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 Battle Honours ffiE
TACTICA
The historical approach AN HISIORICAL TOANCIENTWARGAMING
APPROACH
to Ancient Wargaming
The ancientrulesfrom the UnitedStatesthat are
fast becomingthe standardthereare availablein
Europe from Battle Honours.A completelyfresh
approachto the subjectgivesaccurate,enjoyable
and fast play. The manual itself is beautifully
producedin full colour on heavyad paper

* Contains 40 full colourphotographs,15 black

and white,and 40 diagrams.
* 25 historicallyaccurate and complete army
organisations;no additional books or point
systemneeded.
* All major ancient periodsand battle systems
represented.
* Tacticallyaccurateand excitinggamesplayed
in a singleevening.
* Additionalvolumeshortlyavailablecontaining
24 more army organisations.
&12.95plusi1.00 p E p. Europe&2.50.

pEts-pg
ARIIIIES ON THE DAI'IUBE 1809
The definitive book on the campaign that
encompassedEckmuhl, Ebelsberg,Aspern'Ess'
ling and Wargram.

Chapterson:
* The AustrianArmy of 1809
* hapoleons Armeede IAllemagne
* Operations in ltaly, Dalmatia, Hungary and
Poland
* The battlesof the campaign
* ExceptionallydetailedOrdersof Battle
* Maps,line drawingsand photographs
* Confederationof the RhineOrganisational
Chart
and much,much more ................
123.95 plusS1.65 p 6 p (FirstClass)
Europei2.60 (Tradeenquirieswelcomed)
 3

JOIII Ug IllI A DAY BY THE SEA.......

With so many new items being addedto our product rangewe thought it would
be a good ideato hold a seriesof BAfiLE HONOURSopen daysup and down
the country.It will giveour customersthe chanceto inspecl study,read jump up
and down on and generallyseewhattheyaregettingbeforepartingwiththeirwell
earnedcash.It will alsobe the idealopportunityto playa few games,meet some
faces that we only speak to on the phone and listen to their ideas, criticisms
(surelynot!!)and thoughts The first one is plannedfor Eunday,APRIL lst (no
joke, honestl$ at SHOEB(RYNESS in Essex Our friendsthe Shoreburyness
WargamesClub havekindly arrangedfor us to use their venueat the Shoebury
Youth Centre,DelawareRoad There's plenty of space,all the usual facilities
includingrefreshments, jacuzzis,indoor landingstripsetc.and it's easyto reach
from London,Kentand of courseEastAnglia.From Londonget on the M25 and
off at the Ai27. Head towards Southend and you'll pick up the signs for
Shoeburyness. Headfor the swimmingpool in Shoeburyand the YouthCentreis
in the grounds.You can get therefrom the Centreof Londonin lessthan an hour.
From Kent it's acrossvia the DartfordTunnel and turn righl
So what's going on? For a start we'll be running a few games of the much
improved EAGLEBEARERThe upgradedversion is a dream to play and old
EAGLEBEARERhandscan get some tips from the experts.If you haven'tused
the systemyet andarethinkingof doing so then come alongand sitin on a game.
There will be plentyof choicewith Mr. Buonapartedoing battlewith all sorts of
enemies.
We re alsorunninga TACTICAgame so you ancientplayerscan try out the rules
that everyoneis talkingabout Back on the computerfront therewill be a sneak
previewof some NapoleonicNaval rules and a chance to haul in yer main
mizzens,hoist yer top tregallantsand givethe Frencha round of doubleshotted
carronadesup the stem me hearties.
For the WW2/ModernfansIn ServiceMiniatureshavesentus overa copy of their
rulesfor both periodsandwe'llbe demonstratingat leastonq maybebottl This is
the first time that they will be demonstratedin this country and look very
promising.Just the sort of thing we like, fas! accurateand fun.
What else?Well, the complete travellingshowroom will be there with figureq
books,ruleg ISM micro.armourand all the other goodiesthat we well.We may
havesome paintingsuperstarswho will be passingon tips and anythingelsewe
can think of betweennow and then.
It should be a good day oul There's no charge of course and everybodyis
welcome.Startsat 10.00am andwill go on to around5.00 pm. Try and getthere.
Anythingyou need to know just give us a call
BATTII HOnO|IRE 5 ltooE L.!., Orcton, llr. Eldd.mlrdGr, $olB DY14 8l|l
':cI: O7lr 632 62t F.x! (,299 2ZlJ662

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 UANGAiIfI Contents
lllurlralerl Page
l3 DaveAndre$s Barbedwire.
A ntaithodeler solreso|n kU prohled
14 AlisonJolley Sir MarmadukeRa*don
..CHICAGO.THAT A Rolalistconnatuercfthe EBlish Ciril l4al
16 lanCastle Blaa rbergrevisited
TODDLIN'TOWN'' 20 RobinP.Jenki6
Bntuin
acquiaSorth
Afu.a
BattlesalongtheSoar
Sinaara
Theeneaqmena d MatnMRlond CoR\ Bndge

The starson the staFspangled bannerpaledinto insignificance u Dealhof aCorps

in the brightlighto{theclusterolwargaming starsassembled by
Mr. Todd Fisherfor the openingofThe Ernperor'sHeadquar- 30 ChrisP€ers Nayalsarfa.e in Anci€nt& Medieval
tersin Chicago- Cbina
'It's unique!"was the verdictof the Hobby\ patronsaint,
DonaldFeatherstone, who headedthe galaxyof glitteratiwho 36 Stephen Simpson Thr€eNornan Battles,I l4l-43
camelike the biblicalMagi to witnessthe birth of the world's
mostmagnificentwargamesstoreand distributioncentre. ,t0 JasonD. Burke TheBattl€of Nijmegen, 1944
'There'sneverbeenanythinglike itbefore andrherenever
Oneolti bnd|esthd Eosa\tualar!
will be againl"Don added.No one couldcontradicthim. The 48 ClassifiedAds
fact that the brand new lhree-storeyedifice,with its facade
resemblinga top quality restaurantor night club, was built
specificallyto be a wargamesstore should perhapshave Front coverphoto: 1940and German infantt ooss one of the
preparedus for the deluxeinterior, wilh gold fittingsin the rivers in their drive 10 the north French coast. 20nm frgurcs
washroomsand sprawlingpranies of plush carpets- but it Irom the colbction of Colin Rumfo .
didn't. we were awe'struckl
SUBSCnIPTIOIIS lor 12issuesol Wargames I luslraled
Here wasrealspaciousness, seeninglyhardlydiminishedby are11850 inlheU.K.
the vast stocksof histori€aland fantasyminiatures,boxed Europe & restot Worldsurlace: !20. Reslo1Woddairmal: 132.
gamesand books,as well as all essentialwargamingaidsand BACK I|U IBERS Al issueslrom#4 aresti I avaiiable at
generalgames,like chess,all tastefullydisplayed. t1 70 eachoosloaid
The wallsare decoratedwith variousit€msofrniUtaria.with Backnurnbers of ouroccasional speciaexlrapublication
pride of placegoing to a flag of the Marinesof tbe cuard. warqames Worldareasostllavailable: Nos 2,3.4:t2.4O
carriedat Napoleon'sfuneral. postpaid.No.5t1.70 poslpaid.
At the backof the storedoubleglassdoorsleadinto a large ElIDEnSiorWargameslllusiraied icapacilyl2issues).
gaming room, with a deploymenlof tables that even the NEW!BindersforwargamesWorldalsonowavailable. Same
caoacrtv. sarneofice.
WarganesHoliday Centrewould be hard-pressed to match. Postoaid oices:UK:14.75 Europe:t5 RestolWorld:t6.
The lucky blightersin Todd s group are to havetbeir regular F om! STnATAGEM PUELICATIO'{S LTD.,
meetingstransferred1o this wargamingGardenof Eden. l8 Lover. Lene, l{ewerk, l{oltr.I{H2l lHz, Englard.
Certainly5744,West lrvine Park Road. Chicago,Illinois
60634should becomea Meccaforwargamers. For thoseunable
to makethe pilgdmage-more nextmonth:thc adventuresofa
groupoI British pilSrimsin the mid-wesl.

BIAAI'WBERG REVISITED
Wl first lookedat the BattleofBlaauwbergin issue3. On page
16 lan Castle provides more details of the action which
brought the Cape Prov;nceinto the British Empire.

An idealbtic contenponty vie|| of the captuft otCape Town Cenenl Janssensat the Baflle ot Blaauwberg

ldiror: Dumin lra.hrhd. Pub|nll.d

h! srdlgch PubLiariois
Lrd..l3 Lor^ Lane.Ne"r\.5_orr. NG:r tHz Trtr 061671971
Trpe.r [: QNiblc Lrd Pn tdinEtrClandDi*ibtrros:ACB lmlrs. CLoistrCo!n.:]16 Fdnn-qdon t:ne. Londoi.ECIR3AU ISSN 095?-6.l4il
 WARGAMES HOLIDAYCENTRE
1990 PROGRAMME
Feelingdepressedby those long winter evenings?Tired of luggingall those figuresand terrain
to andlromtheclubeveryweek?Fancycommanding La GrandeArmeeratherthantwo battalionsanda
cavalrysquadron?Why not keat yourseltthis year and book in lor a lew days of wargamingin style,
with unmatchedfacilitiesdesignedsolelyto providestimulalingand realisticgaming?
At the WaroamesHolidavCentrewe haveover 35,000fiqures- all 25mm- coverinqfour different
periods;a pu-rpose-builttable measuring28 leet x 15 feel and terrainand buildingsto make your
inouthwater.Takevouroickfroma shortweek-endbreakwithoneof the well-known Napoleonicbattles,
or maybetry the ltalianRenaissance wars campaign.where youll need Macchiavellian cunningand
deceotionas well as militarvskill to survivethe week.
whateveryourchoiceyou'ieassuredthat it will be doneon a grandscalewithup to 12 playersand a
full-timeum6ire.
Preparatidnsforthe newcampaigning seasonhavealreadystarted,so makesureyou'reon the sideof
the -Bio Battalionsin 1990!
SPHING WEEKENDS
lltarch l6th-18th March 3oth-Aprlllst Aprll 6lh-8th
BAUTZEN Thealliesmustholdoul WATERLOO - Youfchanceto lesloul DRESDEN Taclically perhapslhe
aoainstvasllvsuperiornumberc- a test yourowntheories
on whetherrlcanbe moslsublleandinleresling
batlle.
ornerueandskir wonorrost'
i,'fl3JiiiJl3"":""?'fi:l3l""i:;:fl:J'
lable
aoril 20st-22nd April 28th-30rh tilay 11th-13th
BoRoDlNo: stittthemoslpoputar WAGRAM -The bigwhileonelThe BLENHEIM-Thebatllelhatmadelhe
Napoleonicbattleand always climarol the1809campaign as the Dukeol of Marlborough anddeslroyed
Frenchseekrevengefor ihe deJeaiat themythol Frenchinvancibility.
Aspern-Essling,
Mav 18th-20th June 1st-3rd June 8lh-lOlh
EYLAU- "Sluoieslin thesnow".New VITTORIA - Theqreateslcontliclof AUSTERLITZ-The battlethatshook
on thelist.Ouilirsloftennool this,one PeninsularWar. KinoJoseDh musthold theloundations
oi European order.But
ol Napoteon s earlreslandbloodiest olt wellrnglons armi andriraintain
an withbettercommanderscouldn'tit have
escaperoulebacklo France. beensodifferent?
SUMMER WEEKS
June 17lh-23rd July 1st-7th Julv 15lh-21st
WEEKINC,WAGRAM
GENERAL AUSTERLITZ & DRESDEN. Two PENINSULAR BATTLESWEEK, Nota
classicNapoleonic
confrontalions- camDaion. buta seriesot themaior
aclrcinsinaudrngVittoria,Salamanca.
Talavera&Fuentesde Onorc.
Julv 2llAuqusl 4lh August 1Ah-l8th Augusl 26th- lsl september
ITALIAN WAhSCAI,IFAIGN WEEK.A WATERLOO & EYLAW,Theoldand LEIPZIG& BAUTZEN. Thekeybattles
Teslyournilitary&
reallhriller. lhe new.Theselwo are perhapsihe campaign
of theclimactic of 1813.
diplomaticskillsto thelull. mostandleastplayedof allthemajor
(Max.8playerc) Napoleonicbatlles,
September 9th-15th Septembet 23rd-291h
MARLBURIAN CAIUPAIGN WEEK_ GENERAL WEEKiNCIUdiNg
Basedon lda borough's celebrated BORODINO.
1704campaiqn whichdeslroyed
Frenchhooesol Eurooean dominance
andculminated in lhe Battleol
Blenheim.
'Each qeneralweekwill includea major Marlburianbatllesuch as Blenheimor lralplaquetand a large ltalianwars
set oieaeactionas wellas lhe listedNapoleontcbatlle.
FOFIIAT: Playersarriveon Sundayeveningin tameforeveningmealand planningsessions.Fivefulldays gaming.
€75oeroersonincludinq
PRICES WEEKENDS WEEKSf225 perpersonincluding
hotelanitallmealsthroiqh 6 niohlshotelandall meals
fromFridayeveningto Sinday frori Sundayeveninguntil
anernoon. Saturdaybreakfast.
!10 deposit €40deposit
Reductionsavailable lot pafties of 4 ot morc.
MIKE INGHAM
The Wargames Holiday Centre, The Enchanted Cottage,
Folldon, Scarborough Yo11 3uH.
Telephone Scarborough (0723) 891()62
24 hour answerphoneservice

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 rroDEnn
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TABLETOP GAMES
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 rll\\I:l(cl:
Tortts' ARE BACK
1/3OOth MODELS
WARGAI\4E 1Omm(Tzooth
Scale)figures
.:
THISMONTH'SRELEASE
AMERICANCIVILWAR
CONFEDEMTES
a c w l L ) . AG o a ! , r , I e qiwiilii".raooeo,c,ua,-^
cLwL/rrqr0x'nS A C ' r ! 67 p d , N a p o )t (F8o,r_, ^

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ACWC 12CS.ACavalrv S okh harDishtd
ACWC.13 CSACava rySlouch hatCommaid

UNION PACK CONTENTS

ANDPFICES
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nlanlry n 20footfques
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J ACOBITE
M INIATURES

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 25mm NAPOLEONIC WARI
THE FRENCH IN EGYPT - 1798 - 1801
MINIAIURES
SUPERBANIMATION
CI.EAN, SHARP CAS'IING
MLYEDHEAD VARIANTS
::[T::lii.Ti-.ll]",.-
Ne..or: ".".
Tail€d Coar & Bi.orn Hat.
'FN07 Fusilier Drunmer Advancing, Long Tailed
MORE CIIARACTER
FN08 Crenadier Oflicer Bmndishing Sword.
2firnrOltonraDTorks 'oT.17
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Wo d War I atd a GermantaDk- scntchiuilt in 25tun by DaveAndrews - hascometo grief in the tenches. Tommiesqueaeup
to caphtre the crew- Note barbed wbe in backgound. Nl Enain/frgtres scrabh-builtlcoDvertedby Dave.

BARBED
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easily be fitted together and alow lor the removal of gap6.

(4,
 Sir MarmadukeRawdon:
A Royalist Commanderof the Civil War
By Alison Jolley

Sir Marnaduk€ Rawdonmay not be on€of the b€strcmembered hewouldbepleasedro acceptof amongstrhem.But findinghim
leadersfrom the English Civil War, but he hasgivenhi! nameto of too honestprincipleto be corruptedto do anythingagainst
Sir Marmaduk€ Rawdon's Regimentof the English Civil Wa. hisconscience or allegiance they beganto suspecthim and he
Sociely. Ior severalyears memb€rshav€ been researchinghis them.so to severhimsclffron beingseizeduponhe wenl fron
'
life - and someof their findings have now beencollated. Londonto Hodsden.
Researchcarried out by members of Sir Marnaduke
"A greatadventurerandphilanthropist, rnuchlovedby allwho Rawdon'sRegimentof the English Civil War Societyhas
knewhim." is how Sir MarmadukeRawdonwasdescribedin a uncoveredsuggestions that he left Londonin a hurry, having
historyof th€ family writaenin 1667. becomepart ofa plot to seizeoneofthe Londonmagazines and
Aftcr the RoyalistColonel'sdeath,besieged in Faringdoninholdanumberofpeoplehoslage.Hisco-conspirators aresaidto
1646.it is saidhisbannerwasrent into smallDieces anddividedhavebeenhanged.
anong his officers.who wore them as if they were relics. On March 9, 1(*+3Rawdonwent to Oxford and presented
Even his Parliam€ntarian enemiescould not let him go outhimseu to King Charlcs-A month later, on April 13. he
withouta bang."Theythoughttheywouldgivehimonepieceof receivedhiscommission ro raisea reginentof fooi, ofwhichhe
ordnancefor a farewell.so fixing a greatrnonar piecewith a was Colonel,at his own expense.He also raiseda troop of
shotto{2001bs. whichsodirectedbythedevilthatit fellintothe
churchuponhisgrave. . . If ilcomeonequarterofanhoursoonSir RobertPeakewasmadeLieutenantColonel.a Dosition
it had spoiledmostof the offi€ersand peoplethereabouts. ' later to be taken by CaptainThomasJohnson
This rather romanticisedaccountof Rawdon'sdeath may The KingappointedRawdonto be govemorofBasingHouse
havecone from hisown nephew(alsocalledMarnaduke),but in Hampshire,homeof Lord Paulet.the Marquisof Winches,
thereis mu€hevidenceofthe highregardin whichthe Colonel ter. and a strongholdof major importancealongthe London-
washeldonbothsidesduringthe EnglishCivilWar.lndeedit is Winchesterroad. It is likely Rawdon'sreginent numberedat
possiblethal he may have taken some dme to decide his least 150nen. as a s'egediary kept by the Marchioness of
allegiance to King or Parliament. Winchesterreportsihat the Marquis'\olicited Hn Majestyfor
Rawdonwasbornin 1582,thethirdsonofRalphRawdonand one hundred musketeerstrhich marchingwith speed and
hiswifeJane, ofStearsby, Yorkshire. At abouttheageof16he secrecywere thrust into the place . . . and sometime after
was taken to London by his eldestbrother Lawrence.who ColonelRawdonwilh the rest of his regimentis conmanded
placedhim with a rnerchantnamedDanielHall. He wassentto thither."
Bordeaux,where he is said to have been successful in his ln the next monlh 120 pikes, six halberds,60 bills and
masteasbusinessand to have advancedhis own fbrtunes. assortedmusketeefingequipmentincludedrests.bandoliers
returning1o Englandin 1610. and matchwere issued10the regiment.
The following year he married ElizabethThororvgoodat The firstseriousassaultagainstwhichRawdonhadtodefend
Broxbourne.The couplehad 16 children,of whomeighrdied Basingcame in November 1643,when Sir William Waller
young.ln 1622he had a housebuilt in Hoddesdon.wherehis arrivedwirh an army of foot and horse.The assaultbeganon
guestsincludedKing James.Rawdonis still rememberedin November6 and continuedover severaldays.After a respite
Hoddesdon for introducingthefirstpublicwatersupplyin 163I . Waller returnedand stormedthe house,but a murinyin his
Meanwhjle.Rawdon'sforrunesin the City of London had ranksis saidto hav€brokenup the siegewith no gainsby the
increased. Afterreturningto Englandin l6t0hewaschosenforParlianentarians.
the CommonCouocilof the City. and laterbecameMasrerof The familymemoirsclaimthat amongwaller'smenwerethe
the Right Worshipful Company of Clothnakers. He was Green Regiment.formerlycommandedby Rawdonwhen he
treasurertbr the Frenchmerchants,seni forlh a ship for the wasin Londonbeforethe war. Until this time they had never
discoveryof the North West Passage, startedplantationsin had to {ight againsthim. and suchwas Rawdon'sesteemthat
Barbados,andsenlmanyventuresto rheWestIndiesandother rnanydesertedWallerandcouldnot be persuaded to fight any
partsof the world.
In about 1627he waselect€dMP for Aldeburshin Suffolk- Two otherinteresting if ratherIanciful storiesof the siege
andto' man)year\recerved a pre'enrof fishar lenr rromrhe are containedin the memoirs.It is saidRawdonhad his men
load severalcannonbehindthe gatesof Basing.andwhenlhe
In 1639he is said to have been offered the positionof enemywaswithinrangethe gateswereopenedandthe cannon
Aldermanof the City of London.which he refused. discharged the deathtoll amongWaller'sm€n is given as
So rnuchfor Rawdon\ public life. Accountsof his milirary 3.0001
car€erdalefrom about 1617,whenhe wasappointedasoneof Il is alsostatedthat Rawdonexpendedhis suppliedof shot
thecaptains ofthe LondonTrainedBands.In 1639hewasmade andwasforcedto strip leadfrom the topsof the turrets,which
oneofrhe LieutenanrColonelsofthe City. andheldthat office the Marchioness and her gentlewomen castinto new supplies.
until the City beganto sidewilh Parliament. Hearingof Rawdons exploitsat Basing,the Kingsumnoned
The familymemoirsstatethar "he did withsrandasmuchas him lo Oxford whereRawdonwasknightedin De€ember.
hecould,but seeingthatall wasto no purpose,ratherihanobey FromJuly 1644BasingHouse againcameundersiege,andin
lhe Parliament's ordershe laiddownhiscommission andwould Sept€mberthe regiment lost Lieutenant Colonel Thomas
act no moreto them.They did what they couldto win him to Johnsonafterhewasshotduringan attackonthe town.At this
their pany. knowinghis grearability and how much he was Major ThomasLangleywaspromotedto LieutenantColonel.
belovedofmostof the €itizens,offeredto him whatprefermenl By now supplieswere runninglow. Rawdonis supposed lo
 Sit Malnaduk? Ra||don
havevowedneverthe giveup the garrison"aslong asthereis
evera horsein the house,dog, rat or cat or anythingthat is
ealable".Fonunatelyhe wasneverput to the lesl as the King
sentColonelHenry Gageto rclicvethc garrisonar tbe endof
September.
Other taleshavebeentold of Rawdons exploirsat Basing.
On one occasion,one of Rawdon'sofficerswasto be married
near the town. But Rawdondeclinedhis invitation.secredy
fcaringthe weddingmightcomeunderatta€kfrom the enemy.
He took a pany of armedmen to a spot nearthe wedding
houseandhid behinda hedgc.At noon thc encmyarrivedon
horseback.but were ambushcdby Rawdons mcn nnd fled.
Rawdonthen took bis placear rhe wedding.
But elenlually a differencerosebetweenRawdonand the
Marquis of Winchester.which was eventualll_to deprive
Rawdonof his governship.The Marquis,a RomanCatholic.
desiredto be rid of RaNdon.a devout Church of England
worshippe..At first the King would not hear of Rawdon\
removalfrom Basing.But sixmonthslaterthc Queen,hcnclfa
RomanCatholic.actingin the Marquiss favour.managedto
per\udde rheKingro po,r Rd$donel,ewhere.
Rawdonwas appoiniedgovernorof Weymouthand Mef
combe Regis, but within days there came the news that
weymouthhad beentakenby the enemy.The King then sent
for Sn Geor-qe Lnle. -qovernor
of Farin-qdon,
nearOxford.and
told him he intendedto makeRawdonthe newgovernor.This
Rawdons. regimentlefi BasingHouse in May 1645.Five
months lalerilwasrakenbv Cromwelland raz€d1otbeground.
It issaidin thefamilvmemoirs thattheParliamenta anslaid
an ambushon the route to Faringdon.which meantRawdon
had to nav iD a town outsideBasinguntil Lord Goringcould
conveyhim safcl) to his new garrison.
Now hc found himself under frcsh anack. The enemy
fortified severalhouseson the outskirtsof thc iown. which
Rasdons nlcn sackcd.EventuallvParliamentsentnewforces.
It!tacticwastofireat thechurch steeple.
onthcopposite sideof
a moat surroundingthe town. hopingit would fall acrossthe
sater and form a bridge.But Rawdonhad the steeplemined
from rhe inside.so it fell inro the town. and usedthe stoneto
rebuildthe detences.
His vtfe. Ladt Etizoheth Ra\rlon
Now. however,Rawdonfell victim to nature.The King sent
hisown physicians.but theycouldnot do anytbing.Threedays
beforehisdeathinApriil646 dueto exposure to thecold-the
64'yeaFoldRawdonsentfor his ofiicersand beggedthem to
continue serving the King. He bequeathedhis favouite
chestnuthorseto his succes$r.Sir William Courtney,distri-
butedtherestofhis horsesamonghisofficers.andgavelegacics
to personsof quality. Eachsoldier receiveda proportionof
mon€y,and his lackeysand pagesreceivediwo new suitsand
After his burial.his bannerwastorn into piecesand divided
amonghis officers."Being dead happywas the soldierthat
couldget any pieceof his bones.whichthey conceivedadded
valouruntothem.andaslongastheycarriedit aboutthemthey
thoughtthemselves invincible.seeingthe owner of them was
SOURCES
The most complete account of the life of Sn Marmaduke
Rawdon iscontained within the 1667manuscriptby his ncphew
Marmadukc Rawdon. cntitled _A brief relatioDof thc ancient
and worthy family of the Rawdens of Rawden in Yorkshirc."
This has been reprinted in the Yorkshire Archaeological
Journal. a copy of which is held al Hoddesdon Library.
Hertfordshire. The library holds severalother papers conc€rn'
ing Rawdon. whicb are available on request. Rawdon s house
still standson the High Street.
Unfortunately. asthc rescarchlcading to this article hasbeen
carried out by se!eral membersovermany years.it is impossible
to list all the other sources.
PATRICIANMINIATURES
CompleteWargamesSerrices.
Qualit) Painling Scrvi.e & To-Ordor'le.rah Seryice.
F o r t h e a e s rA r a i h b l r . b r c k . d h \ a P . ^ o l \ l l 5 e r \ r c cl u a r a n -
s e n da n S A E ( o r I l R ( \ ) t a r o r r F R I E ( - r u l o r u t
79 f,lherin8lon Road. Hull. Ht6 7JR
Tel: (0.1E2)E5l.Zll Da\ ur t-rrn
 BIAAUWBERGREVISITED by lan Castle
Oneof the mostfascinating aspects oJ the Napoleonicwars is to France declaing war againstboth counlries on lst February
th€ vaslarrayof armiesinvolvedin confliclsthal spreadacross 1793.The winteroflT94/95 was extremely severe.The French,
lhe world.Haveyoueverlet yourimagination wandertothefar using this to their advantage.advancedacrossthe frozen nvers
offcornersof theglobeandwonderedhowa Britisharmymight inro the Netherlands and captured the Dutch fleet which was
fare againstmounledDutch farmers.Fren€hsarlorsor even ice bound at Texel. Wiihin a few weeks France bad control of
Hoitentot nativeinfantryl Well it is possibleto find out for the entire Netherlands,having been welcomedby the populace
yourselfas sucha conflicttook placein SouthAftica in 1806 as fellow republicans.The country tlas renamed the Balavian
which ultirnatelyresultedin the rich prize of that country Republic and a close alliance was formed between the two
rernainingin British handsfor 150years.
The Prince of Orange. the hereditary Statholder of the
BACKGROUND Nerherlands €scapedcapture and fled to England ftom where
he issuedan ord€rto the governorofthe Cape instructinghim to
Since1652whenVan RiebeeklandedatTableBaythe Capeof allow Brirish forces to land and assisl in the defence of th€
GoodHopeareaofSouthAfrica hadbeenunderthecontrolof colony againstpossibleinvasion by the French. The governor.
theDutchFastlndir Compbn)whoreg!rded it a\ !n importanrwhile personallysupportingthe deposed'OrangeParty . felt his
supplypoint on the lrade route to the East lndies. A small first duty wrs 1o his country and refusedpermissionfor British
garrisonhad beenbasedat CapeTown from that time. forces.o land at the Cape. The British invaded in July 1795.a
Dramaticeventsin Franceduringthe latter pan of the lsth rather half-bearteddefenceby the Dutch wasshortly overcome
ceniuryled to manychanges acrosstheconrinenrofEurope. ln _and by Seprenber the British \rer€ in control of ihe Cape.
1788analliancebetweenGreatBrirainandtheNetherlands led Britain continued to occuDvthe CaDeuniil the Peaceof Amiens

