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26Bowlease Gxrdens.Ber,sacarr.
Doncaster,SouthYorkshireDN46AP
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Twopicturesof Fro t Ratlks25nn. Frefth & Indian Wanfiqures. ThesewerepaintedbJ Mark ALlen[h'ho realLyoughtIo begeuing
on with hb own Gntd Altiance series!]. Thebuiltiinss - fron the editois coLlection- weremadebt the Minitturc Servie Ce ter,
5910 Riwr Road, Nevpart Richef, Florida31652,U.S.A. Theseare sturdy,good quality buildingsat a rcasonable price.
Recontnended. N.|ir tnotltlt \e feat te sone of theit Merica,t American War builditgs. alonq with examplesof their pai,lting
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UKONMiniannetS InsOoyeN ls,Unthwaite.

Dixon Miniatwes 25mm.stagecoach,designedby Rob Baker. Available at f14.95 + 10%p&p. TalentedRob Balcr alsoproduc€s
the buildina under his own Miniature Revolutions label.

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wanGAirft Contents
lllurlralerl Page
ll ChrbPe€rs Organisation& Conbat Doctrineofth€
Timurid tuny
17 JohnBartlett Loo6€Files& Americ{nScrambl€
ames lllustabd is publisheclon the last Thursdayot R€visited
monf, byi StratagemPublicationsLld., 18 LoversLane,
Newark,Notts.NG241HZTel:063671973EDITOR: Duncan 20 GuyHalsall TheM€rovingianFranks,PartOn€
Macta ane.WPESEITING& REPROOUCTION BY:Pressplan 2A A. J. Martitr TheAustro-Serbian
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Services Lid., (081-509 996s) PBINTEOin England. 30 W.I.Insighl Term ColouN'91Pr€view
DISTBIBUTORS: I\ragnumDistdbutionLtd., Cloist€rcourt, 32 TedBrown AWargameisGuid€tolndianM iny
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Iel 02 2147427FBANCE| JeuxdeGueffeDiftusion,6 ruede 4l LaurentClaussmanEuropeanChampionships Results
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SUBJCiIPTIOXS lor 12 issuesof wargameslllustrated
aree21in theU.K.
Eurooe& esl ol Woddsurlace:f24. Resiof Woridainnail:t€6.
BACK IUflBEnS All issuesexcEptnos. 1, 2, 3 & 29 are Front coverphoto: tdrl}' WW Gernansftun thecollecnonof
stillavailable
at €l.80 eachooslDaid. Gimsby Club memberColin Runford.
Backnumbers ofouro@asional sDecialextraDublicalion
Warqames Worldarealsostillavailable: Nos.2,3, 4: !2.40 LAS'| MONTH(!) pp16-17: Gamesat Paftizan 91 in Ne.,)a*
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stagedby SEve Dunn & ftiends (top left); Go on McLean &
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Bindersfor WargamgsWoddalsoavailable.Samecapacity, flienb (lower kft); Andr Copestake& ftiends (top tiqht); &
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F.o!r: STRA'AGEI PUE|.ICATIOXS LtD., ILast month the captionsi'e t on a flank narchll
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 IOth Annlversary Year

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TERRAIN MAIL ORDER SPECIALISTS
ELITE FORCES (20rnmMODERN)
FEATURES AIAB FORCES
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 TheFoundry
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Ournewohonenumberis 0602792002 Our 'Faxonlv'numberis 0602?92209 includ6oxpirydai. ot your 6rd

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 11

AND COMBATDOCTRINE
ORGANISATION
ARMY
OFTHETIMURID
by Chrk Peers

"doctrine seemanachroflistic now EastemTurkey who were later to showconsiderable

If termslike "organisation"and
in relationto a medievalarmy,thal is probablya reflectionof military aptitudethemselves. ln 1387war broke out with yet
our own prejudicesratherthanof anyr€alcharacteristic ofthe anotherMongolstate,the GoldenHordeofthe Ukraine,who
period.In recentyearswe havecomea longwayfrom Oman\ used tradidonat nomad tactics to draw Timur into the
pictureofEuropeanarmiesofthe MiddleAgesaslimitedto the inhospitable forestsofSiberia.but in 1391,at KondurchaoDtbe
singletacticoftheheadlong chargeandthedisorganised melee, Volga,they too weredefeatedin a pitchedbattle.Onceagain
but it remainstrue thatthe artofcommandin war,particularly Timurdid not try to occupytheirlands,but setup a numberof
of very largearmies,wasat a low ebbin the Westbetweenthe rivalKhansin ordertokeepthemweakanddivided-Timurnow
twelfthandfifteenthcentures.evenif thatwasduemoreto the hadto returnto Persia,puttingdownthe inevitablerebellions
socialconditionsunderwhich soldierswere recruitedthan to which resultedfrom his policy of leavingconqueredareas
anylackofintelligenrl€aders.It mightbe ofinteresl,fierefore, unadministered. but in 1395he was back in the landsof the
to see how another contemporaryculture approachedthe GoldenHorde, this time beatingthem decisivelyat th€ River
business, not only for playen who useor would like to usea Terekanddestroyingtheir capital,Sarai.ln 1398he wenteast.
Timurid army,but for anyonewho is still inclinedto think of slaughtering the mountaintribesof AJghanistan in spiteofthe
pre-gunpowder warfareas unsophisdcated. difficulriesof the terrain, and descending into the plain of
NorthemIndia.Evenrnorethanmoslofhiscampaigns, thiswas
simplya hugelaid for loot. After de{eatingSultanMahmudof
TMUR AND HIS CAMPAIGNS Delhi, a fellow'Muslim,andslaughteringthe inhabitants of the
The subieclof this article is the army of Timur-i-Leng,or city, he set up a puppet ruler in orderto provoke a civil war and
Tamurlaine,who hasthe distinctionofbeing probablythe last
greatconquerorofthepre-gunpowder era.He mayhavehada MeanwhiletheJalayidsandGeorgianshad revolted,leading
few pimitive cannon,but his army relied almost exclusivelyon Tinur back to the west. Here were alsotwo geat powers,the
the weapons*hich had broughttheir Mongol {orebearsto OttomanTurks and the Manluks, who had retusedto pay
powertwo centunesearlier- the bow,the sabreandthe lance. homageto the great conquererand had to be punished.
After the collapseof the Mongolllkhansin Perciain the 1330s Smashingthe Ottomansand th€ Qara Qoyunluin Anatolia,
theteritory ofTransoxaniaroughlytheareaof modemSoviet TimurtumedsouthintoSyria, defeatedtheMamluksat Aleppo
Uzbekistan, betrveen the Oxus, orAnu Darya, and SyrDarya and destroyed Damascus before settlingaccounts$ith the
rivers - fell into anarchy.made worse by constantrivalry Jahynds by sackingBaghdad.The Ottomansunder their
"The Thunderbolt",werethemselves
betweentwogroupsofMongoldescentitherulersofthesettled, Sulian,Bayazit a world-
Muslim peoplesof the Sama*and regionand the still-pagan classmilitarypower,victorsovertheCrusadenat Nicopolisin
nomadsofMughalistanto thenorth-east.In1370somestability 1396andwith an alrnostunbeatenrecordin the field. butwhen
wasrestoredto the regionby the riseto powerofTimur, who the showdownwith Tirnur camein 1402they faredno better
hadforyearsbeenfightinglhe nomadsandotherrivalsandnow thananyoneelse.Outmanoeuvred by theirfoe,whoIuredthem
wieldedabsolut€powerin the nameof the nominalruler, the out of thehcarnpanddeprivedthemofone ofthe fewsources of
ineffectual Kabil-Shah. It appears that Timur's main problem water on the arid Anatolian steppe, they were brought to battle
from this time onwardswasto find employmenlfor the huge outsideAnkaraandrouted,in pa( because of the treacheryof
numberof warriorswho,ratherashappened in Franceafterthe theirTurkomanallies.Bayazitspenttherestofhis life in acage,
HundredYeart War, hadmadecareersfor themselves during whileTimur descended on the Aegeancoast,takingIsmirftom
the time ofthe troublesandcould not be trustedto settledown the lGights of Rhodes,then went back to Tmnsoxaniavia
to peaceful pursuits.Therewascertainlyno lackofenemies,for Georgia,which was also punishedfor its temerity.By now
Timur'srealmwassurrounded by potentiallyhostileneighbounTimur's ambitionknew no bounds.In 1395an embassyhad
whatwassurprisingwasthe easewith whichhisfor€esstru€k affivedftom the Hung Wu Emperorof Ming China,in effect
them down one after anotherin rbifty-fiveyearsof almost acknowledging Timur as the Emperor's vassal- a fairly
ceaseless campaigning, whichmadeTimur a legendin hisown meaningless formalitycharacteristic of China'srelationswith all
lifetimeand the terror of the civilisedworld. foreignstates.To the greatMongolconqueror,however,this
His fint vicaimswere the Khwarismians southof the Aral wasa mortalinsult,to beavenged in.he usualway;inthewinter
Sea, then the Chaghatai Mongols of Mughalistani both were of 1404 a huge arny, saidto number over200,000men,setout
defeated,but neither territory was annexedor properly acrossthe steppesftom Samarkand,aimingfor China. Tr{o
subdued. Timurseemstohavepreferedto raidandplunderthe monthslater Timur died and the attempt was abandoned.
nomadsratherthanabsorbthemasChinggisKhanwouldhave Probablythe Chineseneverknewof the distantperil but if they
done,andevenwentsofar asto buildfons to keepthemout of had, bearingin mind the recordof Timur'sarmy so far, they
Tmnsoxania,but he continuedto campaignon the north- couldhavebeenexcuseda siehof relief.
eastemsteppesfor many years,sendingpartiesas far as the
Altai Mountainson the borden oI Mongolia.he then turned
againstPersia,overthrowingthe numeroussuccessor states, THE ORCANISATION OF T}TEARMY
suchas the JalayridMongolsin lraq, who had replacedthe It is clearfrom the aboveaccountthat this \{as one of those
Ilkhans,andin 1386gettingasfar asGeorgia,wherehetook the cases, well-knownto $argamen,in whichonearmydominated
capitalandcapturedthe king. His next victimswerethe Qara a waror seriesof warsto anextentwhichishardto accountfor in
Qoyunlu,or BlackSheepTurks- nomadswho roamedwhatis our rules.Not just tactically.but alsoon a strategiclevelthe
sleriority of the rirnurid army put it on ar entirely clifibrent weapons.The benefitsof superiorcommandandorganisation
planefromallitsopponents, sothatit musthaveseemedthat no are noti€eablein many of Timur\ battles,for exampleat
combinationof numbersor tacticalsituationscould give the Kondur€ha,wherehis right underSayfal-Din broketbrough
othen a chanceagainstit. Other examplesmight includethe theleft wingof theGoldenHordeandwasquicklysupported by
Prussiansof theSevenYears'war,theFrenchof theearlypan reservedivisionswhjchsavedit from an encirclingmovement.
ofthe Napoleonic wars orthe Germansof1939-1941, andwhile while on the other side of the battlefieldthe enemyKhan,
thesearmiesarenaturallyverypopularwithwargamers it could Toqtanish,chargedthroughtheTirnuridleft andfoundhimself
be arguedthatperiodssoon€-sided arenot the bestsubjectsfor €ut off. Many nomadforceswere alsoplaguedby treachery,
realisticgamesor canpaigns.Rule-writersoften try to gloss ably exploited by Timur. On .he other hand, very {ew
over the problemby addinga few "plus-ones"etc. here and non-Chaghatai nomadseverjoinedhim, in sharpcontrastto the
there,but otherwisefailingto representthe advantages of the policy of earlier Mongol armiesof incorporatingas many
historical"super armies" in order to give other forces a foreignho^e'archersaspossible. Thiswasno doubtlarg€lydue
reasonable chancewithouthavingto field impracticalnumbers to the fact that their leadersknew that they would losetheir
of troops.But a few, like WRC'SCd,"prd A/rnre Napoleonic authorityovertheirowntroops,but itshouldnot necessarily be
rules,tryto takethebull by the hornsandrecreate the effectsof seenasa disadvantage. Judgingbythe numberof occasions on
better training, organisationand doctrine a far more whichnomadcontingents betrayedtheiremployers, asToqlam-
satisfactoryapproach,I believe.So what was it that made ish'sstandard-bearer did at KondurchaandBayazit'salliesdid
Timur'sarmy so unbeatable? at Ankara.Timur mayhavefelt that he wasbetteroff without
them. lnstead,he recruitedlarge numbersof men from the
The first poini to makeis that our survivingsourcesdo not settledlands,presumablynainly infantry, includingArabs,
answerall thequestionswe wouldliketo ask.Althoughwehave Turks,Penians,Georgians. IndiansandAfghanmountaineers.
battle-narratives, eyewitness accountso{ the Timuridarmyby Thesewere not onlyusefulin siegesandin terrainunsuitable for
Muslim and EuroDeanobserversand even Timur's own mountedarchers,but werealsoeasierto keepan eyeon.
"Instructionsto his Genemls",to use an eighteenth-century
analogy,it is still very difficultfor us to visualiservhatexactly Little is knownofhow the infantrywereorgaflised however;
went on in a medievalbattle-I freely admitthat someof my thepictureof thealmyin thesources isstillofabasicallycavalry
conclusions are guesswork, but wherepossibleI will quotemy for€e,combiningbothMongolandIslamictraditions.The basic
sources,even if only acquiredat secondhand through the unit wasthe MongolMinghanwith a nominalstrengthof 1,000
secondary workslistedin the Bibliography.It is fairly certain men,alsoknown,afterthe Turkishword for "thousand",asa
that the core of the army was providedby the pa('Turkish, Binlik. Thereis no reason1osuppose that belowthis levelthe
part Mongol l bes knowr as Chaghatais,who in the late old Mongol divisioninto sub-unitsof 10 and 100 had been
fourteentbcentury{ormed the military elite of both s€ttled changed.The "Institutesof Tamerlane"(see Bibliography)
Transoxania, wherethey ruled over a populationof subject statethatifthe enemyexceeded40,000menthe army,ledby th€
farmen, andof nomadicMughalistan. Thesetribeswerequite ruler himself,wouldbe dividedinto 40 "squadrons";I do not
new social groupings,descendedfrom the Minghans,or knowwhat word wasus€dfor "squadron"in the original,but
"thousands", of the Mongolconquestarmiesof ChinggisKha. presumablythe aim would be to achievesomethinglike
andHulagu,andsomeofthem, suchasthe Jalayir,hadsetup numericalparity with the enemy,so it seemslikely that these
independent stateselsewhere in the region.TheseChaghatais would be Minghans.The same sourcethen describesthe
were fomidable wadors, havingretainedthe skillsof their deploymentwhichI haveillustiatedin Fig.l, whichcanbe at
Mongolancestors, but theyalsoformedthe bulk ofthe armies leastroughlyreconciledwith the 7 divisionssaidto havebeen
of Mughalistanand the Jalayrids,not to mentionthe closely usedat Kofldurcha.All thetroopsappearrobecavalry,anditis
relatedpeoplesoftheGoldenHordeandOaraQoyunlu,where not clearwherethe infantrywouldfir in. Nicollesuggests thal
theyneverperformed aswell asthoseunderTimur.Partofthe tbeyweremixedin amongthecavalryunits,butthiswouldseem
reasonwasthat Timur did not allowthe tribeshe recruitedto to beaskingforlrouble;thesmallunitsof footsoldienwouldget
selaeasunitsundertheirownleaders,but imposedontheman in the way andbe too easilyoutflankedto be muchuse,while
artificialorganisation whichnixed nembersof differenttnbes the resultinggapsin thecavalryformationswouldweakentheir
together.The conventionalview is that this is detrinentalto charges. Probablytherewasno formalplacefor the infantryin
unitcohesion, butilhelpedtoensureloyaltyaswellasallowing the order of battle, and they may often have been left out
the ruler to supervise the qualityandtnining oI olficersrather altogetheror relegatedto guardingthe camp.On at leastone
thanrelyingon hereditarychiefs.It hadbeendonebeforewith occasion (theTerek,1395)Timuridcavalryhadto dismountto
Mongol troopswithout ill effects,and in fact the Chaghalai holdoff pursuers andenabletheir colleagues to rally,suggesting
tribesthemselves were the productsof a similarmelting-pot the lack of a reliable infantry reserve.The existenceof a number
institutedby ChinggisKhan. So whereasthe troops of the ofelite guardunitsshouldalsobe mentioned;they,likemostof
Jalayridsandotherscouldbe considered as"inegulars",ledby the officers,seem to have been recruitedfrom pure-bred
rnen jealousof their own independence and organisedinto Mongols.The evidencesuggeststhat the officer corpswas
units,stillcaled"ming"or"hazara",meaning"thousands". but characterisedby a highlevelof professionalism. with discipline
in fact of widely diff€ringsizesdependingon the manpow€r st cdyenforced andtheissueandcareofequipment,muchofit
availableto the tribes,their equivalents in Timurt armywere providedby centralised arsenals, carelullysupervised. Regular
far betterorganised andled by menowingloyaltyonly to their parades*ereheldatwhichTimurorhissubordinatesmadesure
military superiols.The relentlesscampaigningwhich they thatthemenactuallyhadtheequipmeniauthorised forthem,so
undertookwould quicklyhaveraisedthem to the statusof a itmay be reasonable toassumethat theyweremorelikelythan
veteranstandingarmy,supportedby loot andregularpay,and theirenemies, whogenerallyhadto providetheirownweapons,
so able to devotemore time to traininsand the careof their to go into battlewell suppliedwith weaponsand armour.

