“OIL FIELD TRAINEE”

APPTITUDE TEST PREPARATION MATERIAL (2014)

1. GENERAL SCIENCE (Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Computers, Solar system)

outline

 Units, Dimension, Values , Measuring apparatus/Equipments, Symbols, Periodic Table, Scientist,

Laws, Brief Definitions, Differences, Terms

2. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

 Islamiat ,Personalities, Largest Smallest, Important events and dates, Capitals, Places, Currencies,
Organizations, Ministers, Sports, Prizes, Technology, Abbreviations

3. GENERAL ENGLISH

 Tenses, Passive voice, Narration, Synonyms, Antonyms, Idioms, Phrases, Reading Comprehension

4. GENERAL MATHAMATICS

 Values, Equations, Trigonometry, Geometry, Arithmetic, Ratio, Proportion, Percentage, Square Root,
Profit loss, Basic Algebra-Average.

GENERAL SCEINCE
ALL UNITS OF SYSTEM

1. Force: Newton/ Dyne

2. Temperature: Kelvin/ Celsius/ Degree

3. Current: Ampere

4. Heat: Joule/ Calorie/ BTU

5. Pressure: Pascal/Torr

6. Radioactivity: Becquerel/Curie/Rutherford

7. Atomic energy: Rydberg/Joule

8. Voltage: Volt

9. Electric Potential Difference: Volt

10. Electric Charge: Coulomb

11. Power: Watt

12. Resistance: Ohm

13. Conductivity: Mho

14. Energy: Joule/ Erg

15. Distance Between Stars And Planets: Light Year

16. Wavelength: Angstrom

17. Volume: Acre-Foot/Liter

18. Frequency: Hertz

19. Rate of flow of water: Cusec

20. Length: Meter/Fermi/Parsec

21. Optical Power Of A Lens or A Curved Mirror: Dioptre

22. Plane Angle: Radian

23. Luminous Intensity: Candela

24. Amount of Substance: Mole

25. Rate Of Decay Of Radioactive Material: Rutherford

26. Sedimentation Rate: SVEDBERG Unit

27. Induction: Henry

28. Magnetic flux: Maxwell/ Weber

29. Magnetic Flux Density/Magnetic Inductivity: Telsa/Gauss

30. Electric Conductance: Siemens

31. Angle: Degree

32. Solid Angle: Steradian

33. Torque: Foot-Pound

34. Mass: Slug

35. Volume of Water Reservoirs: Acre-foot

36. Mechanical work/Energy: Erg

37. Magneto Motive Force: Gilbert

38. Newton: Force

39. Dyne: Force

40. Kelvin: Temperature

41. Celsius: Temperature

42. Degree: Temperature

43. Ampere: Current

44. Joule: Heat/Atomic Energy/Energy

45. Calorie: Heat

46. BTU: Heat

47. Pascal: Pressure

48. Torr: Pressure

49. Becquerel: Radioactivity

50. Curie: Radioactivity

51. Rutherford: Rate Of Decay Of Radioactive Material/Radioactivity

52. Rydberg: Atomic Energy

53. Volt: Voltage/Electron Potential Difference

54. Coulomb: Electric Charge

55. Watt: Power

56. Ohm: Resistance

57. Mho: Conductivity

58. Erg: Energy

59. Light Year: Distance Between Stars

60. Angstrom: Wavelength

61. Litre: Volume

62. Acre Foot: Volume

63. Hertz: Frequency

64. Cusec: Rate Of Flow Of Water

65. Meter: Length

66. Fermi: Length

67. Parsec: Length

68. Dioptre: Optical Power Of Lens

69. Radian: Plane Angle

70. Candela: Luminous Intensity

71. SVEDBERG: Sedimentation Rate

72. Henry: inductance

73. Maxwell: Magnetic Flux

74. Weber: Magnetic Flux

75. Tesla: Magnetic Flux Density/Magnetic Inductivity

76. Gauss: Magnetic Flux Density/Magnetic Inductivity

77. Siemens: Electric Conductance

78. Degree: Angle

79. Steradian: Solid Angle

80. Foot Pound: torque

81. Slug: Mass

82. Erg: Mechanical Work/Energy

83. Gilbert: Magneto Motive Force

Dimension, Values and Symbols

Symbol for
Base quantity Symbol Description SI unit Comments
dimension
The one dimensional extent of an
Length l metre (m) L
object.
kilogram
Mass m The amount of matter in an object. M extensive
(kg)
Time t The duration of an event. second (s) T
Electric current I Rate of flow of electrical charge. ampere (A) I
Average energy per degree of freedom
Temperature T kelvin (K) Θ intensive
of a system.
Amount of Number of particles compared to the
n mole (mol) N extensive
substance number of atoms in 0.012kg of 12C.
Luminous Amount of energy emitted by a light candela
L J
intensity source in a particular direction. (cd)
Derived
Symbol Description SI units Dimension Comments
quantity
Rate of change of the speed or
Acceleration a m s−2 L T−2 vector
velocity of an object.
Area A The two dimensional extent of an m2 L2
 object.
Measure for the amount of stored farad (F = A2 2 4 −1 −2
Capacitance C I T M L
charge for a given potential. s4 kg−1 m−2)
coulomb (C = extensive,
Electric Charge Q Amount of electric charge. IT
A s) conserved quantity
The degree to which an object
Electrical ohm (Ω = kg 2
R opposes the passage of an electric 2 −2 −3 L M T−3 I−2 scalar
resistance m A s )
current.
The capacity of a body or system joule (J = kg extensive, scalar,
Energy E M L2 T−2
to do work. m2 s−2) conserved quantity
Measure for the amount of
Entropy S J K−1 M L2 T−2 Θ−1 extensive, scalar
available states for a system.
The cause of acceleration, acting newton (N =
Force F M L T−2 vector
on an object. kg m s−2)
The number of times something
Frequency f hertz (Hz =s−1) T−1
happens in a period of time.
Amount of energy transferred
Heat Q between systems due to J M L2 T−2
temperature difference.
Measure of quantity of
magnetism, taking account of the weber (Wb =
Magnetic flux Φ M L2 T−2 I−1 scalar
strength and the extent of a kg m2 A−1 s−2)
magnetic field.
Moment of Inertia of an object with respect to
I kg m2 M L2 tensor
inertia angular acceleration.
Product of an object's mass and
Momentum p Ns M L T−1 vector, extensive
velocity.
The rate of change in energy over
Power P watt (W) M L2 T−3 extensive
time.
pascal (Pa =
Pressure p Amount of force per unit area. M L−1 T−2 intensive
kg m−1 s−2)
(Radioactive) Number of particles decaying per becquerel (Bq −1
A T extensive
Activity unit time. = s−1)
Measure for speed of a chemical
Reaction rate r mol m−3 s−1 N L−3 T−1 intensive
reaction.
Rate of change of the position of
Speed v m s−1 L T−1 scalar
an object.
Amount of energy present per unit
Specific energy J kg−1 L2 T−2 intensive
mass.
Amount of work needed to change
Surface tension γ the surface of a liquid by a unit N m−1 or J m−2 M T−2
surface area.
Thermal Measure for the ease with which a
k W m−1 K−1 M L T−3 Θ−1 intensive
conductivity material conducts heat.
Torque (moment τ Product of a force and the Nm M L2 T−2 pseudovector
of force) perpendicular distance of the force
 from the point about which it is
exerted.
Speed of an object in a chosen
Velocity v m s−1 L T−1 vector
direction.
The three dimensional extent of an 3
Volume V m L3 extensive
object.
Distance between repeating units
Wavelength λ m L
of a propagating wave.
Wavenumber k Reciprocal of the wavelength. m−1 L−1
Amount of gravitation force newton (N =
Weight w M L T−2
exerted on an object. kg m s−2)
Energy dissipated by a force
moving over a distance, scalar joule (J = kg
Work W M L2 T−2 scalar
product of the force and the m2 s−2)
movement vector.

Measuring apparatus/Equipments

1. Pressure: Barometer

2. Voltage: Voltmeter

3. Purity Of Milk: Lactometer

4. Temperature: Thermometer

5. Velocity Of Wind: Anemometer

6. Earthquake: Richter Scale

7. Degree Of Humidity: Hygrometer

8. Blood Pressure: Sphygmomanometer

9. Radioactivity: Geiger Counter

10. High Temperature: Pyrometer

11. Rainfall: Rain Guage

12. Earthquake Recording: Seismograph

13. Electric current: Ammeter

14. Altitude: Altimeter

15. Velocity And Direction Of Wind: Anemometer

16. Sensitivity Of Skin: Algeismeter

17. Atmospheric Pressure: Aneriodograph/Barometer

18. Improvement Of Hearing Power: Audiometer

19. Quantity Of Heat: Calorimeter

20. Intensities Of Colours: Colorimeter

21. Longitude Of Vessel Over Sea: Chronometer

22. Detection Of Electric Charge: Electroscope

23. Voltage Difference: Electrometer

24. Depth Of The Ocean: Fathometer

25. Small Electric Current: Galvanometer

26. Relative Density of Liquids: Hydrometer

27. Change In Atmospheric Humidity: Hygroscope

28. Detection and Measurement of Light: Photoelectric Cell

29. Salinity of Water: Salinometer

30. Spectrum Analysis: Spectroscope

31. Hearing of Heartbeat And Lung Sound: Stethoscope

32. Maintenance Of A Constant Temperature: Thermostat

33. Amplification Of Current: Transistor

34. Measurement OF Potential Difference between Two Points: Voltammeter

35. Flow of Air: Aerometer

36. Radiant Energy: Radiometer

37. Conversion of Rays into Mechanical energy: Radiograph

38. Measurement of Intensity of Light: Lucimeter

39. Radioactivity: Geiger counter

Periodic Table

1 18
IA VIIIA
1A 8A
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 2
H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA He
1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.003
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ← VIII → IB IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B ← 8 → 1B 2B 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.47 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 * 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 178.5180.9183.9186.2190.2190.2195.1197.0200.5204.4207.2209.0 (210) (210) (222)
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra ** Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Fl Uup Lv Uus Uuo
(223) (226) (257) (260) (263) (265) (265) (266) (271) (272) (277) -- (296) -- (298) -- --

* 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Lanthanide La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Series 138.9 140.1 140.9 144.2 (147) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
** 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Actinide Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Series (227) 232.0 (231) (238) (237) (242) (243) (247) (247) (249) (254) (253) (256) (254) (257)

Alkali Alkaline Noble

Semi-Metal Halogen
Metal Earth Gas
Transition
Non Metal Basic Metal Lanthanide Actinide
Metal

ISLAMIAT

Islam definaion
The word Islam is derived from the Arabic Word “salam” is to obedience or the peace it is named
Islam because it commands obedience and submission to the will of Allah.

• Haq Mahar in Islam is fixed only 400 misqal.

• Ijma means ageing upon any subject.

• Qayas means reasoning by analogy.

• There are four schools of thought of Islamic Law.

• Janatul Baki is situated in Madina.

• Masjid-e-Hanif is located in Mina.

• JANAT UL MOALA is a graveyard in MECCA.

• Qazaf: false accusation of adultery punishable with 80 lashes.

• Lyla-tul-Barrah means the Night of Forgiveness.