Lacking any photos specifica y suitable for Blaauberg we offer threc for the vendEan waL Above: Royalist rcbels clash with
troops of the young Revolutionary govemment. Ttoops (25mm waryamesFoundry) and tenain provided by AIan & Michael
Peftt. Nght: Two closerin .hots ol the abote 'cene.
t]
 18

in 1802returned the cobny tu the Dutch. The occupyingforce The fleet proceededsouth unhindered as great events took
did not hand ovcr controluntil February 1803and by May of placein Europe: Nelson'svictor) al Trafalgar. the surrenderof
thal yearBrirain wrs once again at$,arwith Franceand her allv an Austrian army at Ulm and Napoleon s defeit ofa combined
the Batavian Republic- Austro-Russian army at Austerlitz. On.+lh January 1806the
fleet anchoredbetweenRobben Island and the Blueberg beach
PREPARATIONSFOR DEFENCE ai ihe entranceto Tnble Bay. As soon as thc fleet Nas sighted
signal guns tlere fired 1o aleri the counrry- up to a distxnceof
As soon as a stateofwarexisled againthe new Dutch governor 150miles. of lhe arrivalof lhe British and to c.rll rhe burghersin
and commander-in-chiefof lhe grrrison. LieutenancGeDeral io CapeTown. The timing$,asunforrunate as il $rs lhc busiest
J a n W i l l e n J a n s s e n sr.e a l i s e di t s , o u l do n l y b e a m a u e r o f t i m e seasonoflhe yearfor the farmers wbo were lhreshinqthe Nheat
before the British rttempted to recapture ihe Cape. so and picking the ripening grapes.
immediate action wxs taken to prepare for ;ts defence. The
forces at Janssensdisposalwere very limited. the Dutch 22nd
Line Regimenl- the 5rh Battalion ofWaldeck. t!hich wnsa body THE LANDINGS
ofCernan mercenaries.the 9th Jager Battalnrn. comprisedof Baird intendedputling hislroops ashoreon the beachjust to rhe
troops from allthe nations of Europe. some dragoon!. artillery soulh of the Blueberg range of hills about l6 niles from Cape
and thc crewsoftwo French shipsthar had beenstrandedat the l o w n o n l h e m o r n i n qo l : l h J a n u . r ) T h e f i r . l t r o " p ' s e r e
Cape. To augmentthese forcesJanssensset about reorgrnising ordered inlo the boais but such a fierce gale was blowing.
the Hottentol corps (he Hotientots were lhe nat've inhabilanrs creating a high surf. that the attempt had to be abandoned.
of the Cape when the Dulch firsr hnded). which had origiflall)' B aird then decidedro land furrher up rhe coasito SaldanhaBay
beencrealedb)' the British during thc'roccupation and broughr where rhe landing would be easier but would involle a lerv
it up toastrength ofabour 600 efficiendy trained men. Janssens long. difficult march to Cape Town. Accordingly. on the
also enrolled volunteers. from the Asians living in rhe Cape eveningof5th January.the Espoiwas sent aheadto securethe
Town area. inlo the Malav A.tiller!. They were trained to a landing place and was followed by the D,otrede and a number
high level. as!!ere the locrlburghe6. and everylhing was done of lranspon ships carying the 38rh Regirnenl. 201h Lighl
to instil a mariial spiril into rhe populalion. Dragoons and some artillery underthe command of Brigxdier-
Janssensrexlised that even $,ilh lhe exlra training his army Gcneral Beresford.The remainderofthe flecr was due to follolv
had receivedit would be exlremely difficult lbr his mixed force on the morning of 6th Jrnuary. but at dirybreakit was apparenl
of regulars and irregulars tu defeat a well orgnnised Brirish rhat the surf had abated sufficiently ro allow a landing al
invasion. Thereforc he made plans to establish a defensive Losperd s Brv a feN niles north of lhe original selectedpoint.
posilion and a storc of food and munitions in rhe mounlains of Four ships were despatchedto cover the landing and a smrll
Hottenlors-Holland. rn area that gu rded lhe roure to the lransport was run aground on the beachtu act as a break$,ater.
interior of the country. so if it became necessar!to wjthdraw The Highhnd Brigade (7lst. 73rd r.d 93rd Regiments) under
from Cape Town it would be possibleto prevent any supplies Brigadier-GeneralFerguson$as then tr,rnsferredto the be,tch.
reaching the town from outlying are.rs. Unfortunately for Despite the easing of rhe surf one boat was still lost in the
Janssensthe previous nvo harvestshad been exceedinglypoor landing and all 16 men of the 93rd Regiment on board were
and he was unrble tu procure the full mount of supplieshe drowned in their engernesslo get ashore. The onlv other
casuahies Nere one man killed and four men wounded.
includinq nlo officers. by a small party of burghers under
THE SECOND INVASION C ' , r n n ' J n J J nJt l c o b u \ L i n d e w h o h a d b e e n\ e n r l o r e c o n n o r l r e
the rrea. The remaining units and artiUery were lNnded lhe
ln Brilain an inlasion force r|as assembledunder great secrecy followiDgdav and sufferedno casualties.B eresfordNas .rdvised
tundwas desparchedin rhe lat€ surnner of 1805.Fron Falmoulh tomake hisBayfrom SaldanhaBay totlards Cape Town as best
the 59th Regimcnt. 20th Lighi Dragoons and Royal Artillerr
embarked and werc shortly joined b)' the rest ofrhe force which wbile the British had be€n landing and establishingrhem'
sailedfrom Cork in Ireland .tnd comprisedrhe 21th. 38th. 7lst. selvesat Losperd s Bar Janssenshad been collecting bis forces
72nd. 83rd and 93rd Regiments.The fleei rh.)t tlasnsscmblcdro a b o u th i m . A t 0 3 . 0 0o n t h e m o r n i n go i S t h J a n u a r vh e m a r c h e d
carrythe army to the Cape. under tbe commandof Commodore oul of CapeTown at thc headofhis curiouslvmixed army which
Sir Home Popham. consisted of 6l lransports escorted b! 9 was comprised as follolvs:
men of war: the Belliqueux. Diaden. DionEde. Encounter.
Espon. Le.la. Nrrcissus.Pro.e.ro.rnd R.rsorable. The lroops 5tb Banalion Waldeck .100 Dntch Burghers 211
thar mustered for the inrasion under the conmand of 2 2 n d D u t c h L i n eR e g i m e n t
3 5 l l H o r t e n r o rR e g i m e n l 181
Major-General David Baird. who had in fact served al Cape 9th JagerBafinlion :01 MalayArrilleD' 5l
Town in 1798.numbered jusr over 6000 mrde up as folbws: Dragoons litl Mozambique Slaves
Arlillerv 160 (Art.train) l0l
3coys.RoyalArtillery 285 72ndRegimeni 599 Frenchs:rilors&marines 1.10 Toral 2.061
RoyalStatrCorps 20 slrd Reginent 701 A substanrirl force of burghe.s and Hottenkxs lvas lefl to
2'llhRegimenr .193 93rdRegimenr 62.1 delend C,pe Town and its fons under the comnand of
lSth Regimenl 913 Detachments lt9 Lieutenant Colonel Van Prophalow.
59thRegiment 906 20thLightDragoons 2U) h was lhe intenlion ofJanssensto occupy the heighls of the
TlstRegimenl 764 TotatRank&Filc Blueberg range before the British- securing an advanlageous
Thesefiguresdo nor includeofficersand serge.rnrs. posilion from Nhich to engage the enerny. However. as he
J.W.
Fortescuein his book History of the BritishArmr alows an advancedtrrvards the bills at 05.00he observedthat the British.
additionaleighthfor this purpose.therefore: r p p r o x i m a l e l y , l . 5 0 0 s t r o n g . w e r e a l r e a d y d e s c e n d i n gt h e
shoulder of the Blueberg. At this point Baird split lhe iwo
Officersandscrgeants 70ll b r i g a d e su n d e rh i sc o m m a n d t. h e H i g h l a n dB r i g a d e( 7 l s l . 7 3 r d
CrandToral 6..360 and 93rd Regiments) :rdvancedalong the CapeTown road while
the other brigade (2-llh. 59ih and 83rd Reginents). in the
 l9
rbsence of Beresford placed under the command of General
Brird s brother Lieutenant-Colonel Baird. moved to the right
ro prevent any outflanking nrnoeuvres by Janssens.Having
delayed his advance too long Janssensrealised rhat with his
1-
lailure to occupy the Blueberg bis chanceof victory had gone.
But he deployedhis infantry. cavalry and l6piecesofartillery to ,'-"^{\
coler the whole of the British fronr and thh led to his extreme
lefl being spread dangerouslythin. ceneral Baird ordered up
^<;it
his 2 howilzen and 6light field guns. dragged by the
artillerymenand bexveen500 and 600sailors.armed with pikes.
tlho had been added to the force. General Janssensrode along
h's line encouraginghis men and wasreceivedwithcheers by all
bul the mercenariesfrorn the Waldeck bafialion who. bein_e
experiencedsoldiers.u ndeAtood the dire position they were in !

TIIE BATTLE
The actioncommenced with an exchange ofartilleryfire and
whensomeroundshotfeuarnongst thc Waldeckbatalion early
in the battlethey imnediatclytumed andfled. Seeingthisthe
Dutch 22nd Regimentbeganto waverand then followedthe Frenchofficersandnen setsail,asprisonersofwar, underthe
fleeingWaldeckers. GeneralJanssens rodcamongsthismenin condidonthat they wouldnor take armsagainstBritain again
an attemptto rally them and succeeded briefly. until a long until thcy had first returnedto Holland.
rangevolley fron the Highland Brigade.which causedfew Onefinalepisodeto therecaptureofthe Capecame sixweeks
casualties,and the sight of their subsequentadvancewith afier the surrenderwhen a French
ftigate. La Volontaire.
bayonetsfixed wastoo muchfor the 22ndRegimentand they carryingforty sixgunsand three
hundredandsixtymensailed
resumedtheir flighl to the rear. While this washappeningthe into TableBay unawarethat
CapeTown had changedhands.
remainderof Janssensarmy stood and fought on bravely. The shipwascapturedand was
found to containtwo hundred
makingthe behaviourof the Waldeckbattalionand the 22nd and seventeenBriiish prisoners
from the 2nd and 54th
evenmorediscrediiable. Janssens knewit wasnow impossible Regirnents who providedawelcomeadditionto rhegarrisonof
for his depletedline to hold the British advanceand gavethe the Colony.
orderfor hismixedforceio retire.TheGeneralrernained on the In 1813thePrinceofOrangereturnedto rheNetherlands and
field till the last, havingsenttwo officerslo rally the army at wasaccepted backasrulerbythepeople.Until thistine Brirain
Rietvlei.The artilleryandFrenchnavalofficenwercthe lasrto had heldCap€Colony,intending
to returnit ro Hollandwhen
fall back,oneguncontinuingtofire until personally orderedto peaccwas restored in Europe. howeleran agreement wasmade
retireby Janssens. but not beforethe Lieutcnantjn command in London during l8l4 with the Princewhich,
for a sum of
was promotedto Captainon the spot. Another gun had its {6.000.000.cededthc
CapeColony and someDutch posses-
entireteamofsix horseskilled.alongwitha nurnbcrof its crelv sionsin SourhAnerica
to creal Brilain. From thar poinl on
killedor woundcd.but thoseremainingsrill managcdto spike CapeColonyofficially
cameunder the conrrolof the British
iheir gun beforetheywithdrew.GeneralJanssens himselfNas governmenr. lhe frnr of i'\ SourhAtrtrdnpo,sc*ion.
hit. but sonethingin hispocketsroppedthe musketball.Bairds
victoriousarmywastoo exhausted aopursueandrestedon the
battlefield.Britishcasualties wereoneofficerandfourteenmen THE WARGAME
killed and nine officers.sevensergeants, threedrummersand
onehundredandseventymenwounded.the najoriry fallingin As you haveseenthe bartlcwasa relarivelyshortone. bur it
the HighlandBrigade.The officerkilledwasthe Captainofthe presentsa numberofinteresring possibitities
for a game.Ifthe
grenadiercompanyof the 24thRegiment.who wasshotwhile wearherhadrenainedpoorthc entir€Bririsharmywouldhave
leadinghismenin an assaulragainsta srrongpositionheldbl-a hadto landat Saldanha Bay,therebyenablingJanssens enough
party of burgherson the Dutch left. Fifrcenother grenadiers trmeto securcthe Blueberghill. Ifthis hadbeenthc caseBaird
$,erckilled or woundedin the attackbeforcthe positionwas wolld havefaceda significanrly differentsituarion.ln a good
capturcd.Total Dutch losseswere three hundredand thirty defensivepositionwouldthe moraleof the Waldeckbattalion
seven.but it is not possibleto break thesedown inro killed, havedisintegrared so quickly?Thereis no doubtthat Janssens
\roundedand missing. wasa good cornmander. highly respecledby his nen and his
From RietvlciJanssens followedhis plan and rcriredto th€ enenics.He createdan armyfrom theverylimiredresources he
preparedposition at HottentotsHolland. bur he senr the had availableand rrainedlhernwell eventhoushthe mendid
Waldeckbattalionback to CapeTown as he considered them not speaka la'mmonlanguage. CouU!ou ratarhislorce,nro
notwonhyto associate with menof valour.(Onecompanywere the field and successfully defendCapeTown?
cxcuscdas it was not involvedwhen their conradesfled rhe
field.) The Frcnchsailorsand marinesalsoreturflcdro Cape SOURCES CONSULTED
Town. They felr they could be of little usein the country.
ColonelVanProphalowmadenoefforttodefendCapeToNn BritishBattleson Land & Sea- JamesGranr. l89l
andsurrendered it on loth January.The regularrroopsandthe Historyof the British Arnt - Hon. J.W. Fonescue,l92t
Frenchforcc therebecameprisonersof war. The Waldeckers HistoryofSouthAfrica since.179i-ceorgeMcCa Theal.1892
a!oidedthisfareby enlistingin theBritishArny I ccneral Baird Histotvof SouthAfrica to rre JamesorRard- C.p. Lucas,1900
thcn proposedhonourablecondirionsofsurrendcrto JanssensLiIe of Cenenl Sir Robertw'.isor HerbertRandolph(Ed.),
and his anny at Hottentots-Holland.Having consideredhis 1862
position.Janssens decidedto accepton l81hJanuary.On 6th Story of the Nations Sorr, Afrr'ca - ceorge Mccalt Theat.
March 1806a total of six hundredand sixtvsevenDutch and 1900
E. C.w. troopsfortify a snal hanleL wargamesFoundry25mn figuresfron Nan & Michaei Pert. BuildingsscraEh-built by the
tu,lits, and by Mike White. Scmtch-built church available fron Irregular Miniatures. Tenain: Total System Scenic.