Two viewsofRogerNeedhams Timaridarmyin 25mm. muchofit convertedfrom Wargames Foundry\ IndianMutiny range,
whilstthebulk isEssexMiniatures.Paintingis by Rogerhimselfand
by SpecialForces(gettheiraddressfromtheEssexMiniatures
ad. on p.55).This army won the prie at Colourslastyearfor the bestpainredarmy in the t\,argamescompetirion_
l4

EOUIPMENTAND TACTICS
Asone wouldexpectof Mongolcavalry,Timur\ trooperswere a a
arned ashorse-archers, usingthe powerfulMongolcornposite
bow, but this wassupplemented by a varietyol close-combat
weapons,includingswords,lancesand maces.Shieldswere I
issuedonalarge scale,andmayhavebeencarriedby all regular
cavalry.Sourcesdiffer on how commonlanceswere, but ;t
seemsunlikelythat th€y were equallyuniversal Heatb(see
Bibliography)quotesboth Sherefad Din, who saysthat every 2
warriorhad one, and Bertrandodi Mignanelli.who saysthat
nonehad,because lheydidnot knowhowto usethem!Armour,
whelherof lamellar,brigandineor mail, wasavailablein large
quantities,as were helmers,of which Clavijo describesthe
manufacture of "an imnensenumber".This source,however,
goes on to voice a criticism of Timuid armour from the
Europeanpoint of view which would be echoedby others 4
describingklanic equipmentin the sixleenthcenlury;"the
platesare not thick enough,and they do not hereknow how 7
properlyto temperthe steel".Horsearmourwasprobablynot
used by most cavalry, bu1 it does appear frequendy in
contemporary illustrations.It rnayhav€beenlargelyrestricted
to officersand elite units-As usualthe infant.y are not well
docurnented, but shouldnot be thoughtof as a poorlyarmed Th€oreticalTimurid batlle deployment,accordingto lhe
rabble;illustrationscollectedby N;coll€showthem lvearing "PoliticalandMilitartlnstitutes".
armour and carryingbows, swords,axes and spears.Th€ 1. "Grand Hurlauwul",or Main Vanguard.
elephaniscommonlyassociated with Timurid armieswere in 2. "Chuppauwul",or Right Wing Vanguard.
factusedonlyin oneInajorbattle-Ankarain 1402-anddid not 3. Shuckauwul. or Left Wing Vanguard.
play a decisivepan. Timur\ successors placedmoreemphasis 4. "Burraungaur",or Right Wing.
onthem, no doubtro try to compensate forthe generaldecline 5. 'Jurraunghaur". or Left Wing. Norerhai eachof the above
oftheir militarysysten,in muchthesamcwayasthesuccessors has its own Hurrauwul or Vanguard.consistingof one
of Alexanderthe Great had done.In the one battlein which Minghandeployedto its fronr-Thescfirstchanges to pin the
Timur foughtagainstelephants - Delhi, 1398- theyprovedto enemy.the other 6 Minghansmakingup the restof ea€h
be easilydefeatedby a succession of improvisedobstacles divisionthen chargesuccessively.
includingcaltropsand tetheredbuffaloes;many of thoseat 6- 'Koul . or Centre.underthe Cornmander-in Chief.
Ankarawerein factthesameelephanrs, capturedandlatcrused T. Ouyemauk. or Main Reserve.This. and the "Koul",
by theil new masters,andit seemsreasonable to supposethat chargeas one body. nol by sub-units.
theyweremannedastheyhadbeenin Indianservice. by archers 8. ReseNes.commanded by Royal Princes.
and men with rockets. 9. _Deedbaun".or Scouts.
We are usedto thinking of Mongolsas fightingin classic
nomadstyle,skirmishingat a distancewith bows,en€ircling
their enemiesand leadingthem into ambushes by meansof The obviousreactionto this is to wonderwha!the enemyare
feignedflights, but both batile accountsand Timur's own doingwhileall.10or soMinghansa$'airtheirturn to chargein.
instructionsplacethe emphasison hand-to-hand fighliagand andthewholethingisincvitablysomewhar artificial.butwecan
imply that the cavalryfoughtin closeand reguLarorder.This secsomethinglikc it in opcrationin the rcal-lifeconfusionof
mayhavebeenthe reslrltofthe increasing useofarmour,bul I battle.A1lnararivesseem ro agreethatrhemainTimuridtactic
suspect thatthe Mongolsmayhavebeenusingsimilartacticsas wasa €hargeto closecontact.often initiatedby one wing or
earlyasChinggisKhan'sday,althougha full discussion of thisis dn i.ionin advance
ot rheother..andtheuseof a srrong re\erve
outsidethe scopeof this article. There had alwaysbeen a savedTimur from possibledefeaton severaloccasions. Cases
numberof differeflttraditionsof steppearchery,notably$e suchas Toqtamishs successful chargeat Kondurchaor the
fast movingskirmishertacticsof $e Turks, relyingon long- temporaryTimuridretreatsar theTerek,Damascus (1,101) and
rangeshooting,and the more staticapproachof the Persians Ankara,whereSerbianknighrsinflicledheavylosses,showt
andmanyTurksin Persianservice.whoconcenlraied on a rapid thesecretofth€ armyssuccess wasnot superiorperformance in
rate of fire while halted. It may be possibleio treat ibe hand-to-hand combat.but rather its ability ro recoverfrom
Mongolian system as a third tradition, characterisedby setbacksand take th€ victorjousenemyin the flank as he
shootingat very closerangewith exceptionally powertulbows advanced. Thismustlargelyhavebeendueto thesystemofunit
andcombinedasoften as not with a chargeinto closecombat organisationand the expertiseof the officers.Unlike many
where.ofcou6e,archerycouldcontinue to beusedinall but the conqueron,however,Timur seemsseldomto havebeenat a
mosl cornpressed of melees.Timur's lnstitutes' prescribea seriousdisadantage in numbers,so he may havebeenbetter
systemof suc€essive chargesby eachMinghan.so that every ableto affordthe luxuryof drawingup in successive linesthan
divisionof thearmycoulddeliversixshocks. thefirstoneor two manyof hisopponents. Accuratefiguresareimpossible to cone
no doubthallingthelargerandmoreunwieldyformations ofthe by, but forcesof up to 250,000are attributedto him. On the
enemysothatthelateronescouldhit themeitherin theflark or orher hand. it seemsto be a generalrule for armiesof the
froniallywhiletheywerestationary.This,in {act.is the essence pre'Napoleonic periodthat anythingmuchbiggerthan40.000
of the systemlaid down by Timur. who proposesto throw in menwouldbe uncontrollable, sothatdiminishingreturnsseiin
eachdivisionin succession untilthe enemybreaks,finishingup soonafter that point is reached.Th's wouldthen fit in nicely
with the Koul andOuyemaukunderthecommandofthe ruler with the 40 Mingbansdescribedin the *lnstitutes.
hinself. 'with fonitude of hean andwith exaltedresolution'.
 15

GENERALSHIP WARRIOR MINIATURES

It wouldbe wrongto concludeany discussion of the Timurid 14 Tllerton Av,, Glasgouf G32 9Nx Scodand.
militarysystenwithoutpayingtributeto the geniusofthe man Newcataloque f 1.25+ S.AE.Please shl€interests forsmple.
o47.-aaa 3426
who foundedit. Tirnur was in manywaysa most unpleasant
man,gre€dy,vain,humourless andmonstrously cruel,but his 15ro ARIiIES on]! 49.95+ 1l{, p6r 25M AaMES
B'i&lLFdh N!ts16fr, Nap.lehrl00p@ fl6c5
aptitudefor war was outstandingeven in the contextof the Rm.n Isl C AD EI'w Fo\614 + f2 50 PGt
Pannmdianan, ACWUnion.Acw Bdlish,French,Plusun. Rusid,
medievalMongols.On very few occasionsin history have ECw conhd.€le, 18rhc, Fdhry tu,
armiesbasedin the settledregions,with their supplycolumns Fdb$ EviLzulu wd zulus, Briljsh.
FrgFi!add to.bd? hil ddaB'n..t Lsu? + !250 pct
andotherparaphernalia, nanagedto inflictdecisivedefeatson Sanu6i NomD6d6, L.ql5linc.hb
the morenobile nomads,butTimurwassuccessful againstboth Full EnspoI 6sr ro add in ab&€ -
thenomadicChaghatais andtheGoldenHorde,penetratingthe Gsi Value!
Jua ene ol ov Dnducl aM:
steppesas far as the Altai Mountainsand the Volga without 25m: Marnluhd. ACW. Mc@donicn r Punc Ws Wa ol $€ Ros,
allowinghimselfto be arnbushed or encircled.The Kondurcha bndsknanb, RenajMce, Galls, Dad<fu6 Nomanr cdmubl Romns
Mon@!. AW. MEX AM Wd. Coloruals,J..ob,t6. d.
canpaign, in which the Timurids followed up a strategic l5m;: Mosl Edods l5mn equDm€nlECW,ACW
withdrawalby Toqtamish\ men for hundredsof mileswhile VkzAes a@pre.L fh.h.nquttl6 invh.d.
retainingrheir disciplineandwill to fight,contrasts sharplywith
thefateofthe Russians at Khalkha(1223)orthe Hungarians at
Mohi (1241).who both becamefatallydisordered while being SKNMRRIOR MINIATI'RES
luredinto the steppeby similarwithdrawals.Timur alsohada P.O. Bor 159, Crawley, Susser<RHll OYE
goodgraspofgrandstrategy,asis proved,for example,by the Il|e b61tr t6e scalewhttemetalajftaf. MaIoderr2l.%%%%%%%%%%%%
campaignof 1401 2 in whichhe inflictedd€featson the Turks Ove6?.s3 r LC.s for tue @talogqe, U X.s.ae
and Mamluksin order to isolatethe rebelliousJalayridsand Ttade.rq!tie, g,elcon . Majo.dedttcaidsLt€n.
then, corectly judging that 1heMamluks'political troubles U.S.A.StockF,t, I-94 Entcr?d3ca,
madethemunableto interr'ene, returnedtoconcentrate against P.O-Box 4217. Centerline, zaot5.(313)573,4717
the Ottomans.In this way he renderedhis powerful rivals
incapable ofexpandingeastwards for at leasta generation. His givingthe army plenty of subordinategenerals.As far as I
Iailureto properlysubdue andadministerconquered regionsis know,no-oneyet makesfiguresspecifically for this army,but
oftenheldagainsthim, but in the contextofwhat he wastrying tuoma glanceat the sourcesbelowit will be obviousthat most
to achieveit wasreasonably enough.His ravagedneighbouB types of Morgol, Saracen,Renaissance Persial and even
providedbothacontinuous supplyoflot andendless opponuni, Moghulcavalrywill be suitable.The inlantry are a bit more
tiesto keephisarny busyandin training.andthe longseriesof difficult, but figuresfrorn the samerangescan probablybe
warshadtheadditionaleffectofpe$uadingmerchaflts to route found which will do. Tbe EssexCrusadesand Renaissance
the valuabletrade betweenChina and the Medireranean Pers'anrangesarean obviouschoice in25mmiin 15mm.l used
tbroughTimur'scitiesof Samarkand and Bukhara the only the FreikorpsMoghuls,but no doubt there a.e many other
ones in the regionnot repeatedlysubjectto harassment or possibilities.In either scale this will be a colourful and
plunder.In the sameway,giveflthe traditionalMongollackof exoticlookingarmy,so it wouldseemrathera pity to do it in
regardfor settledpeoples,Timur's useof massacure, torture 6mm and losemuchof this aspeclof its appeal,but lnegular
andotherformsof deliberatererrorcanbe seenasrational.in Miniatureshavelargenurnbers ofhorsearchersetc. ofalltypes
that it discouraged resistance and addedto his reputationfor in thisscale;probablythe bestfor the regularcavalrywouldbe
invin€ibility.Unlike rnanygreatcommanders. Timur doesnot OttomanTurkishspahis.
seem1ohavebeenreluctanlto engage in hand-to-hand combat
himselfwhennecessary. althoughin contast to, say,Alexan-
der. he did not subordinate all othertacticalconsiderations to BIBLIOGRAPHY
this end. His nickname, 'Leng" or "Lame . derivesfrom Cambridge Histotj ofhan. Vol.6 CambridgeUniversiryPress,
woundsreceivedearlyin hiscareer.the painfrom whichis said 1986.
to have increasedhis tastefor cruehy, but he continuedto l. He^rh. Armies of the Middle ACes,Vol.2; The Oaonan
displaypersonalbravery,beingwoundedagainby the Shahof Enpne, Easten Europe and the Neat East, 1300-15U.
Shirazin 1392andappearingin the thick of rhe fightingat the Wargames ResearchGroup. 1984.
Terek and Ankara. where a €hargeby his own bodyguard H. Hookham,Tambu ainethe Conquelor,London, 1962.
concludedthe battle. B. F. Manz, The Riseand Rule of Tane ane. C^mbridle
UniversityPress,1989.
D. Morgan,TheMongols.BasilBlackr\ell.1986.
THE WARGAMESARMY D. Nicolle, lie Age of Tane ane. Osprey Men-at-Arms
I useda l5rnm Timuid army very successfully for sometime no.222,OspreyPublishing.1990.
with WRG 7th editionrules.and found that as usualno-one D. Nicolle, flie Mongot watlords; Gen+htsKhan, Kublai
objectedin fuiendlygamesto |he factthat it differedsomewbat Khan, Hulegu,Idrnerldre,Fireb;rdBooks, 1990.
from the Army List version-All rny regularcavalrywereloose LH. Sanderc.Tanertane,ot Tinw the GrcatAnb (translation
ratherthanopenorder.lances andhorsearmourwererestricted ofAhmad ibn Arabshaht"Aja'ibi'l Maqdur"),London,1936.
to generals'bod!'guards. and I ofrendid without the irregular M.K. Zaman.MughalAttrery, Delhi, 1983.I am indebtedto
light cavalrlrahogether.All rhe changestend to work against DuncanHead for drawingmy attentionto this book, which
the army'schancesof victorv in conventionalgames,mainly containsextractsfrom the 'Political and Military Institutesof
because neitherthese rulesnoranyothersI haveseenbringout Tamerlane'. recorded by SharafuddinAli Yezdi. in an
fully the differencebetweena forrnal. organisedconrnand appendix.It is only fair to pointout thatsomeauthoritiesdoubt
structureandtheleadership ofatribalhorde.Whatisneededis thatthisisgenuine,butit doesseem to fit in fairlywellwithwhar
a svstemwhichmakestheTimuridsbettcrdisciDlined andmore weknowofTimur'sarmyin action.andatworstmustreflectthe
responsiv€ to orderseventhanother'regulari . ahhoughthis Moghulsystem in India,whichwaslargelyderivedfrom thaiof
canbereproduced to alinited exrenrundertheWRC sysremby theirTimurid ancestors.
- -r-tttn; i#

) . 'l .l

' l t
, t l t l

.i''9, ,- !t

a .
, t
l t l
Thrceshotsof Bill Gaskin'sA.W.l..o ection. Thebuiuings in thepicturc sbovearcfton Hoyeb. Thercdoubtbeingstomed in the
picturesoppositewasbuilt by Phit Robinsonandlinbhed off by BiU. Thefisures owe much to the desi+nand conwdon wo* of
Stew Hezzlet/ood, lohn Ray,and Bi himself. Therees v1ercmadeby lan 'Crcen FinCeB" Patfreyman.Photos,as usual, by the