• Karam-un-Katibin means Illustrious writers.

• Oldest mosque on earth is Kaabatullah.

• 1st Kalima=Tayyab, 2nd =Shahadat, 3rd =Tamjeed, 4th =Tauheed, 5th =Astaghfar, 6th =Rad-e-Kufar

• Qiblah means anything in front.

• Saabi is one who changes his religion.

• Sidrat-ul-Mantaha means last tree of the Eternity.

• Jaabi is one who collects Zakat.

• First collection of Ahadith is Sahifah-e-Saadiqa.

• Saying of Prophet are called Wahi Ghair Matlloo.

• In iman-e-Mufassal essential beliefs are 7 in number.

• The most exalted angels are four.

• Greatest angel as per Islam is Jibra’eel.

• Each human being is attended permanently by two angels.

• Barzakh: time period between death and Day of Judgment.

• Another name of surah Ali-Isra is bani Israel.

Istalam is kissing of Hajr Aswad.

• Islam has 2 major sects.

• There are 5 fundaments of Islam.

• 2 types of faith.

• 5 Articles of faith.

• Tehlil means the recitation of Kalima.

• Deen-e-Hanif is an old name of Islam.

• First institution of Islam is Suffah.

Rakats in Namaz
1. Fajr ( 4 Rakats) 2 Sunnat+ 2 Farz = total =4
2.Zuhr= 4 SUNNAT+4 FARZ+2SUNNAT+ 2 NAFL = 12 RAKATS
3..ASR= 4 SUNNAT + 4 FARZ = 8 RAKATS
4.MAGHRIB= 3 FARZ + 2 SUNNAT+ 2 NAFAL
5.ISHA= 4 SUNNAT+ 4 FARZ+ 2 SUNNAT+ 2NAFL+ 3 WITR + 2 FARZ = 17
SOURCES OF ISLAMIC LAWS
1. QURAN
2.HADITH
3.IJMA
3.IJTEHAD
4.QIYAS
INFORMATION ABOUT QURAN
1. No of surahas in Quran 114 surahas
2.NO of Paras in Holy Quran = 30 Paras
3.No of Ayats= 6666
4.First Surah of Quran = Surah-e-Fatiha
5.Last Surah of Quran= Surah-e-Nas
6.Longest Surah of Quran= Surah-e- Bakar
7.Shortest Surah of Quran= Surah-e- Kausar
8.First Reavled surah = Surah Al- ALaq
9.years to COmplete Quran= Approximately 23 years
10.Rukoos= 558 Rukoos
11. Number of Makis Suraha= 87 surahs
12.Number of Madni Surhas= 27
13. subject of Holy Quran= Human Being is the subject of HOly Quran

Information About Islam-Caliph

HAZRAT ABU BAKR SIDDIQUE (Raddi Allah Unho)
The First Caliph of Islam
PASSES AWAY
Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anhu) fell ill at this time and passed away on the 21st of Jamadi-ul-
Aakhir 13 A.H. (22 August 634). His rule lasted 2 years and 3 months. He was 63 years old.
One of the many contributions of Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anhu) was the collection and
compilation of the Holy Koran
HAZRAT UMAR FAROOQ (Raddi Allah Unho)
The Second Caliph of Islam
ELECTION
Before he passed away, Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anhu) consulted the senior Sahaba and
elected Sayyiduna Umar (radi Allahu anhu) as the second Caliph of the Muslims.
HAZRAT UTHMAN GHANI (Raddi Allah Unho)
The Third Caliph of Islam
ELECTION
Before he passed away, Sayyiduna Umar (radi Allahu anhu) appointed a six-man Committee to elect
his successor from among themselves. After long discussions and consultation, they elected
Sayyiduna ‘Uthman bin Affan (radi Allahu anhu) as the third Caliph of Islam.
HAZRAT ALI MURTADHA (Raddi Allah Unho)
The Fourth Caliph of Islam
ELECTIONS
After Sayyiduna ‘Uthman (radi Allahu anhu) passed away, Sayyiduna Ali (radi Allahu anhu) was
elected as the fourth Caliph by the Muslims. During the period of the first three Caliphs, Madinatul
Munawwarah continued to be the capital of the Muslim world, but Sayyiduna Ali (radi Allahu anhu)
transferred the Islamic capital to Kufah in Iraq.

 Who were the martyrs of the battle of Badr?

 There were sic muhajirs and eight Ansars.
 What was the number of martyrs of uhad?
 Seventy
 When the muslim women entered war for the first time?
 In the battle of uhad.
 What was the first Islamic non Arab war?
 Battle of mauta in 8th A.H.
 What was the number of muslims in the battle of ditch?
 3,000
 How many companions were along with the prophet (PBUH)?
 1400
 Which was the largest Muslim army?
 Of Tabuk, 30, 000
 What was the last “Ghazva” of the prophet (PBUH)?
 Tabuk..
 Who was deputed Governor of medina by prophet (PBUH) when the prophet (PBUH) left
for Tabuk?
 Hazrat Muhammad bin Musalma Ansari (RA).

 A place somewhere between, at which the prophet (PBHU) debarred the companions from
drinking water. Which was this land?
 At Hjr, which is also called Medina Sale 1,400.
 The number of mujahedeen was 1,420 and 20 women, name the battle?
 Battle of khybar.
 What was the numbers of Muslim army on the eve of conquest of Makkah?
 10,000.
 Who many army men were with the Prophet (PBUH) in the Battle of Tabuk?
 30,000
 Which was the largest Muslim army?
 Of Tabuk, 30, 000
 What was the last “Ghazva” of the prophet (PBUH)?
 Tabuk.
 Who was deputed Governor of medina by prophet (PBUH) when the prophet (PBUH) left
for Tabuk?
 Hazrat Muhammad bin Musalma Ansari (RA).
 A place somewhere between, at which the prophet (PBHU) debarred the companions from
drinking water. Which was this land?
 At Hjr, which is also called Medina Saleh or Samood.
 The prophet (PBUH) sent someone from Tabuk to Domana Al- Jundal with 420 riders, who
was he?
 Khalid bin Waleed (R.A).
 What is a Saria?
 That army which has to fight but without participation of the prophet (PBUH).
 What is a Ghazva?
 The battle in which the holy prophet (PBUH) himself participated.
 Who was the first commander of Islamic army?
 Hazrat Hamza (R.A)
 When and where the holy prophets (PBUH) took part in military expedition?
 Ghazva Widawn in the 12th month of first of Hijra.

PROPHET MUHAMMAD (SAW)

• Holy Prophet was born in 571 A.D 22nd April.

• Father’s name, Hazat Abdullah.
• Mother’ Name, Hazrat Amna.
• Maternal Grand Father’s name Wahib bins Abdul Munnaf.
• Maternal Grandmother, Batarah.
• Real name of Abdu Mutalib was Shaba.
• Grandmother name, Fatima.
• 10 is the number of Uncles and 6 aunts.
• Prophet journeyed to Syria with Abu Talib at 12 years.
• At 25 Prophet married to Hazrat Khadija.
• Hazrat Khadija accepted Islam first in Women and in all.
• Hazrat Abu Bakar accepted first in Men.
• Hazrat Ali accepted first in Children.
• Varqa Bin Naufal verified Prophet for the first time.
• Holy prophet had 4 daughters and 3 sons.
• At age of 40 holy Prophet received first Wahy.
• Hazrat Zubaida (RA) was the second wife of Holy Prophet.
• In 622 A.D Holy Prophet migrated to madina.
• Hazrat Haleema was the foster mother of Holy Prophet.
• Besides Hazrat Haleema (RA) Holy Prophet (PBUH) said that Umme-e-Aemon is also my
mother.
• Name the foster mother(s) of the Holy Prophet (SAW) Hazrat Halema (RA), Hazrat Sobia
(RA) and Hazrat Khola (RA)
• How many years after the birth of Holy Prophet (SAW), Hazrat Aamina died? Six years
• Sheema was the foster sister of Holy Prophet.
• Abduallh Bin Abu Sheema was the foster brother of Prophet.
• Hazrat Haleema looked after the holy prophet for 4 years.
• 35 was the age at the time of Hajr-i-Aswad incident.
• Hazrat Bilal Habshi was the first slave to accept Islam.
• Wife of Abu Lahab used to spread throne in the way of prophet in 4th year of
prophethood.
• Home of Hazrat Arqam (RA) used as the centre of secret preaching by the holy prophet.
• In 7th Nabvi boycott of Banu Hashim began.
• Hazrat Adam met with Holy Prophet on the first heaven.
• Hazrat Isa and Hazrat Yahya on 2nd.
• Hazrat Yaqub on 3rd.
• Hazrat Idrees on 4th.
• Hazrat Harron on 5th.
• Hazrat Musa on 6th.
• Hazrat Ibraheem on 7th.
• Al-Kaswa is the name of Camel on which prophet traveled.
• Prophet purchased mosque land at medina from two orphans.
• 45 Companions were with Prophet in migration to madina.
• Charter of Madina was issued on 1 A.H it had 53 Articles.
• Transfer of Qibla was ordered in 2nd A.H.
• 27 total no of Ghazwas.
• First Ghazwah of Islam was Widan, fought in 12th month of First Hijrah.
• Jang Badr occurred in 2 A.H. 313 Muslims fought in battle.
• Types of Hadith are 10.
• Imam Zuhri (RA) became the first to consolidate Ahadith.
• No of Hadith Collected by Abu Huraira (RA) 5374.
• Prophet hazrat Noah (AS) known as Shaikh al Anbiya
• Aby Ubaiduh Bin Jiirrah was entitled Ameen-ul Ummat.
• Hazrat Umar proposed Azan for the first time.
• The dome over the sacred Grave of the holy prophet is known as Dunbade-Khizra.
• Baitul Mamur is a place where seventy thousand angles were circumambulation during
the Holy Ascension.
• Baitul Mamoor is on 7th Heaven.
• 4 kings accepted Islam when holy prophet sent them letters.
• Mosque of Zarar was demolished by prophet.
• Ume Salma was present at the time of the battle of Khyber.
• Hazrat Ali Conquered the fort of Qamus.
• Lady named Zainab tried to poison the Holy Prophet.
• Prophet recited surah Al-Fatha at the conquest of Makkah .
• Hashim was grand father of prophet & brother of Muttalib.
• The name Muhamammad was proposed by Abdul Muttalib while the name Ahmed was
proposed by Bibi Aminah.
• Migration from Mecca to Abyssinia took place in the 7th month of the 5th year of the
mission i.e 615 A.d. The total number of migrated people was 15
• Second migration to Habshah took place in 616 A.D.
• Second migration to Abyssinia 101 people with 18 females.
• After Amina’s death, Ummay Aimen looked after Prophet.
• After Harb-e-Fajjar, Prophet took part in Halaf-ul-Fazul.
• Prophet made second business trip to Syria in 24th year of elephant.
• Friend of Khadija Nafeesa carried message of Nikah.
• Surname of Haleema Sadia was Ummay Kabtah.
• Surname of Prophet was Abu-ul-Qasim.
• Da’ia of the Prophet was Shifa who was mother of Abdul Rehman bin Auf.
• Abdul Mutalib died in 579 A.D.
• Masaira a slave of Khadija accompanied Prophet to Syria.
• Foster mothers of Prophet were Haleema, Sobia & Khola.
• First forster mother was Sobia who was mother of Hamza.
• For six years Haleema took care of Prophet.
• For two years Abdul Mutalib took care of Prophet.
• Prophet had two real paternal uncles i.e Zubair & Abu Talib.
• Zubair died before Prophethood.
• After 7 days the Aqeeqa ceremony of Prophet was held.
• Prophet belonged to Banu Hashim clan of Quraish tribe.
• Among uncles Abbas & Hamza embraced Islam.
• Amina was buried at Abwa b/w Makkah & Madina.
• Six months before the Prophet’s birth his father died.
• Prophet had no brother and no sister.
• Abdullah died at Madina.
• Prophet had six aunties.
• Foster father of Prophet was Haris.
• At the age of 15, Herb-e-Fajjar took place.
• Herb-e-Fajjar means war fought in the probihited months.
• First father-in-law of Prophet was Khawalid.
• Aamina belonged to Bani Zohra tribe.
• Umar accepted Islam in 616 A.d.
• Social boycott of Banu Hashim took place in 7th Nabvi.
• Shi’b means valley.
• Social boycott continued for 3 years.
• A group of Madina met Prophet in 11th Nabvi.
• Uqba is located near Makkah.
• The group of Madinites belonged to Khazraj tribe.
• Accord of Uqba took place in 13th Nabvi.
• On 27th Rajab, 10 Nabvi the event of Miraj took place.
• 10th Nabvi was called Aam-ul-Hazan (year of grief).
• Name of the camel on which Prophet was riding in migration was Qaswa.
• Omaar bin Hisham was the original name of Abu Jehl.
• Abu-al-Hikm is the title of Abu Jehl.
• When did Hazrat Hamza (RA) embrace Islam Fifth Nabavi
• Persons included in Bait-e-Uqba Oola 12 and in Bait-e-Uqba Sani 75.
• Cave of Hira is 3 miles from Makkah.
• Hijra took place in 13th Nabvi.
• Second convent of Al-Aqba arrived at Makkah in 12th Nabvi.
• Medina is 448 Km from Makkah. (250 miles)
• Makkah conquest occurred in 8th year of Hijra.
• Prophet performed Hajj in 10th Hija.
• Prophet was buried in the hujra of Ayesha.
• Prophet was born in 1st Year of Elephant.
• Ambassadors sent to Arab& other countries in 7th Hijra.
 • King of Iran tore away the message of Prophet.
• King of Byzantine in 7th Hijra was Hercules.
• After 6 years of the birth of Holy prophet Bibi Aamna died.
• After 8 years of the birth of Prophet Abdul Muttalib died.
• 632 A.D Charter of Madina.
• Holy Prophet demised at the age of 63.
• Hijrah year began with 14th Nabvi.
• 10th year of prophet hood is known as year of grief.
• First Azan was called out in 1. A.H.