BATTTESATONG THE SOAR

The engagements at Morurtsorrel and Cotes Bridge
14-18March, 1644
by Robin P. Ienkins
Throughout most oI the fiIst English Civil War l-eicestershire
was a {rontier county, bordering the Parliarnentarianhinter-
land of the .Eastem and Home Counties and the Royalist
North and West. Like many suchfrontier areasthe county was
nuch fought over and deeply divided: between the Royalists
bas€dat Ashby-dela-Zouch castl€and the Parliamentariansin
the south and east.The town of Iricester adheredto the cause
of Parliament, despite early Royalist attempts to secur€ the
citizens' loyalty.
The neamessoI the geat Royalist baseat Newark made life
especialy difficult for the Parliamentarian commanders. In
January 1643 Belvoir Castle, in the nonh-east of l-eicester-
shire, had been mpiured by the Royalist Sheriff of Lincoln-
shire who co-opented closely with the troops led by Henry
Hastings of Ashby-dela-Zouch. There followed a continual
small scale war of raid and counter-raid as each side
endeavoured to keep open or to close vital routes oI
mmmunication across l-eicestershire.
Suchsmall scaleoperations to not win wars however, even
wheo carried out by such adept practitioners as Henry
Hastings, I-o.d l-oughborough. By the end of 193 therefore,
emboldenedby the retum of many of the troops drawn a$/ay
for the exD€ditionto telieve Gloucester. the Pa iamentarian
leadersof the East Midlands were laying plans for the seizure
ofNewark. The entry of the Scotsinto the war had alsohad a
dramatic effect as Royalist reserveswere increasinglydiverted
to copewith the threatin the North. Newark,imptegnable in
Januaryl&l4 had, by March, becomedistincdyvulnerable.
On the last day of Febnary 1644Sir John Meldrun, leading
an almy raised from the Padiamentaria[ garrisonsof Leices-
tershire, Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Lincolnshire, cap-
tured the Spittal; a fonified ruin dominating an island in the
Trent, within musket-shot of Newark'sNorth Gate.It seemed
only a matter of days before the shockedRoyalistganison
would be bombardedinto submission.Swift, determined
actionmight have securedlhe town'scapturewithin a week
but the assaulttroops, some 1,600 Holse ftom Leicester,
Derby aod Nouingham.delayedand a viral oppoflunitywa\
lost. Orderedto seizeMuskhamBridge,one of the principal
routes into Newark, the Parliamentarians tarried a day in
Nottingham'having', accordingto the wife of the town's
govemor,'moremind to drink thanto fight' (1). The Royalists
gainednot only more time to peffect thei defencesbut also to
despatchtheiravailablecavalry,oflittle usein a siege,to folm
a valuablereinforcementto Lord Loughboroughin his guerilla
war. This hesitantParliamentarian, of whom we sball hear
more, was Sir Edward Hartopp.
The significanceof the threat to Newark wasnot lost on the
Royalist headquartersin Oxford. Not only would the capture
of the to*n isolate the Royalistsaround Yo* but it would also
fTee a dangerously large force of Parliamentarian troops
hithertopinneddo\rnin the EastemandMidlandcounties.An
attempt to rclieve Newark wasmade early in March 1644from
Belvoir, but the besiegerseasily drove off the smal force of
Royalists.Urgentappealswerethen sentto the Welshborder
wherePrinceRupert, the King\ Geman nephew,wasbusily
recruitinga ftesh army.
On 12 March Rupert left his base at Chester, hastening
southwardsto a rendezvouswith Loughborough\ forces at
Ashby.Lord Loughboroughwashimselfbusytoo; drawingin
upon Ashby every man he could spare from lessergarisons
and preparing a route for the swift march of a relief column by
breakingdown any enclosures that might hamperthe passage
or Eoops.
At Newark Meldrum must have been aware that sooner or
later he should have to beat off a serious Royalist attempt at
relief. Indeedhe seemsto havebombardedhis mastersin the
Committee of Both Kingdoms *ith requests for reinforce-
mentsandthrcatsto giveup the siegealmostasmuchashe did
lhe garrisonin Newark wirh shol and lhell. Yorkshire.Lucas'ssallyfrom the campat Burley Housewas
Still though therc remained doubt over the Royalists' brought to a suddenclosehoweverwhen he found hinself
intentions. In Leicester the garrison feared that Rupert outnumberedby a.srrong derachmentfrom the t-eiceste'
intended to draw Meldrum awayfrom Newark by an attack on garnson eager ro grve cnase.
them. Otheis sawthe Royalist forcesof Major Geneml Porter, The pursuit was taken up then by Hartopp whose 2,000
still somedistanceoff in Lincolnshire,as the greaterthreat. Horse must have come closeto ensnaringthe raiders, Striking
Facedwith such a lack of intelligenceMeldrum decidedto north, probablyalongthe FossWay, Hartopp\ vanguard,of
despatcha stmng force of cavalry. It was a wise precaution. troops drawn ftom Thomhaugh's regim€nt under the com-
kss sagacioushowever was Meldrumt €hoice of a comman- mand of Captain Lieutenant GeorgePalmer, quickly outpaced
der. For that vital Dositionhe selectednoneotherthanthe Sir the main body led by Hartopp hinself. They galloped
Edward Hartopp \,ehosepreferenc€ for Nottingham\ ale- westwards through Cossington and across the Soar by the
houses over action had so nearly cost Meldrum Muskham bridge at Rothley. Tuming north onto the Loughborough
Bridge. Road (now the ,{6) Palrner saw Royalist horsemendispersed
Once againHartopp had about 2,000Horse drawn from the in ftont of hin, seeminglyplundering the plough-hors€sin the
EastMidlandcountiesbehindhim ashe rodeout of Meldrun's field. Unhesitatingly Palmer's troops charged their enemy,
siegelines towardsLeicester.His instructionsare unknown driving them back across Rothley Brcok and taking tfuee
but it is unlikely that so large a party was merely intended to prisoners.Then, their horsesblown, Palmerhaltedhis troops
ascertain the whereabouts of Royalist troops. More likely at the summit of a slight rise now occupiedby Rothley Lodge.
would seem orders which gave Hartopp the flexibility to It was there that the first of Hartopp's messagesr€a€hed
intercept either Lord Loughborough\ or Porter's armies,or at Palmer;urginghim to halt and to awaitthe maio body of the
leastto hindera unionof the two. Certainlythe routeHartopp Parliamentarian Cavalry.Palmer'sscoutshoweverthemselves
took, coveringthe principalbridgesoverthe Soarlendsweight arrived to repo( that the Royalistswere still q,idely dispersed
to that supposition. in their quarters arcund Mountsorrel and that in the village
The importance of the Soar bridges, and especiallythat at its€lf was a lalge number of Foot soldien fully engagedin
Cotes,waswell known to the Royalists. From the beginningof drinking. Palmer sent word in haste to Hartopp, begginghim
March a strcng garrison had been establishedat the nearby to hurry or at least to permit him to attack. Hartopp refused,
Burley House, from the entrenchments of which constant sending a Captain Innis to see that his orders were obeyed.
patrolscouldkeepwatchover CotesBridgeand,on occasion, Hartopp's choice of messengerwas uninspired, for whetr the
mid even to the outskirts of l-eic€ster. Royalist Foot begento form up on the outskins of MoDntsor-
On 14th Margh 16zgjust sucha raid was mountedby Sir rcl it wasInnis who countermanded HartoDD\ordersand led
CharlesLucas,a Royalistcommanderrecentlyarrivedfiom the troopeN of Thornhaugh's regiment i;io battle.
 The Parliamentarian vanguard had initial success,driving
the Royalist Foot acrossa small bridge back into Mountsorrel.
By this tine howeverSir Edward Hartopp had arrived with th€
main body of his Cavalry and r€assertedhis control over
events by refusing to send further troops into action. As
Sackville'sCavairlmen were to do at Minden a century later,
Hartopp's troops muttered and stmin€d in their ranks asin the
meadows b€low them what should have been an easy and
completevictory tumed into an ungainly scrap and scramble.
Helped to a fresh mount by Major Sandersof the Der-
byshie Hofse, Palmer spurred to Hartopp to beg for help.
Although ordered to retire by Hartopp, who nntingly deman-
ded by what authority he had attacked and threatened him
with a counmanial, Palmer managedto draw a company of
dragoonsout of the line to renew the fight again.The outcome
is perhaps best told in the words of George Palner himseff,
taken down by a committee of enquiry held at l,eicest€r on 30
March 1644:
"Then Sir Edward sent Order againe that all the ho]-se
and dragoonsshould rctirc agayne, although they were
very secwe, being baracadoedwith Carts in the bwne;
atd soethey left it urith great store of provisions of the
enemyeswhich they had taken frcn then . . . " (2)
Putting the River Soar betweenhim and the Royalistsonce
more, Hartopp crossedthe dver and cootinuedhis march
through Barrow-on-Soarto Cotes. There, the vital bridg€ was
guarded by hastily dug Royalist fodfications and overlooked
by the stronghold of Burley House where the Univenity of
Loughborough now stands.
Cotes Bridge, though much rebuilt, occupies the same
position now as it did in 1644.Traffic from the north and eas!
converg€sin the nanow confines of Cotes, cross€sthe long
bridge which spanstwo arms of the Soar and passesacross
n€arly a mile of open, marshy ground before entering
I-oughborcugh. The site in March is bleak now, in 164 the
land wasboggier, the road worseand the bridge narro$er and
longer. Cotesvillage was larger roo with a church and manor
houseboth sincegone, overlooking the crossingplace from a
low hill to the north. Even the river hasaltered slightly, in 1644
it wasdivided into four channels,necessitatinga long causeway
in addition to the bridge.
The bridge at Cotes was perhaps an obvious objective for
Hartopp. In 1&4 it was the most direct route bet\{,een
Ashby-de-la-Zouchand N€wark-upon-Trent, giving accessas
it does to the inpressively straight Foss Way. Whether
Hartopp's orders vrereto prevent a junction of Royalist forces
or merely to observetheir movements,the bridge at Coteswas
inevitablythe focus of his attention.
Whatever the intention of Hartopp's 2,000 Horse it is clear
that the Parliamentarians in L€icestershire expected geat
things of him. Lucy Hutchinson,the wife of Nottingham's
'Roundhead'governor, remarked in her account of her
husband's life that "When Sr. Edward {Hartoppl came into
L€icestershirethe whole country {countyl rose with him." (3)
On Sunday 17 March, Hartopp rec€iv€d a strong rcinJorc€-
ment from the l,eicester ganison: a detachmentof Horse led
by a Major Bingl€y, three companiesof Foot and two smal
Cannon, all under the command of Colonel Henry Grey.
Despite the reinforcement, which more than compensated
for lossesat Mountsorrel, Hartopp spent Sundayand most of
Monday 18 March out of harmsway on the eastembank of the
Soar, There was occasional 6ring between the Royalists
entrenched on the westem shore and Ha(opp's troopen
deployed in Cotes and along th€ river towards Stanford-on-
Soar but it \ras not until late on Monday aftemoon that
Hartopp nerved himself for an assault on the bridge.
At first the Royalist Foot in the fields besidethe bridge were
able to hold off the probing attacks of Colonel Grey's
LeicesterFoot. SoonboweverGrey ordered up his two cannon
and they, ably served and directed by one Russell, quickly
tumbledthe Royalistsout of their entrenchments. An attempt
to rally the alarmed pikemen and musketeersto push Grey
back acrossthe na[ow causeway,was met with further salvos
of cannon shot which carved deep gashesand lanes in the
Royalist Foot.
Outgunned and increasingly outnumbered as more and
more trcop6 of Hartopp's Holse crossedthe Soar the Royalist
discomfit was complete. The Horse faced about and trotted
back through l-oughborough town to seek cover under the
walls of Burley House. Denied the speedof horsementhe
Royalist Foot officers withdrew their forces in five battered
divisions back Irom the bridge onto the Great Meadow to the
no(h. There the newly ploughed gound rnay have afforded
somerelielftom the bouncingcannonballssentboundingafter
then by Russelland his comrades.Hanopp'svietory,despite
his constantand exasperating procrastination, seemedalmost
complete.One final, determinedpush hom the still largely
unleashed regimentof Nottinghamshife andDerbyshireHorse
would achieve all that he could have desired, but again he
hesitatedand rapidlyfallingnight robbedhim of total victory.
Fate and his own hesitanc€were to rob Hartopp of more
than his chance of complete triumph. Late that same day
Prince Rupert had reachedAshby-dela-Zouch, while Porter's
Lincolnshire anny of four regiments of Horse and one
thousand Foot were not far away. Hartopp's force disinte-
grated.The strong Leicestercontingent,disgustedat their
leader'spusillanimity,depanedfor home. Hartopp led the
remainderback to Melton Mowbray before tuming north-
On the night of 18March CotesBridge wasonc€ againin the
hands of Lord Loughborough's Royalists. The folowing day
Rupert's Newark relief force crossedthe Soar and in concert
with Porter had by 22 March 1644caughtMeldrum's besieging
army compl€tely unawares.By a masterful stroke the Parlia-
menaarianswere drawn onto an island in the Trent and
besiegerbe€amebesieged.Without suppliesor hope of relief
M€ldrum capitulated.Whatever instructionshe had given him, Civil War enthusiastshould find it difiicult to field a Royalist
Meldrum must bitterly have regretted his choiceof Hartopp to army equivalent to perhaps a thousand Holse and about the
command the expedition along the Soar. same nunber of Foot. The Parliamentarian force of $vo
thousandor so Horse, somethree hundred Foot, possiblyone
It is disappointingthat of so significaotan engagementasthat hundred Dmgoons and the two vital Cannon will not tax the
of Cotes Bridge so little evidencesurvives. A stroll along the resourcesof most wargamers,
road from Loughboroughto Coteswill give the informed visitor Th€ battlefield of Cotes Bridge posesthe challengeof the
a clearsenseof the bleak atmosphereof the placebut no sightof basic wargame: two nearly equal forc€s on either side of a
physicalremains.The churchandgreathouseat Cotesaregone, bridge.The entrenchmentsand lack of anyneedfor hasteof one
the bridge is new andeventhe river's coursehasalteredslightly. commanderneatlybalancesth€ slight numericalsuperiority and
Of the Royalistentrenchments thereis no sign,eitheron the artillery of the other. Il is for human natue to provide the
gound or in aerialphotogaphs. missing ingedient that decides whether a commander is a
Similarly, written recordsof the battle are few in number; the Rupert or a Hartopp.
principal accountsare given below. Ircally the Loughborough
parishrecords,depositedat the LeicestenhireRecordOffice,
do castan intercstingsideiighton the eventsoflhe Civil war. NOTF^s
The register records the budal of 'Captain ffoster & another
souldier'on 17 March, and on 19 March
'anotherSouldier 1. L. HuichinsonMemoirs ofcolonel HuEhinson (Everym n)
Buried'. From the accounts of the €hurchwardenof Lough_ 1936.p.172.
boroughit ispossibleto infer thatthe churchbuildingservedin 2. State Pape$ Domestlc, Charles L, Vol. 501 Paper 56.
'Ragabee'receivedsixpence 'Mountsorrel'in A. Dryden (ed).
1644asa field hospital.One to dig Quotedin E.W. Hensman
soldiers'graveswhileothersumsweregivento pay for burials Memorials of old Leicesterslire (London), 1911.
and burial sheets.Most poignantmay be the I shiling and 8 3. L. HutchinsonIbd., p.216.
pence'given to the women which watchedwith a souldier', 4. vol I (o.U.P.). 18s3.
presumablysitting up at iight with the wounded;and most
tellingperhaps is the 3 shillingsand6 pencepaid'to drcssethe
Church after the souldiers'.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A fitting footnote might be the obsenation of Bulstrode
MartynBennett'TheCivil War Battle at CotesBridge'in ffre
Whitelocke in his Memonialsthat LeicesteKhie Historian Vol. 3, No. 3, 1984/5
'Sit Edward Hafiop and major Bingley werc questioned
B. whitelockeMemor'alsVol. I O.U.P. 1853
for lefting the enemy passto the rclief of Newark, when
me English Revolution 1II Newiboo*s I (Oxford Royalists
they had a considenble force to opposehim; and it was
Vol. 2) CornnarketPress,Loodon. 1971.
refefied to a council oI war.' (4) E.W- Hensman tougrborough during the Great Civil war.
It seemslikely that local family interest proved strong and
1921.
Hartopp did not suffer punishment. 'Mountsorrel' and 'Henry Hastings lnrd l,oughborough and
the Great Civil War' in AEce Dryder, (ed.) Menonab of OId
To the wargamerthe skirmishesat Mountsorreland Cotes l€icesrersfife. London. 1911.
Bridge offer no problemsand much enjoynent. No English A.C. wood Nonirgrramstr irc in the Civil War, O.U.P. 7937.
24

DEATHOFA CORPS
The FirsfDqy ql Gettysburg
Paul Wood
the ridgenow kno*n asMcPhenon'sRidge.He sentword to
INTRODUCTION Reynolds,commandingI Corps, that he would attempt to
Many wargame^rarely,sometimes never,havethe opportun- maintainhis ground until Reynold'sinJantrycame up from
ity to refight the large-scalebattles of history. There can be a MarshCreekto the south.
numberof reasonsfor this: not enoughfiguresto adequately
represent the large number of troops which may have taken
part; a table too small to properly set out the terain and show TIIE GROUND
the ground areaover which the battle wasfought; a lack of the (See maps.) The dominating feature of the approachtowards
time necessaryto carry out the detailed researchthat may be Gettysburg{iom the west,i.e. alongthe CashtownPike,wasa
required,etc.Membersof wargames clubsprobablyfarebetter doubleridgelinewhich,about1%milesnorth,is overlookedby
in theserespects,but for those of us rcstricted to once a week the far more imposingOak Hill. Where the CashaownPike
encounterson chipboard laid over the kitchen table the main crossedth€ ridg€sthey were about 500yardsapart wirh a lesser
altematives to a large-scalerefight are to sti€k to the smaller ridge,the 'ripple',half-waybetweentotwo. A hundredandfifty
engagementsor to refight a part of a big battle, leaving events yardsnorth of the road and running parallel to it wasthe line of
'off the table' to historyand the imagination.
an unfinished railroad, passing through aI three ridges by
For some years now the American Civil War has been my means of cuttings. McPherson'sRidge overlooked the
favoudte wargamesperiod, and it was whilst reading an approaches to WilloughbyRun, a fordablestreamaboutamile
excellentaccountof the battle of Gettysburgthat I cameacross ftom Gettysburg.The ridge wasnamedafter the farmhouseand
a sequeoce of eventswhich threw up a rangeof possibilities. bam of Congressman Edward McPhenonwhich stoodon it
Gettysburg is probably best rememberedas a tuming point of almostdirectly oppositethe Lutheranseminarywhich gave
the Civil War and for Pickett's chargeon the third day. lt was, SeminaryRidgeits name-Westandnorthofthe farmhouse was
however,on the first daythat the stntegic andtacticaldecisions an appleorchard;to thesouththe ridgewasheavilywoodedfor
were mad€which determinedthat Getlysburgwasto be the site about300yardswith the treesreachingdownto andborde ng
ofone ofthe major engagements ofthe war. The eventsof 1st Willoughby Run. To the north was clear, cultivatedland.
July lend themselves not only to a large-scale wargame:they Seminary tudge was covered by open woods for most of its
also provide scenariosfor brigade, division and corps-sizelength, with the seminaryitself standingin a groveof largetrees
actionswithin a reasonablysizedplayingarea.The scenarios about 100ya.ds south of the CashtownPike.
posedifferenttacticalproblemsaswargames andcanbe fought To the north, where Seminary fudge was crossedby ih€
as gamesin their own right or as component parts of the full MummasburgRoad, stood the Fomey Farrn, with fields
action.Furthermore.becauseof the natureof the eventsand extendingwest alongtheroadfor abouta mile.Theeastemside
thebreaksio theaction,the tabledoesnotneed to beleftin situ, of the field, runningalongthe ridge,wasboundedby a stone
but can be packedawayand set up againa week (or month) wall about550yardslong-Otherwisemuchof the terrainto the
later, making it ideal for the wargamerwith limited time. northwasopenandquite flat with, accordingto somerepons,
Althoughthe emphasis of thisarticleis on the two playergame, not a singlebushor tree to providecover.
the information given allows for easy adaptation to a multi Contemporary illustrations
of thelandsouthof theCashtown
Dlaver or solo affair. Pikeshowa m;ture of rail andpicketfencinginsideandeastof
McPherson'sWood. Accounts of the rnarch of Federal
reinforcementsftorn the south west also mention the infantry
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND breaking down fences as they crossed ihe area bet$een
The Confedemteinvasionof the North was wel under way McPherson's and Seminarytudge.
when, on 30th June, Pettigrew's Bdgade marched from
Cashtown. About a mile from Gettysburg Pettigrew, under
orden not to attackthe enemy,madeout with the aid of field
glasses- a column of Fedeml cavalry approachingthe town & i T4 G!:!a_

