KNR2443 - Electrical Engineering Technology: Chapter 1 & 2 International System of Measurement & Electrical Circuit

KNR2443 - Electrical Engineering
Technology
Chapter 1 & 2
International System of Measurement &
Electrical Circuit
Semester 1, Session 2020/2021
Source: Ts. Mohd Ridhuan bin Mohd Sharip

Symbols and Units
Quantity Symbol Unit
Mass m kilogram (kg)
Length l metre (m)
Time t Second (s)
Electric current I Ampere (A)
Energy W Joule (J)
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Electrical Engineering Technology
SI Derived Units
Quantity Symbol Unit
Area A m2
Volume v m3
Velocity u m/s
Acceleration a m/s2
Angular Velocity ω rad/s
Force F newton (N)
Weight m kg
The weight of a body ~ 9.81m newtons, where m is the mass of the

body in kilograms.
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Exercises
Exercise 1.0
■ What is the value of 25°C in Kelvin?
Solution:
0°C= 273.15K ~ 273K

Thus,
25°C = 273.15 + 25
= 298 K
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Exercises
Exercise 1.1
A force of 50 N is applied to a mass of
200 kg. Calculate the acceleration.
Solution:
F [Newtons] =m [kilograms] x a [metres per second2]

a = F/m
= 50 / 200 kg
= 0.25 m/s2
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Exercises
Exercise 1.2
A steel block has a mass of 80 kg.
Calculate the weight of the block at
sea level.
Since 1 kg mass  9.81N

SOLUTION:
Weight of the steel block

 80[kg ]x9.81[ N / kg ]
 785 N
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Unit of turning moment or torque
Torque
A vector that measures the tendency of a
force to rotate an object about some axis
(center).
Symbol Unit Formula
T (or M) Newton T=Fr

r metre
(Nm)
Perpendicular distance from the line of

action to the axis of rotation
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■ Torque is a measure of how much a force
acting on an object causes that object to
rotate.
■ The object rotates about an axis, which we will
call the pivot point, and will label 'O'. We will
call the force 'F'.
■ The distance from the pivot point to the point
where the force acts is called the moment arm,
and is denoted by 'r'. Note that this distance,
'r', is also a vector, and points from the axis of
rotation to the point where the force acts.
(Refer to Figure 1 for a pictoral representation
of these definitions.)
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■ Torque is defined as
■ τ= r x F = r F sin(θ ).
■ In other words, torque is the cross product
between the distance vector (the distance
from the pivot point to the point where force
is applied) and the force vector, 'a' being the
angle between r and F.
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Example
■ Question
In a hurry to catch a cab, you rush through a frictionless
swinging door and onto the sidewalk. The force you extered on
the door was 50N, applied perpendicular to the plane of the
door. The door is 1.0m wide. Assuming that you pushed the
door at its edge, what was the torque on the swinging door
(taking the hinge as the pivot point)?
■ Hints
■ Where is the pivot point?
■ What was the force applied?
■ How far from the pivot point was the force applied?
■ What was the angle between the door and the direction of
force?
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Solution
■ The pivot point is at the hinges of the door, opposite to where

you were pushing the door. The force you used was 50N, at a
distance 1.0m from the pivot point. You hit the door
perpendicular to its plane, so the angle between the door and
the direction of force was 90 degrees.
■ Since
– τ = r x F = r F sin(θ)
then the torque on the door was:

■ τ = (1.0m) (50N) sin(90)
τ = 50 N m
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Unit of Work or Energy
Work
Amount of energy transferred when force, F is
applied through a distance,ℓ in the direction
of the force
Symbol Unit Formula
W Joule (J) W=Fl
Force
distance
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Unit of Work or Energy
Kinetic Energy
Energy involved when an object with

mass,m is moving with velocity,u in
meter per second
1 2
Formula W
2
mu [ joules ]
Potential Energy
Energy involved when an object with
mass,m is lifted upward through some
height,h (against the gravity)
Formula W 9.81mh [ joules]
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Exercises
Exercise 1.3
A body having a mass of 30 kg is
supported 50 m above the earth’s
surface. What is its potential energy
relative to ground?
Solution:
If the body is allowed to fall freely, calculate its kinetic energy just
before it touches the ground. Assume gravitational acceleration to
be 9.81m/s2.
Weight of the body  30kgx9.81N / kg  294.3N
Potential energy  2.94 Nx50m  14700 J
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Unit of Power
Power
Amount of work done or energy transferred
per unit of time (Joule per second)
Symbol Unit Formula
P= work/time = force*distance/time P Watt (W) P=Fu
For rotating machine Velocity of the body