COMPANIONS

• Hazrat Asad died first among the Sahabah.

• Hamza & Hussain are known as leader of Martyrs.

• Hazrat Usman Bin Talha was the Key holder of Kaaba.

• Hazrat Saad bin Ubi waqas conquered Persia firstly.

• Qabeela bin Qais is known as cup bearer of Zam Zam.

• Abbas was instrumental in bringing abu Sufiyan in Islam.

• Periods of Caliphs

• Abu Bakar 632-634

• Hazrat Umar 634-644

• Hazrat Usman 644-656

• Hazrat Ali 656-661

• Abu Bakar 2y 3m

• Hazrat Umar 10y 5m 21d.

• Hazrat Usman 12y.

• Hazrat Ali 4y 9m.

• Hazrat Abu Bakar was the merchant of cloth.

• Real name of Hazrat Abu Bakar was Abdullah.

• Apostasy movement took place in the khilafat of Abu Bakar.

• Hazrat Abu Bakar died in 22nd of Jamadi-us-Sani 13 AH.

• Hazrat Umar embraced Islam at the age of 33 or 27.

• Abu Lulu Feroz, the slave martyred Hazrat Umar Farooq.

• Hazrat Umar Farooq was martyred on 1st Muharram 24 A.H.

• Hazrat Umar introduced Hijra Calender.

• Hazat Usman is known as Zul Noorain because he wedded with two daughters of Prophet:
Rukya+Umme Qulsoom.

• Usman accepted Islam at the instigation of Abu Bakar.

• Asadullah & Haider-e-Karar were the epithets of Hazrat Ali.

• Ali married Fatima in 2nd Hijra.

• Hazrat Ali was born at Khane-e-Kaaba.

• Hazrat Ali was martyred on 21st Ramzan 40 A.H.

• In Ghazwa Uhad Hazrat Ali was awarded with Zulifqar.

• Hazrat Umer accepted islam in 616 A.D.

• Hazrat Umar established the office of Qazi.

• Hazrat Umar added As Salato Khairum Min Noum.

• Hazrat Umar embraced the Islam at the age of 34.

• Usman migrated to Habsha

• Hazat Usman participated in all battles except Badr.

• In the reign of Usama, Muwaviah established naval fleet.

• Only sahabi without seeing Prophet Awais Karni.

• Umar levied zakat on horses.

• Ali lifted zakat on horses.

• Abu Bakr had knowledge of dreams.

• Usman added 2nd Azan for Friday prayers.

• Atique is the title of Hazrat Abu Bakr.

• Hazrat Umar established Department of Police.

• Hazrat Umar formed a parliament, namely Majlis-e-Aam.

• Ghani was the title of Hazrat Usman (RA).

• Hazrat Ali has the title the gateway to knowledge.

• Hazrat Ali remained Caliph for 4 years and 9 months.

• Hazrat Ali is buried at Najaf.

• Ameer Mavia established the postal system.

• Amer bin Aas embraced Islam in 7th Hijra.

• Khalild bin Waleed embraced Islam in 7th Hijra.

• First Moazin of Islam, Hazrat Bilal.

• The home of Hazrat Abu Ayub Ansaari was the first place where the Prophet stayed in Madina Shareef.

• The first person sent to spread Islam under the instructions of the Prophet was Mus'ab bin Umair who
was sent to Madinah.

• The first person to make Ijtihaad was Abu Bakr Siddique

• Hazrat Abu Zirr Ghaffari is known as the first Dervish.

• Abdullah ibn Maz’oom:first person buried in Jannatul Baqi.

• Hazrat Umar was the first person to perform Janazah Salaah in Jamaat with four Takbeers.

• First census of Islamic world in Umer’s period.

• The first person to become murtad (out of the folds of Islam) was either Muqees bin Khubaaba or
Ubaidullah bin Jahash.

• Salah-udin Ayubi conquered Bait ul Muqadas.

• Shaikh Abdul Qadir Jilani is buried at Baghdad.

• Shah Jahan Mosque is at Thatta.

• Indonesia is the biggest Islamic Country Population wise.

• Maldives is the smallest Islamic country area wise.

• Hazrat Data Ganj Bux is buried in Lahore.

• Abyssinia is an old name of Ethiopia.

• Mesopotamia is the old name of Iraq.

• Constantinople is and old name of Istanbul.

• Persia is an old name of Iran.

• Albania is Europe’s only Islamic country.

• Sinai Peninsula is only land bridge between Asia and Africa.

• Egypt connects Africa with Europe continent.

• Al Azhar University is in Cairo.

• Shah Faisal Mosque is in Islamabad.

• Jibraeel will be first person questioned on Day of Qiyamah.

• From amongst the animals, the first animal to be brought back to life will be the Buraaq of Prophet
Muhammad.

• The first meal in Jannah will be fish liver.

• The first Ibaadat on earth was Tauba (repentance).

• The first Mujaddid of Islam is Hazrat Umar bin Abdul Aziz.

• First book of Hadith compiled was Muata by Imam Malik.

• Mosque of Prophet was damaged due to fire in the reign of Motasim Billah.

• Jamia mosque of Damascus was built by Walid bin Malik.

• Badshahi mosque Lahore was built by Shah Jahan.

• Faisal mosque was opened for public in 1987.

• Umm-us-Saheehain is Imam Malik: Mauta.

• Mohd: bin Ismael Bukhari comprised of 4,000 hadiths

• Bukhari Sharif & Muslim Sharif are called Sahihain.

• Imam Tirmazy was a student of Abu Dawood.

• Imam Nisai=Ahmed bin Shoaib.

• Kitab-ul-Kharaj was written by Imam Abu Yousuf.

• Mahmood Ghaznavi called kidnapper of scholars.

• Dara Shakoh was a mystic.

• Mullana Nizam-ud-Din founded the school of Dars-e-Nizamia.

• Rabia Basry was born in 95 A.H.

• Baqee Billah revolted against Akbar’s deen-e-Ilahi firstly.

• Shaikh Ahmed Sirhandi was given the title of Mujadid alf Sani by Mullana Abdul Hakeem.

• Baba Fareed Ganj Shakr married to the daughter of Balban.

• Toosi built Margha astronomical observatory.

• Mamoon of west is al-Zahrawi.

• Shah Waliullah wrote Mawahb-ur-Rehman.

Al-Quran A
• Kalima Tayyaiba is mentioned in Quran for 2 times.

• The word Quran means “read one”.

• 114 total number of Surah

• Surah means city of Refuge.

• 86 Makki Surah.

• 28 Madine Surah.

• 558 Rukus.

• Al-Baqrah is the longest Surah.

• Al- Kausar is the shortest Surah.

• Al-Nass is the last surah.

• 14 bows are in Quran.

• First bow occurs in 9th Para i.e Al-Inaam Surah.

• Al-Faitha is the preface of the holy Quran.

• Five verses were reveled in the first wahy.

• Namaz commanded in quran for 700 times.

• Al-Imarn is the surah in which Hajj is commanded.

• Al-Mudassar-2nd Revealed Surah.

• Al-Muzammil- 3rd Revealed Surah.

• Al-Tauba does not start with Bismillah.

• Al-Namal contains two Bismillahs.

• Three surah starts with curse.

• 6666 is the number of Ayats.

• 29 total number of Mukata’t.

• Hazrat Usman was the first Hafiz of the Holy Quran.

• Hazrat Khalid Bin Saeed, the first writer of Wahy.

• Gap between first wahy and second wahy was 6 months.

• 12 Ghazawahs described in Holy Quran.

• Abdullah Ibn Abbas, the first commentator of the Quran and also known as interpreter of the Quaran.

• In surah Al-Saf, Hoy prophet is addressed as Ahmed.

• Ghar-e-Sor is mentioned in Surah Al-Tauba.

• 4 Surhas start with Qul. (chkd)

• Hazrat Umar proposed the compilation of Holy Quran.

• Al- Nasr is known as Surah Widah.

• First annulled order of holy quran was the transfer of Qibla.

• The word Islam occurs 6 times in the Quran.

• Abdul Malik Marwan applied the dots in the Holy Quran.

• Hajjaj bin yousuf applied diacritical points in Quaran.

• 8 Siparas starts with Bismillah.

• 37 total number of surah in last parah.

• Al- Baqrah and Surah Al-Nissa is spread over 3 Parahs.

• Al-Falq and Al-Nas revealed at the same time.

