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[Fall-2021]
Hina Tabassum
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
York University, Canada
PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
Week 0
Introduction to Course
Communication System
Analog vs Digital Communication
Transmitter
Channel
Receiver
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
Week 1
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
Random variable X
Characteristic Function
of X is similar to LT of X
with s= jw
1st Moment of X,
1st Central Moment
i.e., Mean
around X, i.e., E[X-E[x]]
E[X]
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
Week 2
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
Random Process
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
Week 3
Quiz-1
PCM: Sampling
PCM: Quantization
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
Introduction to PCM
Source Destination
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
Sampling Illustration
Nyquist Criterion: Fs ≥ 2W
x (t ) X( f )
t f
Ts 2 Ts 3 Ts t Fs 2 Fs
f
t ~ f
X (f)
~
x (t ) H( f )
t f
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
Sampling Steps
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
Sampling Steps
Spectrum Filtering
(
1 −W ≤ f ≤ W
H (f ) = (1)
0 otherwise
X̃ (f ) = Xδ (f )H (f )
Reconstructed signal
P∞
x̃(t) = 2W k=−∞ x(kTs )sinc(πFs (t − kTs ))
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
Week 4
. PCM: Quantization
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
Quantization
Quantization
Scalar Uniform
SQNR
Non-
Vector
Uniform
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
Quantization Types
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
Scalar Quantization
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
Vector Quantization
Example: NA-TDMA
Message signal bandwidth = 4kHz
Sampling frequency = 8 kHz
Levels = 8192 (13 bits per sample)
Bit rate = ?
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
Vector Quantization
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
Uniform Quantization
Output Output
7Δ/2
5Δ/2
2Δ
3Δ/2
Δ/2 Δ
Δ 2Δ 3Δ 4Δ Input
3Δ/2 Input
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
E[X 2 ] 12 2
SQNR = E[nq2 ] = ∆2 E[X ]
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
E[X 2 ] = x 2 fX (x)dx
R
∆2
E[nq2 ] = (X − Xq )2 fX (x)dx =
R
12
If ∆ → 0, fX (x) ≈ fX (xi )
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
12
x 2 fX (x)dx
R
SQNR= ∆2 x
] 2
SQNR= 10 log10 E[X
U2
+ 6n + 4.8[dB]
0
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
SQNR = (q − 1)2 dB
SQNR = 20log10 (q − 1) dB
SQNR = 48 dB (when q = 256)
q >> 1 and q = 2n
SQNR[dB] = 20nlog10 2 = 6n
BitRate = Fs SQNR[dB]
6
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
2
fX (x) = √1 exp(− x 2 ), σ = U0 /4
σ 2π 2σ
2
SQNR = 3 (q−1)
16
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
Example 1
An analog signal is sampled at the Nyquist rate Fs = 20KHz and quantized into
L=1024 levels. Find bit-rate and the time duration Tb of one bit of the binary
encoded signal.
1
(b) Tb =
Rb
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
Example 2
A PCM system uses a uniform quantizer followed by a 8-bit binary encoder. The bit
rate of the system is 56Mega bits/sec. Find the output signal-to-quantization noise
ratio when a sinusoidal wave of 1MHz frequency is applied to the input.
(a) Rb /n = Fs
2
0.5xmax
(b) SQNR = ∆2 /12
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
Non-Uniform Quantizer
In non–uniform quantizer, the step size varies.
The use of a non–uniform quantizer is equivalent to passing the baseband signal
through a compressor and then applying the compressed signal to a uniform
quantizer.
The resultant signal is then transmitted.
At the receiver, a device called Expander is used to restore the signal samples to
their correct relative level.
Non-Uniform Quantization
Transmitter
COMPRESSOR A/D Converter
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
∆2 fX (x)
E[nq2 ] =
R
12 x [F 0 (x)]2 dx
E[X 2 ]
SQNR= E[nq2
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
∆2 fX (x)
E[nq2 ] =
R
12 x [F 0 (x)]2 dx
2
∆2 ln (1+µ)
R1
E[nq2 ] = 12 µ2 −1 (1 + µ|x|)2 fX (x)dx
0
This is a general expression bu using the compressor function F (x)
and thus can be used in conjunction with any type of signal
distributions fX (x).
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PCM: Quantization PCM: Uniform Quantization PCM: Non-Uniform Quantization
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Questions?