u  2 gl
after is has fallen,
2π N r MN is measured in revolutions per minute

P  Mω  r
60
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Exercises
Exercise 1.4
A stone block, having mass of 120 kg, is hauled 100 m in 2 min
along a horizontal floor. The coefficient of friction is 0.3.
Calculate,
a)The horizontal force required
b)The work done
c)The power
a )Weight of stone 120 x9.81  1177.2 N

SOLUTION:
force required  0.3 x1177.2  353.16 N 353 N

b) work done  353.16 x100  35316 J  35.3kJ
35316
c) Power   294W
(2 x60)
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Efficiency
Efficiency
dimensionless number (value between 0 and 1)
Efficiency
energy output in a given time W0
= 
energy input in the same time Win
power output P
=  0
power input Pin
Symbol Formula Unit
η P0 -

Pin
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Exercises
Exercise 1.5
An electric motor is developing 10 kW at a
speed of 900r/min. Calculate the torque
available at the shaft.
SOLUTION:
900
Speed   15r / s
660
P  M   2 NrM
P 10000
Thus, M    106 Nm
2 Nr 2 x15
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Exercises
Exercise 1.6
A generating stations has a daily output of 280 MW h
and uses 500 tonnes of coal in process. The coal
releases 7 MJ/kg when burnt. Calculate the overall
efficiency of the station.
SOLUTION:
Input energy per day is
Win  7 x106 x500 x1000  35.0 x1011 J
output energy per day is

Wo  280MWh  280
270 x106 x3.6 x103  10.1x1011 J
Wo 10.1x1011
efficiency,    0.288
Win 35.0 x1011
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Exercises
Exercise 1.7
A lift of 250 kg mass is raised with velocity of 5
m/s. If the driving motor has an efficiency of 85
percent, calculate the input power to the motor.
SOLUTION:
Weight of lift is,
F  mg  250 x9.81  2452 N
Output power of motor is

Po  Fu  2452 x5  12260W
Input power to motor is

Po 12260
Pin    14450W  14.5kW
 0.85
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Temperature
Temperature
■ A temperature is a numerical measure of hot and cold.
■ measured in degrees on the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scale
■ Symbol: θ
■ Unit: oC
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Basic Electrical System
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Electrical Quantities & Unit
Electrical quantities Description / Definition

(Units)
Electric charge, Q • Made up of atoms which have positively charged
(Coulomb, C) nuclei and negatively charged electrons
surrounding them
• 1C = the charge when 1A current flows for 1 s in a
conductor
Current, I (Ampere, A) • The rate of flow of electric charge (I = Q/t)
• Direction of current = direction of positive charge
• Direct current (DC) or Alternating current (AC)
Energy, W (Joule, J) • Amount of energy exerted when a force is applied
over a displacement
Voltage, V or E (Volt, V) • Electric potential energy per unit charge (V=W/Q)
• Between 2 points in a circuit
Power, P (Watt, W) • The rate of energy consumption in electrical circuit
(P=J/s)
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The motion of
charges creates
Charges (positive electric current
charge and
negative charge)
exist in the
conductor
Voltage @
potential
difference forces
the charge to
move
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Electrical quantities Description / Definition