from the south.This wasBu{ord'sCavalryDivisionand,asthe

troopers advancedthrough and beyong the town, Pettigrew
witbdrewto a positionabout3% mileswestof Gettysburg.
ln Cashtownitsef Pettigrewmetwith hisdivisionalandcorps
commanders, Heth andHill respectively. He insistedthatsucha
strong force of cavalry would inevitably have infantry support
near by. Both Heth and Hill disagreed.maintainingthat the
bulkofthe armyof thePotomacwasstillatMiddleburgard that
the cavalrywas merely an observationdetachment.Conse-
quentlyHeth requestedand wasgivenpermissron to advance
into G€ttysburgon the next day. MeanwhileBuford had
advanced hisdivisionalongtheCashtownPike(alsorefered to
asthe Chambersburg Pikein somesources). He expectedtobe
attackedon the followingdayanddecidedtoholdapositionon
 25
m€nt, the cut be.ame a Uap. Despite takiDg beavy ca$ialties
ADVANCE TO BATILE ftom 55th North Carolina, 6th Wisconsingahed the top of the
THE FIRST PHASE c|ri andcaled on the trapp€dConfederat€$tosufi€*ler. Attout
At 5 a.m. on 1stJuly Heth's DivisioD, acconpaniedby Pegram's 250prisoneN were taketr, itrduditrg almo6taI the survivors of
artillery and Pender's DivisioD, took up liDe of march. As 42nd Mississippi-
Archer's Brigade led lhe advancea singleshot rang out. This, The engagementhad lasted Do more thatr two hours. By
rhe 6lsa shot fued ar Gettysburg, is c,reditedto both Coryoral attackitrgwith otrly two ofhis four bdgad€sHeth had efi€{tively
Alpha€us Hodges (9tb New York Cavalry) and Lieutenant cancelled out his numedcal superiodty. His reporr later
Marcelus Jones (8th inois Cavalry), depeDding on the concluded that the 'enemy has been felt atrd foutrd to be in
accountyou are r ding. The ConfedeBtes easilydrove in the h€vy force'- Heth's opportunity had pass€dhim by, but he
few Federal skirmishersthey encounteredmtil they rcach€d would resumethe attack later in the day to batter a*ay at the
Wiloughby Run. Buford's cavalrywasnow pr€sentin force atrd Federals.
Heth halted his advance, engagingin what he later caled a
'feeling out' process.Facingonly Gamble'sBrigade of Buford's
Division, Heth used up valuable time, possibly as much as FIGETING WTIHDRAWAL
ninety minutes, while sporadicskirmishing took plac€. TEE TEIRD PEASE
By 8.15 Heth had rcsumed bis advance,with Arcber's and In rhe pausewhich followen the repulse of Atcler atrd Davis
Davis's skirmishersswaming acrossthe Run atrd beginningto both sides took the opportudty to regroup and realign their
work lheir way up McPherson'sRidge. Despite the stubborn forces as reblorcements arrived. Mer€dith's Iron Brigade
resistanceof his dismountedtrooD€n Buford was wel aware puled back acrossWilloughby Rutr to its original po6ition otr
that he could not hold out for much longer. Anxiouly he McPheFon's Ridge. The rcmaining two divisions of I Corp6
scanned the Emmitsburg Road from his position b the were norJ up atrd Doubleday, in commandfolowing the death
seminary. Relief was at hand: a long, dark columtr headedby of ReFolds, placedNs own &d Division (now under Rowley)
the Stars and Stripes and the I Corps badge (a ciro ar disc) on eirher side ofMeredith. Biddle wasto the left with Coopeis
snakedinto view. Reynoldsmet Buford iD the seminaryat 8.35 battery, Stone'sPemsylvanianson Mer€dith's right.
and s€nt a messeng€roff to Meade before retuming to The junction of StoneandMeredith wascover€dby Stewart's
personaly brbg up Wadswonh's lst Division onto McPher- battery on Seminary fudge. Cutler's reorganis€dbrigade was
son'sRidse. also on S€minary tudge, along with the brigad€sof Paul and
Barter (Robinson's divisioD). Gamble's cavalry and Calefs
horse anillery covered the extreme left flank from a Podition
MCPHERSON'S RIDGE south of the Fairfield Road. A wide interval, covered ody by
TIIE SECOI{DPHASE ten guns, lay between Slotre and tbe extreme dght atrd
With Confederateskirmishersalreadyon the low€r slopesof the Howard's )(I Corps to th€ north.
ridge, Wadsworth\ Division was plac€d astride the Cashtown On tbe CoDfederateright H€th fina[y brought up Penigew
Pike. Meredith's celebrated lron Brigade was positioned in and Brookenbrough, with the survivon of Archeis Bdgade
echelon in the woods south of the road. with 2nd Wis.onsitr (now commanded by Fry) and Davis to the dght and left
nearest the road and furthest advanced, One regiment, 6th respectively. Pender'sfiesh division formed a s€condline to
Wisconsin,was beld in reserveon SeminaryRidge. \rya&- Heth's rear with l,ane on the right, Perrin and Scalesto his left
worth's other brigade,Cutler\ was divided. Two rcgiments andThomasin reserve.Pegam's arlillery on Herr Ridge, west
wereplacedon thelron Bdgade'sright,between2ndWisconsin of Willoughby Run, was reinforced by Mclntosh. Rodes'
and the road. Isolated from their colleaguesby a distanc€of Division (of Ewelh Corps) had come up on Heth's lefr,
about 150yards, Cuder\ other three rcgiments were north of occlpying the dominating Oal Hill with the sixteen guns of
the railroadcutting.One other regimentof the Brigade,7th Carter's divisional artillery. The infantry brigadesof O'Neal,
lndiana,wasbringingup the divisionaltrainfrom MarshCreek Daniel and Rams€ur fuced south, that of lvelson faced
andwasnot present,
The Federalswere opposedby two of Heth's four brigades. At 1.30 Carter openedfire on Stone, who immediately
On the left and north of lhe CasbtownPike Davis'sthree realiFed 149th Pennsylvaniato face nonh against this new
regimedtsoverlappedCutler'srighl flank. Soulh of the road threat. RodesmisjudgedSlone'smovem€ntas preparation for
Archer'sfivc rcgimentswere themselves outflankedon their an attack and pre-emptedthis by launchinghis own division in
riShtby the lron Brigade,The inilial resultwasthat whenthe anunco-ordinatedassault. O'NealattackedBaxter (onlheright
Confederatesat(ackedthe right flank of both forceswasprcssed of the S€minary Ridge lin€) prematurely and was repulsed
back.On the Confedente.ightArcher wasforcedbackacioss befor€ the supporting Ive^on could come up. Advancing over
WilloughbyRun,but rtotbeforeReynolds,persolallydirecting op€n ground with no cover at all and his flanks'in the air',
the lron Brigade'soutflankingmovement,had beenkilled by Iverson neglectedto sendout skirmishersand his briSadepaid
oneofArcher\ skirmishers in the woodson the ridge.Press€d theprice.Thebdgadesof PaulandCutler,shelteringbehindthe
hard f.om the hont and outflanked,Archer's Inen retired. stonewall on SeminaryRidge, held their fire until the rangewas
Archer himselfwas captured,the first generalofficer ol the tess than 100 yards before delivering a punishing volley into
Army ofNorthern VirSiniato be takenpdsonersinceLee bad Iversod'sfront and nght. Two of Baxter's regrmentsenliladed
assumeo commano. Iverson'sleft. Unable to retreat or advance,lvenon's survivors
On the Confederateleft Davh crossedWilloughbyRun. weresavedonly by the appearanceof Ramseur'sBrigadewhich
Outflankedandisoleted,Cutler'sthreeregimentswereforc€d outflanked Baxter's right, enfiladedthe stonewall line andthen
off lhe ridge, rctra&tingin sone dhorder towardsS€minary beganto drive the Federal brigadessouth along the ridge.
Ridge.Hall'ssupportlngs(illery heldup Davisbriefly,pulling On McPheNon's Ridge Daniel attacked after lverson's
backby seclio0s.As D{vis pressedlhe pursuit6th Wisconsin destruction. Stone's Brigade was already taking a fearful
and Cullea'stwo rcnaining rcgimentscameup on their rigbt. pounding ftom the Conf€derate artillery on Oak ltill when
Firedon fton llonk and rear,two of Davis'sregimentssought Daniel attacked. Twice Stone's'Bogus Bucktails' drove
the only availablecover, ln the rail.oad cut throuSh thc slight Daniel's men back, and even aftempted to follow uP. Wlrcn
riseknown as the 'rlpple'. Too deepto serveas an entrench- Daniel attacked for a third time he was support€d by
Brockenbrough's left flank regiments, Hill having finally ground, a statement later confirmed by Rodes. Despite the
received permission ftom Lee to launch an all-out attack. failuresof Archer andIveNonthe Conlederatebdgadeswere
Heth's Division began their advance at about 2.30. In brilliantlyled,PerrinandRamseurbeingparticularlyoutstand-
McPhe^on'sWood Pettigrew'sand Meredith'sBrigadesen- ing. Whenthe I Corpsline on Seminarytudge wasbrokenthe
gagedin one of the fier€est firefights of the war. Pettigrew's Confederate victoryat that point wasmoreimpressive thanat
right, supportedby Fry, drovebackBiddleso that Meredith's Chancellorsville, XI Corps to the north also having been
menwereoutflanked.Evenso, the lron Brigadegaveground muted.It wasthefailureto followupthissuccesswhich allolved
onlygrudgingly,whileGamble'scavalrythreatened Pettigrew\ Meadetime to createa moreformidableline duringthe night.
rightandforced52ndNo(h Carolinato form square.Slowlythe Nevertheless, two Federalcorpshadbeenshattered. Reynolds'
Federalline beganto retire from McPhenon'sRidgetowards intentionhadbeento securethe CemeteryHill line for Meade
SeminaryRidge. by fightinga delayingaction it had costhim hisown life and
While Ramseur,now supportedby O'Neal, continuedto that of his Corps.
fight his way south, Heth's tired and depletedtroops were
relievedby Pender.At 3.30 Hill committedPenderto the
assaulton SeminaryRidge. CrossingWilloughbyRun and SCENARIO I
McPherson's Ridge, Pender'sregimentspressedhard on the BRIGADE LEVEL ACTION
exhausted bluelinewithoutquitebreakingit. On theleft Biddle Thefirstof thethreeobviousstadngpointsforthisr€fight isthe
andMeredithbeganto givegrcundasCutlerandPaul(on the advanceof Archer\ and Davis'sbrieadesagainstGamble's
right) beganto retire in the {aceof the combinedadvanceof cavalrybrigadeon McPhenont Ridge.Thiscanbe foughtasan
Pender and Ramseur. But the line was maintained,6th interestingcontestin its own right or aspart of a full refight. The
WisconsinandStone\ Pennsylvanians forminga salientin and initial mntact wasmadeat about6.30a.m. but Heth did not
aroundthe seminaryitselfin the centreof the line. For the last presshis attackuntil 8.00at the earliest,and eventhen only
time that day Perrin'scrackSouthCaroliniansrushedto the strong skirmishlines were ernployedinitially. Wadsworth's
attackand carriedthe salient.The Federalline broke. some infantrywerein positionby 9.00,so Archer and Davisshould
units followingthe line of the CashtownPike and runninga have about an hour to take the ridge before Federal
gauntletoffire from RamseurandO'Nealastheyfled towards rein{orcements arive fromthesouth-east. Otherthanimposing
Gettysburg.Those south of the seminaryfled south,east this time limit no specialgamerulesare needed.
towardsCemeteryHill. Only the sacdficeof 16thMaine,who For dispositions seeMap 2. The exactFederaldeploymentis
actedas a rearguarduntil overwhelmed,and the absenceof opento conjecture,but Gamble'sBrigadewason theleft of the
Confederatecavalry preventeda total rout. Neve(heless, line, facingboth Archer and Davis, with Devin'scavalryto
Perrin, Ramseur and O'Neal pumued the Federalsinto Gamble'sright, but apparentlytaking no part in this action.
Gettysbu.g,takingmanyprisonersin the town itself. Buford had one batteryof artillery,Calefs, which deployed
The new Federalline on CemeteryHill, composedof the with one section(two guns)to the Ieft of Gambleand two
survivors of I and XI Corps and just one fresh regiment, 7th sections(four guns)betweencamble and Devin and north of
Indiana, could not have held againsta determinedattack. the CashtownPike. The strength and deplo).nentof the
HoweverEarly,who hadrecentlyarrivedwith a freshdivision Confederate artilleryin thisphaseofthe battleis not veryclear.
infrontof theposition,wouldnotattackwithoutorders, despite ThatConfederate gunswereinvolvediscertainlythe caseasthe
the pleadingsof his brigadecommanders.By the next day firsl man killed at Gettysburg,Trooper John Weaver,was a
CemeteryHill wouldbe fonifiedandreinforcedandthechance casualtyof artillery fire falling on McPherson'sRidge. A
number of sourcesalso record the movementof Pesram's
Throughout the day both armieshad fought without cohesive ballalionof aniUeryfromthe rearof Helhs Divicionpriorlo
leadership, relyingonthe qualityofthe troopsandthe bigade Archer and Davis's attack. Bafdes & Iraders (see bibliogra
officers for success.The resistanceof I Corps againstsuperior phy)mentionsCalefasbeingoutnumbered two to one.Thetull
oumbershad beenheroic:6th wisconsinhad lost lg0 menby establishment of Pe$am'sbattalion(see'Forceslisr)wasfive
12.00(out of420),24thMichiganwentin with 496officelsand batteries, sowhetheryouuseall fiveorjustthreeis yourchoice.
men, 399*ere killed or wounded.The heroicswere equally As for deployment,all sourcesindicatethat the Confederate
greaton theConfederate side:26thNorthCarolina(Pettigrew's artilleryoccupiedHerr Ridge,wesiof WilloughbyRun.
Brigade)lost82%casualties (Co. E hadtwo unscathed menout If the scenadois beingfoughtasa'one-off gametherearea
of82). OfIvercor'sfatedBrigade, mustering1,356menon 30th numberof the 'what if type optionsopen to the wargamer,
June,some750werekilledandwoundedandanother300taken theseprimarily beingto allow Heth to commencehis attack
prisoner. Tribute to the bravery of this appallingly led bdgade earlier, giving saytwo hours of gametime to take the ddge; to
cameunwittinglyhom the man responsible,who found 500 allowDevinio reinforceGamble;to allowBrockenbrough and
bodies,deadandwounded,in a line asstraightason a parade Pettigrew to aid Archer and Davis. Whatever options (if any)

T t
 27

arechosen,thisis an interestinggameinvolvingunevenforces thrown,3, 4, 5, 6 indicatedthat the unit seeksshelterin the cut,

and differenttroop types. remainingtherefor at leasttwo moves.Shouldenemytroops
then reachthe top of the cul beforethe shelte ng troopsare
ableto moveout,thetrappedmenwillautomaticallysurrender-
SCENARIO2
DIVISIONLEVEL ACTION
The secondscenario€ommences after the arrival of wads- SCENARIO 3
worth's Division. with the assaultof Archer and Davis on CORPS LEVEL ACTION
McPhenor'sRidge.IfScenarioI hasbeenfoughtasa prelude For the wargamer this part of the day'sfightingposesa tactical
to Scenario2 then the arival point and positioningof problem rarely encounteredin one-off games,namelya fighting
wadsworth'smen is dependenton whetherBuford hasbeen withdrawalunderheavypressurefrom a numericallysuperior
ableto holdhisposition.If Gamble'scavalryhavebeenpushed enemy-lt maybethat,with luckydiceanda realoff-dayby the
off th€ ridgethenwadswo(h's infantryshouldbe deployedon opposition,I Corps,are ableto hangon to someof the ground
SeminaryRidge.ReynoldshadmetBufordin the seminaryand west of Gettysburg.The sheer weight of numbers and
personallyled the divisionforward, so this seemsa logical dispositions (seeMap4) makethisunlikely,but the timetabling
choice.ShouldBufordstillbe holdingtheridge,thenthearrival of the Confederateattacksdoesgive the Federalsan outside
point of Wadsrvonhis indicatedon Map2. Onenoteaboutthe chance.This scenariois suitablefor all tlpes of games:a solo
adval of the division:Cutler'sBrigade,supportedby Hall's Federaldefenceagainsta programmedConfederate attack,a
battery,wasleadingtheadvanceandshouldarriveon the table tlro-playergameand,giventhe independence ofactionon both
beforeMeredith'slron Brigade. sides.a multi-playergame with eachpefion commandinga
When played asa separate game the opening dispositions for brigade.
Scenario2 are asshownon Map 3 (noneof thiseightroundsof The numberof gunsengagedmay pr€sentsomethingof a
manoeuvring without a shotbeingfired in thisgame!).As can problem.The Federalshad34gunspresentinsixbatteries,the
be seen,the tenain layoutisexactlyasfor Sc€nariol andeasily Confederates 52 piecesin thirteenbatteries.Evenat a ratioof
fits onto an 8' x 4' table- indeed.Scenarios I and2 couldbe one gun model per battery this is a lot of guns(and my rules use
comfortablyplayedon a table6' x 4'ifScenario3 is not being onemodelto two actualguns!).I did not like the ideaof using
fought,simplyomittingthe areanorth of the FomeyFarrn. countersor markersandthe bestsolutionseemsto be to lift the
Otherthanthearrivalofthe Federalinfantryandthe wholeof idea used in modern garnesof 'off the table' artillery if
Pegram'sartillery now being in position,the forces are as in necessary.Pegram\andMclntosh'sartilleryonHeIr Ridgecan
Scenariol. This actionlastedfor about two hoursand again be countedasjust offthe table,with their fire beingmeasurcd
enablesusto seta time limit forHeth to achievehisobjectiveof from the table edge. This then reducesthe number of
breakingthrough alongtheCashtown PiketowardsGettysburg. Confederate gunsto a more manageable sixteen(Carter'son
As hasbeenseen,on the dayHeth failedto committwo ofhis Oak Hill), andastherewasno counter-battery fire on the part
four brigadesandin a one-offfight, asin the realthing,would of the Federalgunnersihere shouldnot be a problem.
standvery little chanceof breakingthrough.I would suggesl, Commandalsoneedssomeattention.AlthoughDoubleday
therefore,that Heth rhe Wargamershouldbe allowedto use suc€eeded Reynoldsin commandofI Corps,he rcmained*ith
Pettigrewand Brockenbrough,but only after an hour has hisdivisionandtook verylittle overallcontrolof theaction.For
passed. the Confederates two divisionswerepresentfrom Hill's Corps
Rathermore in the way of specialrulesis neededfor this (Heth and Pender)and one, Rodes's,from Ewell's Corps.
Scenario for commentson the terrainreferto the endofthe Possiblythe bestmethodofsimulatingthe ind€p€nd€nt nature
article,Two eventsin particulararein needofspecialattention: of both sidesis to allow Doubleday,Hil and Rod€sto issue
the deathof Reynoldsandthe entrapmentof Davis'sMississip- ordersto their brigadecommanders prior to commencing the
Diansin the railroadcut. game.Once thoseformationsarc committedto actionthen
Reynoldswaskilledat about10.15andalthoughhisdeathdid turtherorde^ arenot allowed the brigades just geton with it,
not affecthislroopsat thetime,thepossibilityofthishappening and in a multiplayergameno discussion of eventsis allowed!
in a refight cannot be ignored. Some rules systemshave Althoughdeployedfrom the outsetasshownon the map,the
nethodsof determininggeneralofficercasualties, but mostof Confederate b gadesmay only atta€kin accordance with the
these are, I feel, inadequategiven the €ircumstances of timetableset out below. Obviouslythese times should be
Reynolds'death.Sixfeet tall, mountedon hisblackhorseand convertedinto gamemoves,
wearinghis major-general's shoulderstraps,evenin a wooded 1.30 Carteropensfire, O'Neal advances.
area Reynoldswas an obvioustarget for Confederateskir- 2.00 Iversonadvances.
mishersashesupervised theflankingmovementof19thlndiana 2.15 Ramseurand Daniel advanc€.
and 24th Michiganon the €restof McPhenon'sRidge. The
systemI usedwassimplyto throw a pair of percentage diceon
eachmove from 10.00onwards.Obviously,the greaterthe
numberofConfederateskirmishers on McPherson's Ridge,the
greaterthechanceofkilling Reynolds.Thechanceallowedwas
1% per skirnisherwithir visibilityandrangeofReynolds,2%
forthoseat closerange.Add the totalpercentage togetherand
should that total or less be thrown Reynoldsh killed. If
Reynoldsis kilted then all Federalunits on the ridge take an
immediatemorale rest with the appropriatedeductionfor
officercasualties.
As for the entrapmentof the Mississippians in the railroad
cut. rhe wargameris giv€nthe benefitof hindsightand would
obviouslyavoid such a manoeuvre.However, the cutting
providedtheonlycoverfromflankingfire,thereforeshouldany
unit be firedon from the flankwhileor the ripplea singledieis
 22
2.45 Heih's Divisiou advarc€s. 2nd Brigade (Bdg. cen. Cud€r)
3.30 Pender's Division crocses Wilougbby Run 76th, 84th, 95th & 147th New York, 56th Pennsytvania,
and advances. total 1,675men (12 figsper regt).
In fuf knowledgeofihis, the unscrupulousFederalcommatr,
der could shift his units about to defeat attacksin detail before 2trd Division (Brig. Gen. Robinson)
others are launched- to prevent this, Fed€ral units are not lst Brisade (Brig. cen. Paul)
allowedto moveother tban to defendthemselves,aoregain lost 16th Maine, 18th Massachus€tts,94th & 104th New york,
grormd or to reE€at. lf/tb Pennsylvania,
The objectives for tbis scenado are fairly clear. The total 1,600men (r0 figs per rcgt).
ConlederatesmustEy to s€izethe route ro c€tttsburg alongthe 2nd Brigad€ (Brig. Cen. Baxter)
CashtowtrPike by driving the F€deralsftom their po6itionson 12th Massacbuserts,83rd & 97th New York, 8&rt & 90th
McPherson's and S€minary Ridge. ff they catr achieve this Pennsylvania,
within thre€ hours then a total victory catr b€ claimed. The total 1,600men (10 figs per regt).
Federalscanclaim a draw if ihey can hold for over four hours, 3rd Divisiotr (Bdg. Gen. Doubleday, Brig. cen. Rowley)
aDd a victory if they stil hold the naior part of the S€minary 1st Brigade (Col. Biddle)
Ridge line at 6.30 (five hours). 80thNe$,York, 121st,l42nd & 151stPennsylvania,
rotal l,l$ men (12 figsper regt).
2nd Brigade ( Col. Stone)
NOTE ON TERRAIN 143rd, l49th & 150th Pennsylvania,
The accompaning maps are a simplified version of the actual total 1,300men (12 frgsper regt).
tenain, whilst still rcpresenting the main features of the I Corys An €ry Brigede (Col. Wain"..ight)
batdefield. The scaleus€d was 1" on the table to ,10yards of Mahe Light, sth Battery(Stevens) - 6x12 pr Napoteons
actualground, while the map wasdrawn at 2cm to one foot on lst New York Light, Batteries E & L (Reynolds)
the table. Most of the featues representedhavebeendescrib€d 6x3'Rodman rifles
in the early part of the anicle (s€€ The cround). For game lst Pennsylvania Light, B Batrery(Cooper)
purpos€s,McPherson'sWood is classifiedasdense,tbe orchard _ 4y3" Rodman!
atrdthe woodson SeminaryRidg€aslight. Oak fi l shouldb€ at 4th U.S. Anillery, BatteryB (Stewan)
least tbree contouls, Hen Ridge, McPherson's Ridge and 6x12 pr Napoleons
Semhary Ridgetwo contoursand the 'ripple' a singlecontour. MaineLight, 2nd Battery(Hall) - 6x3" Rodmans
Wiloughby Run is fordable for the whole of its length. Of the
buildings, the seminaryshouldbe fairly substaDtial,wirh a wa]] A grand total of 314 infantry, 88 cavalryand 6 batteriesof
aroundit. Other than the cuts, the unfinishednilroad line need artillery.
not be represented as it had no real bearing on the final
outcome.The picket fencingshownto the north of the Faideld
Roadis only a suggestion, basedon the previouslymentioned FORCES- CONFEDERATES
reDortsof this. HiI's Corp6
Helhrs Division
Archer'sBrigade
FORCES- GENERAL NOTE 5th & 13thAlabama,lst, 7th & 14tbTenncssee,
The strengthsbelow have beentaken from thr€e main sources. rotal 1,050men (9 figsper regr).
Individual unit strengths,particularly for the Confederates,are Davis's Brigade
oot alwaysavailable, so for all unirs I have averagedout the 2nd & 42ndMississippi, 55thNorth Carolina,
brigade strength. All totals are given in men, with some total 1,500men (15 figsper rego.
rounding up or downfor easeof conversionto figure latios. The Brockenbrough\Brigade
numben in brackets are my own suggeslionsfor the average 40th,47th, 55th & 22ndVirginia,
strengthof eachregiment in figures. Buford's cavalry have not total 1,100men (10 figs per regt).
beenreducedto allowfor hoNe-holden- this shouldbe done Pettigrew's Brigade
accoding to local rules. One further point on this: obviously a llth,26th,47th & 52ndNorthCarolina,
lot of cavalry figures are required, but as the cavalry fought total2,3t)0men (15 figsper reeo.
dismounted for muchof the actioninfantryfigurescanbe used P€nder'sDivision
Mccown's Brigade( Col. Peffin)
lst (Provisional),lst (Orr's Rifles),12rh,13th& 14thSouth
.
FORCES FEDERALS Carolina,
total 1,600men (10 figsper regt).
lst CavalryDivision(Big. Gen. Buford) Lane'sBrigade
lst cavary Bneade(col. Gamble) 7th, 18th,28th, 33rd & 37thNonh Carolina,
8th & 12thIllinois,3rd lndiana,8th New York total 1,550men (10 figsper regt).
1,700men (12 figs per regl). Scale\ Brigade
2nd CavalryBrigade( Col. Devin) 13th, l6th, 22nd,34th & 38rhNonh Carotina,
6th & 9th New York, 17thPennsylvania, 3rd WestVirginia, total 1,250men (9 figsper regt).
1,200men (10 figs per regt). Thomas'sBrigade
2nd U.S. HorceArtillery Bty A (Lt. Calef),6 x 3" Rodman 14th,35th,
45th & 49th ceorgia,
rifles. total 1,200men (10 figsper regt).
I corps (Maj. Gen. Reynolds)
1stBrigade(Brig. Gen. Meredith) CorF R€s€rv€ Artillery (Col. Walker)
19thIndiana,24th Michigan,2nd, 6th & ?th wisconsin, Mclntosh\ Baitalion
total 1,850men (12 figsper regt). Danviue(Va) Bty (Rice) - 4v 12pr Napoleons
 29

STOKE- ON-TRENT WAR GAMES GROUP present:

S E N T LNl E I ' 9 ( E
At The Kings Hall, Stoke, Stoke-on-Trent.
On Sunday ath APril 199o

Open to the public from 10am. lo 6p.m.

