4.

7 Marshal Properties of Asphalt Concrete modified with bitumen

After the optimum bitumen content was obtained as mentioned above, it was replaced with
ceramic waste as mineral filler in varying percentages of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 35
%.

4.7.1 Effect of Ceramic waste on Flow

As shown in figure 4.9 below, a decrease in flow value occurs as the percentage of ceramic

waste increases which resulted in a flow value of 11.95mm and are the highest at 5.0%. The flow

values do not satisfy the requirement of the Nigerian General Specifications for Roads and

Bridges (1997)which lies between 2mm – 4mm. Bakare, 2017 also observed that the flow values

decreased with an increase in ceramic waste content.

12

11

10

9
Flow

4
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Bitumen Content

Figure 4.9: A graphical representation of flow against bitumen content.

4.7.2 Effect of Ceramic Waste on Bulk Density

Figure 4.10indicates that at 21.15%ceramic waste, the value of bulk density is highest at

4.856g/cm3. This shows that as the percentage of ceramic waste increased from 5.0%, increment

occurs in the value of bulk density but decreases in the value of bulk density occurs from 25% at

4.664g/cm3. Bakare, 2017 also noticed that the decrease may be due to the specific gravity,

aggregate.

4.5

4
density

3.5

2.5

2
5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
bitumen content

Figure 4.10: A graphical representation of density against bitumen content.

4.7.3 Effect of Ceramic Waste on Voids Filled with Bitumen

Figure 4.11 shows that at 5.0% ceramic waste, the percentage of voids filled with bitumen has

the lowest value of 56.2%. At 35% ceramic waste, the corresponding percentage of voids filled

with bitumen is 78.87% which is the highest value. Bakare, 2017 also observed that the voids

filled with bitumen increased steadily as the ceramic waste increased, the steady increase in
voids could be attributed to the percentage of bitumen in the mix but the property of the

increased ceramic waste aggregate create a larger void not filled by the bitumen this shows that

as the ceramic waste increased the strength decreases as a result of large voids in the mix.

80

75
voids filled with bitumen

70

65

60

55
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

bitumen content

Figure 4.11: A graphical representation of voids filled with bitumen content against
bitumen content.

4.7.4 Effect of Ceramic Waste on Voids in Total Mix

Figure 4.12 shows that as the percentage of ceramic waste increases, there is a corresponding

decrease in the percentage of voids in the total mix from 5.0% at 41.21%. Voids are lessened in

the asphalt mix as the percentage of ceramic waste increases, thus decreasing the volume of

voids in the total mix.

 45

40

35
voids in total mix

30

25

20

15

10

5
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
bitumen content

Figure 4.12: A graphical representation of voids in the total mix against bitumen content.

4.7.5 Effect of ceramic Waste on Voids in Mineral Aggregate

Figure 4.13 shows that as the percentage of ceramic waste increases, there is a corresponding

increase in the percentage of voids in mineral aggregate. The increase in voids in mineral

aggregate is a result of the low specific gravity of ceramic waste. Thus, a given percentage of

ceramic waste will occupy a greater volume than that of quarry dust, the conventional mineral

filler. Bakare, 2017 also observed that the voids in mineral aggregate increased as the content of

the ceramic waste increased.

 30
28
26
voids in mineral aggregate

24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
bitumen content

Figure 4.13: A graphical representation of voids in mineral aggregate against bitumen

content

4.7.6 Effect of Ceramic Waste on Stability

Ceramic waste was used in replacing mineral filler in varying percentages of 5%, 10%, 15%,

20%, 25%, 30% and 35% respectively. The substitution of mineral filler using ceramic waste did

show an increase in the stability of the mix till 20.2% replacement after which it started reducing

constantly till the 35% replacement. The reason for the downward trend after 20.2% is probably

because the mineral filler will be much stronger than that of the ceramic waste, and the initial

increase may be because of the filling up of larger voids by the PET bottle. So from the trials

conducted it was found that 20.2% replacement with ceramic waste gives optimum stability. It

was observed that improvement in stability in waste PET bottle modified asphalt mixture is as a

result of the better adhesion development between asphalt binder and aggregate particles by

adding waste PET bottle. It was further observed that this leads to enhance the strength of asphalt
mixture, which in turn helps to enhance the stability of the asphalt mixture. Bakare,

2017observed that a decrease in stability also occurs in the concrete mixes.

1850
1800
1750
1700
1650
stability

1600
1550
1500
1450
1400
1350
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
bitumen content

Figure 4.14: A graphical representation of stability against bitumen content

Table 4.7: Marshal Properties of Asphalt Concrete modifies with bitumen

Ceramic Properties
Waste Flow Density Void Filled with Voids in Voidsin Stability
Bitumen total mix Mineral
Content Aggregate
5% 11.96 2.525 56.2 41.21 12.89 1432.1
10% 11.46 2.766 59.8 35.33 15.12 1556.3

15% 11.14 3.239 65.14 28.62 17.56 1765.2

20% 10.8 4.856 68.25 23.57 19.98 1836.05
25% 10.36 4.664 71.1 16.85 22.91 1621.37
30% 10.23 4.181 75.49 12.22 24.03 1501.36
35% 4.3 3.547 78.87 10.56 28.02 1364.32
 Optimum Ceramic Waste Content
Density Stability (Peak of Voids in total mix Voids filled with
(Peak of Curve) (Centre of Spec) Bitumen (Centre of
Curve) Spec)
Ceramic waste 21.15 19.6 19.8 20.1
The numerical advantage of the Ceramic Waste Content (%) = The Optimum Ceramic Waste
Content (20.2%

Note: Flow is highest at 5%

Density is highest at 20.2%
Voids filled with bitumen is highest at 35%

Voids in total mix is highest at 5%

Voids in mineral aggregate is highest at 35%

Stability is highest at 20.2%