(Units)
Resistance, R (Ohm, Ω) • The friction that control the flow of current
• If 𝑅= 0, then short circuit (large current flow)
• If 𝑅= ∞, then open circuit (no current flow)
• Different material of conductors will give different
value of resistance
Capacitance, C (Farad, F) • The electrical property of a capacitor and is the
measure of a capacitors ability to store an
electrical charge onto its two plates
Inductance, L (Henry, H) • property of a component that opposes
the change of current flowing through it
Frequency, f (Hertz, Hz) • The number of cycles per unit of time
Impedance, Z (Ohm, Ω)
Admittance, X (Ohm, Ω)
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Resistivity (ohm is often indicated by its resistivity.The resistivity of a material
•meter) 1.59 X 10·8
is dependent upon the material's electronic structure and its
Silver Copper 1.7X 10·8
temperature. For most (but not all) materials.resistivity
Gold Aluminum 2.2 X 10'8
increases with increasing temperature. The table below lists
Tungsten Iron 2.8x 10·8
Platinum Lead 5.6x 10·8
resistivity values for various materials at temperatures of 20
Nichrome 10x 10·8 degrees Celsius.
Carbon 11x 10·8
Polystyrene 22x 10·8
Polyethylene 150x 10·8 As seen in the table,there is a broad range of resistivity values
Glass 3.5 X 10·5 for various materials. Those materials with lower
Hard Rubber 107 -1011
resistivities offer less resistance to the flow of charge: they
108 -109
are better conductors. The materials shown in the last four
rows of the above table have such high resistivity that they
1010 -1014
would not even be considered to be conductors.
1013
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The current, i that flows through an inductor produces a magnetic flux that is
proportional to it. An inductor opposes the rate of change of current flowing through
due to the build up of self-induced energy within its magnetic field.
it
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No Quantity Symbol Unit Formula

1 Charge Q Coulomb, C Ixt
2 Current I Ampere, A Q/t
3 Voltage V Volt, V W/Q
4 Energy W Joule, J Pxt
5 Power P Watt, W W/t
6 Resistance R Ohm, Ω V/I
7 Capacitance C Farad, F Q/V
8 Inductance L Henry, H Φ/I
9 Frequency F Hertz, Hz 1/t
10 Impedance Z Ohm, Ω V/I
11 Admittance Y Siemens, S 1/Z
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Current, Voltage, & Power Relationship
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Electric Current Flow

■ Movement of electrons from one energy level to
another
■ Current flow from higher energy level to lower energy
level
■ High potential energy (positive)
■ Low potential energy (negative)
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• Voltage
– Across an element or between two points.
– Potential voltage at point a is higher than point b
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Voltage
•Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to
move a unit charge through an element, measured in
volts (V).
•Mathematically, (volt)
• w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulomb
(C)
•Electric voltage, vab, is always across the circuit element
or between two points in a circuit.
vab > 0 means the potential of a is higher than potential of b. vab < 0
means the potential of a is lower than potential of b
.
.
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• Active and Passive element

– Active: electrical element that can supply
power to other element
• Current and voltage have a same direction
• Voltage / current supply, transistor
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– Passive: Electrical element that used, absorb
or stored energy
• Current has opposite direction with voltage
• Resistor, inductor, capacitor
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Active element Passive element

I I
+ +
I I
+ +
Active
element
V V Passive
V
element
V
-
-
- -
I I
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• Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing

energy, measured in watts (W).
𝑉2
• P = �𝑉= I2 𝑅=
𝑅
Use passive sign

convention to
calculate power
absorbed or
supplied by an
element
absorbed supplied
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By using passive sign convention, power can either

be positive or negative.
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Basic Electrical Laws
• Ohm’s Law (3 Fundamental quantities- only

with resistive element)
– The voltage V across the resistor is proportional
to the current I flowing through the resistor
– I is inversely proportional to the resistance R
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• Ohm’s Law formula wheel
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• Exercise:
1. An electric bulb uses 0.5A of current with voltage
generated being 120V. Determine the value of
resistance. (240Ω)
2. If a current of 0.5A flows through resistor of 15 Ω,
calculate the voltage drop across resistor. (7.5V)
3. What is the power output of an electric kettle
connected to the 230V mains, when a current of 10A
flows? (2.3kW)
4. Calculate R and Vs, if current is 0.4mA and power
that
been absorb by the resistor R is 1.6mW.(10kΩ, 4V)
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• Exercise:
1. Determine the current flowing and power absorbed
by the resistor R if the resistance is 1kΩ and voltage
across it is 10V.(0.01, 0.1W)
2. If the current flowing through the circuit is 3A and
power absorbed is 72W, determine the resistor value
and voltage across it. (8Ω, 24V)
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Exercise A motor gives an output power of 20 kW

and operates with an efficiency of 80%. If the
constant input voltage to the motor is 200V, what
is the constant supply current?
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Kirchhoff’s laws
Kirchhoff’s Current law (KCL) Kirchhoff’s Voltage law (KVL)
Algebraic sum of currents

