PRE-TEST ISENG-ISENG

Motif rangkaian network yang memediasi Stretch Reflex pada spinal

cord mencakup semua, KECUALI berikut:

a. Feed Forward Excitation

b. Feed Forward Inhibition

MICRONEURAL NETWORK c. Lateral Inhibition

d. Divergen

Wisnu Prasetyo Adhi

PRE-TEST ISENG-ISENG PRE-TEST ISENG-ISENG

Proses dimana sinaps neuron excitasi dan inhibisi berangkai Motif “network” yang mendasari circadian rhythms adalah:
(summates) disebut:
a. temporal summation
a. Plasticity b. spatial summation
b. Integrasi c. feedback excitasi
c. Convergen d. feedback inhibisi
d. Pulse Frequency Modulasi e. lateral inhibisi
e. Disinhibisi
 THE NEURON
PRE-TEST ISENG-ISENG

Asosiasi “network” yang bekerja secara otomatis penting untuk:

a. Reflex
b. Edge Enhancement
c. Memory
d. Locomotion
e. Neural Oscillation

POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON NEURON RECEIVING SYNAPTIC INPUT

THE SYNAPSE TIPE NEURON

THE PHASE OF ACTION POTENTIAL

THE PHASE OF ACTION POTENTIAL

SALTATORY CONDUCTION
SALTATORY CONDUCTION SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL & SYNAPTIC INTEGRATION
 SPATIAL SUMMATION & TEMPORAL SUMMATION

SPATIAL SUMMATION & TEMPORAL SUMMATION

➤ Feedforward excitation. Allows one neuron to relay information to its neighbor. Long chains
of these can be used to propagate information through the nervous system. FEED FORWARD EXCITATION & FEED FORWARD INHIBITION
➤ Feedforward inhibition. A presynaptic cell excites an inhibitory interneuron (an interneuron is
a neuron interposed between two neurons) and that inhibitory interneuron then inhibits the next
follower cell. This is a way of shutting down or limiting excitation in a downstream neuron in a
neural circuit.

➤ Convergence/Divergence. One postsynaptic cell receives convergent input from a number of

different presynaptic cells and any individual neuron can make divergent connections to many
different postsynaptic cells. Divergence allows one neuron to communicate with many other
neurons in a network. Convergence allows a neuron to receive input from many neurons in a
network.

➤ Lateral inhibition. A presynaptic cell excites inhibitory interneurons and they inhibit
neighboring cells in the network. As described in detail later in the Chapter, this type of circuit
can be used in sensory systems to provide edge enhancement.

➤ Feedback/recurrent inhibition. In Panel E1, a presynaptic cell connects to a postsynaptic

cell, and the postsynaptic cell in turn connects to an interneuron, which then inhibits the
presynaptic cell. This circuit can limit excitation in a pathway. Some initial excitation would be
shut off after the red interneuron becomes active. In Panel E2, each neuron in the closed chain
inhibits the neuron to which it is connected. This circuit would appear to do nothing, but, as will
be seen later in the Chapter, it can lead to the generation of complex patterns of spike activity.

➤ Feedback/recurrent excitation. In Panel F1, a presynaptic neuron excites a postsynaptic

neuron and that postsynaptic neuron excites the presynaptic neuron. This type of circuit can
serve a switch-like function because once the presynaptic cell is activated that activation could
be perpetuated. Activation of the presynaptic neuron could switch this network on and it could
stay on. Panel F2 shows variants of feedback excitation in which a presynaptic neuron excites
a postsynaptic neuron that can feedback to excite itself (a, an autapse) or other neurons which
ultimately feedback (b) to itself.

CONVERGEN & DIVERGEN LATERAL INHIBITION

 FEEDBACK/RECURRENT INHIBISI
FEEDBACK INHIBITION IN MICROCIRCUIT
A classic example is the Renshaw cell in the spinal cord
FEEDBACK INHIBITION IN NANOCIRCUIT CIRCADIAN RHYTM

Feedback inhibition is not only prevalent in many neuronal circuits;

it is also prevalent in biochemical circuits.

SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS

FEEDBACK INHIBITION IN RING CIRCUIT

FEEDBACK/RECURRENT EXCITATION
Recurrent excitation in nanocircuits and microcircuits appears to
be critical for learning and memory processes.

Learning involves changes in the biophysical properties of

neurons and changes in synaptic strength.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). REFERENSI
➤ Byrne, J.H., Canavier, C.C., Lechner, H., Clark, J.W. and Baxter, D.A.
Role of nonlinear dynamical properties of a modeled bursting neuron in
information processing and storage. Netherlands Journal of Zoology
44:339-356, 1994.
➤ Byrne, J.H., Heidelberger, R, and Waxham, M.N., eds., From Molecules to
Networks: An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Third
Edition, Elsevier, 2014.
➤ Canavier, C.C., Butera, R.J., Dror, R.O., Baxter, D.A., Clark, J.W., Byrne,
J.H. Phase response characteristics of model neurons determine which
patterns are expressed in a ring circuit model of gait generation. Biol.
Cybern. 77:367-380, 1997.
➤ Felleman, D.J. and Van Essen, D.C. Distributed hierarchical processing in
the primate cerebral cortex. Cereb. Cortex 1(1):1-47, 1991
➤ Hastings, M.H., Reddy, A.B., and Maywood E.S. (2003) A clockwork web:
circadian timing in brain and periphery, in health and disease. Nature Rev.
Neurosci. 4(8):649-661, 2003.
➤ Kiehn O. Decoding the organization of spinal circuits that control
(courtesy of Tim Ellmore, Ph.D., Dept. of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston)
locomotion. Nat Rev Neurosci.17:224-238, 2016.

ِ ِ‫الناس أَنْفَ ُع ُه ْم ل‬
‫لناس‬ ِ َ
‫خ ْي ُر‬

“Sebaik-baik manusia adalah yang paling bermanfaat

bagi manusia”

(HR. Ahmad, ath-Thabrani)