ContactEr P Neale on 07a2 615535

or P . J .R i d g w a y on O782 619177

Featuresimtudeoveriwodozentr:de
slands.Brinqend Buy andDemonsha|on
9ames.
SPIRIT6A|'4ES of BudononTrent.re
sponsofiog r conpeiiiionfor the besl
pa.licipalionqamewilh pfizevouchers
of .r l0 and (10
FlCTloNFACToRY ot Slaffod dfe
sponsoringihe p.intingaadmodelli|E
!vhiahwili be jLrdqed
(ompeljfron by
I'4EIRIlODE
LLIN6 ILUE

vill be available.
BAR .nd EUFFET

RichmondJohnson's(va) Bty (Johnson) - 4x3" Rodmans King William (Va) Bty (Carter)
2nd Rockbridge(Va) Bly (wallace) - 2x10 pr Pa[otts, 2x12 pr Napoleon
- 2x 12pr Napoleons,2x3" Rodmans
Hardaway's(Ala) Bty (Hurt) A total of 573infantryaDd13 batteriesof artillery.
-2x12 pr whilwonhs,2x3" Rodmans
I think it wouldbe fair to assumethatevenin my preferredscale
Pegram'sBatlalion
(Va) (Crenshaw) of 15mmthe sizeof theselorcesis beyonditost wargamers
RichmondCrenshaw Bly
- 2x12 pr Napoleons,2x12 pr howitzers otherthanA.C.W. fanaticsandthe combinedresources ofclub
RichmondLetcher(Va) Bty (Brander) members, so for those wishingto try out the gameswith more
- 2x12 pr Napoleons,2x l0 pr Parrotts limitedresources and/or25mmI wouldsuggesr eitherreducing
RichmondPurcell(Va) Bty (Mccraw) the regimenlalstr€ngthsby 50% or a third. A 50% reduction
- 4x 12pr Napoleons gives201Federalsand 287Confederates.
F edericksburg (Va) Bty (Marye)
- 2x12 pr Napoleons,2x3" Rodmans
PeeDee (S.C.) Bty (Zimmermann) - 4x3" RodmaN SOURCES
High Tide At Gettysburg G , Trcket
Rodes'sDlvlsion(of Ewell'sCorps) Battles&Leade$OfThe Civii war yolj R. Johnson& C. Buel
DanielhBrigade Amies At GettysbutgS.Bowde\
2nd, 32nd,43rd,45th & 53rd North Carolina, Unit Organisations OI The Civil War R, Zimmerman
total 2,000(12 figs per regt). Battles Of The American Avil War C. Johnsoo & R.
Iverson\ Brigade Mclaughlin
5th, 12th,20th& 23rdNorlh Carolina, The Official Militaty AtlasOfme American Civil War(Faifax
total 1,600nen (12ligs per regt). Prest
O'Neal'sBrigade
3rd,5th,6th,l2th & 26thAlabama, -4.:r .S
total 1,600men (10 figsper regt).
Ramseur'sBrigade
gh. f"l trs. 8&"t"rsff
"*F?
2nd, 4th, l4th & 30thNorth Carolina, TERN.A]N & PAINTS
total 1,100nen (10 figsper regt). IORTHEMODELiEN & WAXOAMIR
DivtuionalArlillery (Lt. Col. Caner)
Rod€3'E 6E lYertwick noad, Eeauohiet,thetrtcld 58 7tU
JessDavis(Ala) Bty (Reese) - 4x3" Rodmaos
LouisaMorris (Va) Bty (Page) - 4x12 pr Napoleons Dlm or colirlAcTr Ect O!
(l)7al){310E? or (O?!l8)?a0!?8
RichmondOrange(va) (Fry)
- 2x10 pr Parrotts,2x3" Rodmaos
30