LOOSEFILESAND AN AMERICAN
SCRAMBTE REvISITED
b! John Bartleft

I waspromptedto write this articleaftervisitingPanizan'91, oneof our members(David)remembered an adcle in an early

whereftere wereno fewerthanrhreedemonstrarion sameson
rheAmericanWar ot lndependence (or ihe AmericatRevotu-
tion as somelike to call it). At this point may I saythat rhe
standardofdemogameswasevenhigherthisyearthanlast.In
my opinionPadzan is definitelythe premiershowfor demo
gamesand one that I would be very reluctantto miss.The
wealthofideasfor sceneryandgamesthat onecangainjustby
attendingthis showis enormous.One othergoodpoint about
Partizanis that thereis alwaysplentyoftime to ralk to people,
whichbringsme nicelybackto.he pointofthis article.
Iwastalkingto thegentleman on theWild ceesesrandabout
the A.W.L period and the range of figures available.I
commented that I wassurpdsedthatonly FrontRankandWild
Geese(as far as I know) s€emto make figuresfor this very
interesting period.His commentwasthat until areallypopular
setofcommercialrulesappearto generatethe buyingpublic's
interest,most manufacture^will not producefigures.I then
spoketo thepeoplerunningthethreeA.W.I. gamesandasked
themaboutthe rules.Two out of thethreewereusinsrulesthev
hadsnrten themselvesand therhrrdwereusingR?b;//iorr'r rfi;
Calonier-(Nowout of print).
At the Grimsby Club we had t'ied Rebe ion in the Colonies
andIikedthe generalfeel thattheyhavefor the period,but we
f€lt thattheyweretoopredictableinthefiringandmelees. Then
editionof W.L called"LooseFilesandAmericanScramble.,.
[WLr. Now out ofpnnt-] We thentriedthosebut- someof us
beingverysimplemindedpeople wecouldnot getro gripswith
all the D-pointsandthe factthat onecasualtywasactuallyrwo
or thrcefigures.Mostconfusing!We despaired. Wasthepeiod
to die throughlack of rulesthat everybody(or nearlyevery-
body)likedlThen. ridinglo therelcuelike the?rhcavalryin the
nickof time,cameColinandDavidwhodecidedto havea bash
at writinga setof rules.Thesewer€play-tested andatterations
made.The resultsaresetout below.
Theserules may not appealto everybody.They do not
proposeto covereveryeventuality,but we felt theygivea nice
feelto the period.Mostimportantlyofall theyareenjoyableto
SEOT]ENCE
OF PLAY
Playe$takealtematetums,withthe Britishusuallygoingfint.
(Theygenerallydo mostof the attacking.)
1) Compulsory moves
2) DeclarechargesGeemoralesectionfor rcsolution)
3) All othermovement
4) Firing
s) Melee
6) Morale
IE

TROOPCLASSES 2) Thetargetin is openord€r.

lstclass = Grenadiers andspecialistlight infantry. 3) Thetarget's cavalryorartillery.
2ndClass= Regula^:continentals; rangersandjaegers.
3rd Class= Rawregularsiveteranmilitiaandveteran Alwaysroundup halfdice(e.g. 122ndclasslinefiringat light
loyalists. infantryinopenorder: 3 di€ehalved= I and'l, roundedup=
4th Class= Militia; loyalistsandIndiansledbyEuropeans. 2dice).it soundscomplicated,
but isn'treally.Numberofdiceis
5th Class= Ind'ans. onlyeverhalvedonce.

MELEE'S
MOVEMENT l) Chargesmust be declared.otherwisecontactcannotbe
Formedinfantryinline :3"+aD6"roll made(seemoralesecdon).
Lightinfantryinopenorderandwoodsmen = 6" + aD6"roll 2) lst round: only front rank in baseto basecontact,with I
Artillery = 3"+ aD6"roll figureoverlapon eachside.maylight.
Cavalry = 12"+ aD6" roll 3) 2ndroundallofunitG) fighr.
Generals (shouldalwaysbe mounted) = ThreeD6" 4) A maximumof two roundscanbe fought.If the defender
doesnot breakattackermustfall backa tull moveandrally

MOVEMENTMODIFIERS 5) Cavalrythrow l D6foreachfigurefighting.

To chanSeformation 6) Grenadienandtightinfantrythrow I D6 for every2 figures-
Crossing
obstacles = Halfspeed 7) Olherinfantryrh'owI D6 for eve'y3 figu'es.
Wheeling = Halfspeed 8) Roundup fra€tions.
= Plus3"
Militia deliberately
fallingback = Plus3" Eachscoreof 6 kills. For cavalryfighting infantry a scoreof 5
Any troopsfleeing = Plus3" alsokills.
Cavalrymounting/dismounting = Half sp€ed Add 1 to eachdiceroll ifopponefltis either:
1) Ofa lowerclassrating.
Dismounteddragoonsshould move, fire and fight as light 2) Hasgot a panicmarker'
intantry.
Specialistlight infantry (only) Inay move and fire in a tum. Theseare accumulative. so if both conditionsaretrue then,
movementbeinghaived. e.g.infantryagainstinfantry: a scoreof4 or morewouldkill.
Militia deliberately
fallingbackcansropanytime,but musrbeat
theircla\.ranngto reform(seemoralesecrion).
Any troopsfleeingmust do full movesuntil behindcoveror MORALE
friendsandthenmustbeattheir classraringto refom. Panicmarkers arenot accumulative. A unitwillonlyeverhavea
maximunof l panicmarker.
A panicmarkeris awardedin anyoflhe follo*ing circumst-
ARTILLERY FIRING
(Wholefigurecasualties aresufferedfor firing andmele€'s). 1) Whena casualtyistaken.
Rangeis in six 12"bands.To scorea hir yournustequalor bea. 2) when friendsrout within 12".
3) When 4th or 5th classare fired on by 3 or more dice
For effectat band2 andover,throw4D6:a scoreof 6 kilh. (calculatedafteranyhalving)in onetum, whetheror not a
For effectat band1, throw 1D6:scoreis nunber of casualties. casualtywas taken.
Half numbero{ effectdiceat band2 andover.andhalfnumber 4) Whenbeingcharged.
ofcasualties at band1 if anyof the followingapply: 5) Whenchargingand not reachingtheenemy.
1) It isalight gunfiring (e.g.gallopergun).
2) Targetis openord€rtroops. Aunit mayattempttoremovethepanicmarkerin themorale
3) Tarsetis in cover. phase(whenbeingchargedthe unit testsstraightaway).To do
4) Tarsetis€avalry. this it must beat its classrating on a D6 roll. The following
5) Tarsetis a illery. nodifiersapply:
lf firing at anillery and a hit is obtained,whetheror not a 1) +1if a general iswiththeuni..
casualtyis obtainedthrowa further2D6.a scoreofdoubleI or 2) +1if theunit is in cover.
double6 and.hegunisdestroyed. 3) -1if theunit is outflanked.
4) - I if a ftiendlyunit ;sretiringwithin6".
5) I ifopen ordertroopsbeingchargedby formedtroops.
INFANTRY FIRING 6) - i iI openordertroopsin openb€ingchargedby €avalry.
\4usket dndriflerange\arel0' andI2"re"pecrr!el)
1) lst€lasslinefinng = 1D6forevery3figures. If themarkerisnot removeda unit suffersasfollows:
2) Otherlineriing = l D6forevery4figures. l )
A scoreof6 kills. 2) Classes 4 and5 maynotfire.
3) Openordertroops = 1D6for every3figures. 3) Other unitsdeductone D6 from their fi ng. (This is done
prior to anyhalving).
A scoreof6 kills.for each5 scoredroll 1 D6 anda scoreof4 Classes 4 and5 mustfleefrom a chargingenemi.
s) Loserof a meleemustflee.
Alwaysroundup whencalculating numberof dice.Halvethe
numberof diceifany of theIollowingapply: Units must ceaseoffensiveaction when they reach 50%
1) The targetisin cover. casualties androut at 75%.
 t9

SUNDAY
20th ocToBER

T H E PREI\,4IER
SHOWCASEF O R T H E S O U T H

LO
LEISURE
CENTRE
inlormaiion
& AdvanceTickets:send!1.50 andS.A.E.ioi
Millrry Mod.lriq Mrcr:in. I

& R@'@lay**
CHELIFERBOOKS *qorgarsds
Mike Smith
Todd Close,Curthwaite,Wiston, Cumbria
Te| O22a71BAA
MILITARY BOOKS
Bought and Sold Send sae for catalogue
Mffiffi
@IEASTANGL\A
lpswich WAREAPresents
RISK TO GENERALS
If a generalis with a unit (i.e. in base-to-base
contactwithone THE IPSWICHGAMESCONVENTION
elementofthatunit) whichsufferscasualties he mustroll1D6.
A scoreof2 or moreandhe is OK. 3rThe Corn Exchange,lpswich
A scoreof l causesareroll uponwhicha scoreof: onSunday,Sth September,1991
1or2: Lose1D6tuommovement for restofgame.
3or4: Lose2 D6 from mov€mentfor restofgame.
'_lh. Bdrle ofB;min'
5 or6 = Dead.
M.tiy ,le0roNrarfunud prnicipdiongars
A hlge nunbnof'dd. sunds
annEindBuysbll
CONCLUSION
EnrMcc by posraMr {lvrihble in !d!sc. oron lhe day)
Ilthere arenot anysuitablecomm€rcial rulesfor a periodthat
youareinterested inthenhavea go atwritingyourown,it really Price f1 adults, 50p children.
is not that difficuhand hasthe addedbonusesof makingyou
reallyresearchrhe periodand givingyou satisfa€tion in a job For luf,h.' inlomaron,.onos

o17t 717903(evoinSt
My gratefulthanksto the aihorsof Rebellionin the Colonies r2. RerJioBRoad,lpswich.
andto Andy Callanwho wrotethe first articleentitled"lrose Sutfolk,l144NP
filesandAmericanScramble".The lifebloodofthis hobbyis in
suchpeopleforinstigatingthe interestandthe ideaswhichgo to
makeibe hobbysuchajoy to partakeof.

