TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
Ayala Boulevard, Ermita, Manila,
1000

Experiment #2

Ohm’s Law

PEE-1L – ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1 (LAB)

Instructor:
Engr. Melanie T. Iradiel

Submitted by:
Co, Eisen Jaylord C.
BSEE-2A

Date Performed: Oct 9, 2020 Date Submitted: Oct 15, 2020

Grade: ______________ Remarks: ____________
I. OBJECTIVES
To demonstrate Ohm’s Law and to show its various forms.
II. THEORY
Electrical resistance is the opposition to the flow of electric current in a circuit and
is dependent on many factors. Copper wire, though considered a good conductor of
electric current, does offer some resistance. A German physicist, George Simon Ohm
(1787-1854) discovered that the ratio of voltage to current was constant for a given metal
conductor of specified length and cross-sectional area. The ratio is known as resistance
and is expressed in units of ohm, in his honor. Ohm’s Law is often referred to as the
foundation of circuit analysis and can be expressed by the formula:

𝐸
𝑅= 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
𝐼

where:
E= the potential difference from one end of the element to the other (measured
in volts)
I= the current through the element (measured in amperes)
R= resistance of the element (in ohms)

The other useful expressions can be derived from equation 1, they are:
𝐸
𝐼= 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2
𝑅
𝐸 = 𝐼𝑅 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3

In order to produce a current, a voltage must first exist across the element. Early
experimenters in electricity recognized the fact that an electric current was a movement
of charges along a conductor. The direction of the flow of current was not known and
unfortunately, it was arbitrarily chosen to be a positively charged body to a negatively
charged body (positive to negative) and this convention has been so firmly established
that it is still in use.

Thus, the conventional direction or positive direction of current flow taken to be

from positive to negative current even though it is not known that the direction of electron
flow, which actually constitutes an electric current, is from negative to positive.
Electric power systems of which this program is a part use “conventional current flow” for
electric current. In this “conventional system,” current flows from a positive to a negative
terminal.
III. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
• 2 Digital Multimeter / VOM
• Carbon Resistor (1W)
o 1 3.3k
o 1 2.2k
• 1 Breadboard
• 1 Regulated DC Power Supply
• Connecting Wires

IV. PROCEDURES
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2.1. Be careful to observe instrument
polarities. Make certain that the power supply switch is open, and the variable
output control of the regulated power supply is turned fully counterclockwise.
2. Turn on the power supply. Slowly advance the voltage output control clockwise
until the voltmeter across the 3.3kΩ load indicates 30V. Measure the current
flowing through the load and record the results in Table 2.1.
3. Repeat Procedure 2 for each of the voltage listed in Table 2.1. Return the voltage
to zero and turn OFF the switch of the power supply after each measurement. (Do
not disconnect your circuit.)
4. Using the values of E and I from the table in Procedure 3, calculate the ratios of E
to I in each case. Record your calculations in Table 2.2.
5. Using the results in Table 2.2, get the average value of E/I. Note that the ratio
between the voltage applied across the resistor and the current flowing through it
is a constant value, called resistance.
6. You will now verify that the alternate form of Ohm’s Law (I = E/R) is valid. Use the
same circuit as shown in Figure 2.1. Turn on the power supply and adjust for 15V
as indicated on the voltmeter across the 3.3kΩ resistor. Measure and record the
current through the 3.3kΩ. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the switch of the
power supply.
7. You will now verify that the other alternate form of Ohm’s Law (E = IR) is valid. Use
the same circuit shown in Figure 2.1, however, this time use 2.2kΩ resistor. Turn
on the power supply and adjust the output voltage until the ammeter indicates
0.45mA. Measure and record the voltage across the 2.2kΩ resistor. Return the
voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
Figure 2.1 EXPERIMENT CIRCUIT
V. DATA AND RESULTS
TABLE 2.1
Resistance 3.3kΩ 3.3kΩ 3.3kΩ 3.3kΩ 3.3kΩ 3.3kΩ 3.3kΩ
Volts 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Ampere 0 1.52mA 3.03mA 4.55mA 6.06mA 7.58mA 9.09mA

TABLE 2.2
Volts 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
E/I 0 3.3kΩ 3.3kΩ 3.3kΩ 3.3kΩ 3.3kΩ 3.3kΩ
Average E/I 3.3kΩ

TABLE FOR PROCEDURE 6 TABLE FOR PROCEDURE 7

E 15V R 2.2kΩ

R 3.3kΩ I 450.00mA

I 4.55mA V 0.99V

VI. COMPUTATIONS AND GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS

A. R = E / I Average:
R=0/0 3.3kΩ + 3.3kΩ + 3.3kΩ + 3.3kΩ
=0Ω 3.3kΩ + 3.3kΩ + 3.3kΩ = 19.8kΩ
19.8kΩ
B. R = E / I = 3.3kΩ
6
= 5 V / 1.5152 mA
= 3,299.89 Ω or 3.3 KΩ
C. R=E/I
= 10 V / 3.0303 mA
= 3,300.00 Ω or 3.3 KΩ
D. R=E/I
= 15 V / 4.5455 mA
= 3,299.97Ω or 3.3 KΩ
E. R=E/I
= 20 V / 6.0606 mA
= 3,300.00 Ω or 3.3 KΩ
F. R=E/I
= 25 V / 7.5758 mA
= 3,299.98 Ω or 3.3 KΩ
G. R=E/I
= 30 V / 9.0909 mA
= 3,300.00 Ω or 3.3 KΩ
 Link: https://www.multisim.com/content/MTT2Yj23NCWXhbBqoCgL2T/experiment-
2/?fbclid=IwAR0gomLq9j_AFT0D_VAv8TTLEGiaUwd67N0hVAGbwX1ieVIhdqtr3t3y7R
Q

VII. ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION

.
The data shows that the higher the voltage, then the higher current, meaning that
the voltage is directly proportional to the current, which is what ohms law states (V=IR).
This means when the voltage increases the current will always increase as long as the
resistance stays the same. For example, in this experiment, we slowly adjust the voltage
from 5v,10v,15V,20V,25V, to 30V while keeping the resistance the same so the current
increased every time the voltage increased. The law was proven for every trial we
performed and it this can be shown when dividing the voltage by the current to get the
resistance as shown in part VI. My hypothesis was correct, because while doing our
experiment and adjusting the 3rd given voltage the measured current keeps increasing
that’s where I noticed that it is proportional to the Voltage.
VIII. GUIDE QUESTIONS
1. Plot the recorded currents at the listed voltages of Table 2.1 on a graphing paper.
Is the current directly proportional to the voltage?

It is directly proportional
2. From the result of Procedure 6, does the measured value of current I = E/R =
15/3.3k?
• 4.55mA is the result
3. From the result of Procedure 7, does the measured value of voltage E = IR = (0.45)
(2.2k)?
• The result is 0.99V
4. An experimenter accidentally touches a 240V DC line. If his skin resistance is
10k Ω, what value of current flows through his body?
𝐸 240𝑉
• 𝐼 = 𝑅 = 10000Ω = 24𝑚𝐴
5. Birds are known to perch on 2300V bare transmission line without apparent harm.
Explain the reason behind this.
• The answer to this question is explained to us last year by our Shopwork
professor. This mystery literally bugs me when I was a child. The reason
behind this is because birds do not touch the ground or any grounded things
around it. There is no reason for the current to flow through them but if they
touch another powerline or any grounded material, they will make a circuit
and fry them alive.