Naval Wo rfare. in Ar,rcie.nl

a^d M.dieval Chi^o
Nalal wargaming d'ffers notably from irs land counte+arr in can make three hundred li (i.e. about a hundred miles) in a
that only a fewofthe coundesshistoricalperiodsnnd carnpaigns day. and though the distanceis greai. sweat is shed bv neither
horse nor man. r The implicaiion is rhat pack-horses and
h r t e e t r ' ' u d l l Jc : r u g hor n a m o n pp l d ) ( r . t h e r a m m r n gt a c t r c .
of the Classical Mediterranean- Nelson s reinsiatement of perhaps even chariots were transported in this way (cavalry
manoeuvrein the NapoleonicWars and the gun-versus'armour being unknown before 307 B.C.). but the type of boat meaDtis
not entirely clear. Bamboo rafts would seem suitable. but the
d u e l so f l 8 6 l t o l 9 l 8 a r e o b v i o u se x c e p r i o n sb. u t m a n y o l h e r
periods suffer from inherent limirations $'hich. however term double suggestssomethinglike the farg cir'uar. a cargo
fascinatingthey nay be hisorically. nake them of restricled vesselof the peiod Nith two hulls fixed togetherside by side. a
appealasa gane. The seabattlesofthe ancientEgyptiansor rhe version of which is said 1() have existed before 781 B.C.r
Vikings. for example, consisledessentiallyof land combat from Hide-coveredcoracles.inflated animalskins andfloats made of
floating platforms. offering no realchangefronl the mainstream poltery were also alailable for ferrying troops acrossrhe great
land game in terms of taclics. while lhe tact;csof molt of the rivers. and this may have been lhe standardmethod for armies
li3th century were too rigidly circumscr;bedto be interesling. without accessto a fleet. ahhough by medieval times ponioon
and the airdimension makesanynaval action after l94l alnost bridgeswere in use. Whatever the methods adopted. crossing
too complicated as well as too large lo fit onb the lable- I these turbulent waters tlas a dangerous business. and King
therefore make no apology for introducing a new period of Chao of the Western Chou (c. 950 B.C.) was only the nlon
naval warfare which. despite its apparent obscurity. has prominent of thousandsof men droNned during these opera-
considerablepotenlialwith its mixlure ofexotic ship lypes and tions. A favoured ploy forsecuring r safepassagewas ro throw
ramning. boarding. missileand pyrolechnic tactics.There are. , o m e o n e i n b e t o r e h a n dr \ . , ' . , c r i t i c er o r h e r i ! e r , p i r i r , . r
of course. no ship models alailable at present. and elen the praclice noleniirely unheardofin recent cenruries.but from an
general appearance of some tl,pes js uncertain. bul naval early date the Chinese$ere adepr al conlrolling the flow of ar
wargamen are enterprising people and with the aid of the least rhe smaller rivers. Thel co ld be diverted inro numerous
sourcesmenrioned in rhe Bibliography. plus some of my own snall chrnncls to make crossing easier or even danrmed
tenative reconsrructions.it should not be ditTicult io scrarch- completelv. thc pent-up $xters being relersed onto aD enemv
build r flecr. As will becorne obvious. the mrii period of downstrcrnr. but this sort of thing has litdc relevanceto large
naval bxulcs. which rook place nainll on ri\crs too big to be
i n l e r e s tw i l l b e b e r w e e nt h e 7 1 ha n d 1 6 t hc e n r u r e sA . D . . $ h e n
manipulared in this v',ay.
t h e v a r i e t yo f s h i p sr n d w e x p o n su s e d$ r s a t i t s h e i g h r .b u r i r
nay be helpfulto srart wirh a brief surveyof the origins ofnaval The type of vesselmentioned so frr$ere basicallyrrrnsports
operations in Chin.r. rarher ihan true fighring ships. but a couple ol references
suggesr rhat rechniq es were alrexdy being devised for
ship ro ship conrbat. The lth centurtr B.C. tto Iz! describes
THE BEGINNINGS- ho\r the na\'\'of Ch u defeated that of Yueh by nrean! of a
FROM THE CHOU TO THE HAN device called kou-ch itn!. Nhich Needhnm trunshres as
'hook-fendcr'. This $as us.d either to grapplean enemv ship k)
ln allperiodsofChinesehistorythc grerr ri!crs. parricularlyrhe
Yanglze.and the inland lakeshave been a more important pre\enl it from retre,rtingor to push ir off if iI lried 1()close:nd
rhearreof warfarethrn the open sea-and the firsl states1o board. holding ir at a range rt tlhich the decks could be sNepr
de\elopnavieswere thoseof the lowerYangtzebasin.Probably t!ith super'or m issilefire: it may be significantin this connection
rhe :arliest referenceis rh.rtof.186B.C.r whenAdmiral Hsu that the state of Ch-u $as the irventor of the crossbow-about
Ch engof Wu travellednorthfrom lhis regionto lnrk up with a the 6th century B.C. Needhanl reg rds th is deviceassomething
wu armyon the bordersof Ch ijust soulhof the Shanlung,ike the Roman cor\us . thoush $ithout the gangwa! to allos
Peninsula. we haveno figufesfor lhe sizeofthis fleet.but rre boarding. and pivoted from the base of rhe mast. but (apart
toldthatit was defeatedbvthcmenofChi in:rb.ulleNhichnal from the question of \hcthcr the Ch u ships evrn had masts)
havebeenfoughtal sca.A 5th cenrur\bronzelesseldepicrsa lhis arrangement seems to me ro be too infleriible for its
..When the enenr! s.rs about ro rerreat one
boal probablysimilarro rhoseusedar seart thislime r large dual-purpose role:
iPerhaps
canoewilhout a ram. propelledb) paddles.Also in usein the u s e d t h eb o o k :\ \ ' h e nh e c a m eo D o n e u s e d t h ef e D d e r .
warring Statesera(.r79to 22I B .C-) $ ererafts.oftenfirtedNith all that was invohed s.as a detrchnent ol nen Nith hooked
simplesquaresails.Made fron the giant barnboo.which hxs poles. but this idca lrter grlc rise to a flr more spectacular
stemsup to a ynrdin diameter.theserrilswerever) buovant.so Be,rpon (scethc striking rrtus belo$ ) . Needham alsorefers ro
drew litlle Raterevenwhenk)adcd.and $crc swcptup:rl thc a palsagefrom whrl are supposcdro be the recordsofrhe stare
bowandsternto facililotedraggingo\ersrndbanksandrhrough ofYueh. preservedin r nunrberof latcr books. \\ hich undcr rhe
rapids. ln the,lthcenturyB.C.thcYrngrzc-basin strreofCh u r e i g no f H o L u ( 5 l l r o 1 9 6 B . C .) l i s rn o l e s sr h n f n e d i f f e r e n t
experienced problemswith raidersfron Ch nr sho descendedl)pes of \\arsbip. including on€ crrr\ing castles and one
theMin Riverduringrhesprinsfloods. tr !ellingtoofasl fordre equi!rlent to abatiering runr. U Dfortunatt l! thcrc is somtdring
borderoutposts to beablero warn rhecrpirrlirtime: -lfthe Unt wrong s,ith this sourcc. rs it goe5on lo reier to ca!,rlr). s hicb
boatsarc usedfor troops.e.rchdoublebrrge $i11supportfift! $ e r e n e ! e r u s e di n Y u e h . a n d i t m : r \ t r ed e s c r i b i n lgb e p r a c t i c e
nrc. $irh grainfor rhreemonrhs.Floating$ith the currentone o f r m u c h l a t e r p e r i o d . \ Y h r l \ r i t l e n a n d p i c t o r i a le v i d e n c e
 31
thereissuggeststhatalthoughwarvessehcouldcollideviolently
w'th each other. throwing men into the water. rams were not X(L)o
fitted at this period and the tacricwould only be apreliminary ro
a boarding action. <)tzo'goDs
By the time of the Ch in dynasty (221 to 206 B.C.) nore
sophisticated ships were available. a fact which may be praolo.J,cxioDs
connectedwith Chinese expansion along the south-eastcoasl
where there lived peoples wilh a long naritime tradition; the
men of Fukien Province in the south-east later sained a
r e p u r d r i o na . r h e b e . r , a r l o r .r n d . h i p s r i e h l ' i n r h e L m p r r e A Two NEW sets to add to the
Warriofs of the Shogun Ra.ge, the fi.st
Ch in dockyard has been excavatedat Guangzhou.r and from commissioned by Mr. B. Brown of Norih
the width of the slipways it has been estimared that it could F a r n b o . o u g hw a r g a m e sC l u b .
h,tndleshipswith a beam oftwenty-seven feet. Warshipscould SAM DRom 1. TAIKO (war drum) with
now carry caslles on thc decks. and unlike Hellenistic ones 2 crew(l samurai6 I Ashigaru).
these were probably permanenl fixtures. Fleets of up to two S2.50plusP6P
thousand of these /ou c uar are recorded as early as 43 A.D. S A M 4 1 . A s h i g a r ur u n n i n gw i t h N O B O k l
By this tine sailss,erecertainly usedforpropulsion. and smaller type Banner(pack of 2)
river craft were rowed instead of paddled and firted with a T5pplusPEP
raised deck for marines Gee Figure l). The d€sisn of larger ,\ore to follou very soon,alongwith 5 figuresfor our
popular
vesselshad alreadv taken on the form familiar to us from the
"Warriors of the Dark Age" Range.
modern junk. Nith a high bow and sterns,hich no doubt camein
useful as fighting platforms. There is some unce(ainty about A I rhe," l'gu'". dre derc-". in a gene-d lo'dn r' e 'n
whetherramming tacticswerein useunderthe Han (202B.C. to p d ' r o t d t r r h e w e 5 t e . nd a . k d o e
a m e s . ' . E ' l l d d d . o r h e m s D . ,' l " . q - ' e 5 r o d ' v e r h s ; .
220 A.D.). The Official History of the Later Han descibes a dmies rer pd, "urd, Ic!!u. i- I'm". wd-. rhis ,pa " ro,
battle on the Yangtze in 33 A.D. in which a fortified floaring
bridge was a$acked by ships with castles,rowed assaulrboats I o r m o ' . d e r n i r ss e n d :4 1 . 7 5 { r 5 . 0 0 e t u s 4 t C R s ) , f o ' a
and mao r'u. tlhich could mean either 'colliding or'covered . full .at.logue. a pach of 5 sampt€s. lnd r t2 mirnth
update service.
Needham quotes a later commentator as sayingthat rhesewere
rams. but ramrning a floating bridge would seem to be a TWO DRAGONSPRODOCTIONS
pointlessand dangeroustactic. and possiblythej, were originally 70 Luck Lane,marsh,Hudd€rsfield,
'covered i.e. with West YorkshireHDl 4GlX
, the rowers or marines protected from
missilesfrom the bndge. and a laler change of meaning has
contusedthe commentators.Chineseship conslructiondoesnot
lend itself to the fitting of an underrlaier ram Uke that of a
Greek trireme. although fortified bows $,ere known and a
projeclion abovethe waterline is of coursepossible. I n any case Romansdid not appearin China. An interestingvarianton
ramming with rhe intention of holing and sinking an enemy was
more conventionalpropulsionrechniqueswas the paddle-
tlheel.whichappeared in the5thceniuryA.D. Thiswasworked
n o t a p r o m i n e n t p a r t o fC h i n e s e t a c t i c s . b a n l e a c c o u n t s t e n d i n g
to describevictirnsofcollisions as capsized rather then sunk .
from within the hull by meansof a treadnill, and had the
advantagethat the crew and propulsion.nechanism could be
enclosedand so protectedlthe earliestaccount.Irom 418.
LATER FIGHTING SHIPS describesrhe enemys sup€rstitiouspanic at seeingships
advancingwith no obviousmeansofpropulsion.At first diven
It wasin theperiodafierthe endofrhe Han that Chinesenaval by a singlewheel each side. they later reachedenormous
wartareapproachedits pinnacle.B) rhis time a numberof proportions.andunderthe SouthSungdynasty(1127to 1279)
major innovatn,ns hadoccurredin shipdesign.beginningwirh couldbe up to threehundredfeetlong.wirhthree-storey
castles
the rudder.whichbv the lst centuryA.D. wasreplacingtheold andmannedby athousandmen.drivenby asmanyasthirty-two
steering-oar. Ar aboutthe sametime seagoing vesselsadopted paddle-wheels.I Sternwheelersand€ombinationsof bothtypes
the fore-and'afisailingrig insteadoflhe old squaresail.andso were alsobuilt. Sleeredby stoppingthe wheelson eachside
could sail into the wind by tacking an advancenot seenin independently. they werevery fastandmanoeuvrable,bul too
Europefor severalcenturiesmore.Sailstlere madeofrnatting top-heavylbr roughseas.beingusedmainlyon inlandwareE.
slretchedbelweenbamboobattens.and coincidentallvcould They were alsoratherinefficientin manpower.
rakerJr moredamage Ihanconvenrional.aih beforebeiomine
useless.Hulls were constructedwith watenighr transverse
bulkheads. whichnotonly madethen difficulrto sink (perhaps Accounrsof rhe warsfollo\r'ingthe collapseof the Han show
that there was already considerablespecialisationamong
explainingin part the neglectof the ram). but alsoprovided
numerousstrongcross-timbers warships, but the earliestdetaileddescnprionwhich survives
on whichnultiple masrscould
beplaced.By the3rdcenturyA.D. asmanyassevenmastswere dates frorn 759.in the IaiPat Y,r Cring of ihe T angdynasly.
used,with the additionalunusualfearurethat theywereoften Here six types are listed:
staggered acrossthe widrhofth€ shipso that they did not take l). '!Towe. ships":
tall three-decken(ajthoughfive andeventendeckedshipsare
Unfortunatelysur!ivingillustrationsofwarshipsrendto omit mentionedelsewhere). armedwith sone,throwingen-sines on
sails.perhapsin ordernot to obscurethe resrofthe delail.and the top deckandprotectedagainsrincendiarymissiles byfett or
oftenit is not clearBhetheroalsaloneoracombinarionof oars leatherarmour.The lower decksare walledin, wirh pons for
andsailswerein ure. The Chineserow standingup and facing crossbows andspears.and the vesselhas'1heappearance of a
'
for*'ards.andthe sidesof shipswereoften built up to protect city wall. lron platescouldbe addedby Sungtimes,at leasrto
the row€rs.Drawingsofeven largevessels showonly one man thesuperstructure ifnot the entirehull. Onesuchshipis saidro
per oar. bu1this is not likely to have been a universalrule, havebeen1.000feet long with overhanging gallerieson which
althoughthe multiplebanksof oarsusedby the creeks and chariotsand horsescouldgo. but this seemsimpossibtylarge
t
and may be a garblednemory of a fortified pontoonbndge. featureofChinesewarfarefor the nextthreecenturies. fleetsof
(see Figure2) growingsize supponingfirst the MongolianYuan dynasty.
whichquicklyadoptedSungshipbuildingtechnology,thenthe
2). "Cov€.€d swoop€.s":
nativeMing.Theculninationofthis process wasthe Ming na\T
small.nobile vessels completelyroofedoverandcoveredwith
of the 1420swhich had 4O0largewarshipsstationedc€ntrally
rhinoceros-hide armour-with crossbowports at the bow and
nearNanking,1,350warshipsand the samenumberof patrol
stern as well as along the sides.Thesewere usedfor swift
boatsat vanoussmallerbases and3.000nerchaotshipsoo call
attacks.probablycarryingmarinesto closequanersin the face
as auxiliaries,as well as 4O0grain transportsand 250 huge
ofheavyfire. we aretold that largeshipswerenot !o armoured 'treasureships',all of which could carry troops-The famous
(luckilyfor th€ rhinocerospopulationl).
Admiral Cheng Ho sailed as far west as Edst Africa before
3). "Fightingjunks": politicalfactionalismat court, and the government'sfear of
these are not roofed. and were presumablysimilar to the allowingits peopleto comeinto cootactwithforeigners, caused
traditionalcargojunk. Rampanswerebuilt on top of the hull. the abandonment of expansionistpoliciesand the permanenl
above the oar'ports. and a deck-bousewith rampartsfor declineof the navy. Luckily for the Portuguese. when they
fightingwasbuilt in the niddle oflhe deck.Like thetowerships ardvedin the 1520s, thegreatseagoingfleet! wereathiDgofthe
these probably relied on missilesand so would find their
considerable heightan advantage-
4). "Flying barqueJ': WEAPONSAND TACTICS
fast vesselsusedfor emergencies and surprhe attacks,with
more rowers and fewer marinesthan fighting junks. The Ofthe majormelhodsby whichoneshipcouldattackanother,
marineswere, however.an etite. s€lectedfrom the bestand ramming.as tle haveseen,was neverpopularin China. but
under the Sui dynasty(581 to 618 A-D-) a techniquewas
developed whichsharedwith lhe ramtheideaofclosingwilhan
5), "See-Mwks": enemyshipanddestroyingits structure.This wasthe
"striking
with low bows and high sterns. and tloating boards arm". which seemsto haveevolvedfrom the ancient"hook_
(leeboardsl)on both sidesto aid stabilityin rough weather. fender"of Ch'u (whichitself remainedin uselhroughoutour
lheseseemto havebeenoptimisedfor bad conditionsandrhe period)andconsisled ofa longpolewith a spikeat right angles
opensea.The upperparlswereprotecledby ox-hides'as ifon a to the top. Like lhe Roman"corvus thiswassrvungdownon a
city w. l . pivot onto the enemydeck, but the aim was oot to pin the
6). Patrolboats: opposingship for boardingbut lo sink it by the weightof ihe
alsowith ramplrtsbLrtusedmninlyfor scoulingandinlelligence impacr.solhe spikewasheavilyweightedandthepolemadetoo
duriesratherthan in rhe line of bnttle. narow formen to ruo along.The SuiOfficialHistorydescribes
how tenfightingjunksweredestroyedby thismeansin a battl€
Thesegenefalclrssifications appearlo hrve beenapplicable 0guinsttheslaleof Ch'enin 584.Thcse strikingarmswereabout
feet long,rnd were mounted in "broadsidet ofsix. aswell
unril Ming limes (1368 to 1644).rhe towership$beingrhe fifly
nainrtnyofthe Sunglnd Ming nrvies,b[t ehdwhcre$hipsrre as fore-lnd-irft, A l2lh, century version is also known,
often clnisified&ccordinglo lheir phce of origin or cons!ruc. consisti'rg of l5(J.fftnmuslsup whichrockswetehoistedlodrop
lion{l fe0t res rflther lhirn their trclic{] functi()n.Thus rhe on dre cncmy. bul no illuslralion hussurvived; obviously $e
ir.'lran, ir lllll four.deckcrfron Fuklcn.w.rsoften usedrr nrilsts werc \€t rl dn lngle oul from the ship to avoidholing its
lowershlp,whilolhe s{nd$hip lromChungmirscvolvedfrom own decks. but any reconslruction musl be mostly guesswork.
a elrrgocrrrier of lhe W{rring Slslelito providemost of lhe Fflr nror€ common than direct a(acks on the slruclure.
h0ltl€$hips oi the Mlng nrvy, The dlmenlionrot the rhitlr of however. were long-rangemissile lflctics. From the Han
ChengHo in the errly lSth eenlurygivc [n ideI of the scflleon dynlsly onwsrdsths crossbowwrs lhe mosl favouredweapon
whichChine$ rhiphnilderscouldopentci nt four hundredfeel for mnrines.but soonlargcrsknle.throwi|lgafiillcry wdsalso
long.wilh hedmofn hundred nd sixtyfcel,theycllrrledfl b€|rgmourtedon ships.D uringthemedievalperfudthescwere
eomplcmenlof fivc hundrcd mlrrines.on. oddiry whlch primltilelookhg trebuchL'l'typemrchiuespowcredby men
dercrygr menlionN{s lhe nrrieulrledhrrgeor nrft (Figure:1). pullirg on rop€s,whichrrreoften shownin old illustrnlion$on
whiah wls oricilully devcloFedrs I oe![s of nrvigirting lhe deckFofNnrships,NLlmbers areseldomgiven.bul mullipl€
wirdinErnd lqrb{lelt rlveniwithoulthc ris\ ol irlorg flndrlgid hilllcrieswere probablyquile"lhe commonon the lnrgervessels,
hull hre{rkirgap0!1.bur by lhe l6rh c€nlury{t the kllesl hnd eipecinllyund€r the Sung. goklen 8ge of lhe slone'
founda role asr kind offireship,Thc front seetionrv{Nkudcd lhrower",6 Numeron3 types nnd rizcn exhted fron the Sui
with expbsivesand incendiarymaterials.uocoupledlioln ihe periodonweKi\,lhrcwlngmisrilesofrp lo 150pourldsin weighl
rearpartwhich heldlhgerewnltdirll{Nedto floatonthecureni {nd cr€wedby &nythingul} l():50 nen, bnl rlthoughlhe l rger
into the ancnryfleel. \i2eswo!ld oljvicNslytre0l(xl effeetivelgainstshlpslheywould
ThEgr,^vth,,t\!.rr\hipr in Icflnr,'f\iicnnllpr,'rertiinrcfl llol hsve ljeen { cotlNiderahle brden lo lheir own vesselslsome
hilvehelpBdlheir rFeed or nunoclrvlrbililt rnd indicillerlhnl rsed on kud fi)r slegescould be lhirly feel in helghlAndweigh
firepoNerrenrainedI henost hnportarleorsideritt ion indesign. overfive linrs.A riingeot over500ynrdsaorld be rllained by
-fhe \rould be low rl lhsl distnnce
line betNeenfightingshiF and civiliar trrnsportlessels lh€sehllg€€ngines,bul nccurncy
wasthcreforenevcryerywell defined.illianysufficientlystrrdy {nd I morc re$listic etTeclive r.nge for navalwilrfnfe would
shipcould bousedin hrltle.Ir f4{l nrlil I l3l, \\he|lthcSungsel hrve beensevenlv'fiveto a hundredyrrds.r'Theusualmissllles
up thc iir$t pormqlelll Nlyy, forrer hrd beell eilhcr buill rs rvcre errefully-shaped b{lls of rlones. bul by SuDgtiries r
.oqriredor reqqisi!ioned from loc.\lleflhringeomnNnrilles. no varietv of ioeendiary. poisonous or €rplosiveltonlbswerebeiog
doubt wilh lowets {nd olher equiltnFnl haslily {dded, hunohed f{om slore-lhn)wers. Al firsl lhey lsed slo\'-hurning
Allhough driyQrrin{o lhQ routh of the couotry by nomad gunFo\vderin sot\ cssingsrnd \,ere used simply io scalter
invirders, theSungnuungedlo ses[reeonlm{md ol the Yanglze irrilntingor burningsulistlnces,but in l22l n truly explosive
andthB Lrsr Chira Sc[, lhuRpeflnilli|g l|e dtnltstt to liutliyc po\yderivllFinlroducedii i\ melal€onlainerfusedlo go off ott
for anothercBrrlry ald I half despilelhe devitshrling Mongol impaelnndgivingn fngmenlalior etfecl.'Thiswould -
Probably
i|n,ario|r.NrvAl conrbal bec{nre rn i[erersirgly iFport{4t hrve beenless€ffeelivengrinsln ship'sslrueture bul Nould
34
clear the decksprettlrquicklyl By the late 141h.centurythe was caught by his own burning oil-slick. blown back at him by a
Mingwereusingiron-cased bombsassea-mines. sendingthen suddenchangeofwind, and his fleel destroyedwith the loss of
downslream with floalsattachedtokeepihe fusesabovewater. 150.000 lives- The popula.ity of river fighting led to the
Another innovationusedin 1161.was a bornb filled with a adoption on a large scale of devices intended to block the
mixtureof lime and sulphur.This burst into flameson hitting passageof an enemy fleel - the naval equivalentoffortification
the water.scatteingthe lime in the eyesof the enemysailors. and posilional tlarfare. Iron stakes could be siuck in shallow
By 1150rocketswere alsoin use.They neverseemto have stretches to hole ships passing over them. and chains and
becomeas popular in navel battlesas they were on land. floating booms laid acrossthe riversi in one 6th. century battle
perhapsbecauseof theirlimitedpenetratingpowerortheriskof Wang Chun ofChin used large rafts carrying dummy troops to
settingfire to one s own ship.but a manralof i.112describes a crash into these obstacles and destro! them. The same
devicecall€dthe -fire-dragonemergingfrom the water"which campaign saw perhaps the ultimate expressionof the water-
could be usedagainstships.sTbis was a two-stagerocket in borne fonificalion approach - lhe building of a vast "floating
whichthe launchingrocketsat the fronl lit fusesas they bumi fortress on multiple hulls. sixhundred feet alongeachsideand
out. ignitingthe secondstageat the rear andgivinga rangeof holding over two thousand men- It had towers. ramparrswide
over a 'nile- This weaponwasfive feet long overalland flew enough to ride a hoxje along, gates and sally'ports like a
threeof four feet abovethe water,_destroying lhe enemyand fonified town. and was sent floating down the Yangtzeintolhe
his ships . ahhoughit is hard to see how as no explosive e n e m ys t e r r i t o r y . l t i s d e s c r i b e d absei n - qp r o p e l l e db y o a r s .b u r
q r r h e u d i s m e n l i o nI e
nd s unlikely that it could be manoeuvred io any greal extent. I
l a c r . l i k e m uonl)t h e m o r e ' n g e n r oitu is
Chinese weapons. this one seemstoo good io be true. having An attack on such a monstrosity would have had more in
nore in comnon wiih a modernmanufacturer's brochureihan common with siegewarfare than wiih naval tactics, and again
with any realistic assessmentof performancein action. illustratesthe importance of missilesand boarding rarher than
Probablyits realpurposeis betrayedby the carefulinstructions manoeuvrein Chinesenaval u'arfare. but at leastthe variety of
forcarvinga woodendragons headandtail at theftoni andrear ships and weapons rvailable nake it a subject with more than
ofthe rocketassembly - if fired lot! acrossthe wateragainstan averagepotential as a wargame.
unsophisticated enemyin smallvessels. perhapsthe canoesor
sampans ofsoutherntribesmenorpeasanlrebels.it couldhave
hada startlingmoraleeffect,but asa proto'Exocetfor sinking
NAVAL TACTICSIN ACTION:
warshipsit can hardly be taken seriously.Smallerrnanually- THE BATTLEOF LAKE P'O-YANG
launchedrocketsmay have been usedagainstrnen on deck.
1363A.D.r'
however.althoughwith an effectiverangeof 170yardsthey As an exampleofa Chinesenavalbattle it may be ofinterest
wouldnotoutrangecrossbows. Thehand-heldfire-lanceewasa to examinethis encounteron one ofthe large lakesofthe loNer
very popular weaponfor shipboardfighting from the llth. Yangtze.which as well as being one of the most protracted and
century onwards.alongsidethe more traditionalspearsand hard-fought navalengagementsin history was also the decisive
halberds.The culminaiionof lhe use of gunpowderin naval action in the rise to po$er of rhe Ming dynasty.The collapseof
warfarewasofcoursethenountingofcannonin thehull. andns Mongol po$er in the south resultedin the formation of several
Chinawasthe originalhomeof the gun it is not surprisingthnt independenl kingdons of which the most powerful. by the
this was altempred.perhapsas earl) as the reign of Kubilai 1i60s. wer€ the Han of Ch en Yuliang and the Ming of Chu
Khanofihe Yuandynasry(12601o129.1). Thereisevidencethat Yuan-chang, th€ future Emperor Hung Wu. Early in 1363
cannonwerecan for the navvin considerable nunbersby the C h e n r e b u i h r h e H a n f l e e r .$ h i c h h a d b e e nl o n I n a p r e v r o u s
1370s,andsoonafterwardsMing warshipswerebeingordered battle againslthe Ming, and sailed down the Yangtze with the
to carryfifiy gunsanda thousandroundsofammunitioneach- Spring spateto besiegethe city ofNan'ch ang. The core ofthe
Artillery was usedagainsta Pofluguesefleei in 1522and the fleet consistedof three-decked rower ships painted red with
EnglishmanPeler Mondy drew a junk artued Nith proper iron-coveredturrets formissilernen and high sternsdesignedto
braodsides in the hull in 1637.'riMundysrid thatonly light towerover lhe city walls. Each issaid to have held betweentwo
piecescould be carrieddue 10 the weak constructionof this and ihree lhousand men and. with a large nurnber of snaller
junk. but someChineseseagoing shipswerevery sturdilybuilt craft. the fleet supposedlytoralled 600.000sailorsand maines.
rr andthereseemsno obviousreasonwhy rheyshouldnot have although halfthat number seemsmore reasonable.Nan-ch ang
oulgunnedthe Europeans. However.the navywasin decline bv was reachedon 5th. June. but Chu Yuan chang did not hear of
the tinre advancedcannonbecameavailable.and the main this until August. when he left Nanking with a thousand ships
eneny was thought to be Japanesepirates againsrwhom and 100.000nen. The Ming ships were snaller than tbe huge
firearmswerenot needed.Therewasalsoa permanent shortage Han towerships. but Nan'ch ang was a vitalstrategic prize and
ofwell'castpieces.andit is likely thatevenin the l5th. centurl they had no option but to try to raise the siege. so they built
most of the guns on Ming shipswere of rhe light hand'held fonifications at rhe narrow mouth of the lake where a channel
variety.as rheywere in coniemporarlEurope.Whateverthe connectedil \!ith the Yangtze. including chains and booms to
reason,long-rangecombalbetweenlinesof broadside-arned obstruct the Han vessels.and advancedsouth into tbe lake to
Narshipswasnevera featureof Chinesebartles. offe. bartle. Ch en abandonedthe siege on 28th. August and
As early asthe 7th- centurvfire attackswerecarriedout bv sailed to meet ihe Ming. which he did on the following day off
meansof oil spreadon the watcr and ignited as well as by the island of K ang-langshan. On the norning ofthe 30th. Chu
conventionalfire-ships.but il wasnol unlil thc loth. century dres uD his shiosin elelen divisionswith ihe heavier vesselsin
lhat the llame-thrower.probablyderivedby someunknown the centre under himself and two army generals,Hsu Ta and
route liom the Byzanlines.appearedin China. Thc Chinese Ch ang Yu-ch un, while theexperiencednaval commandersYu
version \!as in fact superior to the originrl. and it used T ung'hai and Liao Yung-chungrook the lighter and fasrerships
double-acting bellowsto producea continuousnrean of flame
rrther than separatebursts.Rangewas very linited. and it Yu T ung-hai quickly nanaged to gel to windward of the
seemsthe standard methodofusewastoshoolbumingoilonto advancing Han. who were deployed in close order for a
rhe waler and let wind or currentscarry ir to the enemy.The boarding aclion. and destroyedmore than twenty oflheir ships
obviousdangersof thistacticareillustraredby an accountof a with incendiary bornb! from catapults. but in the centr€ the
batlleon the Yangtze in 975.in whichAdmiralChuLing-Pin Ming had to fall back before th€ grear tower ships. Several
 35
assaultson Chu s flagshipwere onlyjustbeaten off. Eventually
the Ming retired inio shallow water near the island where the
Han ships. which drew a greater deplh of water, could not
WARGAMESSOUTH
follow. The battle died down lbr the nighr, Hsu Ta taking the 24 CRICKETERS CLOSE
damagedMing shipsback to Nankingfor refitting. The next day OCKLEY, DORKING, SURREY, RH56BA
Chu had difficulty making his men return to the attack on the
Tel: 030679 796
Han juggerflaurs. which "seemed like mouniains"- Afier The South East's main stockistfor
executinga few commandershe got rhem moving. but they were THE COMPLETE RANGEOF
driven back ngrin into the shallows.Then. seeinghow the close
Battle Honou6
also available:
order of the Han impeded their manoeuvrability. he ordered Hovels,Museum Miniatures, Fr€ikorps15 AWI
Ch ang Yu'ch un to preparefireships.Sevenfishingboats were Front Rank, Anschluss,lregular Miniatures,
filled wirh bundlesofreeds stuffed with gunpowder, aDd in the Matchlock Minirtures, Pani2an Press,
afrernoon. shen the wind shifted from the Ming towards the MLR, K & M Tlees, Skytrcx 1/2OOAFV'S.
Han. picked ..dare-io-die"crews chargedthem into the enemy
l i n e . U n a b l et o e s c a p et.h e H a n s h i p s b e g a lno b u r n . a n d a h u g e
Telephonetor full details.
fire burrt throughout the afternoon. killing 60-000Han troops
for the loss of 7.000 Ming volunteers. The next day. ls1-
September.both sides spent making repa;rs.
On 2nd. Seplember the Hrn. \,ho were still sironger. w.f. BfilDE|tS
h d gold-on-greenhveryl-jun rikeNrpoteon'eJlhey tJaitow
adlanced in nore open order. only to lose a number of ships
which were surroundedbv the more mobile Ming and boarded- your copresto scntrrrateon your bookshelves.
At this poinl six Ming ships penerratedthe Han line and sailed Postpaid pdcesiU(; f4.75 Europe: €slRest of Wortd: !6.
right round one end of il to rejoin their fleet. but no decisive Fro|nr STnAIAGEI PUAIICAIIOIS lrD,,
resuh could be achieved At noon. hearirg that a Ming land fg loycrr Lrrc, I6rark, Ilctta, IfG2a lHZ, Er|tl d.
army had reached Nan ch ang. Chu decided that he had done
enough and ordered a Nilhdrawal io avoid a long barl€ of
atlririon: rhat night the Ming sailed in single file. each ship the Sung,Yuan and Ming period and may publishthem one
folllotlinga lantern on the sternofthe one in front. to ihe mouth day,but untilthen I will leaveitto readerswith the enthusiasm
of the lake. At this poinr Ch en seemedundecidedabout what andinitiative(if thereare anyl) to explorerhisspectacularand
to do. and unaccountably waired unril 30th. October before exoticsubjectfor themselves. And good luckl
tr]'ingto forcethe blockade and re'enterthe Yangtze. The Han
forced their wav through the blocking posiiion and lorned
upstreaminlo the Yangtze. headin-qforhome. but rhe refreshed NOTES
and refitted Ming fleel Nas s'aiting tbr ihem furlher up. As rhe 1. Iso Cnua, in Vol. 5 of The ChineseClassics.trans.I .Iagge,
Ming fireships bore down on them in d wall of flamc the Han OxfordUniversityPress,1872.This battleis mentionedunder
scatleredand fled downstrerm. followed by lheirenemies in hot the l0th. Year of Duke Gae.
pursujt. shipslocked in combar drifting down togethe'- Ch en 2. Chan-KuoTs e. i^ns- J. L Crurnp,ClarendonPress,1970,
lbrsome reasontried to crossfrom one rowership to anoiher in p.245.
a small boat but was hit in $e eye by an arrow and killed. ar 3. Ancient China'sTechnolog/and Science, Forelg.nLanguages
which his nalr disintegrated. Pr€ss,B€ijing, 1983.
4. J. Needham(ed.),Sc,erceandCivitisation in ChinaVol.lV,
part 3, also available in abridged form in Tne Snorrer Scr'erce
CONCLUSION and Civilsationin ChinaVol. 3 by C.A.Ronan, Carnbridge
Thenanativeofthis battleilluslratesmosto{ thebasictactics, UniversityPress,1986.This is the sourceof most of my
and it shquldbe obviousthat rules designedtbr ancientor informationon shipbuildingtechnologyand containsmany
nedievalnaval€onflicts;n the West can be usedr{ith a few usefuldrawingsand reconstructions-
easily-made modificationsfor lhingslike burningoil. Precise 5. Mo Yzu, quotedby Needham.
figuresfor boardingfactorsetc.are difficultto comeby, but it 6 .S.Skolyar,"L'Artillerie de Jet a I'EpoqueSung",in E udes
wouldbe very tediousto try to list detailsfor everyshipin use SorgSeriesl, Vol.2 (ed.F. Aubin), EcolePratiquedesHautes
overa periodof eighthundredyean orso, evenifthe datawere Etudes,Sorbonne,1971.
available.The bestapproachisprobablyto buildup fleetson an ?. J. Needham(ed.),Sc,enceand Civilisationin Chinavol.V,
ad hoc basisas the Chinesethemselves did, usingthe points part 7, "The GunpowderEpic", 1986.
valuesin commercialrule setsto produceroughlybalanced 8. Thereis a rathermore accessible accountof this and other
sides.This is oneperiodin whichthe technological megaloma- bizarre weaponsin R-K. G . Temple. China. Lznd of Discovery
niac (everyclub hasat leastone - the type who will insiston andInvention,Padck Stephens,1986.
fieldingtheYamatoin everyworld war II navalgame,or drag 9. Seemy articleon Ming nilitary technoloByin Waryanes
acompanyofTigerllsintoa20mnskirmish)shouldfeel reauy Lilusfratedno. 23 for more details.
at home, becauseif he wants to spendall his points on a 10. G. Parker. The Military Revoiution - Military Innovation
sixteen-hulled floatingartillerybatt€rytoo bigto tum roundin and the Rise oI the West. 1500- 1800, Canl}JridgeUniversity
the river it is perf€cdyalright- they did it in real life! River Pre\s,1988.
fightingof coursehasa numberof problemsof its own, and 11.For example,seeMarcoPolo,PenguinClassics translation
ideally an unpire should mark on a map the posirionsof (mns. R.E. Latham)pages241'243.This passage goeson to
shallowsandthe differentcurent speedsat variouspointsand describethe most alarming fortune-tellingtechniqueever
nottellthe playersaboutthemunriltheyfind out the hardway; devised,whichI hopeonedaya manufacturer will depictwitha
if youhaveto managewithoutan umpireit is simplestto assume setof figures.
a constantcurrent and give shipsa variablechanceof going 12. My source for this a€count is Vol. '7 of The Cambidge
agroundin shallowsdependingontheirsize.I amworkingona History of China, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644,Part 1,
setofrulesofthe "Noddy" lype specifically for navalwarfarein CambridgeUniversityPress,1988.
36

Three Norman Battles, ll4l to 1143

3: WILTON
by StephenSimpson

WILTON 1143
In 1143Stephenandhisarmywerefortifyinga casdeat Wilton.
When Earl Robel heard of this he assembled an army and
marchedtodo battle.The batrlewasdescribed asfollows:'And
whentheking.arrayinghisarrnyin squadrons on bothflanksfor
baltle at closequarters,advancedfrom the town to meethim
lhe earl, in soldierlyfashion,carefullydividedthosehe had
broughtwith him into three bodiesof men closelypacked
logetherand heavilycharginghis opponentswith the greaaest
resolutioncompelledthekingto giveground. . . (GS).Mostof
the royal army were routed and Stephenand the Bishopof
Winchesterwere forced to flee as well. However.William
w l/
l/ lfa
^o