********************lr***
 20

lltr

'd::iti

:f

r't$'t I

ri"! 'i, r

Qa "1o
 2l

THE MEROVINGIANFRANKS
Part One
by Guy Halsall

INTRODUCTION example,andformschapter4lofBook VII of thefl,rrolter(all

translationsof the Hbtoties de from Thorpe (lrafls.) 1974,
Undoubtedlythe mostpowerfulgroupofkingdomsin theearly occasionallv modified):
medievalWestwasthat ruled by the Franks.Betweenthe late One of the sewantsof Mummoluswasbroughtro
fifth andthe earlyeighthcenturies the rulingfamilyclaimed,or theKing.Hewasagiantof aman,soimmensethat
had claimsmadefor il, to descendfrom a certainMerovech, he wasreckonedto be two orihree feetbiggerthan
who lived in the nid-fifth century, hencethe family nane the tallestmaneverknown.He wasa carDenter bv
Mercving. T\e Merovingian kingdoms stretched from the trade.He diednol longafterward\.
Rhinein the no(h to the Pyrenees in the south;from Britanny Clearlythis wasa matterof infinitessimal significance,but
in the w€st to, at times, north-eastemltaly. More or less Gregorythoughtit wasjnteresting.
so he wrote it down.No
effectiveclaimsto overlordshipwere madeover the Bretoni 'good' early medievalhistorian,
like Bede, working in the
beyondthe westernfrontier, the Thuringiansand€on.inental classical-biblical traditionswould havedreamedof includins
Saxonsto the north, and the Alamannsand Bavariansin the marerial li[e lhir. I\evenheies\ ir '\ rhn willingnesro digre,;
east. The Lombardsin Italy paid the Franks tribute and anddealwith mundaneaffaiff whichmakes
probablyevenextendedasfar asthe cregory'swork so
Merovingian overlordship immenselyvaluable(Auerbach 1953,ch.4, is an excellent
southemkingdomsofAnglo-Saxon England(wood 1982).The analysisof Gregory'snarrative
style).
FrankishkingTheodebert I wastheonlyrulerin the'Barbarian
West'to mint goldcoins,in defianceandimitationofthe East After Gregory stopped writing in 593 we have no exactly
Romanemperorsat Byzantium,of whom a tenet of 'foreign comparablework, but a seriesof wdters,one of whom may
policy'wasthatno westemkingdomshouldstrikegoldcoinage. havebeencalledFredegar,wlote downan abndgedversionof
Whenthe Frankisharmieswereon the movetheirneighbouE, theAitrorier,addingnewdetailshereandthere,andcontinued
eventhe Byzantines,quaked. the storythroughthe seventh€enturyand into the eighth(the
But how nany €arly Frankishwargamesarmieshaveyou work is usualfycafledFredegar'sChrcnicle).Book IV of the
seen?Thoseof thelaterFmnkishCarolingian dynastyare,to be Chonlc/e, which deals with the period after that covered by
sure,seenfrom time to time, but I donl think I have ever Gregory\ work, has been translated into English(Wallace-
'Fredegar'wrote from an East
witnessed a Merovingianwargames force. Wlen you compare Hadrill (ed. and trans.) 1960).
this to the frequencywith which one seesthe armiesof the Frankish (Austrasianor Burgundian)point of view. An
'minorleague'kingdomsof Pre-Conquest Englanddeployedon altemative,Neustrian(WestFrankish)perspective is provided
thetable,thisbecomes evenstranger.Partofthe rcasonfor this by the earfy eighth-century Liber Historiae Fruncorun (The
is that infomaaionon earlierFrankisharmiesis hardto come Book of the Hi:toty of theF/a,*r). This work, of an anonymous
by, andnuch ofthat avaitablein poputarEnglishworksis quite author,coversthe wholeof Frankishhistoryfrom legendary
spurious.Thisa iclesetsout to pu. therecordstraightandgive beginnings up to the 720s,addingsomedetails,ofquestionable
the information one would need to put together a table-top reliability, to the historyof the fifth and sixth centuries,but
Frankish arny. becomingmore usefulforlaterseventhandearlyeighth-century
affails. lt is availablein a fairly cheap,if not too readily
available,Englishtranslation(Bachrach(trans.)1973;I bought
SOURCES mine from Heffer'sin Canbridge).There are other, shorter
Most of tbe errorsmadein the studyof the Frankishmilitary chronicles from the Merovingianperiod,andoneor two ftom
stemfroma misundentanding ofthe evidence, soa briefsurvey the Carolingianera whichdetaileventsfuomthe late seventh
of thisis required,beforewe sketchthe militaryhistoryof the andearlyeighthcenturies,but theseare not, atas,availablein
Merovingian realms,Writtensou.ces arcabundantandcomein trandation.
widelyvaryingforms.(On the Contin€fltthc misnomer'Dark Byzantinesources(Procopir\s'Histort of the wars lDewing
Aget is evenlessapplicable thanin England).To beginwiththe (trans.)1914'19281, Agathias'll,rrory,and the Stmtegikonof
narrativesources,the most usefuland most easilyavailable 'Maurice' IDennis (trans.) 19841),shed more light on the
Frankishhistory is Gregory ofTotrs' DecemLibti Historiatun Frankisharmiesbut we must bc extremelycarefulwith this
(The TenBooksof Histolier),known,misleadingly, sincethe easlemRomanevidence.It is very rnuchgovemedby rulesof
eighth century as rre Hirtory of the Franks. anda\ailable h a genre, archaicrerminologyand classically-inspired set piece
very readable,if not alwaystotally accurate,Penguintransla' descriptions. Otherformsofhistoricalwritingaresaints'lives,
tion (Thorpe (trans.) 1974). This is a wonderful source, whichproliferated in thisperiod.GregoryofToulswrotemaDy,
probablythesinglemostilluminalinghistorywriltenintheearly severalof which are availabteft taf].st^rion 'Ihe Life [sic] of the
niddie ages.Gregorywasthe BishopofTours from 573to 594 Fat e/s (James(rrans.)r98s),'rhe GIory ol theMartJrc(Van
andassuchhaddealingswith mostofthe leadingfiguresofhis Dan (trans.)1988a) andfl?eGtort ol theConfessors (v anDan
day,aswell astravellingquite extensively within Gaul.Books (trans.)1988b).Thesearefar lessinterestinglothe wargamer,
IV to X of the Arstori?sdescribehis own tines. and Gr€gory but usefulsnippetsof informationcrop up here and there.
wroleaseventswereunfolding,overalongpeiod. HewasalsoUnfortunately, apartfromoccasional extracts,hardlyanyof the
a remarkable gossip.Thisrneantthathewrotedowneverything rest of the vast body of hagiographic material(dealingwith
whichhe found interesting.Tbe followingsectionis a typical saints;hagiography - th€srudyofrhe holy)hasb€entranslated.
The poemsand lettersof the fifth-centurysouthernGalic
aristocratSidonius Apollinarisaretrandated(Anderson(ed.&
Opposile: Frankishcavalryman,paintedby the author. trans.)1936-65), but.hepoemsof hissixth-centurycounterpart,
t"."rrr", a.r,r"",rr. are not (a Frenchtranslationexsts; 490she wasengagedin €ampaignsagainstthe Visigoths, whi€h
Nisardand Rittier (eds.& trans.1887)).Similarly,numerous culminated in thebattleof Vouilld(507).InthisbatdetheGoths
letters,proceedings of churchcounc s,legaldocuments (wills, wereroutedand their king, Alaric lI, kiled. The Franksthen
chartersetc.) survive and add further to the body of evidence. drove the Visigoths out of most of southem Gaul. Clovis also
Althoughtranslations of someof thesearein preparation, none attacked and subjugatedthe Alamanns and the Thuringians,
has appearedso far. The final body of evidencecomesin the andforced the Burgundiansto becometributary. By the time of
formof thela*s themselves. All the law-codes of the Germanic hisdeath(511)he ruledoverall ofGaul exceptlor Brittanyand
peopleswithin the Merovingian kingdomsare now availablein the south-east.
translation:those of the Salian FEnks and those of the On Clovis'deathhis kingdomwasdividedbetweenhis four
RipuarianFranks(Rive6 (trans.) 1986); thoseo{ the Alamanns sons.TheudericI. Chlodomer.ChildebertI and ChlotharL
andthoseofthe Bavarians(Rivers(trans.)197?);andthose of They atiackedthe Burgundians and conqueredtheir kingdom
the Burgundians (Drew (trans.)1949). by the 530s.Tbey alsoled an invasionof Visigothicsouthern
Beyond the written sourceswe can draw upon carvingsand Gaul (531),and killed the Gothic king. Amalanc (Gregory,
manuscriptillustraiionsto help usto reconstructtbe appearance dirton?sIII. 10).A Iaterinvasionof VisigothicSpainitself(541)
of the Franks,but the major sourcematerial is archaeological. waslesssuccesstul. AlthoughGregory(flirlo/ter III.29)records
At the endof the Romanperiod in northem Gaul, from the late thattheFranksconquered muchofthe countryandcarriedoff a
fourth certury onwards,it becamethe fashion to bury the dead great amount of booty, Spanish sourcessaythat the Visigoths
with numerousgrave-goods, amongwhich,for men, weapons blockedthePyrenean passesbehind thernandtheFrankshadto
werevery commonindeed.The introductionof this practice, buytheirwayhomewithmuchdifficulty-Certainlyit wasninety
contrary to what you will readin almosteverybook or article on years before a Frankish army next invaded the lberian
the subject,probablyhadabsolutelynothing to do with the dead peninsula.At aroundthe sametime the Fmnks were given
being German mercenariesor invaders,being instead a Provence by the Ostrogoths, who wereengaged in a desperate
maniJestationof the profound social upheavalswhich took warwith the EasternRomanErnpire.Thepriceforthiswasan
place in northem Gaul in the later fourth and early fifth invasionof ltaly in suppo of the Ostrogoths(539).This
centuries(Halsall forthcoming). For similarly social (and not invasionwas immenselydestructiveto Goths and Romans.
ethnic or religious) reasons,this customcontinued thrcughout Both GregoryofTours (flrrlorier IIL32) andProcopius (war
the latefifth, sixthandearlierseventh€enturies but diedout in \alxxv) agreethat althoughthe Franks.underTheodebertI,
Gaul by c.700.Thereare thousands of 'furnished'cemetaries son of Theuderic,were very successful. they succumbed to
scattered across northem France. the Low Countries and disease and had to retum home. Frankish armies remained in
southernGermany,leaving us with a massiveamount of northemltaly.In the540smostofVenetia.andpartsofLigu a
archaeologi€alevidencefor Merovingian weaponryand dress. wereunderFrankishcontro!(Procopius wdruVILxxxiii.T)and
a major invasion was launched in the early550s. whenmuchof
Somepointsneedto be madeaboutthe useof this kind of
northem ltaly seems to have been underFrankish doninalion-
data.Althoughtheweaponsburiedtell uswhatsortsofweapon
'warrior- Gegory (Histories III.32) again describes the ventureasa great
were used,graveswith weaponsare not necessarily
But the bishop was
graves'.Very occasionally old men and children,who cannot success,which even conquercdSicily.
singularly ill-informed about Frankish affairs in ltaly and we
have been warriors, are buried with weapons-But usually
know fron Agathias that the attack ended in a very bloody
weaponryisusedasa symbolfor adultmalesin theirprime.Not
defeat on the Volturno at the hands of the East Roman
all, maybenot even most, of thesemen ever saw combat.
Secondly,the combinations of weaponsin Frankishgravesdo eunuch-general, Narses.
not necessadly representthe actualweapon-s€ts whichwould Eventuatly,all the Frankishkingdomswereunitedunderthe
be usedon campaign.Obviouslya single javelin or a single rule of ChlotharI (558).Threeyearslaterhediedandagainthe
realm wasdividedbetweenhis four sons,CharibertI, SigibeftI,
throwingaxewould not be muchuseto a warrior.Ther€are
Chilperic I and Guntramn. These fourruledoverAquitaine and
manycomplicaaing factoE which determinewhat is placedin
Paris, Austrasia (no(h-eastem Gaul) and the Auvergne,
the srave.The caseof shieldswill be discussed later.
Neustria(thenorth-west),andBurgundyrespeciivelyThough
theirfatherandhisbrothershadhardlybeenaverseio attacking
NARRATIVE OLTTLINE eachother from time to time, the sonsof Chlothar,muchto
Somesketch of the military history of the Merovingian realms Gregory'sannoyance(Hiclotles, V. preface), engagedprimari-
will be of use. Thosewanting to know more about the general ly in'civil'war betweenthe Frankishkirgdoms.Nonetheless,
history of the period in Gaul arc referred to Edwrd James'fre wars with the Goths were not uncommon,and Saxonand
F dn*r (Janes 1988a),James The Oigins ol Fnnce (Iames l-ombard invasionswere defeated. Armies still crossedinto
1982),or to the lessusetulBeforc F nceand Gemany (Geary Italy, now to fight the l-ombards,and, asbefore,theylargely
1988)or. in French. Pafiick P6rin and Charlotte Feffer's two endedup decimated by disease. Themajorfeatureof thePeriod
volume, comprehensivebut somewhatjumbled and old- wasa longseriesofwarsbetweenNeustriaandAustrasia,with
fashionedter Ffancs e6rin & Fetrer 1987). Burgundy holding the balance between the two (Aquitaine,
The Franks,a WestGermanicfederation,$oups of lvhich afterCharibert'sdeathin 568,wasdividedbetweenthe other
had beenaltematelyin conflictand alliancewith the Roman realms).This conflictcontinueduntil613whenChilperic'sson
statesincethe third century,begantosettlein northemGaulin Chlothar lI defeatedand massacredthe descend€ntsof Sigibert
the late Roman period. They first appearedas a power to be I andruledoverallGaul.Not for long.ThepowertulAustrasian
reckonedwith after Attila's invasionof Gaul in the early 450s. nobilitysoonpressurised him into placinghissonDagoberton
Undertheirking,Childeric,theyexpanded into northemGaul, the throneat Metz, to rule the eastemkingdon.Dagobertwas
perhapsasfar asthe Parisbasin.Itwaspreviouslythoughtthat really the last effectiveMerovingian king. His sonsdied young
thisexpansion took pla€eunderChilderic'sso Clovisbut this andtheir descendents, because ofan apparentiDabilityamong
hasrecentlybeenshownto be basedupo a misinterpretationof later Merovingiansto surviveto the ageof thirty andbecauseof
the evidence(James1988b;James1988a,pp.67ff.). This the 'overmighty' powerof the nobility, becamepupPetsof their
Clovis, or Chlodovechto give him hh real name,washowever chiefservants,the 'Mayorsof the Palace'.
the first greatMerovingianking. He fought numerouswarswith The seventhcenturysawan invasionofSpainin the 630s,in
the otherpeopleswho inhabitedpost-RomanGaul. Fromthe supportof a Visigoth;cusurper.a similarattackon Lombard
 23

Italy. andwarswithth€SlavicWends (ruled.ironicallyenough. otheRiseunheardof in the early medievalworld.

by a FrankcalledSamo).The latterwereunsuccessful andafter In 732,however,DukeEudoof theAquitanians, facedwilh a
Dagobert'sdeath the Thuringiansthrew off Frankishover- major Arab invasion,calledCharlesin to helpbeatit off. This
lordship.Poweroverthe Alamannsmayhavewanedandeven Charlesdid in a justly {amousbattlefoughtroughlyhalf way
in Aquitaineindependentkings seemto have been sel up betweenToursand Po;tiers(7321733). This gaveCharlesand,
(Jarnes 1977i1982.0.150). The reasons for thisareto be sought after his deathin 741. his sonsCarlomanand PippinIII the
in lbe declineofroyalpowerandin thecontinuationofwarfare excusethey neededio intervenesouthof the Loire. Extensive
betweenthe Frankishkingdoms,or ratherberweenthe rival campaignsthroughout Aquitaine and Burgundy restored
noblefamilieswho controlledthe officesof mavor and their Fmnkish power throughoutGaul, and Charlesearnedthe
respectivepuppet'kings.By rhe end of the eighthcenturya undyinghatredof churchmenby rewardinghis followen with
farnily descended from Bishop Arnulf of Metz and. in the confiscatedchurch land. In 743 Carlomanand PiDDinfelt
femaleline, from Duke PippinI, known as the Arnulfingsor obliged ropura Mero!ingian. Chrlderi€ tll. backon lh;ihrone.
(rnoreusually)Pippinids.had securedpower.with Pippin II but the experimentdidnotlastlong.The two brotherswageda
defeatinghis rivalsat the battleof Terkr' (687). seriesof wars againstthe Alamanns,the Saxonsand the
WhenPippinII died,hisillegrtimate sonCharles 'Martel' had Bavarians,restoringthe suzeraintyof the Franksbeyondthe
to fight a numberof warsto securecontrolover the realm.By Rhine.Afrerquarreling,Carlornan andPippinfoughta nore or
this lime however.Gaul soulh of the t ire had become lessbloodless campaignagainsrea€hotherbeforereachingan
independentunder the rule of rhe Dukes (or Kingt of the agreementby which Pippin becamesole ruler. A few years
Aquitanians,Frankishsupremacy nortb andeastof the Rhine later. in 751afterconsultation with the Pope,Pippindeposed
was in tatlers, with th€ Frisiansalso now an independent ChildericIII andhadhimselfannointedKing PippinI, the first
kingdom,and BrittanyremainedbeyondFrankishcontrol.as of what hasbecorneknown as the Carolingiandynasry.
ever.Anotherthreatcamefromfurthersouth.In 711theArabs That concludesthis outline of the military history of ihe
hadconquered VisigothicSpainandby the 720sand730swere Merovingian Franks.In the nextpart of thisarticlewewill look
beginningto launchraidsnorthofthe Pyrenees. Charleshadto at the appearance of Frankishwarriors-
faceall oftheseenemiesat once.He defeatedthe leaderofthe A full bibliography wiu appear ac the end of lhe article.
Frisians,Radbod(715)and by 718had driven his Neustrian
enemiesout of theirpowerbase, thoughtheir leader,a certain 5O,OOO + SECOND IIAND WARGAMES FIGURES
Raganfted, se€msto have retained an irdependentstate Always in stock.All scales.Most manufacture$.
aroundAngersuntil 731 (James1982,p.i52). By this tine SAE fot liststo:
Charles'power was so great rhat when his puppet king A.J. Dumelow,
TheudericlV died in 737he did not botherto find anyoneto 70 Ferry Street, Stapenhill,
replacehim. Chartersare datedas "in the 'n th yearafter the Burton.on.Trcnt,Stafrs.DE159EY.
dealh of king Theuderic,Charlesbeingnayor" - something Telephone: (02E3)30556
 THEAUSTRO.SERBIAN
CONFLICT:
AUGUST.DECEMBER
I9I4
by A. J. Martin

NARRATIVEOF E\,'ENTS
W}lenAustria'Hungary mob'lisedonJuly25th,1914.'PlanB was
pul into operationagainstSerbia.War wasdeclaredby the Dual
Monarchyon July 28thandthreeAustrianarmiesmovedtoNards
the Serbianborder.Threeanny corps(lX, lV. VII). roralling
,,ft .,":'.
sevendivisionsof the Auslrian SecondAmy, deployedatongrhe it lI
nonhem borderof Se$ia, while the Fifth and SixthArrnies.each
of twocorps(VIll. XIII. XV. XVI respectively) andtorallingthe
equivalent of twelvedivisions.movedon Serbiafrom lhc \€st.
(seemap2)
The SerbianCommander in Chief. Fi€ld Ma$hal Radomir ',
\.
t.,*****
Putnik.wasuncenain asto thedirectionof theAustrianatrack.In
facthe believedthe mainoffensive wouldmme Irom th€ nonh.
probablyeastofBelgrade anddownthevalleyoftheriverMorava.
l.€avingsomedetachments alongtheSerbian fronticEatLoznirza. ' slf*rorRyr$l
i
Shabalz,Obrenovatz. Belgrade.Semendria, and cradishreas
covenngforces.Putnikassembled his threemainarmiesin rhe
centreofnonhemSerbia.hisleft rcstingonthetownofValjevo, MAP l: GeneralCampaignMap
hisrighton Palanka.Oneanda halfdivisions. wcrestationed ar
Uzhitse, leavingtendivisions andonecavalrydivisionfor theFiisr. KEYSTO TOWNSAND VILLAGES
Second andThirdArmiesconcentrated southof Belgrade. In roral
the Serbianforcesrepresentedabout 150,tl0tlinfantry, Nirh 8.0m Mshegrad 14 LJeshnitsa 27 Surchin
cavalry and 500 artillery pieces.Afier 7th Augusr these were 2 Uzhilse 15 Ja4ja 2{ Semlin
supported, althoughsomewhatindirectly.by rhe {1.000srrong 3 Pozega 16 Bielina 29 Obrenovatz
Montenegrin arlnywhichwasopentingin the mountainous and 4 kagujeyatz l7 Shabatz 30 Mladenovatz
brokencountry behindihe upper river Drina. 5 Kalanjevchi l8 Kleosk 31 Palanka
On theAustriansidethedisposition oftheirarmiesallowedtbe 6 Vali€vo 19 NoYoselo 32 Semendria
opportunity to advanceagainstthe flank5or rear of the weakcr 7 Srebr€oilza 20 Obrez 33 Gradishte
Serbians. In additiontherewassomehopethatpasrantagonisms 8 Liuboviya 2l Hrtkovtsi 34 Weisskirch€n
betweenSerbiaandBulgariawould requirerhc former to weaken 9 Krupa.j 22 Mitruvitz 35 Pancsova
their forcesdeployedagainstAustria,HungaJyin order to cover 10 Zavlaka 23 Ruma 36 Petska
anyintervention bytheBulgarians. Unfortunarcly for theAustrian 1l Zvornik 24 D€tch 37 Arangielovalz
commander. GeneralOskarPoliorek.thc latler eventdid not tZ Loznirza 25 PasovanoYa l8 UB
materialise. Furthermore.oncewar broke out with Russiaon r3 T€k€.ish 26 KuDinavo
August 6th, Plan R took precedenceand SecondAnny was
orderednorthto the Galicianfront.Althoughthismovement did
not begrnuntil lsth August.it limitedihe amountof support
SeconJArmv couldoffcr lo Jn, rnrasionot SerbiJ.e.peciatty
whenPotiorekwasadvised thatSecofld Arm!'rroopswerenorro
crossfie lineofthe Sava-Danube. Nonetheless, thisstillgavethe
Austriansabout150,000 infantry,2,700cavalryand5Ul anillery
pieces wirhFifthandSixthArmies.Howcver20.000 rroops.plus50
guns,hadsubscquently to be detached agains! Montenegro from
XVI Corps.
On 12thAugustFifth Army wasorderedto 6oss the Drina and
reachValjevc,on AugustlTthi SixthAImy, staningslighdylater.
was1omoveon Uzhitse.Igndng thelimitations imposed on him
as regardsSccondArmy, Potiorekordcredit to demonstrale
againstSemendria,Obrenovatz,Shabatzand Mitrovitz, and
threatento crossthe river Sava.As a result of all rheseorders.
Potiorekleft SixthArmy out ofconrad with FifthArmy. andso
presentedthe latter force with the prospectof fightingmosrof the
Serbianarmy alone. In additionhe subsequendy embroiled
Second Army to sucha degreeagainst Serbiathatrhcdeparrure MAP 2: Situatiooin early August1914.
of
severalof its formationsfor the Russianfront wasdelayed,andasa = Serbiais
I
resultthecampaign therewasnotably affected. Potiorekseems ro
havehopedthatFieldManhalPuhik wouldscanerhisforcesro t3 : Austrians
meet all threatsiin realitythe Serbiancommanderkept the
majorityof his menconcentrated. readyro artackthe fint force
whichexposed ilselffor battle.In thiscase
it wasthefouranda half
divisionsof the AustrianVIII and XIII Corpswho becaoethe
targetfor Putniks troops.
Usingboatsandpontoons theAustrianFiftbArmy crossed the
Drinabctween ZvomikandLoznitza on Augusll2th.drivingback
theSerbian frontierguardsandestablishing fonificdbridgeheads.
At Shabatzthc Fvodivisions of rhcIV Corpsof Second Armywere
ableto crossthe Savaalrnostunopposed (in€reasingPorioreks
invasionforceby over25,000menand 110guns).whileon the
Austrianrightelements of SixthArmy crossed berween Zvomik
andLiuboviyaandpushedsouiheasttowardsUzhirse.
Nowthelineofinvasion wasrevealed PutnikmovedhisSecond
and Third Annies fomard ro face the Austrian advanceand
followedth€m upwithFirstArmy.By August15thpotiorek'sFifth
Arlny had reachedKrupanj and Zavlaka.while the AusrrianIeft
hadnovedup to a positioneasrof Lyeshnitsai in thecenlrethcy
wcrenearjng Tekerisb. Putnik.by trcmendous effonson thc part
of histroops.haddeployedSecondandThirdAnniesfor action
benve€n iheSavaandKrupanjon August15h.withFiFt Army in