• 3 Surah stats with “Ya Ayananabiyau”.

• City of Rome is mentioned in Holy Quran.

• Surah Yaseen is known as Heart of Quran.

• Suran Rehman is known as beauty of Quran.

• Tafseer Ibn Kaseer was written by Hafiz Ismaeed Bin Umar-Imam Ud Din.

• First revealed surah was Al Alaq, 96 in arrangement

• Complete revelation in 23 years.

• Subject of Holy Quran is Man.

• Last Surah reveled in Al-Nasr.

• Risalat means to convey message.

• 25 prophets mentioned in holy Quran.

• Holy Quran consist 105684 words and 3236700 letters.

• Longest Ayat of Holy Quran is Ayatul Kursi.

• 6 Surah start with the name of prophets.

• Surah maryam wholly revealed for a woman.

• In Bani Israeel and Al-Najaf the event of Miraj is explained.

• Last revelation descended on 3rd Rabi-ul Awal and it was written by Abi- Bin Kab. (chk)

• Language of Divine Books.

• Taurat Hebrew

• Injil Siriac

• Zubur Siriac

• Holy Quran Arabic.

• Taurat was the first revealed book.

• Holy Quran was reveled in 22y 5m 14 days.

• There are 7 stages in Holy Quran.

• Abdullah Ibn Abbas is called as leader of commentators.

• Apollo 15 placed the copy of the Holy Quran on the moon.

• Tarjama-ul-Quaran is written by Abdul-Kalam Azad.

• Theodore Bailey in 1143 translated Holy Quran in Latin, for the first time.

• First Muslim interpreter of Quran in English is Khalifa Abdul Hakeem.

• Shah Waliullah Translated Holy Quran in Persian and Shah Rafiuddin in Urdu in 1776.

• Hafiz Lakhvi translated Holy Quran in Punjabi.

• Ross translated the Holy Quran in to English.

• Surah Alaq was revealed on 18th Ramzan.(contradictory)

• Number of Aayats in al-Bakar is 286.

• Longest Makki Surah is Aaraf.

• Second longest Surah is Ashrah/Al-Imran.

• Surah Kausar has 3 Aayats.

• First Surah compilation wise is Surah Fatiha.

• Fatiha means opening.

• Fatiha contains 7 aayats.

• Fatiha is also called Ummul Kitab.

• First surah revealed in Madina was surah Fatiha.

• Surah Fatiha revealed twice-in Makkah & Madina.

• Angles mentioned in Quran are7.

• Meaning of Aayat is Sign.

• Meaning of Hadith is to take.

• Stone mentioned in Quran is ruby (Yaakut).

• First Sajda occurs in 9th Para, Al-Inaam Surah.

• Longest Surah (al-Bakr) covers 1/12th of Quran.

• Madni Surahs are generally longer.

• Madni Surahs consist of1/3rd of Quran.

• Makki Surahs consist of2/3rd of Quran.

• Surah Ikhlas is 112 Surah of Quran.

• First complete Madni Surah is Baqarah.

• Names of Quran mentioned in Quran is 55.

• Surahs named after animals are 4 in number.

• Namal means Ant.

• Surah Inaam means Camel.

• Surah Nahl means Honey bee.

• Surah Ankaboot means spider.

• The major part of Quran is revealed at night time.

• Generally aayats of Sajida occur in Makki Surahs.

• 10 virtues are blessed for recitation of one word of Quran.

• Surah Anfal means Cave.

• In Naml two bismillah occur (2nds one is at aayat no:30)

• Surah Kahf means the cave.

• Muzammil means Wrapped in garments.

• Kausar means Abundance.

• Nasr means Help.

Personalities

1. Che Guevara
Che Guevara is probably known as the comrade.Che Guevara was a Marxist revolutionary
and afterward became the cultural hero.His followers gain inspiration as he was the most
inspiring comrade at that time. He was born on June 14/1928 in Rosario Argentine Che
Guevara became the culture because of voice that he always raised at every injustice, he
invented the party named “RED COMRADE”. His most popular saying is “ if you tremble
indignation at every injustice then you are a comrade of mine. Che Guevara has been the
most loyal and Honest and Brave Comrade of all, time. Che Guevara was killed by the
Bolivian army on October 9/1967.

Bill Gates
Bill gate is known as the world’s richest person existing on this planet. Bill never been able
to pass the 8th grade but now all the Microsoft engineers toppers are his employs. He
challenged his teachers that by the age of 30 he shall be millionaire, but fortunately he
became billionaire instead.

Neil Armstrong
Now who wants to live on the moon, who wonders to go on the moon? Neil Armstrong was
the first man who went on the moon, and he said that life on the moon can be lived. And
now Americans says that by 2050 people would be living on the moon. So let us wait for
that time. Astronomers of his era were so kind of impressed by him that they called him as
the most inspiring guy on the planet ever.

Abraham Lincoln
No words when it comes to Abraham Lincoln. A self taught Illinois lawyer, was also the
16th president of United States Of America, what exactly creates the difference between
him and other Presidents before was he overcome several more strong and prominent
candidates to win election from Republican party side. Abraham Lincoln is considered as
best president to many scholars.

William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564. He is most likely know as the best author
of English poems. William Shakespeare is known as a most inspiring genius and most of his
praise is suitable to the magnificent words of his long poems and short poems. His
quotations and poems and quotations from poems are memorable to all. Whenever we
divert our mind to Shakespeare, it reminds us his renowned work and his plays.
Shakespeare well known said that life is a drama played on the stage and some people life
is like an audience just to watch them performing their plays. (26 April 1564 – 23 April
1616).

Arfa karim
Arfa karim was the youngest Microsoft certified professionals in the world. She did her
Microsoft Certification at the age of just 14. She was called abroad by bill gates. Arfa karim
was born on Feb. 12, 1995 in Jatt Randawa family was a student of Faisalabad from
Pakistan.. She died due to the extraordinary use of her mind. She became the patient of
brain tumor at the age of 17, and passed away on, Jan 14, 2012. The beloved daughter of
Pakistan. Hats off.

Steve Jobs(February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011)

Steven Paul “Steve” Jobs was an American entrepreneur, marketer, and inventor, who was
the co-founder, chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc.

Princess Diana(1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997)

Diana, Princess of Wales, was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, the
eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Diana was born into an
aristocratic English family with royal ancestry as The Honourable Diana
Spencer.

John F. Kennedy(May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963) 35th

U.S. President

John Fitzgerald “Jack” Kennedy, often referred to by his initials JFK, was the
35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his death in
1963.

Mahatma Gandhi(October 2, 1869 – 30 January 1948) Political

leaderMohandas Karamchand Gandhi, commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi
or Bapu, was the preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled
India.

Martin Luther King, Jr(January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) Civil rights activist

Martin Luther King, Jr. was an American clergyman, activist, and leader in
the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in
the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience.

Adolf Hitler(April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945) Former Chancellor of Germany

Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the
Nazi Party. He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of
Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.

Albert Einstein(14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) Theoretical Physicist

Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the

general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics.

Michael Jackson(August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) Singer-songwriter

Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American
singer-songwriter, dancer, businessman and philanthropist. Often referred to
as the “King of Pop”, or by his initials MJ, Jackson is recognized as the most
successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His
contributions to music, dance, and fashion, along with his publicized
personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four
decades.

NELSON MANDELA (1918-2013)

Nelson Mandela was South Africa’s first elected President in a democratic
election from 1994-99. He also held the Secretary General post of the Non-
Aligned Movement during 1998-99. Mandela was also a Philanthropist and he
aimed to tackle poverty and HIV/AIDS. Mandela was leading a campaign
against the then apartheid government, for which he was sentenced to life
imprisonment and served over 27 years in prison (1962-90). He was
accredited internationally for his anti-apartheid revolution and received
numerous honors including Presidential Medal of Freedom (U.S.A), Order of
Lenin (Russia), Bharat Ratna (India) and the most notable Nobel Peace Prize.
He is often described as “the father of the nation” by the South Africans.

STEPHEN HAWKING (1942-PRESENT)

Stephen Hawking is an imminent scientist in the field of Theoretical Physics

and Cosmology has worked on the basic laws which govern the universe and
was the first to state that black holes emit radiations (often termed as
Hawkings Radiation) after he unified the General Relativity with Quantum
Theory. He has been confined to wheelchair and dependent on a
computerized voice system for communication for most of his life after being
diagnosed with ALS (a form of Motor Neuron Disease) at an age of 21.
Despite all these setbacks he has achieved many things which most others
can only wish to do in their dreams. Hawking has been conferred with 12
honorary degrees and has been awarded CBE (UK), and he is also a recipient
of the Presidential Medal of Freedom (USA) to name a few.

MARK ZUCKERBERG (1984-PRESENT)

Mark Zuckerberg is the reason for Internet boom. He is one of the co-founder
of the famous Social Networking website Facebook. He created the site with
his friends in his college dorm, and then in order to concentrate more on the
website he left Harvard University.Since then he has just rose to prominence
and now and there are more than 1 billion users on Facebook indicating its
success story. The success of Facebook made Mark the youngest CEO in the
Fortune 500 List. Although amassing a good fortune, Zukerberg has donated
his millions to fund various philanthropic causes. He has also pledged to
donate at least 50% of his wealth to charity in his lifetime.

Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan

Abdul Qadeer Khan, also respectfully known by some in Pakistan as Mohsin-

e-Pakistan. Dr. A. Q. Khan, is a Pakistani nuclear scientist and a
metallurgical engineer, colloquially regarded as the founder of HEU based
Gas-centrifuge uranium enrichment program for Pakistan’s integrated atomic
bomb project. He was one of Pakistan’s top scientists, and was involved in
the country’s various scientific programs until his dismissal.

----------------------------------------------------------------
-

 The Smallest & The Largest

 World's Largest & Smallest Country, Place etc...
 Largest Country - Russia (17,075,200 km2 (6,591,027 mi2)
 Smallest Country - Vatican City Size: 0.17 sq. mi. (0.44 km²)Rome, Italy
–Europe
 Largest Continent - Asia, 17,212,2000 square miles
 Smallest Continent - Australia,312,2000 square miles
 Largest Gulf - Gulf of Mexico, 615,000 square miles
 Largest Bay - The Bay of Bengal, 1,300,000 square miles
 Largest Island - Greenland, 839,999 square miles
 Largest peninsula - Arabia.
 Largest bay - Hudson Bay, Canada.
  World's Largest & Smalllest Rivers, Sea, Ocean, Mountains, Waterfall
etc...
- ------------------------------------------------------
----------
 Longest River - The Nile, Africa, 4,180 miles
 Shortest River - The Roe, Montana, US, 200 feet long
 Largest River - The Amazon, South America, basin of 2,500,000 square
miles
 Largest Sea - The Mediterranean Sea, 1,144,800 square miles
 Largest Ocean - Pacific Ocean, 60,060,700 square miles
 Deepest Ocean - Pacific Ocean, average depth 13,215 feet
 Smallest Ocean - Arctic Ocean, 5,427,000 square miles
 Largest Lake - Caspian Sea, 152,239 square miles
 Largest Freshwater Lake - Lake Superior, US-Canada, 31,820 square
miles
 Highest Lake - Titicaca in Peru, 12,500 feet above sea level
 Lowest Lake - The Dead Sea, Israel-Jordan, surface of water 1,349 feet
below
 sea level
 Larget Lagoon - Lagoa dos Patos, Brazil, 150 miles long, 4,500 square
miles
 Largest Waterfall - Angel Falls, Venezuela, 3,212 feet high
Deepest Underwater Trench - Marina Trench, 200 miles southwest of Guam
in the Pacific
Ocean,36,198 feet below the ocean surface
Highest Mountain - Mount Everest, Himalayan Mountains, Nepal-Tibet, 29,035
feet above sea level
The lowest mountain range - Buena Bhaile.
Longest Mountain Range - The Andes of South America, 5,000 miles
Lowest Point on land - The Dead Sea, Israel-Jordan, water surface 1,349 feet
below sea level
Largest Gorge - Grand Canyon, Colorado River, Arizona, US, 217 miles
long, 4-18 miles wide, 1 mile deep
Deepest Gorge - Hells Canyon, Snake River, Idaho, 7,900 feet deep

Highest, Longest, Biggest, Largest, Deepest, Smallest of the World

● Largest Airport : King Abdul Khalid International Airport (Saudi Arabia)

● Highest Airport : Lhasa Airport, Tibet

● Tallest Animal : Giraffe

● Largest Animal : Blue Bottom whale

● Largest Bay : Hudson Bay, Canada.