Algebraic sum of voltages
entering or leaving a node is
around a loop is zero.
zero.
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• Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)

KCL – the algebraic sum of the currents entering or
leaving the node at any instant is zero.
𝑛
𝑖 𝑙= 0
𝑙=1
Current entering a node – positive sign
Vice versa
Current leaving a node – negative sign
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Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)

Examples;
1.For the network junction shown,
calculate the current I3 given that I1 = 3A,
I2 = -2A, I5 = -2A, and I4 = 2A
2.Determine the relationship between
the currents I1, I2, I4 and I5.
Node a: Node b:
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• Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)
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• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

KVL – the algebraic sum of the voltages around any
closed loop (either in clockwise or anti-clockwise
direction) is zero.
Basically, starts at voltage source and passing through

each branch in the loop to add up all the branches
voltages. Stop when you reach the start point.
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+ E2 -
Exercise:
+
+ V1 - V2
+ -
+
E1
V3
-
-
- V4 +
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Resistors
■ A device which provides resistance in an electrical

circuit
■ Linear or non linear
■ Fixed or variable
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Resistors
Draw the symbols for each types of these resistors
Symbol Representing
Fixed resistor
Variable resistor
Potentiometer
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Resistor Coding
Group Discussion:
Find the value of
these resistors:
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Conductors and Insulators
Conductor
■ Materials that permit current to flow through it
■ provides a complete circuit at all points where there
is material with free electrons
Insulator
■ Materials that does not allow current to flow through
it
■ Usually surround the conductor in a wire/ cable
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Conductors and Insulators
Group Discussion
Can you guess the type of these material?
Material Type Material Type

Glass Mica
Copper Bronze
Aluminium Silver
Plastic Wood
Rubber Paper
Gold Platinum
Air Ceramic
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KNR2443 - Electrical Engineering Technology: Chapter 1 & 2 International System of Measurement & Electrical Circuit

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KNR2443 - Electrical Engineering

Semester 1, Session 2020/2021

Source: Ts. Mohd Ridhuan bin Mohd Sharip

Quantity Symbol Unit

Mass m kilogram (kg)

Length l metre (m)

Time t Second (s)

Electric current I Ampere (A)

Energy W Joule (J)

Quantity Symbol Unit

Angular Velocity ω rad/s

Force F newton (N)

The weight of a body ~ 9.81m newtons, where m is the mass of the

0°C= 273.15K ~ 273K

F [Newtons] =m [kilograms] x a [metres per second2]

Since 1 kg mass  9.81N

Weight of the steel block

Symbol Unit Formula

T (or M) Newton T=Fr

Perpendicular distance from the line of

■ The pivot point is at the hinges of the door, opposite to where

then the torque on the door was:

W Joule (J) W=Fl

Energy involved when an object with

Symbol Unit Formula

P= work/time = force*distance/time P Watt (W) P=Fu

For rotating machine Velocity of the body

2π N r MN is measured in revolutions per minute

a )Weight of stone 120 x9.81  1177.2 N

force required  0.3 x1177.2  353.16 N 353 N

Symbol Formula Unit

output energy per day is

Output power of motor is

Input power to motor is

Electrical quantities Description / Definition

Electrical quantities Description / Definition

No Quantity Symbol Unit Formula

Electric Current Flow

• Active and Passive element

• Active and Passive element

Active element Passive element

• Active and Passive element

• Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing

Use passive sign

By using passive sign convention, power can either

• Ohm’s Law (3 Fundamental quantities- only

• Ohm’s Law formula wheel

Exercise A motor gives an output power of 20 kW

Kirchhoff’s Current law (KCL) Kirchhoff’s Voltage law (KVL)

Algebraic sum of currents

• Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)

Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)

• Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)

• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

Basically, starts at voltage source and passing through

• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

■ A device which provides resistance in an electrical

Draw the symbols for each types of these resistors

Material Type Material Type

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