On Augustl6ththeBatrleoftheRiverJadarbeeanaloneafront MAP 3: Main ar€aof aclionin N.W. S€rbia

ol dbou'ln mile\{,eeMrp a) OnrheSerbidnleftrhead;nceof
XIII Corps.supportedbv units of XV Corpssent up from
Liuboviya. forced the defcDdersback belrond Kmpanj to the r ... s.rbim rronl 16Augd
villageof Petska.In the norththe AustrianVIII Corpspushed
# Se.bi,nFronrt7 Augu{
ro$ard\Ihelincot lheDob'uti,.bulin tronroi l et eri.irp;n or il
wasrepuhedandfled backtowardsthe river Drina with heaw ---- Serbian Front13AuBnsI
losse,.including rwofreldbullerie..In lhe.enrielheserbrans hetd
on lo Zavlaka.despiteheart andaccuratc Austrianartilleryfire H3 lirbi.n F.ont19Augu(
andfierccfighrrngIn rhc woodedfoorhill\of rheJaddrvJ e\.
Porioreknow orde'cd IV ( orp\ foruJrd trom Sh:rbar/lo -) nlain serbi.r atbck5
supportFifthArmy s left.whichcameundersever€ Serbian atrack
during August17th.The following dalrIV Corpspushedforward E? rv corF ilta.ks
frotnits fortifiedlinesaboutShabatz anddrovebackthe Serbian
right.In theflatcounrryio thesouthofShabarz rheSerbians were
unableto r€sistthe Austriansupcriorityin numbenand they
retiredfurtheron l9tb Augustro theeastofthe Dobrava-rvhere MAP 4: Battle of
thereweregooddefcnsive posirionsin undulating icnain.These
troopswerecovered the Riyer Jad.r
on th€irleftby ihc cavalrvditisjon$hichhad
beenoperating. with sone success. to the eastofLveshnitsa. but
hadq,r\dru$nasAu{riun reinlorcemcnl. crmeup f'om ShJbur/.
However.from theAusrrianpointofview, tV Corpsadvance
provedof litdevalue.TheSerbians deployedaroundTekerish had,
oncereinfbrced by a divisionof Finr Armv. checkedand then capturedfrom the Austrians.
thrownbacktheremaining troopsofVIII Corpson Lyeshnirsa in Earlyon September 6th Purniks Finr Army crossed the zuver
Savaat Novoselo anddrovebackihelimitedAustrianfo.cesin the
On theSerbian lefrrheattacksof XIII Corpswerehetdaround areaon Obrez.By theendofthe daytwodivisions ofinfantryand
Icupanj.despiteheavyanillerybombardmenr andfiercefighling the cavalrydivisionhad passedinto Ausrria-Hungary.Obrezhad
in thevallevaboutZavlaka.OnAugust19ththeThirdArmy had. fallen,andpatrolswerepushing easrtowards Sernlin. Ar MitroviE.
in lact.goneoverto theoffcnsive andwaspushingback XIII Corps however,the Serbianshadsuffereda reverse.Herethe firsl troops
acrosshad pushedon beforea bridgewascompleted and rhey
Augusi20thsarvthe AustrianIV Corpsdernonsrrating againsl could be reinforced.They were assailedby superior Austrian
theSerbian positions on the Dobrava.but FifthArmywasnowin forcesandoverwhclmed. No funhcrattemptwasmadetocrossthc
full retreat.With its left flank now exposed.SL{thArmy was Savaat thispoint.
obligedto followfron the Uzhiisevalley.Putnikfollowedup the To the east First Arny had pushcd on ten miles from its
Austrians.deployinghis three armics betweenShabarzand bridgehead by September 9th, capturing Detchon rhatday,and
Liuboviya.andwith the forceat Uzhitsemverinshisteft flank. Surchin on thefollos'ingday.On I lth Septemberthe Serbians had
AbourShdbdtz lrercellghringdereloped asrhcSirbian,rnedro slrunga line of detachments frorn Hrtkortsi on rhe Savaio
recapiuren frorn Molps. The Austrianseventuallywirhdrew Pazovanova neartheDanube.On the l2ththeyenreredJarak (see
fromthetownbackacross theSavaon thenightof August23rd.To Map5). At thispoint,however,thc effortsofrhe AustrianFifth
the souih-west Fifth and SixthAmies had re-crossed rhe river andSixthArmiesto crossthe SavaandDrinariversandinvade
Drina afewdaysbefore.On 30thAugustIV Corpsbeganro depaJi Serbiaagain becane increasinglyserious.Puhik decidedFint
for Galicia.Austriancasuahies in ihis campaign wereparricularly A|my wasneededsouthof the Savaandthe forcrsoDeraune rn
heavy,with perhaps 6.000killedand20.(X)(] wounded,whileihe Aurlria-Hungdry $erewirhd'aqn.
Serbians sufferedat leasr3.000deadand 15-000wounded.In On SeptembcrTth Potiorekthrewhistroopsagainst rheSerbian
additiontheSerbian troopsclaimed about,{.500prisonen.60guns. positionsbeyondthe Drina and the Savaftom Liubovila to
anda considerable quantityofsmallrrmsandgeneralequipment shabau.Somct,rclhold.wc'e iecuredon rhcSerbian srdeon rhe
Austrian left and right, but the effons of the centrewcre largely
unsuccessful. In thenortha position wassecured runningacross the
flat plain nonh west of Shabatz.To the south. the Austrians
pushedup inio the hills abovethe river Drina ftom Loznir?ato
belowPetska.but a fierceSerbiancounter-attackfron rhe lalter
villagedrove the Auslriansback on lheir righi. stoppingturther
progresson thissector(seeMap 6). MoreoverPutnikhadlaunched
an attackinto southemBosniaftom Uzhitseand\ras threatening
Si\th Army's communications with Sarajevo.The Austriansnow MAP 5 S€rbianInvasionof Hungary
dug in alongrhe line of th€ir gainsand troopswere detachedto
clearthe Serbians oul of Bosnia.This look mostof Octoberto
complele,owingto the mountainous natureof the province, but
Potiorekcontinuedwith hiseffortsto breakout of hisbridgeheads
alongthe rivelsDrina andSavaat th€ sam€time.Mostof these .--.stdi.nrrcd9$Ptohr

attackswerefrom thetrenchlineswestof Shabatz. supported by

gunboatson theriver Sava.The only realresultoftheseactjonswas
to addto the risingcasualtylist (perhaps40,000by thisstageofthe
campaign)anddepressand exhaustthe Austrianinfantry tu(her.
The Serbians'attemptsto overcometheir enemys defenceswere
just as unsucEesstul; Austrian hea\T artillery firing from the left
banl of the Drina wasespeciallyetrectin breakingup the Serbian
attacksalongthe lineof hillssouthof Loznitza.In additionthese
assaulrsrepresenteda sevcredmin upon Putnik\ rcsources.both
in men and ammunition,and ultimarelyhis forcesbecame
overstrelched in theireffonsto containPoliorek\twoamies.By
the end of Octoberabout 30.000Serbianshad been killed.
woundedor capturedin their attemptsto containthe Austrian

TheSerbian commander decided ro wirhdrawearly in Novem'

ber to a positionfurther eastalongthe river Kolubara.with hisleft
on Valjevo. Unfortunately,afterthe slrainof the pasttwo months
fighting.the Serbiantroopson the right gaveway asthe Austrians
surgedforward from Lyeshnitsato Shabatz.Potiorek. drawing
upon freshsuppliesand reservesmeanl for the Galicianfront by
usinghisinfluence at Court,reinforcedhistroopsandthrewthem
againstthe Serbianforces.By November 16th Si\th Army had
securedValjevo and by znd NovemberPotiorekwasacrossthe
Kolubara.Eightthousand Serbians $erecaptured andfortyguns-
The Austrianattack continued.The Serbiancentrewassrcadilv
driven back on Kalanievchirand on their left the Uzhitse
Detachmenl waspushedalonglhe valleyoftheWestemMoravato MAP 6: The Austrian Autumn Offensive
a pointeastof Pozega.
On their left 1heAustrian Fifth Army, despilebeing streng-
thenedby a CombinedCorpsof trcops from the Army Gereral
Reserve.reinforc€nentsanddetachments from othercorps,made rt *d0 cqd$,vkk b $ehe!
little progessuntil Putnik decidedto shonenhis front andpulled c? 4".,"" r,.t'," \i'..&.
back his right, evacuating Belgade on 29th Novemberand
redeployingSecondArmy and the Belgade Detachmentto the
westand north of Mladenovatz.On 2nd Decemberthe Austrians
enteredBelgradeandthe Serbianright wasfollowedup acrossthe
heavy country to the south of the €ity. Thereafter Potiorek\ 5th Dccembera further2.000Austrianshadsurrendered and
advanced slowedandfinally ground to a halt:heavy snow in the Poiioreks troops werefalling back with increasing
disorderand
mountains.rain in the vallels, appallingroads,poor supplies,and rapidity.On 8th DecemberUzhitsewasrecaptured,Firstand
sheer exhaustionbrought ihe Austdan troops lo a stop about Third Armies reachedthe Kolubara,and voljevo wastaken
Nelve mileseasiof theirpositions on 22ndNovember. ftom XVI Corps by thc Serbians.By this time 6.000nore
On 3rd Decemberthe Serbianscounterattackcdall along Austrianshad surrenderedand considerableq antities of
theirfront,catchingtheAustriansunprepared GeeMap 7). On materialhad fallen into Serbianhands,includinganolher28
deir rightflank SecondArmy threatened to cut of{ Potiorek\ ardllerypieces.ThereafterSixth Army offeredlittle resistance.
efforts to outflank the BelgradeDetachmentand on 9th Fifty Army, however.conlinuedto presenta s€riousdefeoce
Decemberthe Austrianson this front beganto withdraw against Putniks Second Army. The Serbian commander
towardsBetgrade.Meanwbile,further south,Fifth and Sixth thereforeswitchedtroops from his southernfront to that
Armieswerebrokenapart:tbeformerretreatedonthe Serb;an directedagainsrBelgradeandsteadilydrovetheAustriansback
caoital.thelatterracedfor Shabatz.Potiorekhadreinforcedh;s on the city. Third Army drovetowardsObrenovatzwhile the
flanks in an effort to encirclethe Serbians.but this had reinforced SecondArmy, assisted by lhe BelgradeDetachment,
weakenedhis centre.When the Serbian First Army attacked attackednonh along the line ofthe Palanka-Belgrade railway.
XV Corpsit collapsed,forcing$e flankingformationof XVI Obrenovatzfell on 12th Decemberand repeatedAustrian
andXIII Corpsto withdraw.On the firsl dayof theoffensiveat counterattacksfailedto stopSecondArmy s pushtowardsthe
least2.500Austrianswere captured,togetherwithfiveguns.By Serbiancapital.By 13thDecemberthe only Austriantroops
 27

insideSerbiawcrcthosefightingaroundBelgrade.During l4th
Decembertheseforccsbeganrekeatingacrossthe Sava,until
the pontoonbridgetheywcre usingwasdestroyedby Serbian
ariillery in positionon the hills south of the city. On 15th
DecemberSccondArrny reoccupied Belgrade,captunngabout
10.000pnsonerswho had beenunableto c.ossthe river into
Austna-Hungary. All toldtheAustriansIostover40,000menas
prisoners duringthefirsrtwoweeksof Dccember,logetherwith
130gunsand over 3.500transportwagons.Casuallieswer€
considerable: perhaps60,000killed and woundedduringthe
fightingof Novembe r andDecember.The defeatcostPotiorek
his command;he wasreplacedby ArchdukcEugene.Serbian
losseswere almostas heavy,however.in proportjonto their
lorce':40.oUU ar ledn dunngrhe'Jmc pcriod.