● Fastest Bird : Swift

● Largest Bird : Ostrich

● Smallest Bird : Humming bird

● Longest Bridge : Huey P. Long Bridge (USA)

● Tallest Building : Dubai Burj (Dubai)

● Longest Canal : Baltic sea White Canal

● Largest Cathedral : Cathedral Church of New York

● Largest Cemetry : Ohlsdorf Cemetry (Hamburg, Germany)

● Largest Church : Balisca of St. Peter in the Vatican City, Rome.

● Largest Continent : Asia

● Smallest Continent : Australia

● Largest Country (Area) : Russia

● Smallest Country (Area) : Vatican City

● Biggest Cinema House : Roxy, New York

● Highest City : Wenchuan, China

● Most Populous City : Tokyo

● Longest Day : June 21

● Shortest Day : December 22

● Largest Delta : Sunderban (India)

● Largest Desert : Sahara, North Africa

● Biggest Dome : Gol Gumbaz (Bijapur), India

● Largest Dams : Grand Coulee Dam, USA

● Tallest Fountain : Fountain Hills, Arizona

● Largest Gulf : Gulf of Mexico

● Largest Hotel : Excalibur Hotel (Las Vegas, Nevada, USA)

● Largest Island : Greenland

● Largest Lake : Caspian Sea.

● Deepest Lake : Baikal (Siberia)

● Highest Lake : Titicaca (Bolivia)

● Largest Library : United States Library of Congress, Washington

● Largest Mosque : Jama Masjid, Delhi (India)

● Highest Mountain Peak : Mount Everest (Nepal)

● Highest Mountain Range : Himalayas, Asia.

● Largest Mountain Range : Andes (South America)

● Biggest Museum : American Museum of Natural History (New York).

● Largest Minaret : Sultan Hassan Mosque (Egypt)

● Tallest Minaret : Qutub Minar, Delhi (India)

● Biggest Oceans : Pacific Ocean

● Deepest Oceans : Pacific Ocean

● Biggest Palace : Vatican (Rome)

● Largest Palace : Imperial Palace (China)

● Largest Park : National Park of North-Eastern (Greenland)

● Largest Peninsula : Arabia

● Highest Plateau : Pamir (Tibet)

● Longest Platform : Kharagpur, W. Bengal (India)

● Largest Platform : Grand Central Terminal, (Rly. Station), New York (USA)

● Biggest Planet : Jupiter

● Smallest Planet : Mercury

● Brightest Planet : Venus

● Coldest Planet : Neptune

● Nearest Planet (to the Sun) : Mercury

● Farthest Planet (from the Sun) : Neptune

● Longest River : Nile, Africa

● Longest River Dam : Hirakud Dam, India

● Largest Sea : South China Sea

● Largest Stadium : Starhove Stadium, Prague (Czech Republic)

● Brightest Star : Sirius A

● Tallest Statue : Motherland (Russia)

● Largest Sea-bird : Albatross

● Biggest Telescope : Mt. Palomar (USA)

● Longest Train : Flying Scotsman

● Largest Temple : Angkorwat in Combodia.

● Oldest Theatre : Teatro Olimpico (Itlay)

● Tallest Tower : C. N. Tower, Toronto (Canada)

● Longest Wall : Great Wall of China

● Highest Waterfall : Angel (Venezuela)

● Widest Waterfall : Khone Falls (Laos)

● Lowest Water Level : Dead Sea

● Longest Epic : Mahabharata

● Hottest Place : Azizia (Libya)

● Rainiest Place : Mosinram, near Cherrapunji (India)

● Highest Road : Leh-Nobra, Ladakh division India.

● Highest Village : Andean (Chile)

● Highest Volcano : Ojos del Salado, (Argentina) Chile

● Largest Volcano : Manuna Lea (Hawai)

● Lightest Gas : Hydrogen

● Fastest Animal : Cheetah

● Biggest Flower : Rafflesia (Java)

● Longest Corridor : Rameshwaram Temple (India)

● Largest Democracy : India

● Highest Cable Car Project : Gulmarg (Jammu-Kashmir)

● Biggest Airbus : Double Decker A-380

● Highest Rail Track : Kwinghai- Tibbet Railway (China)

Important Events and Dates

Year Date Event

2001 General Pervez Musharraf dismissed the president and

20 June
named himself to the post.

Agra Summit starts. President Pervez Musharraf and

15 July Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee holds talks over long-
standing issues.

New Local Government system installed, after holding of

14 August
elections in three phases.

US Secretary of State Powell told that Pakistan's

16
President Musharraf had agreed to support the U.S. anti-
September
terrorist campaign.

10 US President Bush meets President Musharraf in New

November York and assures additional aid of one billion dollar.
2002 Musharraf stunned Vajpayee by a hand-shake at the last
5 January
11th SAARC summit in Kathmandu.

Wall Street Journal reporter, Daniel Pearl killed in

1 February
Karachi.

General Pervez Musharraf wins a referendum thus

30 April
ensures 5 more years in office

President General Musharraf issues the Legal Framework

24 August
Order 2002.

10 October First general elections since the 1999 military coup held

23
Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali sworn in as Prime Minister.
November

2003 24 February Senate elections: Ruling party wins most seats in voting
to the upper house.
 23 March AAJ TV, Pakistan's premier channel inaugurated.

President Pervez Musharraf meets G.W. Bush in Camp

24 June David. US announces $3-billion five-year economic
assistance package for Pakistan.

Lahore-Delhi bus service resumed after suspension of 18

11 July
months.

14 General Musharraf survived an assassination attempt in

December Rawalpindi.

2004 General Musharraf won a vote of confidence in the

1 January
Senate, National Assembly, and provincial assemblies.

Musharraf meets Vajpayee in Islamabad, discusses

5 January
Kashmir dispute.

22 May Pakistan readmitted to Commonwealth.

 Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali steps down and
26 June
nominates Ch. Shujaat Hussain as his interim successor.

28
Shaukat Aziz becomes Prime Minister.
Augus85[11]t

Pakistani physician Dr.Muhammad Saeed Fazal Karim

Beebani sets new world record for having the smallest
17 October
Holy Qur'an of the world. His claim was accepted by
Guinness world record administration.

2005 136 people killed and about 170 injured in a collision of

13 July
three passenger trains near Ghotki.

NWFP Assembly passes the Hasba bill with a majority

14 July
vote.

Government of Pakistan launches country-wide

19 July
crackdown against extremist elements.

8 October A 7.5 magnitude earthquake kills an estimated 80,000

people in northern Pakistan. (see:2005 Pakistan
 earthquake)

Renowned littérateur, linguist and poet, Shanul Haq

11 October
Haqqee, passes away in Toronto. He was 88.

2006 Dr. Shamshad Akhtar assumes office of State Bank

2 January
Governor having the first woman Governor of SBP.

Charter of democracy (CoD) is signed by two former

14 May prime ministers of Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif and Benazir
Bhutto in London.

Pervez Musharraf lays foundation-stone of Diamir-Bhasha

26 April
dam.

Process to release over 1600 women prisoners from 55

8 July
jails across starts after Presidential Ordinance.

10 July Noted poet, writer and columnist, Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi,

passes away in Lahore. He was 89.
 Prominent Baloch leader and politician Sirdar Akbar
26 August
Bugti killed by military

2007 President Musharraf dismissed Chief Justice of Pakistan,

9 March
Iftikhar.

Pakistani security forces started operation Sunrise to

3 July liberate Lal Masjid from the fundamentalist Islamic
militants

20 July Iftikhar restored as Chief Justice of Pakistan.

Bhutto, Benazir returned to Pakistan, after exile of about

18 October
8 years.

Pervez Musharraf imposed emergency, most of the senior

3 November
judges of Supreme Court ousted.

16 After completion of 5 years, National Assembly dissolved,

November Catetaker government of Muhammad Mian Soomro took
oath.
 25 Nawaz Sharif returned Pakistan after 7 years of forced
November exile.

16 Emergency lifted, banned civil rights and suspended

December constitution restored

27 Former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir

December Bhutto assassinated in Rawalpindi

2008 The Election Commission announces elections will now

2 January
be held on February 18.

Elections are held amidst tight security. PPP, PML-N,

18 February PML-N and ANP win 124, 91, 54 and 13 seats
respectively.

24 March Yusuf Raza Gilani is elected as the new Prime Minister.

18 August Pervaiz Musharraf steps down as President of Pakistan.

Mohammadmian Soomro takes over as President.
 6
Asif Zardari wins presidential election with 481 votes.
September

9
Asif Zardari takes oath as President of Pakistan.
September

2009 Pakistan government announces a truce with Taliban,

16 February acceptting a system of Islamic law in the Swat valley,
conceding the area as a Taliban sanctuary.

Militants attack bus with the touring Sri Lankan cricket

team. All international cricket matches in Pakistan are
9 March
suspended. Pakistan also loses its status as hosts for the
cricket World Cup 2011.

As the result of long march Lawyers' Movement

succeeded. Iftikhar Mohammed Chaudhry was restored
16 Marach
as Chief Justice of Pakistan and other judges dismissed
by Musharraf.