Martel, the king's steward,and his knights offered strong

resistance. Eventually.hey were overwhelmedand he and a
greatmanyotherswerelakenprisoner.Wilton,aswithLincoln
andOxford,wassacked.I haveonly thisone chroniclefor the
battleso thereis nol too muchto go on, but thereis enoughto
developa reasonable wargamescenario. 1. All troopsare B classand the rebel arrnyis uphill.
I suggeslthat Robertwascomingfrom the directionof his 2. The naned leadersare thosementionedin the chronicleas
powerbase al Bistol. This meansthat he wouldprobablyhave beingpresent at the battle(GS).Theyarenot likely to be in
iheir correclplacesbecauseI haveno informationon this-
arrivedno hwestof the town where he would havehad the
The Bishopof Winchestermay not havebeena leaderas
advantage of highergroundas he advancedtowardsStephen suchat all.
GeeOS map 184).Both armiesappearto havehadtime to be 3. Thereare two riversaroundWilton but sincethey are not
properly organised.The reference1o squadronsprobably mentionedas affectingthe battle or the rout, I haveonly
meanscavalry,with by implication,infantryin thecentre.Since usedrhemro mark the edgesof the battlefield.
Robertwasalsoorganised in rhreebodiesit seemslikelythathe
hada sinilarformalion.In the absence of anyguideto numbers The rebelshavean advantage in that theyare uphill andsince
lsuggest4400perside,alihoughifanythingI feelthatthisis an ihey wonthe original batde I havegiven them3 extraleadersio
over-estimate. In any casethereis nothingto suggestthat the help their cohesion and morale. Otheruise, thisis a fairly ev€n
sideswere particularlyunequal,soI decidedthatthetwoarmies battleand no lessexcitingthanthe other two scenarios for ihat.
shouldbe rherame.Ar a scdleol L:40rhe l$o armie\are as
INTRODUCTIONTO THE RULES
RoyalArmy Therearea numberof battlesbetweenNormanarmiesthatcan
1. Bishopof winchesterAmouredCavalry 20 be recreatedaswarganes.In thesethreeI havelried to givea
(leader) flavourofwhatthe Norrnanpeiod canoffer.The ruleswhi€hI
2. King Stephen Armouredlntantry l5 haveus€dto refighlthesebattlesaremy own andsotheamies
(commander)plus Unarmouredlnfantry 35 in pa icularlnayneedto be modifiedto suityourown rules.I
2 leaders feel thar it would be usetulto describemy rules here,parrly
3. William Manel 20 be€ause they werespeci{ically designedfor theserefights(and
(leader) othefs) and pa ly becausethey may have some interesling
featureswhich evolvedasI graduallycreatedthemovera senes
Total Il0 ofbaules. You naythinklhemabitcumbersome. andin places
*.to-T"..-
4400 indeedrheyare.But theydo helpto recreatetheebbandflow of
RebelArmy a confusedmcl6ewhich is what nany Normanbattlesboiled
A. Milesof Hereford ArmouredCavalry 20 downto,andwhichlwas tryingto recreare andinvestigate. The
(leaders)plus 1 leader mostinterestingfeaturesare:
B. Robei of GloucesterArmouredInfanlry 35 1 A mechanismthal allowsfor menon bothsidesto run away
(commander) UnarrnouredInianlry 35 from a melaeat lhe sametime in largeor smallnumbe$.I
Willian of Salisbury believethat both armiesin a battlewouldweardownin this
(leader) plus2 leaders way beforeone sidegainedthe upperhand.
Cavalry
C. Robertfitz HildebrandArmoured 20 2. Theuseofleadersandlhecommanderprovides a simpleway
(leader)plus I lead€r ofrefleclingthemoraleandcohesionofan amy. Bygivinga
Total It0 smallsidernoreleadersthana largersideI havemanagedto
achieveoneoftbe elusiveobjectives ofwargames, thatis the
"40 = 4400 wargamewherea smallarmy candefeala largearmy.
 31

trt IRREGLILARMINIATURES
ARK R().\D. N()R I ()\. \IALI Otr_.\.l
LTD
ORliS YOlt !r!.A T[L. (06]3)6!t693
Ig

!-i$iat;;in1ni OUT NowrrThe lrreeular Miniaru.€sAncie.r Rule s.r t2 40.if yo! santto.omnand 10.10units.
rllsslrrnishers.nd say.a do.€n el.ph.nGands€td.ath or elory In t hours.th.nr€ad6n. The
*q!....rorea.h lurn rhc only oth€r htorb.don you ned ls ldated on !h€ A{ Intoductory pa€c.
lJ-!B(ll]1 . an.ienrs staner Pa.r. Ruresa

,1

:l
l$
;i

ti
li:

;ii
,l

.B&,
38

I haveincludeda workedexampleto illustratethecrucialm€lee Removewholelost units,otherwisekeepa runningtotal of

part of the rules. figurelossesagainsteachtrooptypein eachmCl6euntil
a whole
unit canbe removed.

THE RULES Nots, on M6l6es

Fieure5 1. On secondandsubsequent tumsa mercecanbeextendedby
l unit on eachflank(a totalof2 for eachopposinggroup).A
I used5mm,but 15mmwould be fine. Figuresare nounted in
$oup must stay2 ranksdeep,so eventuallythe side with
unitsof 4 cavalryor 5 infantrywith the samefrontage(in one largernumberswill wraproundtheother.It alsomeansthal
separatemCl6es (andgroupt cane.d up merginginto one.
All lroop typesarea combinationof B orC class,armouredor After beingtully extendedcasualties cancauseonesideto
unarmoured,archeror not. becomelessthan2 ranksdeep.Thisis alrightandis catered
Cavalryare l7r points,so one cavalryunit is 6 points. forin the moralerules.Alternativelythe groupcancontract
Infantryare I point. so one infantryunit is 5 points. to a maximumof2 ranksdeep.Theenemystaysin contactof
Always remenber this becausethe points valueis usedfor
calculationsin severalplacesin lhe rules.
Armies are organisedin usually3 or 4 groupsof units. Each 2. After 2 full turnsofmCl6eonesidecantry andbreakawayor
group can be a mixtur€ of different iypes of units (seethe detachfrom the other(€xceptthatinfantrycanneverdetach
from cavalry).Throwoned10:Cavalryneed1to 9 to break
awayfrom infantry.
Orde. of GameTu.n InfantryagainstinfantryandcavalryagainsicavalryneedI
to 7 to breakaway.
2. Archery
3. Mel6es 3. Whenonesidedetaches from a m€l6ethe othersidethrows
4. Conmanders/leaders one d10 to seeif it hasto (or is allowedto) puFue:
5. Morale A 1 meansit doesfor 2 tums.
A 2 or 3 meansit doesfor I tum. OtheNise there is no
l. Movement
Armouredlnfantry 8cm Detachingfrorna mel6eis usuallytakenasa signofdefeat.
Unarmouredlnfantry 10cm
Cavalry 12cm 4. The chargebonus is allowedeven when troops join an
lnfantry + 2cm whencharging.cavalry+ 3cm. existingmCl6e.providingthevendthechargein contactwith
Archersmay movea maximumofa half moveand slill shoot.
Rivencannotbecrossed, but fordscanbecrossed al halfspeed.
4. Commanders/leaders
2. Arche.y Commanders or leaderswith unitsunder archeryor in mCl6e
Archerscanshootin up lo 2 ranks.For eachunir throw a d6. canbecomecasuahies:
At long range.12 to 24cm,subtract.lfrom eachdie.
Al short range,under 12cm,subtract3 hon eachdie_ M6l6e A.chery
The .emainderare potentialcasualries. Throw a dlo for eachleader 9 = Wounded Wounded
10 = Killed Wounded
SavingThrows Throw a d20for each commander 19 = Wounueu
For eachpotentiaicasualtyof archeryor rnel€ethrow one d6. 20 = Killed Wounded
Unarmouredtroopsneeda 5 or a 6 to be saved.
Armouredtroopsneeda .1.5 or 6 to be saved. Beingwoundedonly appliesfor the rnoralerest(if any)in the
Otherwisethey are casualries.

3. M€l€es Conmandersare ahraJsavailablefor moralepurposes.but

Mel€esoccur when opposingtroops advanceor chargeinto theycanelectro beactivein a mel6eor not. If theyareno1active
contact.In the first turn only 1 rank canIight. For subsequent thenthe +1 mCI6efactoris not allowed(seemCt€es). But, they
tums, count 2 ranks.Add up the rotat pointsfor rhe figures can only becomecalualtiesif they are acrive.This tules will
eligibleto fighi (infantryI point. cavatrylyr poinrt for-each rellectthe temperament of the wargarner-An acti\'ecomman,
side. der in an evenrnCldecan tip the balancein favourof his own
Then.for eachunit eligibleto fightaddorsubtractrhefollowing side,aslong as he doesnot becomea casualtyin the proces!.
pointsto or from the total: Leadersdo not havethis option.
Charging -t Ifa comnanderorleaderiskilled.thenasanoptionhecanbe
Uphill +1 Artackinsovera ford -l capturedinstead (which for rhe purposesof the wargame
Commander in melee +l Cctasq I amountsto lhe samething).Any comnanderor leaderwith a
Gee Commandersileaders below) forcewhichis wipedout is killedor caplured.Any commander
orleaderNitha forcewhichroutsmal,escapeorbe captured.I
Dividethetotalfigureby 5 androunddown.Throwthisnunber usea d6 with evenchancesro decideanyofrhesepossibililies.
ot averagediceand add up the total. Divide this by 2 and the They help the \rargamerro take a vened interest in his
rnswerls the numberof pointsof potentialenemycasuatties. personalityfiguresand help to reflectthe fortunesof the real
Apportion thesepotentialcasualiiesas eventyas Dossible personalities in ihe scenarios.
umongirhedrlferenr lrooprype.of rheenemyunirsrnd rhen
applysomesavingthrows.Bear in mind thar while I poinl is I 5. Morale
infantryfigure.a cavalryfigureis wonh 17rpoints.Thoseihat
are not savedare casualties_ 1. Whenthereis no uns,oundedleadero. commanderin rhe
 39
nel6e or group underarchery. dividedby lyr). The savingthrowsare 6, 4, 5, I so
2. When 10%of pointsvalueof a group is lost in one tum. only onefigureis actuallylost.Afrer dicethrowsfor
3 Whena groupin a m€l6eis outnumberedby a pointsvalueof cornnander/leader casualties whicharenegativeand
2:1or more. since1t, pointsout of24 is lessthanl0%, thecavalry
do not baveto test morale.
Add up the followingfactorsfor eachside which hasto test
moralein eachmeleeor Broupunde'!rchery: lnfantry- ylofthe unitsarearmoured,sorheytakeyi ofthe 12
Killed more pointsthan lost in mel6erhis tum +1 pointscasualties whichis 3. Savingthrowsare5,3,4
In at least2 ranks +1 so they have I figure losr. 7a of the units are
Commandernot killed or captured(evenif wounded) +2 unarmoured,so they rake 7a of the 12 points
For eachleaderin mCl€eor with group(evenifwounded) +1 casualtieswhichis9. Savingthrows are6,5,5,3,4,1,
Comnandernot kill€d. woundedor capruredthis rurn 2 2,5,6 so they have4 figureslost- Neitherrype of
For each leaderin mCl6eor wirh group killed. wo'rndedor infantry have any casualtiescanied forward frorn
capturedthis tum -1 prevroustumssono unitsareremoved.But5 figures
No comnander,and no leaderin n€l6e or with group -3 lost(4 + 1) is still5 out of25 whichis 25%, whichis
Over half B classin mCl€eor group +1 enoughfor a morale test. The die throw for the
Enemywilhin 10cm.includingin m€l6e -l cornnandercasualtyis nega.ive.
No enemyin contaci +2
At leastbalf poinlsvaluein mCl6eor group ar€ cavalry +1 Infantry In two ranks+1, Commanderpresent+2, Over
Outnurnbered by at least2:1 pointsor grerter in mCl6e -1 moraletest halfB class+1. Enemywirhin10cm-1,20% lost
or Ouhunbered by at leas13:1pointsor grearerin mCl6e -2 thisturn-2. Thisgivesatotalof +1. Theaverage
For each10% poinlslost by group rhislurn -1 dicethrowfor +/-l givesa +1 whichgivesa final
total of +2. This meansthat the 3 unarmoured
Throw 2 averagedice (onecountingplusandthe otherIninus) unitsof infantryrour_
for a potenlialmodifierof + 1or I depending on rhedifference
in Ihe dicescores(or nothingif borhdiceare the same).Then This srnallexamplesgivesa ratherdrasticresult,but if rhere
comparetbe resultwith the fouowingrable: w€resay20 unitsper sidethe resulrwould still havebeenth€
+5 or over OK same(or nearlythesame)sothat the20unirson onesidewould
+4 havereducedto 17.In thisway one or both sideswouldwear
+3 2 unitsrout downgraduallyuntiladecisivemCl6etumwasreachedandone
+2 3 units .out
+1
0 Half unitsrout (or at least5 units,whichever
is the most) REFERENCES
All unitsin group roul The main referencesare these:
1. (CS) GestaStephani (The Deeds of Stephen) tanslaredby K.
Noteson Morale R. Pot.er (published by Thornas Nelson and Sons Ltd,
1 All rouled unils are permanentl)lost. 19ss).
2. The lessertrooptypesalwaysrout firsr,thatisCclassbefore 2. (HN) H istoria N ove a b) w i iam of M almesbury, rr anst^ted
B class, then unarmouredbefore amoured and then by K. R. Porter(publishedbyThomasNelson andSonsLtd,
inlantry beforecavalry. l9s5).
3. I{ in a mCl6eall the opposingunits run away. rhen the 3. (HH) Henry of Huntingdon:someevenrsof rhe reign of
winninggroupstillhaveto restto seeifthey haveto pursue Stephendescribed in "The Historyof theEnglish"(C. 1154)
the dispersedfugitives(seeNoteson M€l€eno3) translatedby T. For€srer (London, 1853), in t,1grnft
4. lf lroopsare surroundedwhenrhe!'areforcedto rout then HistotialDocumentsVolumeII 1042-1189 editedby D. C.
they surrenderinstead. Douglasand G. W- creenaway(Eyrc Merhuen,1981).
5. Thereareno 'ulesco!eringdi\o'ganr,ation. 4- (ov) Ecclesiastiul History of Ensland and Normandy by
Oderic8 Vitalis, tdlanslated by ThomasForester (Henry c_
M6ldeExampl€ Bohn,l-ondon, 1853).
On the secondround of a mCl€e,there are foul units of 5. Warfarcin England 1066-1189 by John Beeler (Comell
armouredcavalryin 2 ranksagainstI unit ofarmouredinfanrry UniversityPress.1966).
and3unitsofunarmoured infantry(ahoin 2 rankt. Thecavalry 6. Ordnance Srney Landmnger Maps nos. 164 Oxford and
have I commanderand I leader. The infantry have 1 sunoundingareaand 184SalisburyandThe Plain,both 17a
conrnander.All troops are B class.Both sideshave their inchesto 1 mile.
commanderactivein the mel6eaDdlhe cavalryare upbill.
Other usefulreferences whichI usedare:
Cavalry 4 units@6 poinrs: 24points,+ 4forcommanderin 7- TheAnglo-SaxonChrorrclerranslatedby c. N. carmons-
mCl6eand + 4 for being uphill = 32. 32 dividedby 5 and way (J. M. Dent andSonsLtd. Everyman'sLibmry, 1984).
roundeddown = 6 averagedice. a. Nornan Costlesin Britain by Derek Renn (John Baker
Inlantry-4units@5points = 20points. + 4forcommander= Publishe's Lld. lqTJ).
24. 24 dividedby 5 and roundeddown : 4 averagedice. 9. The Saxon and Norman (irar by Christopher Brooke
(Fonlan,/collins,1984).
Cavalry throw5.2..1.4,5,4which givesa totalof24.24divid€d
b) 2 givesl2 poinlspotenrial ca.uatties
on lhe intanrry.
Infantrythrow4.3,3,2which giv€salotalof 12.t2dividedby2
gives6 pointspotentialcasualties on rhe cavatry.

Cavalry- 6 pointscasualties
is 4 potentialfigurecasuathes
(6
h/,ele'1/l.,(.|)x]| .]t|1,I1i|)r1(1.njnRu]l)t.)l,j-i..]I(.Il,.Il1!]l^]l})in1\P1.lt||n:|)

bt JasonD Bwke
l l ) L \ r. \ i r b o n e I ) n i s i o n s ! s l o c u t r u r . I h . h r i d s e sx l Z o r r f d
INTROI)TC't'ION vcghcl (llr !.d l(r niles iom th. -l(rlhCirrps strrl linc
T h e \ I r r k c l C r f d c n c a r n p u i g .i \ o n c o f t h c b c s l r c m c n r b e r e d r . \ p c c r i \ e h I r h c S l I l d $ r \ r s s i ! . . , 1 ( h c b r g e sr t C ; r 1 \ cr n d
a n d d o c u m c n l . J o f \ \ o r l d N r r l l l I i \ m \ l i r m o u s l o r l h e N i l m e s e n( 1 5 m i l c \ a d l l n i l . s h c ! o n d V e q h e l l .r . d l h .
r n c r e . l i b l cs k i l l . c o u r a s e .s p l r i t ! n d ! h . . r d c t c . I r l i r a l i i ] no f I h e B r i t i s l rl s l A i r b o . n c s u s u s \ i ( n . J t h c f : r r l h e s hi f i d g . o \ . r t h .
B r i l i \ h l r i r \ L, \ i . b o r n e D i \ r \ i l ) n x t . \ m h . m r n d r i g h l l t $ l n L o N e r I t h i n . x t . \ r n h e D l I L . r i l . s b e \ , r n dN i i m . g c n . ( ! l m i l c s
c o . l c q u c n c . .h o s e l e f . t h c r . m r r k l h e r c h r e ! e n r e n tosl ( i c n c r l r o m . l { l t h ( l o r t \ ) . I h e s h o l . r d \ . r n c e$ ! s t . h . l c c l b \ r h c
! l C a \ i n s S l n dL r S A i r f i o r n e r . c a l l l o o o i l e n g l o l s c d o \ . r x nGd u r r d \ A r m o u r e dI ) i v i s i o no n . r s i n g l eI r n k k o n L r g . .h o p e t u l h
nol si!en rhc lllcntion lhct de\erc nom $!.grm.rs and rclching.ach prrllu)t unit bel(rc thc\ $.r. \'ped out.

u \ S c p t c m b . r1 9 . 1r.h+eA l l i c d o f l . n s t r . t h r o u g hB e l g r u Dhrt d
!()und kr a hali roughl\ rlong thc li c .l tbe \Ieus. Llcrut
C a . r l I l n \ r n g l i b c r r t c d I l c l g r u n 1\.l o n l g o n r e f \ h o p . d 1 o c n d
r h c $ r r b e b r e C h r i j t n r d \ b \ c . r p r u r i n gt i \ c h ' j d g c \ o \ c r r h c
g r c . uD u t c b r i v c ^ . t h c N I a r s .l h e \ \ ' u u l . r f { l I h c l o \ c r R h i n c
t h u s c r e a r i n .rs c o n i r l o r t h ( N g h H o l l n n d . r l l o $ i n gI h c A l l i . L I
h r c c s t o s l v l o ga r o L r n dI h . I o r t h e r n n r o \ I . n l l o i t h . G . r m a n
h o f d c r d e l e D . e \( t h c \ o c l l . d S r e s f r i e dL l n c ) i t n d c n t . r L h c
R u h . a n d N o r l b G e r l n a n \h . f t r r . $ i n l e r . N l o n t g o m c r rp"h n n . d
l l r u s c a i r b o r n et r o o p sI o c a f l u r . t h c n c c e \ s a r )L r n d g e a\ n d n )
r c t r \ a c a r p . l o \ e r s h i c ht h c I a n k \ o t t h .B r i l i s h l 0 t hC o r f s .
L r . d . r { l c n c r l l H o r r c c k s -c o u l dr d \ a n c e .T h e l r s k o i t h c L : S .
INIl'IAI, SUCCESS
I h e l t l n d \ o b j . c r r \ e ss e r . \ t r c l c l o \ c r r n . r r e r o l m ) r . t h r n
lfl|)!q milcs$nhin \hich $.r. rhrce Drop Zofcs rnd onc
l - x n d i n gZ o . c . A I r r c L r n dl p n r o n 1 7 l hS e p t e m l r cLr t ) J l t h . f i . i t
unir\ of lhc 8:nd begl. drottin.g on lheif tuJgcls On th.
hcrlil! NoodedGroc\bcck Ilcighls Nefe thc D Z s ft,r th.
i f r 5 l h! . d i ( ) S t hl l e e i m c . t \ r n d t h c L - r r l Cl l c l L d c rc! r r r ! ' n ! t h .
a r t i l l c r \ r n d r r r n s p o r l . l o t h c s o u l h$ e s l w u s t h . D Z . i o r
C o l o n c l T u c t . r ' s 5 0 . 1 I h t t e ! i n r c n t . E c o m P ao n fl \ h i c h $ . r . t o
b e d , o f t c d o n t o p o l t h e b r l d g c! I ( l r x \ c . r h c l i r s t o h i e c l i \ . o t
the di\ision
me Germanshave fallen back and the Allies arc in occupation.