GEOGRAPHY (SeeMap 3)
NodhernSerbiais boundedon two sidesby the rivcr Danube
and its tribulary. tbe river Sava,into which the river Drina
flows. The latt€r two rivers are shallowin many placesand
theieforeaffordedeasycrossings at pointsalongtheir lengths.
Belgrade.the capitalof Serbia.standson the confluence ofthe MAP 7: The S€rbianCounter-Attack
Savawith the Danubc.As a resultii wasgenc.allyconsidered
undefendable as it was open to bombardment from Auslrian
heavyartillery on the opposilebaDkand Austriangunboats
operaringon the Danube itself. To the soulh of the Sava
Danubeline the countryis largelyundulating,risingto heavy
mountainousterrain. but is crossedby severalsnallriverswhich
flow norlhwardsto the Sava.sucb as thc Dobravaor the
Kolubara.Much of the mountaincountrlrwas coveredwith
plantadonsandwoodland,while the roadswhichcrossit were +,r-,' rsrd Lhs dr Rdrsl
few. often stcep and difficuh to negotiate.The whole region
had. in fact, only a small numberof metalledtoads. most THE AUSTRIAN ARMY
highwaysbeing earlh tracks. ln winter thcseofien become Each Austriandivisionhad two brigadesof two regiments,
impassable. A branchlinefromlheBelgradeto Nishrailwayran thesehavingthreebatialionsof four companies each.Battalions
rhroughArangjclovau 1o Valjevo. bu! sinccthc track was numberedabout1,000menat full strengthand had lwo (later
narrowgaugeir wasof Umitedusein militaryopcrations.The four) Schwarzlose machineguns. Brigadesalso had a jager
areaaroundShabatz, andto thenorthof a linefromthattown1o battalionof400menin fourconpanies,pluslwo rnachineguns.
Ly€shnitsa. waslargelyflat, with maizefieldsaDdsnallrvoods. The infantrlrwerc arrncdwith the Mannlicherrnagazine rifle.
ln Ninter it bccamewaierlogged:the trcnchcsof both sides Divisionshad. in rddition, sevcnanillery batteries,five of 3"
rapidlyfilled with waler duringthe hcavyran^. guns.rwoof:1.l'howitzers. Eachbatleryhadsixguns.There
were also two squadronsof cavalryattachedto an infaniry
TACTICS division.numberingabout300troopersequippedwith sword
Austriantaclicswerefairly crude.Good usewasmadeoftheir andcarbine.At Corpsleveltherewerea furthertbreebatteries
artillery in preliminarybombardments.but generallytheir of 3" gunsand two heavyhowitzerbattcries,eachof four 6'
infaotrywas senrin to the attackin closeforn1ationand €n howitzers.In mountaindivisions,however,the 3" artilleryhad
masse.Howeverthemountainlroopswhoservedon lhisfront. only four pieces.In iheoryAustrianCorpsweremeant1obe of
particularlywith XVI Corps.do s€emto havehadmoresuccessthreedivisions.two of the regularCommonArmy andone of
in the rough terrain north of Uzhitse during November' the Landwehr(Austrian)or Honved(Hurgarian),butthiswas
Austriantroopswcre fairly solid in defence.or at leasluntil not the casewith the formarionsdeployedagainstSerbia:
affecledby disasterson othersectors. Themulti'nationalnature
ofrhe armywasblamcdat timesfor reverses: Czechunits$'er€ Iifrh Army
heldresponsible for thecollapseon August16!h.shile in som€ VIII Corps: 9 InfantryDivn
casesother Slavrcgimentshad to be drivento atlackby the 21 LandwehrDivn
presence of Germanunits behind. XIII Corps: 36 Infanty Divn
TheScrbians wereredoubtable fightingtroops.bothin attack 42 HonvedDivn
and defence.Many in the early battleswere expenenccd. One infantry brigade(attachedto XIII Corps
havingfoughtin the First and Secofld Balkan Wars of l9l2-13 from 7 lnfantry Divn. of SecondArmy.)
In additiontheywerelhoroughlyfamiliartlith the terrainover
whichthe campaigntook place.The S€rbianartillcrywasused SixthArmy
well andthe infantry.aftersomemassatlacks.appearlo have xv Corps: 1 InfantryDivn (mountain)
de!eloped a morc.ucces'lul mclhodol as'aullr'oop.in open 48 InfantryD'vn (mountain)
formalion movcd foiward aDd halled when treighl of fire XVI Corps: lS lnfaniry Divn (mountain)
preventedanyfurthcr advance. but theyimmediatelythrewup Five independent mountainbrigades
temporarycoveruntil supportscame up andtheattackcouldbe
renewed.Serbiancavalry lvas generallyus€d as mounted GeneralReserv€
infanrry.arole inwhichitprovedquileeffectivebothin Aug st 47 InfantryDivn (mountain)
and duringDecember. ,10HonvedDivn
 '.n's.:!K&sFm10%oIod4'o
y;ffffitHr#;"i1,ffi,r",".c. d1€(u6 (bd d peena, ch€!!6 frm dees p€&) Eu,.dreqE od a[ mior cd r.!rds ord* Geid 4/ ie oFnon.f I nmary b
s€nd|1'00i'lhefu||yi||!#iodeb]ogus€nb.inqhund'6{6oiPdnin$|a Miniab6No!.lei.Nadtrqes,
r yo! ee rusriddsd h ms Lesionai6or a$ob .agssL snd s a.E, ddi4 prcierene
w6 tu aho m. !K shoe .gsnb tor wa'!
c^uDl^x 9rq!r(nrs. FEoou8
rxERrcaHsrocxrsrs,
|i
vr\r^niFE crMch,re.oqM,co;d\@iR,B
sEFvrcF
"#**
F r.65, Cir&re

SecondAnny eachdivisionwasa field artjllerybattery,a howitzerbatrery,

Morps: 31 lnfantry Divn anda few mountedscouts.Infanrryusedthe Russianrifle a.d
32 lnfantry Divn Maxim machineguns.
VII Corps: lT lnfantry Divn
34 lnfanlry Divn
IX Corps: 29 InfantryDivn UNIFORMS
Auslro-Hungarian infanrrywore the 1909bluish,greyservice
Geo€ralRese.ve
dress,with collarpatchesin regimentalcolours.Trouserswere
23 HonvedDivn alsobluish'grey.but rhoseof Hungarianregimenrswere of a
One infantrybrigadeof 7 infanlry Divn trghler cut, wilh black and yellow loops and stripe. Brown
leatherequipment waswornandthe greatcoarwas bluishgrey.
generallyworn as a roll. The kepi had a bluish-greycover.
THE SERBIANARMY Honvedunitshad a blue trouserstripeiBosnia-Herzegovinan
Serbianfirst line divisionshad iwo brigadesof iwo rcgiments intantryworea madderrcdfezwirhdarkbluetasseland madder
each.$'ithfourbatlalionsto eachregimentandabour1.000men red facings;Jager battalionshad the sameuniform as rhe
to a baltalion.Eachdivisionalsohad an anillerv resimentof infantry.but with greendistinctions.
rhreebaralionr.eachot rhrceba ene.of,ix 7.5;mdF (quick Serbianfirst lin€ infanrry wore a khaki-colouredservice
firing) field guns(French1897model).anda cavatryregiment dress.trith madderred distinctionson collarpatches.Forage
offour squadrons of abou.100meneach.The cavatrydivision cap.hadd colou'edbandIn maJJerreo.fur cdp,were$orn In
had two brigadesof two regimenrs each.totalling3.200men, winter. Lealherequipmentwasbrown.Secondand third line
with two horse artillery batrcriesof four 7.5cmguns each. infantfy wore peasanfscostume.generallybrown. and field
Troopersuseda swordand carbine.The secondline infantrv
drv'\ron,hadonl) rhreeregimenrs ot tourbartationscuch rnd Serbiancavalryako worekhaki.with dark bluedistinctions,
the battalionshad only about800men at full srrengrh.These as did the artillery.but the lauer had black disrinctionsand
'reservedivisions
had a regimentof cavalrylike the first line blackserlicecaps.Ausiriancavalryuniformswere basedon
formations,but only ihree artillerybattericsof six 8cm guns Iightblueforjacketsandiunics,wirh madderred trousers.bur
cach. lnfanlry used the Austrian Mannlicher or Cerman with additionalvariationsdependingon type:hussars, tancers.
Mauser;Maxin machineguns were caffied on pack animats. anddragoons. Hussarswore chacosinregimenlalcoloursor red
The army also had a regimentof mounrainartillery of six sen'rcecaps;lancersworeczapkas:dragoonshad their crested
batteries.each of four 7cm pieces.and six l5cm howitzer helmet.However.during 1914bluishgreycoverswereissued
batteries,eachbatt€ryhavingfour howitzcrs. for headwearand iron greytrousers.Artillery wore the same
Monlenegro's forceswereformedIooselyintofour divisions. unilbrm asrhe infantry.wirh red distinctions.
eachof two or three brigadesof fivc or six baftalionscach. Montenegrinlroopsworea fieldgreyuniformandbonneror
Baltalionstrengthsrangedfrom 400ro 800men. Attachcdto cap.wilh red distinctions for infanrryandyellowfor artiltery.
 "colouRs91"
ARMAiLDDON
THESOUTH'S
MASSIUE
WARGAME
SHOWEVEN BIGGER
& BETTER
SEPT.14th & 15th ttEll=-L,AtP"
READTNG{0.30qm
ENTRANCE per
FEE:02.00 per
lo
doy lchild]en under l6 & OAp C,t.OO doyl
BARFOODAVAIIABIE Childrenunder 5 Free 5.00pm
GIGANTICTRADEFAIR OIHER
IHELqAGIST
\ IlE CCU\TRY
ATTRACIIONS
COMPEIITIONS
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ON GAIVE
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WARGAI\IEATTMCTIONS INCLUDE:
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NOWINCORPORATES
7 PERIODS LOTS OFPRZES
Ancenh(Sociery ofAncenhSheld) IHEWARGAMESEVENI Personolrophespluslolgecashpdzes
Dod<Ages(WersexDo AoesSocietShelcl) OFIHEYEARFEATURES forwlnneG& tunners
up,Chompion of
N4edievotAeno ssonce(frke& ShotSoc
etv Chomponslrophy&pdzeBe$Poinled
Sh€lO* Pjke&Shoi(PorlzonftessShe d r INTERMTIOMTOPEN Armylrophy& pnzeondhophiesforlhe
Nopoleonc (\opoleonc Assocoion She d)
* t9ih century(contedecTeNsionco YuRGAMES BesiTeom
SocieiyShed CHAMPIONSHIPS Donlmlsayo{r ploce,
Woddwor 0lewburyRuesShe d) gelyou edry Ineody
F U N D SRAISED
IN AIDOF MENCAP
8Y_NEWBUBY
PRESENTED & REAOING
WARGAMTS
SOGIETY
FOR FPEE ACCOMMOOA|ION DETNLS, ENTRYFORMS, I.IMPIRE DETAILS SEND SA.E. TO:
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When replying to adverts please mention Wargames Illustrated.

30

C O L O U R S ' 9P1R E V I E W
by The Wargameslllustrated Insight Team
COLOURS,that motherof all'expositionsofwargamesand LondonWarlords.whosepopular'Starwarswasjudgedthe
militarymodelling,ukes placethisyearon September14th& best participationgame at Colours 90 and awardedthe
15th,at its regularvenue,The Hexagon,Reading.As always, MiniatureWargames Trophy,will alsoreturnin '91.This year
Newbury& ReadingwarganesSocielywillbeassemblingtheirthey will be staginga demonstrationrefightof lhe Baltle of
uniqueandwell tried mix ofcolourful ingredients, to produce Nagashino(1575),manoeuvringhundredsof 25mmSamurai
that first rate blendof all round entertainmentfor whichthe figureson a hugemodelofthis historicalJapanese battlefield.
show is rightly renowned.It\ small wonder that so many Otherfeaturesat Colours'91 will includenumerousdisplays
enthusiasts. includingnota fewftom abroad.flocktothisevent. by themembersofthe var;oushistoricalre-enactment societics,
In 1990Coloursattractedover3500visitors.in additionto the who will, no doubt. be seekingoncernoreto woo arm-chair
numerousDart'crDants. generalsto actuallyexperiencewhat it wasreallylike on the
colours;91wili,asever,incorporatethe truly massive trade battlefieldin timespast.
fair for which the eventhasbuilt up sucha well earnedand Somakea datein yourdiaryforColoun 91,(Septenber14th
enviablereputation.Coloursreallydoesprovidetheopportun- & 15th).lt promises a feastofwargames andmilitarymodelling
ity to find all your military modellingand wargamingneeds entertainment. And, what'smorc. youcanbeatthe queuesby
underoneroofat thesametime-And. for lboselookingforthat booking your ticket in advance,right now. through tbe
second hand bargain. therc\ always the hugely popular HexagonBox Office. Oueenswalk. Readi'tg(0731591591).
Colours'Bring and Buy Slall. Ticketsthisyeararestill only12 toradultsandfl for under16s
Among the manyspecialfeaturesat Colours,is the integral and OAPS.daily. What an astuteinvestmentl
activitylomisefundsforMENCAP.Theshowwasso successful
in 1990that a chequefor 1535.15was handedover to that
excellentcharily,shortlyaftertheevent(seephotograph). The
& PRIZES
COMPETITIONS
organisersare makingevery effon to surpassthat first rate
achievement by raisingan evenlargersumthis year.
1991
AT COLOURS
The Colours'paintingand modellingcompetitions(Sunday Colours'91 offers first classcompetitionsand top prizes!o
15thSeptember. only), incorporateeighteenclasses. including wargamersand Military Modcllers.This year'sprizestotal
two classes speciallyset asidefor junior entrants.No doubt !850 in cash,in additionto the numerouslrophies.
entriesthis year will live up to the very high qualitywe now
virtuallytake for grantedat the show.Among the winnersin
1990were Paul Carrier wiih his superbmodel of the US WARGAMESCHAMPIONSHIPS
BattleshipMrrorli (class14),whichwasawardedthe Beslof All the rulesusedare publhhedby NewburyRules.
Show'prize,Ivan Brooketlho won the FantasySouthTrophy Thc winners in each competitionperiod will receive a
for his winning enlry in class 6 - Abonination gainst championship shield.to hold for one year.Theseprestigious
humanity',and, David Wenl who took rhe trophiesin no less lrophies are sponsoredby societiesand organisationso{
than four classes(1, 10, ls & 16). will anyonetop these flationaland internationalstature-as follows:
performances in 1991? - The Societyof AncientsShield
Talking of top p€lformances, the Armageddonwargames Dark Ages - The WessexDark AgesSocietyShield
Championships, alwaysa key attractionat Colours,will be the Medieval& - The Pike & ShotSocietyShield
centreoftenseandexcitingcompetilion. Thecompetitions take Renaissance
placein the ReadingCivicOffices,righl nextto The Hexa_son.Pike& Shot - The PartizanPressShield
duringbothdaysofthe show.The sevenchampionship periods. Napoleonic - Th€ NapoleonicAssociationShield
with theirprestigious trophiesandaccompanyinggenerous cash 19thCentury - The ConfederateHistoricalSocietyShield
prizes,attractmanyofthe finestBritishwargamersandseveral world war ll The NewburyRulesShield
from the Continent:experttabletop generalslike Ian Shaw.
winnerof the World War II Championship andrccipientof the The Champions in eachperiodalsoreceiveapersonaltrophy
plus
Top Rank Trophy as Championof Cbampions.and Brian to keepplus160in cl]sh.The runnersup receivea trophy
Wood who won the Ancientscompetitionto take home the !30 in cash;and. the third placed players and!10in
acertificare
Societyof Ancien$' Shieldfor a recordfifth tine. We wait in
anticipation1o see if anyone can belter thesc fifit class TheTopRankTrophy. ap€rsonaltophy anda bonusofr40
accomplishments this year.A nicetouchin rhe compelitionis in cash are awarded to the mosr successfulplayer of all as
lhe trophy for the best paintedand presentedmodel army Champion of Champions.
actually used in action. This was well earned by Roger The mostsuccessful club team(up to six playen, not more
Needham\16thCenturylndianArmy at Colours90. Finallya than one in each period) will receivetheCannonTrophyto hold
mention for CheltenhamWargamingAssociationwho are for one year, plus individual personalshields.
deservedly the currentholdersof the CannonTrophy lor the A personal irophy and f10 in cashwill be awardedto
1990teamcompetilion. player judged to be using the best painted army in t h e
Arnong the many excellentgamesat Coloun '91 will be competition.
"Tigen at Gaines'sMill", a %,,r scaledepiclionof an actionin
the Anerican Civil War nounted by SkirmishWarganes,
whichrnaybe opento publicparticipation.Lastyear,Skirmish DEMONSTRATION & PARTICIPATION GAMES
Wargames tlere winnersof thc covetedWargames Illustrated The wargameslllusl.ated Trophy and t50 in cash will be
Trophyandcashprize Gponsoredby you knowwho!l) for the awardedto the organisalion mountingthe besldemonstration
bestdemonstration ofthe fight game at the show (sponsoredby watgameslllustrated Maga-
game,with a brilliantrecreation
on Breed'sHill duringthe Battle of BunkerHil (1775).South
 31
Th€ Miniature WargamesTrophy and 150 in cash will be
awarded to the organisationmounting the best participation THE HOMEOF GRUBBYFLOORSAND
game at Colours '91 (sponsored by Miniaturc Waryames SPABI{LINGWIT!
Maeazine).
GAMERS IN EXILE
PAINTING COMPETITIONS
Waterhouse
Room rl.00am-5.00pm,
Sunday15thSeptember

Clailes
1. SingleFoot Figures(54rnn)
2. SingleMountedFigure(54mrn)
3. SingleLarge Scal€Figure
4. Vignette
5. FantasyGroup
6. Diorama
7. Wargames Unit, Pre 1700(25mm) ,'/
L Wargames Udt, 1700-1900 (25mm) lI . - lt Ll _ t I Il l It .l, // / /
9. Wargames Unit, Post1900(25mm)
----l
10. Wargames
11. Wargames
Unit, Pre 1700(15mn)
Unit, 1700-1900 (15mm)
iron r.00-6.15
r:rrx(
| | l;l \\
12. WarsamesArmy, Any Period(%m) rue-sltro.oo-.6.rs
13. SingleVehicle,Post1900(Any Scale) I I ll"^)
14. SingleAircraft or Ship (Any Scale)
15. NavalUnit (Any Scale) Tffge*Hs**"N
rebpnone: 071{33 4971
16. Miscellaneous
WARGAMES FANTASYGAMES
Junior Clrsses ESSEX& DIXON T.s.R,
1?. Wargames Unit (Any Scale) MLR & HOTSPUR AVALON HILL
w.R.G. STANDARD
18. SingleFigure.Vehicle,etc. (Any Scale)
PAINTING SENVICE
Hannamin,Tom H.rdman,ChrisLeason
Entry open 1.00amto 2.00in the WaterhouseRoom. & otherqualitybrushmen

The winnerin eachof the 18 classes will receivea shieldand

certificate,the runner up a certificate.The Astley Pdze is
awardedfor the bestentry of rhe English Civil War period in the
competition;the FantasySouthTrophy for the best science
fictio fantasy entry. Additional prtes are awarded in some

For further details of all competitionsand competition entries

contactChds Smith,8 BramwellClose, Thatchan, Berk.
RG134FZ. (Telephone:063561398).