Pakistan Army launched Operation Rah-e-Rast and

23 May
cleared Swat Valley of all Taliban elements. It is
regarded as one of the most successful counter-
 insurgency operations in modern age (to 15 July)

JANUARY

27 January International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the A/RES/60/7

Victims of the Holocaust

TopFEBRUARY

4 February World Cancer Day —

6 February International Day of Zero Tolerance to Female Genital A/RES/67/146

Mutilation

13 February World Radio Day [UNESCO] —

20 February World Day of Social Justice A/RES/62/10

21 February International Mother Language Day [UNESCO] A/RES/56/262

30C/62

TopMARCH

1 March Zero Discrimination Day [UNAIDS] —

3 March World Wildlife Day A/RES/68/205

8 March International Women's Day —

20 March International Day of Happiness A/RES/66/281

21 March International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination A/RES/2142 (XXI)

21 March World Poetry Day [UNESCO] —

21 March International Day of Nowruz A/RES/64/253

21 March World Down Syndrome Day A/RES/66/149

draft A/C.3/66/L.27

21 March International Day of Forests and the Tree A/RES/67/200

22 March World Water Day A/RES/47/193

23 March World Meteorological Day [WMO] WMO/EC-XII/Res.6

24 March World Tuberculosis Day [WHO] WMO/EC-XII/Res.6

24 March International Day for the Right to the Truth concerning A/RES/65/196
Gross Human Rights Violations and for the Dignity of
Victims

25 March International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery A/RES/62/122

and the Transatlantic Slave Trade

25 March International Day of Solidarity with Detained and Missing —

Staff Members

TopAPRIL

2 April World Autism Awareness Day A/RES/62/139

4 April International Day for Mine Awareness and Assistance in A/RES/60/97

Mine Action

6 April International Day of Sport for Development and Peace A/RES/67/296

7 April Day of Remembrance of the Victims of the Rwanda —

Genocide

7 April World Health Day [WHO] WHA/A.2/Res.35

12 April International Day of Human Space Flight A/RES/65/271

22 April International Mother Earth Day A/RES/63/278

23 April World Book and Copyright Day Resolution 3.18 of

the 28th session of
the UNESCO
General Conference

23 April English Language Day —

25 April World Malaria Day [WHO] —

26 April World Intellectual Property Day [WIPO] —

28 April World Day for Safety and Health at Work —

29 April Day of Remembrance for all Victims of Chemical Warfare —

30 April International Jazz Day —

TopMAY

3 May World Press Freedom Day —

8-9 May Time of Remembrance and Reconciliation for Those Who A/RES/59/26
Lost Their Lives During the Second World War

10-11 May World Migratory Bird Day [UNEP] —

13 May "Vesak", the Day of the Full Moon —

15 May International Day of Families A/RES/47/237

17 May World Telecommunication and Information Society A/RES/60/252

Day [ITU]
21 May World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and A/RES/57/249
Development

22 May International Day for Biological Diversity A/RES/55/201

23 May International Day to End Obstetric Fistula A/RES/67/147

29 May International Day of UN Peacekeepers A/RES/57/129

31 May World No-Tobacco Day [WHO] Resolution 42.19 of

the 42nd session of
WHO

TopJUNE

1 June Global Day of Parents A/RES/66/292

4 June International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression A/RES/ES-7/8

5 June World Environment Day [UNEP] A/RES/2994 (XXVII)

8 June World Oceans Day A/RES/63/111

12 June World Day Against Child Labour —

14 June World Blood Donor Day [WHO] WHA58.13

15 June World Elder Abuse Awareness Day A/RES/66/127

17 June World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought A/RES/49/115

20 June World Refugee Day A/RES/55/76

23 June United Nations Public Service Day A/RES/57/277

23 June International Widows' Day A/RES/65/189

25 June Day of the Seafarer [IMO] STCW/CONF.2/DC.4

26 June International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking A/RES/42/112

26 June United Nations International Day in Support of Victims of A/RES/52/149

Torture

TopJULY

5 July International Day of Cooperatives A/RES/47/90

(First Saturday
in July)

11 July World Population Day UNDP decision

89/46

18 July Nelson Mandela International Day A/RES/64/13

28 July World Hepatitis Day [WHO] —

30 July International Day of Friendship A/RES/65/275

30 July World Day against Trafficking in Persons A/RES/68/192

TopAUGUST

9 August International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples A/RES/49/214

12 August International Youth Day A/RES/54/120

19 August World Humanitarian Day A/RES/63/139

23 August International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade Decision 8.2 of the
and Its Abolition [UNESCO] 150th session of the
UNESCO Executive
Board

29 August International Day against Nuclear Tests A/RES/64/35

30 August International Day of the Victims of Enforced A/RES/65/209
Disappearances

TopSEPTEMBER

5 September International Day of Charity A/RES/67/105

draft A/67/L.45

8 September International Literacy Day [UNESCO] Resolution 1.141 of

the 14th session of
the UNESCO
General Conference

12 September United Nations Day for South-South Cooperation A/RES/58/220

15 September International Day of Democracy A/RES/62/7

16 September International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer A/RES/49/114

21 September International Day of Peace A/RES/36/67

A/RES/55/282

25 September World Maritime Day [IMO] IMCO/C XXXVIII/21

(Last week of
September)

26 September International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear A/RES/68/32

Weapons

27 September World Tourism Day —

TopOCTOBER

1 October International Day of Older Persons A/RES/45/106

2 October International Day of Non-Violence A/RES/61/271

5 October World Teachers’ Day [UNESCO] UNESCOPRESSE,
vol.4, no.17, p.9

6 October World Habitat Day A/RES/40/202 A

(First Monday
in October)

9 October World Post Day UPU/Tokyo

Congress
1969/Res.C.11

11 October International Day of the Girl Child A/RES/66/170

13 October International Day for Disaster Reduction A/RES/44/236

A/RES/64/200

15 October International Day of Rural Women A/RES/62/136

16 October World Food Day [FAO] A/RES/35/70

17 October International Day for the Eradication of Poverty A/RES/47/196

24 October United Nations Day A/RES/168

(II)A/RES/2782
(XXVI)

24 October World Development Information Day A/RES/3038 (XXVII)

27 October World Day for Audiovisual Heritage [UNESCO] —

TopNOVEMBER

2 November International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against A/RES/68/163

Journalists

6 November International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the A/RES/56/4

Environment in War and Armed Conflict

10 November World Science Day for Peace and Development —

14 November World Diabetes Day A/RES/61/225

16 November International Day for Tolerance Resolution 5.61 of

the 28th session of
the UNESCO
General Conference

A/RES/51/95

16 November World Day of Remembrance for Road Traffic Victims A/RES/60/5

(Third Sunday
in November)

19 November World Toilet Day A/67/L.75 (draft)

20 November Universal Children’s Day —

20 November World Philosophy Day —

(Third Thursday
in November)

21 November World Television Day A/RES/51/205

22 November Africa Industrialization Day A/RES/44/237

25 November International Day for the Elimination of Violence against A/RES/54/134

Women

29 November International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People A/RES/32/40B

TopDECEMBER

1 December World AIDS Day —

2 December International Day for the Abolition of Slavery —

3 December International Day of Persons with Disabilities A/RES/47/3

5 December International Volunteer Day for Economic and Social A/RES/40/212

Development

5 December World Soil Day [FAO] A/RES/68/232

7 December International Civil Aviation Day [ICAO] A/RES/51/33

9 December International Anti-Corruption Day A/RES/58/4

10 December Human Rights Day A/RES/423 (V)

11 December International Mountain Day A/RES/57/245

18 December International Migrants Day A/RES/55/93

20 December International Human Solidarity Day A/RES/60/209

Countries, Capitals,Currency & National Language

Country Name Capital Currency

Afghanistan Kabul Afghani

Albania Tirane Lek

Algeria Algiers Dinar

Andorra Andorra la Vella Euro

Angola Luanda New Kwanza

Antigua and Barbuda Saint John's East Caribbean dollar

Argentina Buenos Aires Peso

Armenia Yerevan Dram

Australia Canberra Australian dollar

Austria Vienna Euro (formerly schilling)

Azerbaijan Baku Manat

The Bahamas Nassau Bahamian dollar

Bahrain Manama Bahrain dinar

Bangladesh Dhaka Taka

Barbados Bridgetown Barbados dollar

Belarus Minsk Belorussian ruble

Belgium Brussels Euro (formerly Belgian franc)

Belize Belmopan Belize dollar

Benin Porto-Novo CFA Franc

Bhutan Thimphu Ngultrum

La Paz

(administrative)
Bolivia Boliviano
; Sucre

(judicial)

Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Marka

Botswana Gaborone Pula

Brazil Brasilia Real

Bandar Seri
Brunei Brunei dollar
Begawan

Bulgaria Sofia Lev

Burkina Faso Ouagadougou CFA Franc

Burundi Bujumbura Burundi franc

Cambodia Phnom Penh Riel

Cameroon Yaounde CFA Franc

Canada Ottawa Canadian dollar

Cape Verde Praia Cape Verdean escudo

Central African Republic Bangui CFA Franc

Chad N'Djamena CFA Franc

Chile Santiago Chilean Peso

China Beijing Yuan/Renminbi

Colombia Bogota Colombian Peso

Comoros Moroni Franc

Congo, Republic of the Brazzaville CFA Franc

Congo, Democratic Republic of

Kinshasa Congolese franc
the

Costa Rica San Jose Colón

Yamoussoukro

(official);
Cote d'Ivoire CFA Franc
Abidjan (de

facto)

Croatia Zagreb Kuna

Cuba Havana Cuban Peso

Cyprus Nicosia Cyprus pound

Czech Republic Prague Koruna

Denmark Copenhagen Krone

Djibouti Djibouti Djibouti franc

Dominica Roseau East Caribbean dollar

Dominican Republic Santo Domingo Dominican Peso

East Timor (Timor-Leste) Dili U.S. dollar

Ecuador Quito U.S. dollar

Egypt Cairo Egyptian pound

El Salvador San Salvador Colón; U.S. dollar

Equatorial Guinea Malabo CFA Franc

Eritrea Asmara Nakfa

Estonia Tallinn Kroon

Ethiopia Addis Ababa Birr

Fiji Suva Fiji dollar

Finland Helsinki Euro (formerly markka)

France Paris Euro (formerly French franc)

Gabon Libreville CFA Franc

The Gambia Banjul Dalasi

Georgia Tbilisi Lari

Germany Berlin Euro (formerly Deutsche mark)

Ghana Accra Cedi

Greece Athens Euro (formerly drachma)

Grenada Saint George's East Caribbean dollar

Guatemala Guatemala City Quetzal

Guinea Conakry Guinean franc

Guinea-Bissau Bissau CFA Franc

Guyana Georgetown Guyanese dollar

Haiti Port-au-Prince Gourde

Honduras Tegucigalpa Lempira

Hungary Budapest Forint

Iceland Reykjavik Icelandic króna

India New Delhi Rupee

Indonesia Jakarta Rupiah

Iran Tehran Rial

Iraq Baghdad Iraqi Dinar

Euro (formerly Irish pound

Ireland Dublin
[punt])

Israel Jerusalem* Shekel

Italy Rome Euro (formerly lira)

Jamaica Kingston Jamaican dollar

Japan Tokyo Yen

Jordan Amman Jordanian dinar

Kazakhstan Astana Tenge

Kenya Nairobi Kenya shilling

Kiribati Tarawa Atoll Australian dollar

Korea, North Pyongyang Won

Korea, South Seoul Won

Euro (German Mark prior to

Kosovo Pristina
2002)

Kuwait Kuwait City Kuwaiti dinar

Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Som

Laos Vientiane New Kip

Latvia Riga Lats

Lebanon Beirut Lebanese pound

Lesotho Maseru Maluti

Liberia Monrovia Liberian dollar

Libya Tripoli Libyan dinar

Liechtenstein Vaduz Swiss franc

Lithuania Vilnius Litas

Euro (formerly Luxembourg

Luxembourg Luxembourg
franc)