MAP 1 MAP 2 OPERATION MARKET . GARDEN

: Drop zone
tli : bridge
: road

= advances
before 15 Sept

= frontier
= plannedadvance
42

Defences on thegroundweresubstantial: trenches parallelto MAP 3

the Maas-WaalCanalwerc full of flak andihe woodseffectively
hid large numbersof enemy forces. That the 29 heaq and 87
light AA pieceswere so ineffectual wasdue to boih the swarms
of P-47sandP-51ssupportingthe assaultandalsothe courageof
the pantroopers who jumped directly onto AA emplacements,
often firing from the ab in true Hollywood style.
within 20rninutes4500menand70tonsof equipmentwerein
action on the Groesbeek Heights and a further 2000 were
assembling on theirD.Z.s elsewh€re. At 2pmGavin'sdivision
was augmented by the 376th Paratrcop Anillery and theif
twelve75mmhowitzers,an anti-tankcompanyof eight57mm
gunsas well as the divisionalHQ, engrneers and morejeeps.
Withinan houra gunlinehadbeendeployedon lhe ddgeof the -,{i-.:.
heightsalongtheedgesof theD.Z.s facingthe Reichswald from
whereGermanarmourwasexpected.
By2.30pnthebridgeat Gravehadbeensecuredafteritstwin
20mm Flak towers had been knocked out by bazookafire and DROP-ZONESAND SUBSEQUENT
two out of the five helpful, if not vital, bridgesover the DISPOSITIONSOF 82nd
Maas'WaalCanalhadbeentakenwith verylittle loss.All over
their sector dispersedbut succ€sstulparatroopersrounded up i..-' : o-p zo*
the disconsolate Germanreservists. Itwas only asthe sunwent
downthat Gavinfek ableto senda battaliontowardsthe vital = edgeof defensivePerimeteron 17th
HighwayBndgein Nijmegen.Two hoursearliertheAmericans
couldhavestrolledvirtuallyunopposed ontothe bridge,but by ----> = deploymentafter drop
9pm the Reconnaissance Battalion of the 9th SS Panzer
Divisionwere dug in on the southemend. CaptainGrabner's m = bttllt':uparca
500vereran PanzerGrenadiers hadlittle difficultyrepulsingthe
advanceof Gavin'smen. \r+|* = railway

GERMAN COUNTER.ATTACKS
For the Amencansthe 18thbeganasit wasto continue.At fiIst
lighttheexpectedattacksfromthe Reichswald materialisedand GeneralGavin knew that somethingdrastichad to be done.
itwas only by hecticandexhausting defencethat the 82ndkept l-ate that night asfruitlessfightingcontinuedin Nijmegenthe
their D.Z.s clearfor the plannedmiddaylift. Throughoutthe incredulousmen of the 504th Regimentwere ordered to
momiogthe Germanshurledreservhts,Luftwaffetroops,and preparefor an ,mphibiousassault.
anlthing that movedand couldshootat the thin greenline of Gavin proposedto fill 26 canvas,collapsibl€boats each
paratroopers desperately fightingon the GroesbeekRidge-At measuring 19x 4 x 3ft with 13paratroopeneachandsendthem
2pmthe secondlift beganlandingonthe pitted,corpse-strewn, across the 400 yardwide waal abouta mile downstream from
bullet-rakedzonesand incrediblyonly light casualties were Nijmegen. The boats were to continue fenying troops across
sustainedby the reinforcements; the 3l9th, 320thand 456th the river until all three battalionsof th€ 504thwere across,
AirborneFieldArtillery batteieslostonlysixof theirthirty six enabl;ngthe two bridgesto be takenfrom the north.
howitzersand Battery D of the 50th Airbome Anti-tank Thirty minutesbeforethe assault,Typhoonswouldstrafethe
Brigadelandedeight of their twelvegunsintact. Moreover, nonh bank with rocket and mach;negun fire, followedby a
despitepoorvisibilityandD. Z.s actuallybeingfought over,the bombardment by all the artillery of the 82nd, much of the
135B-24smanagedto dropover80%oftheir re-supplycargo€s Guard'sand thirty Shermansdrawn up track-to-trackon the
to their compatriots- oppositebank.After fifleenminutesthe gunswouldswitchto
General Bittrich. the commanderof the Nijmegen area smokeshells,under cover of which the paratrooperswould
specificallyaskedhis superior,GeneralModel, to blow the paddleacrosstheriver,raceover500yardso{opengroundto an
bridges in the city. Permissionwas angrily refused. but embankment andthentumeast.Thecrossing wasoriginallyset
nonetheless the defenceswere reinforcedby elementsfrom for 1.30pm, but was postponed. Thus at 3pm exactlythe 260
ceneral Harmel's10thSS PanzerDivisionand both bridges men of the filst wave sprinteddown to the water andboarded
werewired with explosives. Stungby Model\ insuhs Bittrich theirflimsy assault craft.Paddlingwith rifle buttsthey foughtan
redoubledhis attemptsto crushthe Americans.The pressure eight knot currentaswell as intensefire from heavymachine
was beginningto tell on the beleaguered paratroopers when guns,mortars.20mmAA andan 88mmgunssitedon the road
30thCorpsrolledintoGrave,amere36hoursb€hindschedule, runningalongthe embanknentand on the railwaybridge(a
and deployedamongthe Arnericans. rnere 1000yardsaway).Beforelongthesmoke-screen hadbeen
dispenedby the wind and the boatswere sweptby Iire fiom
weaponsranging from SMGS to heavy 155mm artillery.
AMPHIBIOUS ASSAULT Miraculouslythirteenboats made it acrossand by 4pm the
Throughout the 19th the Allies fought off the incessant embankmenthad be€ncleared.Reinforcedby the rest of the
counter-attacksfrom the Rei€hswaldand attemptedto rea€h regiment,but stilloutnumbeied4:1, theAmericansfought their
the two bridges.In front of the Highway Bridge were the once way through the fields,farmsandor€hards behind the road with
flowednggardensof Huner Park. within which were entren' bayonetsand grenades. Somemen continuednorth. storming
ched a battalionof SS PanzerGr€nadiers,an 88mmgun, a the medievalcastle800 yardsbeyondthe embankment,but
37mm gun, four 50nm guns. the battalion morars and mostturnedeastandbatteredtheirwayontotberailwaybridge,
machine-gunsand numerousself-propelledguns. By the killing 260Germansas they fled ftom the Irish Guardson the
eveningof the 19th,havings'rstained 900killed andwounded, southbank. By spol the bridgewastaken.
 43

'90
SPRINGMILITAIRE
SaturdayMarch31st& SundayApril 1st
Lancastrian
Hall,ChorlevRoad
Swinton,Manchest'er
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AmpleCar parkingSpace
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Under14 And O.A.P.S 50p
THE BRIDGE SECURED moat and battlements.surely enoughro testthe ingenuityof
In Nijnegenitselfthefightinghadcontinuedaltday.Fina y, at any aspiringcommander!
about4.30,a three-pronged attack,with 1stcompanycrena-
dier Guardsadvancing alongthe riverfrontfrom rhe west,4th
BIBLIOGRAPHY
companyrhroughHuner Park and lst Battalion505thof the A bridge too fat, C. Ryan
82ndfrom the pasturesto the east,forcedthe Cemans back Airbornewatfare,GeneralGavin
onto the bridgeitself. USAmf in WWz CharlesB. MacDonald
At about6.30 a squadronof ranksgingertyedgedits way Devil's bnthday, c. Powell
forward.A mile to the north GeneralHarmel watchedthem The Crcnadier Guards in the wat of 1939-4svol.l, P. Foftes
lrom a bunker.An engineerstood at hissidewith a deronator. The Gua s Amowed Divnior, Major-ceneralc. Vemey
Knockingout two 88\ on the north bank rhe four Shermans TheSagaof the'A Anercdn', DawsonW. Forest
advanced slowlyro thecenrreofthe bridge.Harmelwaiteduntil Atkr of WorU Wat , R. Natkiel
they reachedthe very middle,300ftabovethe Waal and then The SecondWorld war, yot6, W. Churchitl
shouted,'Let it go." The tanksrattledrapidlyforwardandoff
the b dge.The explosiveshad Iailed ro go off! Five ninutes
laterthe leadingtankwasmobbedby ecstatictroopersftom the
82nd.At 7pm the highwaybndgewasdeclared.secur€.'
In the city the 82nd had lost another 150 men killed or
wounded,andthe rivercrossing andsubsequent battlehadcost
134 men. British casualtieswere similar, but those of the
Germanswere far higher.Over the four daysof the battle I
wouldestimateat Ieast600werekilledandover 1500wounded

To the astonishment andintenseangerofthe Americansrhe

British columnhaltedto take on ammunitionand reform. in
preparationfor an advanceat dawn.By then, however,it was
too late; the bridgeat Amhem fell at lOpn that nighr.

WARGAMING THE BATTLE

Althoughthe battleas a wholeis {ar too largefor any normal
wargamert doespresentopportunities fo a numberofexcellenr
smalleract'ons.Thetakingofthebridgeatcrave,forinstance,
requres no more than a companyof Americans,a few THE FICHT FOR THE BRIDGES
buildings.lwo cerman AA towers and a small number of =
AFV'S.The defenceof the drop zoneshasgreatpotentiatand I btn 505th regt
= Grenadier,alrishcuards
the crossing
ofthe waal hasevirythinga wirgane needs- air =
support,artillerysuppon,an amphibious 504th regl
crossing
underheavy : built-uparea
and variedfire and even a casrlecompletewith drawbridge, : railway
A shot of the Scinitar Group demogameat lastyear's Wa{on. Ftunt Rank25nm SevenYea/s War fiEures,with Sz\on, French
anal Swisstroops identifiabte over the stream. Chasseunde Fischerguard (or loot?) the Ents.

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48

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 49

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You onrygel lhe liguresyou ned; virtuallyno wasb.
- Allsl.os avaiableindivduallv lo al@ clstom-bult unils
Fbt list & attute s@d SSAEto:
H.lln.rk FlguEr,3{t H.lgh WooaRed, Coo*ridqe,feds fS156FB
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and Plastic2513ommscale)
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a An€ii.an Civilwar pus 5p€. albe8inncRprkaso.
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a aRrican wrr ot tndep.nden.ersev€n

Prir€s
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Devizes,
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THEGREATWAR
1914-18 We shallbe artheiollowinqshowsinlhe neartuture:
Feb Callto A.ms, Newbury
Availablefor the first time in 20mm 25rhFeb
TechnicalColl€g€
Ooen Oav, Tunbrldo. W€lls
TheBritishExpeditionary Force Sl Gr€sorv s Schoor,Sourhbo'oush
Mar R€veille,Brislol
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25p WBi3 l4oto.cycleDispatchRider E 1 MinialureFiolrines:All 15mm6nd mosl25mmranoes& RarP.nha
25p Standingho6eheadup 3op Heroics& Fos Fiaurcs& Rou.dwayMiniallres aTiiqure mnq6s
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P & P UK 121/,r/oot o'det. Wdrcarps Rpsedrch C oup: RalmPublicatols.MODGames.Tablebp
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and sanplefoot figure Inlesra lerdrn: k&M Tr€6s.Hovels(r"sinli Ma nly MililaryI'es'nl:
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ShopopenTues Sarll0 ooam6.00pm1. VISAandACCESSAeepted

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 INTERVENTIONIST?
GI.ING.HO?
G E T I T R I G H TT H I S T I M E

*OPERATIONURGENTFURY" Granada
usirs
ryHdBPUR Minialures
1983

Ful U.S.AJny Rdrse6--lr5th & 2fl5th RanqerBn. c see us at

Fv2 U.S. Navy Seal$-SealTeatus4 & 6 c
Fu 3a U.S.M.C.,,,22ndM.A.U. c Sheffield Triples
Fur 3b U.S.Arny 82ndAirbomeDiv. (Frjtzhelme!) c
u.S.M.C-.22ndM-A.U. c Salur-.90
U.S.Army 82ndAirbomeDiv. (Frit, helmet) c Northern Standard
Fu 5a u.S.MC. Comnund22ndM.A.U.
Fu 5b U.S. Army 82nd Airbome Div. Conned (Frit, h€laer)
Fu6 c
Cubanwo.kes/crenadan lvlilitia c GFck otrt ti€ lare* on olr stand :
Fu8 P.R3. Advisors & OfficeF

Code A packs conEain 3 different figures; Code C, 5 different figures.

HriEPuRare produc€d urder Lic$ce by "Y.

Minialures
Code CodeC....t1.50: For up to date catafoguesendSAE+20pstarp
l 7 0 a k i i e l d sl ) f l \ f . l r t r l i nb r C h , , \ r e r
C h . s r e (r t l l : l t l , C . l : t { 1 : i l r i r ( ! r

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17 ltildetthone Rd
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€ Norrnan
, j 1rd, vomdn i(r.r&in,
NEIT NAPOLEONICS iaeruood: ILL60015
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 51

WILD GEESEMINIATURES
AFTERMUCH DEMAND,OUR FIRST25mm RANGE
AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
BRNISH AwB23 Hehland m,antv adhndno n covddll! md bomet
All these fisures are rn campalsn drees and the tntanty A[ts24 EN@ in bonnA
AWB25 Dr;na h f-nnpi
fisur€s can be us€d for both hn€ and ltsht hoops AWB26 Hiahland 016@r 'n brdh6 hal 6ies and bonnd
AWBr hldnEumdnddvanona'n brce(h6. hall Gtr6 and slou.h har AwB27 Hichldd ottpr advanonq qdl m-sket and bonn€r
AWBz lnlanhimd advanondin .{M{ats and sfou.h h.r AwB28 H'ahland orfi@' sndinq-yrih musr€t .nd bonnel
AWB3 Ensianin slouchhat
AwB4 Dru;Fe! in douch h.t
AWB5 off.s tudnc in bF4h6 hdlt @ih^ "1d stou.h hc,
AWB6 Othc.r advandm wrh muskd .nd 3lou.h har
AWBT olhcer sndno iulh n6ker and sld.h har AWBC3 Provhdal OE@n
AWBa Inldbwd.dvdnona 'n bpe(16 rlr Gtresano s(om AWBC4 Pr0in.ial DBimn ol6er
aWBq lnlanMan :dv:ndn; - in .n@alk and 6cnm
AWB10 EBio;in nicom AIIERICAN IIII]TIA
Altts11 Dru;n€r in Eicom AWA1 Mnii.nan in hunlinq shirt and ti.m
AWB12 Otflcertudina in brceches.hall aaie6 and tuom AWA2 l,tliriadd in hdin; shin and brGdLrimmsd har
aWBr3 Oft.c! adund;d dth mLskerand Mom AWA3 M'lfi.man h hmtna shin bmhaded
AWB14 OIice! standinalith mck€t and nicom AWA4 Ritenan 'n huntna-+ld
awBls Gpnddie'dd;rira in brR. h6. hdll ces rnd b€askn AWA5 ililidamd in civib; clodla rnd ti.tn
AWBr6 Gen:drc. adhD.; n .iffilt( aid h;i(kin AWA6 Mdi!.man ln ci$nan clot\6 dd slouch har
AWts17Ecim in bsBkh AWAT Ldiia@r i. civilian clolh6 md bmdbdmmed hal
AWB18 Drudma in b€nhn AWA8 Mllfiaman in cieili.n do$d dd lbertu @D
A1rB19 Gr€nadierotffcerin brc6hes. hall aailesand b€aEh, AWA9 Mntumn tn .tvilrin .ldih6 bar$oda
AWB20 G€nad., orh.a ad%nciro {rh b66kin dnd nuJa AWAIo i{ilibmrn n eoinenbls and bmm
AUrB21Grenadd olfica sndrcili$ b€aEla$md mGkd AWA11 Mnidaman rn rcamentals and 4ou.h h.r
AqJB22Highlnd hbntt adtrcing in bredh6 hall saitas mo oonnq ConnE w Anein olficeB ond continentd n@

PRICE P & P
U.K B.EPO. l0% Min 2ODMd 1.50
EuoD. 2lr* Rd ot World's0% tairuil)
For cotologgnrcsend S3-8. (For somples ond catologte send 91) to:

- WILD GEESEMINIATURES,
* 35 Cross Street, Upton, Pontefract WF9 lEU Tel: O977 647647

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TheCOIVI,{OISSEUR
Range
Figuresby PETERGILDER
Thenewcafipaignseasonison prospectror"ConnoissourFigurss",
usandanotherexcitingyearin Tostartournewy€aroff€ ngsw€
havethelongawailedFrench easylopaintandsuperfigures
Napoleonicing€al@ats, asthsbonus.Tolhe Distantshor€solAmefica
ws tumlo ourotherr6lease,
lhedismounted
cavalry
fortheUnioncavalry A feaslol newproducts
divisions, foryourdelighl,
F58 FusilierGreatcoatfiring AC53 Union DismountedCav.firing POS-TAGE&PACKING-10%
F59 FusilierGreatcoatmarching AC54 Union DismountsdCav.kneelingfiring UK BFPO:Min P&P300
F60 FusilierOfficerin Greatcoat AC55 Union DismountedCav.prone loading O.dersover e15posl 116
F61 Drummerin Greatcoat AC56 Union DismountedCav.pronefiring
Surf.@30% oin f1,Ix)
F62 FlankCo. Greatcoatfhing AC57 Union DismountedCav.Officer Anmail60%min f2,00
F63 FlankCo. Greatcoatmarching AC58 Union DismountedCav.Trumpeter
F64 EaglerBearerin Greatcoat F O O T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.,,,.,...,..... . . . . . . . .t .o. . . . - .
c4v41Ry............................,...,,,.,,ri
HORSE.................,,,,,.................../a
C A M E 1. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6. t. i.t. . . . . , ,
Forthebenefitof out custonersin NonhAneica:
CoNNOISSEUR
FIGUFES
USA.n25 FoREST GLEIITRAILRMRWOODS, 111.60015
USAcannowsevicevou reouirenents.
Connoisseur
Figures
20aCoastalRoad,Buhiston,Scarborough,N. Yorks,YOl3 oHR
Tel 107231870741
Sende1 ,or new catalogueand samplefigure
accEss

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52

IAMMING FIGURES TANKS A MILLION!

Atlenlion o1l militaria troders, wor gqmers. mililory culo
junriclers ond lanl< enlhusiosls The Tonk Museum.
PRICE INCREASE BovingrlonCqmp, is running o number ot speciql evenls
in 1990.oll sponsored by Exchonge ond Mofl They ore:
As we refuse to lower our standards by using Wd! Gdoing & Modet rair
25-28 Mcy-
cheapermaterials,we regreito announcethat as 16-17June Militoria Jumble
from 1st MARCH 1990 the following prices will 29.30 Septelober - Miutqry Vehicle Trusu
A.lI \^lheel D(ive Club Weekend
be in force,
In oddltion we hqve ogqin been olocoted a lorg€
oreo lor mililqrio slolls ot lhe RAC icnk boille day io
Series1 SeriesB El .2O be held os usuql ai Golow HiI on Sunclcty29 July
Seies2 Series9 L1.43 tlng 0929 a63 t53 lor tull lnlormdllon pccl -
Ptng cny or qll ol lheae evenb.
Series3 2ap Series10 f 1.65
Series4 Series11 €1.98 Expected attendqnce lor 'toll lour i5 over 20,000 in
miss theml
Series5 5op
-77n
Series12 f3.00
Series6 Series13 €4.50
Series7 88p Series14 €4.95

These arc still EXCELLENT LUE for money

and cost less than many of our competitors.
Wrth new releases!
Send €1.30 for oul up-to-date catalogue.
from two l{EW'r6oth ranges.
Fln releases
B & B MINIATURES Alsoour sdsHngrA6$ Enge6
now avallablepalnt€d.
37 The Queensway,HaII Road, lMal Oml Ar[c|x l^odln r xoE
1$m 5. rt iolr ot kted tam rff t&er
HulI HU6 9BH 2,r.3@
lldcll{
re qrcuo6of iat rcof dwelrr€s
C|v|! WrU 1A..dl I XGE
Tel: (O4821803478 2C30 W6tla b@(kd clrud)
1120 t2 s0
lc3m Brmwidl qambrilmf
'lR3m D.ube adEd rod bndqe e105 .,25
'rRam 6Ek Ordrodoxchumhwin dme 8205 e420
.4R3mFam wtti ounuidngs E190 t3 90
ti-l
griffiqrcff ,,,:;Hii',jit: 5R3{CDetsc}Ed
toM houe
€295 e6m
- -
A,/plt i co. Durham.DLi bTA
(032s)
rerephone: rr2434
fllft OUpIS aa.a|ux/cfltl{ l^dn MrcE
lBm Ddile athed ds btuqe
STOCKISTS OF BATTLEHONOURS 1E405€1t6 ecttm of bidlinq
Dixon, Ess€x, Skytrex, Acrion 200. 4E{0 Frm sO outbudnqs
Triton Napol€onic Naval, Osprey, Hovels Buildings.
Hal€s Stonecast
We have over 2000 painted figures for sale
Ancient - WWII in 15mm and 25mm
WII}I 'sL]IABLEFORNAPOTEONC,
IIIMS MARKED SNENYEARS
WARAND
Phone for fufther details
]TACFtr brrersiEsfted 11612smm
PoniqeandL€dinq15%u0 to e25 101 oWRt?5
4(B. M?sterddandve rrods en .{rcnein ords on 0,r72J50552
br il6t6ted catslogue
Fnd a arle sae dus 50p/0€@ osromeE

HOVELS {WD 18 olebe Road,$artho, Orlmsbv,

Soutf Humb€Glde.D 33 2HL
fl0vE6 manuhctur€d in dre ! s A by Stone Mountah MinatLres |nc
Box594,Bmmfidd. Co 3@20,Colo€do,lJsA
-oVEJTarhftLrpd ir A,r?liab/ LfaDqqraropirs oO2-,
Cmdmod Soutli Aun6lia 503!

G.J,M.FIGURINES
WarsamesFisuresp6inredro colleclorssrandafd
v 5nm io 30mm.5mm sampletreewiih SAEor 5 lRCs
Forsample15mn llgurc and Lisrssendal95 6r €230
&l l ror 25mh samplerigurepayabletoGerardCronn,
24 Chesleld Mews,StantonCrose,Orpington,
1b-- 5mmaspecialily. T.l€phon€:063s20rt5{2,rhr)
 53

HEROES ANSCHLASS 79 Codfrey Road Spixworth

NORWICHNRIO3NJ

MINIATURES
PUBLISHING Napoleonclaims
victory at Leipzig . . .
church bells rung to celebrate!
7 WAVERLEY PLACE Tr'e 'e'sllr of rhe l6rh O.'obe' ,r I eipziphd. notr'a.en Dldce.dnd .. \.u
WORKSOP,NOTTS r e . r h cF r e n c 'h\ i n l t h d rr h e td r cd o ' n s$ \ l l . B U r . t r h r i ' . l h e T R U T H I
rin'l our rn Fo nonth\ trmeIn rhF m"e. J. J r$o pdrranrte wfh phoro,
sso2sY re\eal\ shar acruall\haoorneLl!
Nor only Nill the baitleb; i.aturedin Warpaneslthsfdred. bd vod wiu
hdre rhe oprodunrlt 'o.ee r4h m,!n'tn'; refishra. r demo;nrdr.o.
A{AIL ORDER SPECIALISTS s a m ea r T l c V ' 1 o n K e ! r e . . o n \ e n r m n' n v '' ri " t B a u t eo r ' h . t 8 r h r d. n d
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:!lur bur b€ tramed. if pasr trendsaie fouo$ed.you had berer be auictl

g1: *,"c,>Pr,!,,,^-",-
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ffi
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REDOUBT EASTBOURNE
E SUSSEX vtsa-accEss
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!31!E9..:,i4CE! l:t.: !9nq!9 1:r.

PLE!SE MAKE CHEOUES

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54

4a PARKY ROAD, Plea*r.k!fio* tor rh..hoie oi ami6.nd {aks.

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 PrclJreoaoove Fren(h Revoul o_aryAus rtn:
NEW20mmWORLDWARTWO P cluredbelow:Elizabethans
Fi.s: Release.
Price34p
FAXUSNOWON
wrI Nco euooe ieririh rhomosonsMc Second OURUSUAL
release TELEPHONE
NUMBER
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