NDWBURY& READING WARGAMESSOCIETY

Newbury& ReadingWargamesSociety,who host andorganise
Colours,meetweeklyin Newburyandin Reading.They are a
largeandwell equippedclub, cateringfor all interestsandtastes
in wargames andmilitarymodelling.All periodsandanyrules
are played. Meetingsare ftiendly and inJormal.Enquiries
concemingclub activities and meetingsare welcome, contact
any of the follorving for details:

Colin Cockbum "QuaverJ',LimesAvenue,Burghclere,

BerksRGl59HE (Tel:Burghclere233)
Tony Daltori 2 LoganClose,Til€hurst,Reading,
BerksRG34LG (Tel:Reading423302)
GrahamHyland 15 CrornwellRoad,Shaw,Newbury,
BerksRGl32HP (Tel:Newbury46627)
Alan Monison 6 SimonsClose,Tilehurst,Reading,
BerksRG36GA (Tel:Reading411337)
Chris Srnith 8 BramwellClose,PipeE Meadow,Thatcham
BerksRGl3 4FZ (Tel:Thatcham61398)

***The PrcvisionalDat€sFor Colouls '91 ar€: Saturdayl9th

SeptemberandSunday20thSept€mb€r* * *
All the usualattractionsplus, as always,that little bit ex.ra.
Watchthepag€sof thismagazine for details.
32

A Worgomel'sguide lo Indion Mulinyunifolms

by TedBrown

INTRODUCTION INFANTRY
The Indian Mutiny hasmuchto offer the wargamer,not the sth Fusiliers:All white (cap,coat & trousers)or all khaki.
leastbeinga widerangeof oftencolourfuluniforms.The only l0th [oot: All white.later all khaki.
problemwiththisisthattheuniformswornin $e fieldwerevery l3th Light lnfantrJ: Shakowith grey coverand (sonetimet
oftennot thosenormallyworn by theregimentconcemed. This plumefor officers,andshakowithcoveror foragecapfor other
is especiallytrue of the British field uniformsof 1857.Many ranks. Khaki tunic (with white hussarstyle ftogging for
wereunofficialandput togetheronan ad-hocbasis. worsestill officen), grey-bluerousers,with long bootsfor officers.
from the point of viewof the wargamerwilh an IndianMuliny l9lh Foot:Foragecapwith khaki coverand curtain,red coar
army to paint, no one sourcegivesmore than somegeneral with green facingson collar and cuffs for officers, white
(often vague) details and perhapstwo or three \ample'
uniforns. I hopethat thisarticle with detaihof 24 European 29thFoot:Dark bluepeakedIoragecapfor officerc,shakowith
in{antryuniforms,i1 Europeancavalryuniformsand many khakicoverandcunainfor men.Redtunicsandwhitetrousers.
lndianuniforms- will go somewaytoprovidingtheinformation Yellow facings.
wareamer. needLofieldaccurate mrniature armres. 32ndLight Infantry:Whitecoveredand€urtainedforagecaps,
red tunicsandwhite trousers.White facings.
EUROPEAN& LOYAL NATIVE INIANTRY 3EthFoor Officers:off white sun helmetwith white trailing
pagri.Otherranks:whiiecoveredandcu(ainedpeakedforage
British infantryofficersin lndia during 1857-58 might weara caps.Officers:red shell jacketswith yellow facings.Other
peakedforagecap (oftenwith white or khaki coverand neck ranks:grey'blueshirts.All rankswhite trousen.
cudain);a white or khaki sun helmet(often with conlrasting 42ndHighlanders: Highlandbonnetwith sunshade or glengar-
cloth pagri with hangingends);shakowirh cover;or a broad 'y. Whireor lalerkhakrlunics.Kill!. Redlacings.
brimmedwideawake'hai.Coatsmighrbekhaki,whireorred, 52ndLight lnfantry: All khaki.
or officersmight evenf'ght in shinsleeves. Trousersmightbe 6{XhRines:White sunhelmetor foragecap. Rifle greentunic
white,blue/grey'Oxford mixiure with a red stripe.or khaki. with red facingcollar.Wlite trousers.
Sometimes long brownor blackbootsmight be worn. -
Otherrankscould weara peakless'porkpie'foragecap(often 61stFoot:Whirecoveredandcu ainedforagecap peakedfor
officers- red tunicswith buff facings.White trousers.
with a khaki or white cover and neck curtain)ia shakowith 64th[oot: White coveredforagecaps.Red tunicswith black
cover;or a khaki or whitesunhelmet,oftenwith pagri.Coats facings,Oxfordmixtureor white trousers.
could be khaki. white or red. Shirtsleeves was conmon for 75thFoot:AII khaki or white.
fighting.Trouserscouldbe Oxfordrnixture,white or khaki. 78thHighlanders: ForagecapGometimeswith whitecoverand
Highlandofficersmight wear the highlandfeatherbonnet curtain).Officers:red coatwith buff facings;otherranks:red
with sunshade, glengarryorkilmarnockforagecaps(sometimes coator shirtsleeve order.Kiltsor trewsfor officers;kiitsonlyfor
with covert. Coatscould be brown, red, white or khaki;
shirtsleeves were worn in combat. Kilis or tartan trousers E6lh Foot: Sunhelmetwith white or buff pagri for office$.
( trews')wereworn. Otherranks dresswasmuchasthatof the Coveredandcurtainedforagecapfor otherranks.Red€oatfor
offi€ers. officerswith biue facings.Grey shitsleevesfor other ranks.
Thiswill givethe readersomeideaofthe widerangeof dress Oxfordmixturetrousers.
seenamongBritishsoldienduringthe Mutiny. However,it is 87thFusiliers:White coveredforagecaps.Officers:shon red
imponantto rememberthatwhile the rangeofpossibleuniform shelljacketwnh blue facings;otherranks:greyor whiteshirt.
$as side. with only a fewexceplions. qithin regimenl\men Officersand other ranks:Oxford mixturetrousers.
would so {ar as possiblebe dressedalike. althoughofficers 90thLight Infantry: All whi.e, later probablykhaki.
uni{ormcould differ from that of the men. Where dressdid 9lst Highlanders:Sunhelmetand pagri or foragecap. Klaki
differ within units it was most often only in matten sucbas tunic.Loosetartantrousers(sometimes known as trews).
covers,or thelackof them,or headgear andtrousercolour.Of 93rd Highlanders:Highland bonnet with sunshade.Brown
courseaftercampaigning for anylengthoftirne unifoimswere 'holland'tunicswith red facings.Kilts.
often dirty and/orpatched. 95thFoot:White,greyor khakicoveredforagecaps(somewith
The colourkhaki- meaningdustcolour- in 1857-58 wasby curtains).Officers:white coats;other ranks; white or $ey
no m€ansa uniformshade.Variousdyeswereusedincluding shirtsleeve order. Oxfordmixturetrousen.
lea, coffee,dung,mud andeventobacco.So khakicouldvary 97thFoot:Officers:coveredforagecaps.Other ranks:shakos
from light grey. throughwhat we think of as light and dark wilh khakicoversandcu ains.latercoveredloragecaps.Red
shadesof khaki today,to almostmid-browns. tunicswith sky blue facings.Oxford mixturetrousers.
ln shirtsleeveorderthesoldiersshirtscouldbe white- ofien RifleB gad€:Dark greenforagecap(with peakIor officers),
off- or dirty white greyor evenpaleishblue. Officers'shirts rifle gre€ntunic.whileor dark greentrousers-Laterthe Rifles
would normallyfollow this trend if being perhapsrather adopredkhaki runicand lrou\erswirh blackfacings.
cleaner but couldalsobe of othercolours. lst BengalFusiliers:This EwopeanH.E.I.C. unit wore white
Havingcoveredthe generallook of the Europeaninfantry- coveredandcurtainedforagecaps.Grey-blueshirts.White or
man,let uslook at the uniformswom by a numberofparticular
regiments. Pleasenotethatwheremorethanonecolourisgiven lst Mad.asFusiliers:Another EuropeanH.E.I.C. regiment.
this is often becausethe unit changedduring the campaign. Officersworesunhelmets or coveredforagecaps.Other ranks
(white clothingto khaki wascommon).However,som€nen foragecaps(manywith peaks)*ith blue coverand cunain.
might retain items of the old colour. In all casesthe more Whiteorkhaki tunicsandwhiteor darkbluetrousers. (Thiswas
commoncolouris givenfirst and the leastcommonlast. the battalionknownas 'Neill's Blue CaDs').
 33

DERBYWARGAMESASSOCIATES
PRESENTTHE

OSPREYWORLI)
CHAMPIONSHIPSt99L

WORLDS
PREMIER
WARGAMING
EVENT
To be heldat the AssemblyRooms,Derby
Saturday5th and Sunday6th Octoberl99l

Gurkha Reginents: Rifle green forage caps (sometimeswith

white cover), fle geen tunics, whire or rifle green trousers. EUROPEAN& LOYAL NATIVE CAVALRY
Sikh Reginents: Red, blue or khaki turbans (covered forase Remarkson the dressof the infantryduringthe Mutiny also
capsorsun-helmets lor manyofficers),
k}lakilunic andk]laki;r applyto the cavalryin generalterms.
2ndDragoo:rGuards:Brasshelmetwithoutplume.Otherranks
Guid€sInfartry: Khaki turbans,khaki tunicswith red facinqs weresoonusingdirty whitecovers,whileofficersworecleaner
and khaki trousers. flowing white pagris. Red tunics witb black facings.BIue
trousers,with gold stripefor officersor yellowstripefor the
EI,'ROPEAN STAFF, GUNNERS, ENGINEERS, 3.d DragoonGuards:As 2nd D.G., but with white
facings.
ETC. 6th DmgoonGuards:(Carabinien):A light cavalryunit from
StaffrStaffofficen mightwearsun-hetmets,
foragecaps(with around1851,butretainingtheheavycavalryhelnet.Duringthe
or without covers), wide awake hats, or even headsear Mutinytheyworekhakisun-helmetswithwhitepagri (withlong
something like a lurban.Coat\may be blue.whire,khak-i
or flowingendsfor officers),blue tunicsand blue trousersq'ith
(morerarely)rcd.Trousersmaybewhite,khaki,greyor (rnore doublewhite stripe.
rarely)dark blue. Long bootswerecommon. 7th DragoonGuards:White or khaki sun-helmets. Shortred
Royal Artil€ry: White or khaki covered and cunained forase jackets(withblackfacingsforofficers).Bluetrousers, with gold
cap.Wlire. khakior bluelunici{lhe lanerwilh red facingt. stripe for officers or yellow slripe for other ranks.
White, khaki or dark blue trousers. 6lh Dragoons:'Silver' helmet without plume, with white or
BengalHorseArtill€ry: Anothei H.E.LC. unit made up of khaki cover or flowing pagri for officefs. Red tunic with yelow
FLrropeans. Wlire sun-helmer. with pagriof k}lakior wh're. facings.Dark blue trousers, with silver stdpe for office$ and
Blue, white or khaki tunics (with red facingsif blue). Khaki or white stripe for other ranks. This unit may have adopted pale
khaki tunicsand trousenby the end of the Mutiny.
Royal Engineeru:Officen: white sun,helmetwith white or 3rd Light Dragoons:Khaki coveredforage cap, with peak for
khakipagri.Otherranks:whitesun-helmer-nopagriorwhite officers.Khaki tunic and trousers-
covered and curtained forage cap. Officers: short red shell 7th HussaN:Foragecap(peakedfor officers) with pagri wound
jacketor red tunic with blue facings.Other ranks:red tunic_ round so looking rather like an off-white turban. br;y tunics.
Officelsr white or blue trousers.Other ranks: dark btue Blue trouserswith two white srdpes.
Eth Hussars:Whire foragecap with cover and curtain.Blue
Naval Brigades: The sailors of the Royal Navy wore white tuni€and blue trouserswith one or two yellowstipes.
sun-helmetwith whitecoverandcutain or whiteDeaked 9th LanceN:White coveredandcurtainedforagecap(wirh peak -
forase
capwithcover if ofticerr,orwhite covered\enneislrauhats6r for the officers).White runic and trousers.nia ticines.
theseamen. Officersworelongishbluecoats,seamen l4th Light Dragoons:Foragecapsseemto havebeen;uch as
shortblue
jacke$. White trousers- thoseof the 7th Hussars.Blue tunicswilh red facines.Blue
trouserswith red or off white stiipe.
34
lTth Lancers:The'Deathor Glory'boysworepeaked,covered
and curtainedwhite foragecaps-Blue tunics.Blue or khaki
trousen,the blue trousershavingtwo whitestripes,the khaki
trouserstwo lightishblue stripes.
Hodron'sHorse:Officers:whit€sun-helmets with flowingkhaki
pagdi other ranks: khaki turbans.Khaki runicswith darker
khaki sash.White trouserswith long blackbootsfor officers.
lst PunjabC.valry: Red turban,khakituni€andtrousers,long
2nd Pur\iabCavalry:Blue turban, khaki tunic and trousers,
longblackboots.
GuideiCavalry:Khaki turbanor blueturban,khakitunicwith
rcd facings,palekhaki trousercwith longblackboots.
6th Irregular CavalrJ: Yellow or khaki turban, khaki tunic and
trousers.lons blackboots.
THE SMALLBACK ROOM
Minia ture Pain ting Seruice
. we achieve consisre ncy in stylei 3o Ecy
and qu.lirt of tinnh, roAerhers h a prompr
rcspo.se 3nd friendly seric. ompdinvely
. send rx lirst cl6s smps or No IRcs for a
25mm srmpl€, oi four ti6r chs stsnps for
r t5lm smde r.d r inforudon pack
. Plus tor every rto spflt on onle6,
'
our p'ize dmw Prize - l1;o *onh or
painrcd ligu6 of rhe w'nne6 cho'ce
Teltbone: 0431445671
TsBR, 42 ASHFIELDSROAD . SHRE'gTSBINY
. SHROPSMRESYI 3SB