Macedonia Skopje Denar

Madagascar Antananarivo Malagasy franc

Malawi Lilongwe Kwacha

Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Ringgit

Maldives Male Rufiya

Mali Bamako CFA Franc

Malta Valletta Maltese lira

Marshall Islands Majuro U.S. Dollar

Mauritania Nouakchott Ouguiya

Mauritius Port Louis Mauritian rupee

Mexico Mexico City Mexican peso

Micronesia, Federated States of Palikir U.S. Dollar

Moldova Chisinau Leu

Monaco Monaco Euro

Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Tugrik

Montenegro Podgorica Euro

Morocco Rabat Dirham

Mozambique Maputo Metical

Rangoon

(Yangon);

Myanmar (Burma) Naypyidaw or Kyat

Nay Pyi Taw

(administrative)

Namibia Windhoek Namibian dollar

 no official

capital;

Nauru government Australian dollar

offices in Yaren

District

Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese rupee

Amsterdam;

The Hague
Netherlands Euro (formerly guilder)
(seat of

government)

New Zealand Wellington New Zealand dollar

Nicaragua Managua Gold cordoba

Niger Niamey CFA Franc

Nigeria Abuja Naira

Norway Oslo Norwegian krone

Oman Muscat Omani rial

Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani rupee

Palau Melekeok U.S. dollar

Panama Panama City balboa; U.S. dollar

Papua New Guinea Port Moresby Kina

Paraguay Asuncion Guaraní

Peru Lima Nuevo sol (1991)

Philippines Manila Peso

Poland Warsaw Zloty

Portugal Lisbon Euro (formerly escudo)

Qatar Doha Qatari riyal

Romania Bucharest Leu

Russia Moscow Ruble

Rwanda Kigali Rwanda franc

Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre East Caribbean dollar

Saint Lucia Castries East Caribbean dollar

Saint Vincent and the

Kingstown East Caribbean dollar
Grenadines
Samoa Apia Tala

San Marino San Marino Euro

Sao Tome and Principe Sao Tome Dobra

Saudi Arabia Riyadh Riyal

Senegal Dakar CFA Franc

Yugoslav new dinar. In Kosovo

Serbia Belgrade both the euro and the Yugoslav

dinar are legal

Seychelles Victoria Seychelles rupee

Sierra Leone Freetown Leone

Singapore Singapore Singapore dollar

Slovakia Bratislava Koruna

Slovenian tolar; euro (as of

Slovenia Ljubljana
1/1/07)

Solomon Islands Honiara Solomon Islands dollar

Somalia Mogadishu Somali shilling

Pretoria

(administrative)

; Cape Town
South Africa Rand
(legislative);

Bloemfontein

(judiciary)

South Sudan Juba Sudanese Pound

Spain Madrid Euro (formerly peseta)

Colombo; Sri

Jayewardenepu
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka rupee
ra Kotte

(legislative)

Sudan Khartoum Dinar

Suriname Paramaribo Surinamese dollar

Swaziland Mbabane Lilangeni

Sweden Stockholm Krona

Switzerland Bern Swiss franc

Syria Damascus Syrian pound

Taiwan Taipei Taiwan dollar

Tajikistan Dushanbe somoni

Dar es Salaam;

Tanzania Dodoma Tanzanian shilling

(legislative)

Thailand Bangkok baht

Togo Lome CFA Franc

Tonga Nuku'alofa Pa'anga

Trinidad and Tobago Port-of-Spain Trinidad and Tobago dollar

Tunisia Tunis Tunisian dinar

Turkey Ankara Turkish lira (YTL)

Turkmenistan Ashgabat Manat

Vaiaku village,

Tuvalu Funafuti Australian dollar

province

Uganda Kampala Ugandan new shilling

Ukraine Kyiv Hryvna

United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi U.A.E. dirham

United Kingdom London Pound sterling

Washington
United States of America dollar
D.C.
Uruguay Montevideo Uruguay peso

Uzbekistan Tashkent Uzbekistani sum

Vanuatu Port-Vila Vatu

Vatican City (Holy See) Vatican City Euro

Venezuela Caracas Bolivar

Vietnam Hanoi Dong

Yemen Sanaa Rial

Zambia Lusaka Kwacha

Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwean dollar

Organizations

 Food and Agriculture Organization

 Director-General - José Graziano da Silva, Brazil (2012–present)

 International Atomic Energy Agency

 Director-General - Yukiya Amano, Japan (2009–present)

 International Civil Aviation Organization

 President of the Council - Roberto Kobeh Gonzalez, Mexico (2006–present)
 Secretary-General - Raymond Benjamin, France (2009–present)

 International Labour Organization

 Director-General - Guy Ryder, UK (MAY 2012–present)

 United Nations
 Secretary-General - Ban Ki Moon, South Korea (2007–present)
 President of the General Assembly - Nassir Al-Nasser, Qatar (2011–2012)
Vuk Jeremic, Serbia (2012–2013)

 Security Council members - China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United
States (permanent members); Colombia, Germany, India, Portugal, South Africa(elected for
2011–2012); Azerbaijan, Guatemala, Morocco, Pakistan, Togo (elected for 2012–2013)

 United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)

 Executive Director - Anthony Lake, United States (2013–present)

 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

 Director-General - Irina Bokova, Bulgaria (2009–present)

 United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

 High Commissioner - Navanethem Pillay, South Africa (2008–present)

 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

 High Commissioner - António Guterres, Portugal (2005–present)

 United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)

 Director-general - Kandeh Yumkella, Sierra Leone (2005–present)

 World Food Programme (WFP)

 Executive Director - Josette Sheeran, United States (2007–present)
 World Health Organization (WHO)
 Director-General - Margaret Chan, China (acting) (2007–present)

 World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

 President - Alexander Bedritsky, Russia (2003–present)
 Secretary-General - Michel Jarraud, France (2004–present)

 World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

 Secretary-General - Taleb Rifai, Jordan (2010–present)

Ministries Federal Cabinet[4]

Post Minister Term

June
Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif MP
2013-

June
Ministry of Textile Industry Abbas Khan Afridi MP
2013-

January
Minister of Commerce Khurram Dastgir Khan MP
2014-

June
Minister for Defence Production Rana Tanveer Hussain MP
2013-

Minister of Finance, Revenue, Economic Affairs June

Ishaq Dar Senator
and Statistics 2013-
 June
Minister of Housing and Works Akram Khan Durrani MP
2013-

Ministry of Water and Power June

Khawaja Muhammad Asif MP
Minister of Defence 2013-

Minister of Information, Broadcasting and National

June
Heritage Pervez Rasheed Senator
2013-
Minister for Law, Justice and Human Rights

Ghulam Murtaza Khan June

Minister of Industries and Production
Jatoi MP 2013-

June
Ministry of Inter Provincial Coordination Riaz Hussain Pirzada MP
2013-

June
Minister of Interior and Narcotics Control Nisar Ali Khan MP
2013-

Chaudhry Muhammad Barjees June

Ministry of Kashmir Affairs & Gilgit Baltistan
Tahir MP 2013-

June
Minister of National Food Security & Research Sikandar Hayat Khan
2013-

June
Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources Shahid Khaqan Abbasi
2013-

Minister of Planning,Development and Reform(also June

Ahsan Iqbal
the Chairman of National Development and Reform Commission 2013-
 June
Minister of Ports and Shipping Kamran Michael
2013-

June
Minister of Railways Khawaja Saad Rafique
2013-

June
Religious Affairs and Interfaith Harmony Sardar Muhammad Yousuf
2013-

June
Minister of Science and Technology Zahid Hamid
2013-

June
Minister for States and Frontier Regions Abdul Qadir Baloch
2013-

Sports


o Aquatics
o Archery
o Automobile Racing
o Badminton
o Base Jumping
o Baseball
o Basketball
o Beach Volleyball
o Biathlon
o Bobsleigh
o Bocce Ball
o Body Building
o Boomerang
o Bowling
o Boxing
o Bull Fighting
o Camping
o Canoeing
o Caving
o Cheerleading
o Chess
o Classical Dance
o Cricket
o Cross Country Running
o Cross Country Skiing
o Curling
o Cycling
o Darts
o Decathlon
o Diving
o Dog Sledding
o Dog Training
o Down Hill Skiing
o Equestrianism
o Falconry
o Fencing
o Figure Skating
o Fishing
o Flag Football
o Foosball
o Football
o Fox Hunting
o Golf
o Gymnastics
o Hand Ball
o Hang Gliding
o High Jump
o Hiking
o Hockey
o Horseshoes
o Hot Air Ballooning
o Hunting
o Ice Skating
o Inline Skating
o Jai Alai
o Judo
o Karate
o Kayaking
o Knee Boarding
o Lacrosse
o Land Sailing
o Log Rolling
o Long Jump
o Luge
o Modern Dance
o Modern Pentathlon
o Motorcycle Racing
o Mountain Biking
o Mountaineering
o Netball
o Paint Ball
o Para Gliding
o Parachuting
o Petanque
o Pool Playing
o Power Walking
o Quad Biking
o Racquetball
o Remote Control Boating
o River Rafting
o Rock Climbing
o Rodeo Riding
o Roller Skating
o Rowing
o Rugby
o Sailing
o Scuba Diving
o Shooting
o Shot Put
o Shuffleboard
o Skateboarding
o Skeet Shooting
o Snooker
o Snow Biking
o Snow Boarding
o Snow Shoeing
o Snow Sledding
o Soccer
o Sombo
o Speed Skating
o Sport Fishing
o Sport Guide
o Sprint Running
o Squash
o Stunt Plane Flying
o Sumo Wrestling
o Surfing
o Swimming
o Synchronized Swimming
o Table Tennis
o Taekwondo
o Tchoukball
o Tennis
o Track and Field
o Trampolining
o Triathlon
o Tug of War
o Volleyball
o Water Polo
o Water Skiing
o Weight Lifting
o Wheelchair Basketball
o White Water Rafting
o Wind Surfing
o Wrestling
o Wushu
o Yachting
o Yoga.

