistance.
Voltage = I x R
Series Current:
Parallel:
MAGNETISM
Magnetism – came from the word “magnet”
Magnet – is derived from a magnetite the name of mineral
found in magnesia a part of Asia minor
Shapes of magnet
1.horseshoe
2.bar or rectangle
3.ring
Kinds of magnet
1.Permanent magnet – magnet that retain their magnetic
properties
2.Temporary magnet – magnet that retains only small portion
of their magnetic properties.
APPLICATIONS OF A RELAY
1.DOORBELL
2.SOLENOID
3.LOUDSPEAKER
TYPES OF INDUCTOR
1.Fixed – cannot be adjusted
2.Variable – can be adjusted
Kinds of Inductor
1.Air-core inductor – an inductor without core materials
2.Torroid cores – are donut-type and offer a high resistance for
a small size
3.Laminated iron-core inductor – use for all large inductors
KINDS OF CAPACITOR
1.Electrolyte capacitor – offers a large capacitance to a small
size and weight
2.Paper capacitor – constructed by a rolled foil techniques of
paper
3.Plastic capacitor – it is rolled foil technique of plastic
4.Ceramic disk capacitor – is popular because it is inexpensive
to produce
T=RC
T = time in seconds
R = Resistance in Ohms
C = capacitance in Farads