Recent prize awarded

2014
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014
Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura

"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014

Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell and William E. Moerner

"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014

John O'Keefe, May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser

"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2014

Patrick Modiano

"for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of
the occupation"

The Nobel Peace Prize 2014

Kailash Satyarthi and Malala Yousafzai
"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education"

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2014
Jean Tirole

"for his analysis of market power and regulation"

2013
he Nobel Prize in Physics 2013
François Englert and Peter W. Higgs

"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic
particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS
and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013

Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel

"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013

James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and Thomas C. Südhof

"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2013

Alice Munro

"master of the contemporary short story"

The Nobel Peace Prize 2013

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)

"for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons"

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2013
Eugene F. Fama, Lars Peter Hansen and Robert J. Shiller

"for their empirical analysis of asset prices"

Abbreviations

Common Abbreviations
A.B. Artium Baccalaureus [Bachelor of Arts]
abbr. abbreviation(s), abbreviated
Acad. Academy
A.D. anno Domini [in the year of the Lord]
alt. altitude
A.M. ante meridiem [before noon]; Artium Magister [Master of Arts]
AM amplitude modulation
Assn. Association
at. no. atomic number
at. wt. atomic weight
Aug. August
Ave. Avenue
AWOL absent without leave
b. born, born in
B.A. Bachelor of Arts
B.C. Before Christ
b.p. boiling point
B.S. Bachelor of Science
Btu British thermal unit(s)
C Celsius (centigrade)
c. circa [about]
cal calorie(s)
Capt. Captain
cent. century, centuries
cm centimeter(s)
co. county
Col. Colonel; Colossians
Comdr. Commander
Corp. Corporation
Cpl. Corporal
cu cubic
d. died, died in
D.C. District of Columbia
Dec. December
dept. department
dist. district
div. division
Dr. doctor
E east, eastern
ed. edited, edition, editor(s)
est. established; estimated
et al. et alii [and others]
F Fahrenheit
Feb. February
fl. floruit [flourished]
fl oz fluid ounce(s)
FM frequency modulation
ft foot, feet
gal. gallon(s)
Gen. General, Genesis
GMT Greenwich mean time
GNP gross national product
GOP Grand Old Party (Republican Party)
Gov. governor
grad. graduated, graduated at
H hour(s)
Hon. the Honorable
hr hour(s)
i.e. id est [that is]
in. inch(es)
inc. incorporated
Inst. Institute, Institution
IRA Irish Republican Army
IRS Internal Revenue Service
Jan. January
Jr. Junior
K Kelvin
kg kilogram(s)
km kilometer(s)
£ libra [pound], librae [pounds]
lat. latitude
lb libra [pound], librae [pounds]
Lib. Library
long. longitude
Lt. Lieutenant
Ltd. Limited
m meter(s)
M minute(s)
M.D. Medicinae Doctor [Doctor of Medicine]
mg milligram(s)
mi mile(s)
min minute(s)
mm millimeter(s)
mph miles per hour
Mr. Mister (always abbreviated)
Mrs. Mistress (always abbreviated)
Msgr Monsignor
mt. Mount, Mountain
mts. mountains
Mus. Museum
N north; Newton(s)
NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NE northeast
no. number
Nov. November
OAS Organization of American States
Oct. October
Op. Opus [work]
oz ounce(s)
pl. plural
pop. population
pseud. pseudonym
pt. part(s)
pt pint(s)
pub. published; publisher
qt quart(s)
Rev. Revelation; the Reverend
rev. revised
R.N. registered nurse
rpm revolution(s) per minute
RR railroad
S south
S second(s)
SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
SEC Securities and Exchange Commission
sec second(s); secant
Sept. September
Ser. Series
Sgt. Sergeant
sq square
Sr. Senior
SSR Soviet Socialist Republic
St. Saint; Street
UNICE United Nations Children's Fund
F
uninc. unincorporated
Univ. University
U.S. United States
USA United States Army
USAF United States Air Force
USCG United States Coast Guard
 USMC United States Marine Corps
USN United States Navy
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
VFW Veterans of Foreign Wars
VISTA Volunteers in Service to America
vol. volume(s)
vs. versus
W west; watt(s)
WHO World Health Organization
wt. weight
yd yard(s)
YMCA Young Men's Christian Association
YWCA Young Women's Christian Association

Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups

Note: Not all international organizations and groups have abbreviations.

ABEDA -- Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa

ACC -- Arab Cooperation Council

ACCT -- Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique; see Agency for

Cultural and Technical Cooperation

ACP -- African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries

AfDB -- African Development Bank

AFESD -- Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development

AG -- Andean Group

AL -- Arab League
 ALADI -- Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion; see Latin American
Integration Association (LAIA)

AMF -- Arab Monetary Fund

AMU -- Arab Maghreb Union

ANZUS -- Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty

APEC -- Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation

AsDB -- Asian Development Bank

ASEAN -- Association of Southeast Asian Nations

BAD -- Banque Africaine de Developpement; see African Development Bank

(AfDB)

BADEA -- Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique; see

Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)

BCIE -- Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico; see Central

American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)

BDEAC -- Banque de Developpment des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see

Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)

Benelux -- Benelux Economic Union

BID -- Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo; see Inter-American Development

Bank (IADB)

BIS -- Bank for International Settlements

BOAD -- Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement; see West African

Development Bank (WADB)

BSEC -- Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone

C

C -- Commonwealth

CACM -- Central American Common Market

CAEU -- Council of Arab Economic Unity

CARICOM -- Caribbean Community and Common Market

CBSS -- Council of the Baltic Sea States

CCC -- Customs Cooperation Council

CDB -- Caribbean Development Bank

CE -- Council of Europe

CEAO -- Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest; see West African

Economic Community (CEAO)

CEEAC -- Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see

Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)

CEI -- Central European Initiative

CEMA -- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; also known as CMEA or

Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991

CEPGL -- Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs; see Economic
Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL)

CERN -- Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire; see European

Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)

CG -- Contadora Group

CIS -- Commonwealth of Independent States

CMEA -- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as

Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991

COCOM -- Coordinating Committee on Export Controls

 Comecon -- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as
CMEA; abolished 1 January 1991

CP -- Colombo Plan

CSCE -- Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

DC -- developed country

EADB -- East African Development Bank

EBRD -- European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

EC -- European Community; see European Union (EU)

ECA -- Economic Commission for Africa

ECAFE -- Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East; see Economic and
Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)

ECE -- Economic Commission for Europe

ECLA -- Economic Commission for Latin America; see Economic

Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)

ECLAC -- Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean

ECO -- Economic Cooperation Organization

ECOSOC -- Economic and Social Council

ECOWAS -- Economic Community of West African States

ECSC -- European Coal and Steel Community

 ECWA -- Economic Commission for Western Asia; see Economic and Social
Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)

EEC -- European Economic Community

EFTA -- European Free Trade Association

EIB -- European Investment Bank

Entente -- Council of the Entente

ESA -- European Space Agency

ESCAP -- Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

ESCWA -- Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia

EU -- European Union

Euratom -- European Atomic Energy Community

FAO -- Food and Agriculture Organization

FLS -- Front Line States

FZ -- Franc Zone

G-2 -- Group of 2

G-3 -- Group of 3

G-5 -- Group of 5

G-6 -- Group of 6 (not to be confused with the Big Six)

G-7 -- Group of 7
 G-8 -- Group of 8

G-9 -- Group of 9

G-10 -- Group of 10

G-11 -- Group of 11

G-15 -- Group of 15

G-19 -- Group of 19

G-24 -- Group of 24

G-30 -- Group of 30

G-33 -- Group of 33

G-77 -- Group of 77

GATT -- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GCC -- Gulf Cooperation Council

Habitat -- Commission on Human Settlements

IADB -- Inter-American Development Bank

IAEA -- International Atomic Energy Agency

IBEC -- International Bank for Economic Cooperation

IBRD -- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

ICAO -- International Civil Aviation Organization

ICC -- International Chamber of Commerce

ICEM -- Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration; see
International Organization for Migration (IOM)

ICFTU -- International Confederation of Free Trade Unions

ICJ -- International Court of Justice

ICM -- Intergovernmental Committee for Migration; see International

Organization for Migration (IOM)

ICRC -- International Committee of the Red Cross

ICRM -- International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

IDA -- International Development Association

IDB -- Islamic Development Bank

IEA -- International Energy Agency

IFAD -- International Fund for Agricultural Development

IFC -- International Finance Corporation

IFCTU -- International Federation of Christian Trade Unions

IFRCS -- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

IGADD -- Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development

IIB -- International Investment Bank

ILO -- International Labor Organization

IMCO -- Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; see

International Maritime Organization (IMO)

IMF -- International Monetary Fund

IMO -- International Maritime Organization

INMARSAT -- International Maritime Satellite Organization

INTELSAT -- International Telecommunications Satellite Organization

 INTERPOL -- International Criminal Police Organization

IOC -- International Olympic Committee

IOM -- International Organization for Migration

ISO -- International Organization for Standardization

ITU -- International Telecommunication Union

LAES -- Latin American Economic System

LAIA -- Latin American Integration Association

LAS -- League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL)

LDC -- less developed country

LLDC -- least developed country

LORCS -- League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

MERCOSUR -- Mercado Comun del Cono Sur; see Southern Cone Common
Market

MINURSO -- United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara

MTCR -- Missile Technology Control Regime

NACC -- North Atlantic Cooperation Council

NAM -- Nonaligned Movement

 NATO -- North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NC -- Nordic Council

NEA -- Nuclear Energy Agency

NIB -- Nordic Investment Bank

NIC -- newly industrializing country; see newly industrializing economy (NIE)

NIE -- newly industrializing economy

NSG -- Nuclear Suppliers Group

OAPEC -- Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries

OAS -- Organization of American States

OAU -- Organization of African Unity

OECD -- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

OECS -- Organization of Eastern Caribbean States

OIC -- Organization of the Islamic Conference

ONUMOZ -- see UNOMOZ

ONUSAL -- United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador

OPANAL -- Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la

America Latina y el Caribe; see Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear
Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean

OPEC -- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

OSCE -- Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe

P

PCA -- Permanent Court of Arbitration

PFP -- Partnership for Peace

RG -- Rio Group

SAARC -- South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

SACU -- Southern African Customs Union

SADC -- Southern African Development Community

SADCC -- Southern African Development Coordination Conference

SELA -- Sistema Economico Latinoamericana; see Latin American Economic

System (LAES)

SPARTECA -- South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation

Agreement

SPC -- South Pacific Commission

SPF -- South Pacific Forum

UDEAC -- Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale; see Central

African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)

UN -- United Nations

UNAVEM II -- United Nations Angola Verification Mission

UNAMIR -- United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda

UNCTAD -- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNDOF -- United Nations Disengagement Observer Force

UNDP -- United Nations Development Program

UNEP -- United Nations Environment Program

UNESCO -- United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

UNFICYP -- United Nations Force in Cyprus

UNFPA -- United Nations Fund for Population Activities; see UN Population

Fund (UNFPA)

UNHCR -- United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees

UNICEF -- United Nations Children's Fund

UNIDO -- United Nations Industrial Development Organization

UNIFIL -- United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon

UNIKOM -- United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission

UNITAR -- United Nations Institute for Training and Research

UNMIH -- United Nations Mission in Haiti

UNMOGIP -- United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan

UNOMIG -- United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia

UNOMIL -- United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia

UNOMOZ -- United Nations Operation in Mozambique

UNOMUR -- United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda (ONUMOZ)

UNOSOM -- United Nations Operation in Somalia

UNPROFOR -- United Nations Protection Force

 UNRISD -- United Nations Research Institute for Social Development

UNRWA -- United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees
in the Near East

UNTAC -- United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia

UNTSO -- United Nations Truce Supervision Organization

UNU -- United Nations University

UPU -- Universal Postal Union

USSR/EE -- USSR/Eastern Europe

WADB -- West African Development Bank

WCL -- World Confederation of Labor

WEU -- Western European Union

WFC -- World Food Council

WFP -- World Food Program

WFTU -- World Federation of Trade Unions

WHO -- World Health Organization

WIPO -- World Intellectual Property Organization

WMO -- World Meteorological Organization

WP -- Warsaw Pact (members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance)

WTO -- see WToO

WToO -- World Tourism Organization

 WTrO -- World Trade Organization (will be added in The World Factbook
1996)

ZC -- Zangger Committee