THE MUTINEER SOLDIERS

Mostof th€Mutineerinfantrycameftomth€BengalArmy. The
sepoysworefairly tall peaklessshakosor smallwhite undress ,fftaster 6.taxs ffiiniaturBs
caps-Their red coats had white lace button loops and all in A.W.l.,A.C.W.& Napoleon
Specialist cs.
regiments hadyellowfacings.Trouserswerewhitein summer, HighestQualityWork.
Fullyresearched.
dark blue in winter.
Manysepoyskept their red coats,but mostdid not wearthe Pri<es:
peaklessshako or the trousen, prefering white caps or 15mmfrom f1 + P&P
sometimeswhite or grey turbansand short white dhotis for leg 25mmtrom f3 + P&P
wear. Most mutinee$who did not wear uniform coatswore Free1smmsamplesends.A.E-
white or off-whitecoats. 25mmsamplef2.50 + S.A.E.
Most mutine€r cavalry wore French-greyor grey-blue To:
jackets;whiteor greytrousersandlongboots.Cavalrytroops
Mr R. Matthews, S5 OstlersLane,Cheddleton,
often seemto haveworn white or greyturbans. Nr Leek, Staffs ST137HS
Mutineer gunneff' dresswas much as for their infantry, Tel: 0538 360182
exceptsomebluecoat.. Iacedred. $ere $orn.
The troopsofthe nativelandownerswho joinedthe mutiny
worevariedandoftencolourfuluniforms.Matchlockmenand
otherfoot soldiersmightw€arlongcoatsor robesof white,or MIRLITONS.G.
(lessoften) green,gr€y, yellow or variousshadesof blue.
25mm WARGAMES FIGURES
Matchingturbansand curnmerbunds of red, green,white or MADE IN FLORENCE
yellow.Theirregularhorseof thelandownerswouldwearmuch
the sametype and colourof dress.Suchmountedmen often At'lClENT:Elrus.an,Roman, Samnite
MEDIEVAL: llalian,
Calalan, Hunga'ian
The Britishtroopsalsosomerimes BENAISSANCE:llalian,SwissLandskn€.hl
facedHindu and Muslim NAPOLEONIC: F€dch,Fussian, Prussian,
fanatics- the latter known as Ghazis- and senenllv such Seethemat Ausldan,
Wurt€mburg, llalian
fighters wouldwearles clotho.ln rhemaindres]qouldcon.irt FreikonsStand lfAY 1850t0: Pedmonl,Arslda,PapalShles,
of somekind ofwhiteor greydhotior loinclothwith, perhaps,a coLouRs'91 Kingdom of Naples
lightcotton'cloak'(alsowhite/grey). Hindufanaticsmightwear catalogue - 5op
somekind of white capor havea shavenheadand/or a very long Sole UK lmDorler:
'pigtail'. They would
also often have sacredye ow or gold Roblnson lmoorts.
Hindu cordsabouttheir bodies.Mustimchazi dresswoutdbe 25 Princetown Road, Bangoi, Co. Down BT2O 3TA
much the same, but with green skullcap or turban and
cummerband.Weaponswould includerulwars,daggersand Other usefulbooks- particularlyon uniforms are:
smallroundshieldsof brass,steelor brassor steelboundwood. M. Bafihorp The Biish Amy on Canpaign (3) 1981.
Muslimsmightcarrygreenflags. M. Barthorp British Infanty Unifoms 1982.
M. Barthorp Briris, Cayalry Unifoms r98/.
FTJRTHERREADING & MAJOR SOIJRCES B. Motto The Indian Amy 1981.
P. MasonA Mater of Honow ln4.
The standardworks on the Indian Mutiny are J. W. Kaye R. & H. Knotel Unifoms of the wo d 1980.
Hbtory of theSepoywal (3 volumet London, 1880. B. F^rFell Amies of the Raj 1989.
G.B. Malleson History of the Indian MutW (3 volumet C- Wilkinson-LathamThe Indian MutinJ Osprey, Men at
lrndon, 1878-80. Howevertheseaie not that easyto comeby B. En4lish John Company'sLast War 1971
Arms.
today. (Try interlibrary loans) I.T. Schick(Ed) Banledre$1978.
The best modem works are C- Hibbert ?fte Great Mutiny Seeaho vaious magazinearticlesincluding
London, 1978 D & B Fosten'sexcellent'Cut of the Cloth' in M,]rrary
Battlesof the Indian Mutiny London. 1963 Modelling especiallyI\tly 1986.
Red Jeat London, 1973 T. Brown& LJ. Knight'TwoBattlesfor Lucknow'& T. Brown
A Seasonin He London,1973 'The Devil'sWind'in Warqanes
lllu:truted5 & 70.
all by M. Edwards. LJ. Knight 'Spikethe cuns' iA Waryames Woth 7.
For the Indian version see S. Sen Eighteen Frlt)'Sere, New Aho various articfes in Soldien of the
Sueen (jorrnal of the
Delhi, 1958. Victorian Military Society) Saya|e & Soldier nghting Forces
 35

tn l--- t-Tl-----
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1A1trtrtrtrtrtrtrtr
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Due to terminatjon of Licence agreement with Mr Allsop the following of Mr Allsops designs
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enO US int""try reaZlC 1-6 All codeA
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Placeyour ordersNOW to b€atthe deadline
Mi Allsop is following his ouo busin6 vahl6 in No.lh Am6@ and we wish him every sua6 in ihe fulue

WATCHOUT NEXTMONTHFOREXCITINGNEWFIGURERELEASES
OVER70 NEWFIGURES+ REWORKEDDOIWTEDLISTINGS
LOOKFORWARD
TO SEEINGYOU AT COLOURS& DERBY
17 Oakiield Drive r Upton-By-Chester
r ChesterCH2 lLG. 0244 379 399

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tot' SIY O^tario itl 8J:t Ri,Jer',]oott '1.10
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When replying to adverts please mention Wargaures lllustrated.

36

A RUSSIAN
COUNTRY
CHURCH
1ET2
by lan Weekleyof Bdxlements

By 1811 the former accord betw€enNapoleon and Czar

Alexanderhad deterioratedto the point whercwar berween
MEASUREMENTS
FranceandRussiaseemed inevitable.Napolconbelievedtharif Church:6r,t inchessquare
he crushedRussia,England'sstauDch conrinentalally.thc final Walls:3Il inches in heighl
yr inchall roundandis lyz inchesin heightto
seitlingof old scoreswith Englandwouldfollow. Roof:overhangs
Earlyin 1812vastpreparationswere put in handto createthe
GrandeAnn€e. Of 600.000men raisedit shouldbe renem,
beredthat only abouthalf wereFrenchmen.The balancewas
madeup from Napoleon\ conqucredterritoriesand reluctant ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
allies.PrussiaandAustriawerecompelledto sendcontingenrs I am grateful!o colleagueJamesMain for makingthe basic
andltaly sent45,000men.wirh Bavaria,SaxonyandWesrpha- churchto my design.Napoleonics by Tradition(Willie,30mm
lia sendingabout20,000meneach.It all addedup to 40divisions catalogue),paintedby Don Lambert.Russiandome castby
of infantry, 25 of cavalry and 1,500artillery pieces.Five D.J. Plastics,Wynondham.Norfolk, availablethroughthe
rhou\and supplysaggons $ ereorganised - zndbaigesro bring authoronly.
provisionsby waterwheneverpossible.
Napoleonenvisaged a briefsummer/autumn campaign 6th PARTIZANPFESS
wilh a ENGLISHCIVIL WAR MILITABYCONFERENCE
surenderby the Czarbeforewinlerl SUNDAYOCTOAER5Ih 1991
In the summerof 1812.cenerals Barclayde Totly and SOUTHEI{D CEIITRAL LIBRARY I.ECTURE ROOIISSOUTHEND, ESSEX
Bagtationhad215,000menin the Firstand SecondArrniesto subids dt h.ltde
facethe oncomingFrench.
The Russianarmiesretiredin goodorderbeforeihe French
advance.At Inkova Cossacksinflicted a defeaton French PFINCE FUPEMS GAM8IT
cavalryin a minor engagement.
NapoleonattackedSmolensk but failedto prevenlrheunron Ba[yDanlon.Foya|Hsbddsdeiy

of the First andSecondRussianArmies.ceneral Neverovsky onanYEcwmiEryglbi.d

toughla spiritedrearguardacr|onwhichallowedthe lorce, Lo
unite. EryffiuaFbcl66Fi$,9,i|&fupp,b:tr3@dEmghla6
On 29 Augustthe Czar appointedold MarshalKutusovto 26qfis! 6rcq r..r4h4t r, Esr 939rxo Oerns
take over supremecommandof the Russianarmies.Kutusov
continuedtbe policy of retreat before the French untit he
reacheda reasonabledefensiveposition ar Borodino on
September3.Howeverthe storyofthis fearfulbattteandwhat
followedbelongselsewhere. HereI havemerelytriedto setthe
scen€for this smallskirmishscenarioar 25mmscale.with a
NORDSTURM
91
buildingof generalusefor 1812situarions.

CONSTRUCTION
This typicalsnall countrychurch,perhapssometwo hundred
yearsold, forms a backgroundto our scene.Here Russian SATUBDAY2Sth
SEPTEMBEF
1991
artillery fight off probing Frenchtroops Carabiniersand ThE STOCKTONSPORIS CENIFE, lalbor Sr.et
infantry-iniheirsteadyretreat deeperintoRussia.Itlooksasif 10.1n.a.m. to 4.30 p-m
the artillerymaybe ove helmed,butwho knowshowthedice
will fall! Russianswere fighting a war in their homeland MINTATURE WARGAMES
defending Holy Russia,withdrawingsteadilyuntil theadventof DOARDGAMES - FANTASYCAMES
winterfinally destroyedNapoleon\ dreams. TRADE STANDS - PAINTING COMPETITION
Plywood3mm thickwasusedforthe bodyofthe church,walls BRING &BUYSTAND
beinggluedtogetherafterthe round-arched windowshadbeen PARTICIPATIONAND DEMONSTRANONGAMES
cut out. Thc shallowroof of thick cardwasmadelo simulate
coppersheetiig.L;nesofcottongavethe effectofthe different AdulsEt.N Childrcn&O.A.P5Oq

A rusti€porch of rough tirnben was addedto the church

front. I usedbitsof cardandoff'cutsof thin nodellingwood. rtadeEnauiEs GaneEtuunes
To To
The dome was from my sparesbox of urethanecastingsI IAN SMITH GaryHarbonb Johns
designedfor this purpose,and paintedgold. l4AbenRoad 4r whorlonFoad
The churchwaspaintedoff-whiteand the roof washedover Fani€ld Hadwicl
thinly with greenand white to simulatematurecopper.(The STOCKION. ON. TE€S STOCKTON ON TEES
coppercolourin fact dkappearsin time from suchroofing). CLEVELAND CLEVELAND
IS197EW TS198NH
The finishedmodelwasfinallymountedon a thin hardboard Tel:06425a2743 Tet:0642670107
baseas usualfor the smallersizeof wargamesbuildingand
landscaped with plasrerwork and the odd tree. plus suitable
-. ,-,-t t I
$ t i l
38

NO YELLOW CARRIERBAG: NO COMMENT!

(An Outsider'sview of Salute1991)
by Melod.y Clark
It's that lime of year again (or at leastit waswhen I wrote this chapslI evenpickedup one or two usefulmodellingtip6. Oneof
anicle):"Salute1991",theannualbeanoforwargame^!Irryand whichwasthat youcanfill in thegapsbetweensceneryboardswith
ignoreit all, but whenmy Barrattsshoeboxis invadedby seveml playdoh and - voila the cracksdisappearl(Membersof the
Jerseymen bearinga 19thcenturybaciendaplusaccessories, it does Earthquakeschoolof scenerypleasetakenote!) I honestlyhadn't
prove a litde difficult. "Chez Mel' has,for the pastthree yeal5, notic€dbefore,but after havingbeengiventhis gemof wisdomI
beenhomebasefor the annualJerseyinvasionof England.Why? couldn't help noticing the cracks in everyoneelse's scenery.
My fiance worked otrt there for two years,.his retum to the (SometimesI fe€l it\ better to live in ignorance).It just so
Mainlandand the annualinvasionwere pan of the samejob lot. happened(by coincidence) thatJerseywerethe or y oneswhohad
(Lucky me!). The only real problemI havewith the Jeneymenis done this.
communication.Ratherlike the AmericansandEnglish,in theory A quicklook round the lowerhall revealeda bunchof card
*e a[ $eaL the samelanguage. but in praclise.. . sharpsmasquerading asRorke'sDrift (whoweretheytryingto
"Tea or coffeechap6?" kid), somekindofparticipationgamebasedon th€film, though
_Mel.ju5rlook ,r rhe delailon rhesefigure.. detailseludedmeabovethe chaos.The takingof Alton Church
"Joly good! Tea or coffee?" in 1643was renamedby the author "Twigs 'R' Us, a post
"We had to imDon them fuom America. Rob's moulded hurricanegame". The scenerywas a heap of iwigs (sorry,
epaulettes on all65men.notjusttheofficers seelHaveyouseentrees!),bareofleavesandtherewasanex€ess ofnon-25mmlogs
the standardbearer?" scatteredaround. Various strangelydressedpeople were
"Er, yeh!I'll makecoffeethen". wanderingaroundclaimingto be in authenti€ECW costume.
"By the wayI almoslforgol, we'vebroughtyousomeduty free (Fortunatelywithout authentic ECW dirt. It's not only
Hollylvoodthat appreciates cleanpeasantsl)
"Oh thanks,wonderfuldetail on thosesoldiers.especiallythe My guide tried to explainwhat he could, but the whole
epaulettes. Wlere'sthisyear\ Fat Pedro?(In joke!)Whichflags atmospherc for the uninitiatedis ratherinhibiting.Everyone
do you want making this year?" seems so involved that it\ difficult to get an exhibitor's
attention.letaloneaskaquestion.Howeverallisnot lostlOne
Bribery?Not assuch. but everycentilitrehelps!Especialy fick I found that worked wasthat if you stare ar?d€rthe games
sincein pastyearsI've beenvolunteeredasCllubFlagmaker.They tablelong enough,someonenoticesand asksif you want any
thoughtit wasa goodideaat thelime, until I present€dthemwith a help or information.This worked successfully on "The Lost
7ft by 6ft club bannerandthey'vebeenratherparanoidaboutsize World" game.(l wasactuallytrying to seehow the waterfall
eversincelI admit in the pastthis sceptichascalledwargamersaI workedand not, as I'm surethey thought,ogletheir knees.I
the namesunder the sun from raving nutters to mutant train hopethey werenl disappointed).
spottels.MisundeFtoodhobby you b€tl (w€ll thafs what they Up to the mainhallwhereonly the dedicatedcouldsuflive,
say). let alone enjoy themselves.Since it was tull of figure
This year I decidedto try and understandwhat drove these manufacturers I decidedthat thisonewasworth a miss.To me
Jen€''rnenlemmingiike to London eachApril. There was only aI lead figwes look the sane. (Unlessof coursethey're
onethingfor it, a sortieinto theworld of "Salute' (However,I said Dixon's,inwhichcasethey've gotbigheads,evenI knowthis!)I
thatlastyearandabandonedafterlessthanlen minutes).Thisyear wasgladto notethat this areawasmoreheavilypopulatedby
was going to be different (so I was told). I was lent a tame tlomen,albeitbehindthe stalls;presumably husband-and-wife
wargamerwho offered to explainthe intricaciesof wargamingin teams.It wasinterestingto notethe strangebusiness pra€tices
wordsof lessthanone syllable(andkeepmetherefor longerthan goingon: You'veheardall the warningsfrom the Banksabout
keepingyourcreditcardnumberssafe.Ifyou wishto continue
It's not dilEcultto find "Salute"evenfor theuninitiated:Tubeto this pnctise, I'd advise you not to bulk buy at Salute.
High StreetKensingtonand then folow back rhe trail of yellow Manufacturefi who were frantically shoving 10ps into pay
carrierbagsemanatingftom the Town Ha (a scoutingskill of less phofles to the credit card companyauthorisationdesks,
than4 required).Actually I wasvaguelydisappointed- in the pasr screaming carddetailsat the top oftheir voic€soverthe din of
I've maliciouslyalignedwargameNwith thosemutant creatures the cro*d, don't equatewith the Banks'recommendations.
whowearrabbit-furtrimmedparkasandtherewasn'tonein +ht. W}latwasslighdydisturbingaboutthe wholeevent,to one
Oh dear!wargamenrnoveup n,rket - Man at M & Stakea bow! who hastriedto ignorethe hobbyfor solong,wasto leamhow
On arrivalat the hall, the magicwords"Je$ey WargamesClub muchI've subconsciously pickedup overthe years.Talk of 25s,
guest"openedall doon freel I evenmanagedto wardoff the evil 15s.microblobs,D6s etc.. rang alarmbells(Helpl) Also the
spiritsof the yellowcarrierbagdistributionnetwork.Shamereally. nurnberof people that I recognised.I put this down to
as I'd spenthours thinking up witty ripostesto retuseone. On numerousvisits(usuallyenforcedor accidental) to that denof
enteringthe hall I realisedwhy the ticket man gaveme sucha iniquity"GamersinExile". Thatt a Londonwargamesshop of
strangelook Wargaminghas fewer femaledevoteesthan John greatinfamy,normallyheavilypopulatedby "ldle Loafers".
Major's cabinet. A girl muld only feel slightly more alienated The difficultyusuallybeingto spot who'sin charge,a fairly
walkinginto the Long Roomat lrrdt- Ar thispoint I wasstarting looseconcept at the beslo{times.The nextnost difficultthing
to havesecondthoughtsand headingtowardsthe door. Unfortu, beingtrying to persuadethem that you actuallywant to buy
nateiy I wasgrabbedby "Tame Wargamer"and es.oned back. somethingand not spend4 hours. 25 cups of tea ard 10
(Evenwone, I didnl haveanydiceon meto makea savingro[). cholestercfladefl"Stickies"talking Ancients*/ Medieval*/
Filst port of call: JeFeyWargamesSociety.I hav€to admit that Pike-and-Shot* / Napoleonics*/ 19th Century*/ Moderns*
the 19thcenturyhaciendalookeda lot better,n rrtu thanit did on ('deleteasapplicable). [Nothirg personalPete,yoursis by far
my diningtablesurroundedby chinesetakeawaycartons.Niceone the mort courleousand du.l-free of wargamingemporiums
 (hon€stl)l publicto ask,approachthe.. I'ue mention"aUo." ,Oootttreta"t
SinceI'm not particularlyup on the intricacies of rules,all I of womendevotees.Evenin theseliberatedtimes,womenstill find
had to go on for the bulk of the show was display and it intimidatingto walkinto a roomtuIl ofmen, esp€ciallyonewhere
presentarion. I realiseho\r nuch efforr is invotvedin burtd'nq they're ignoredfor a red D6.
and parnlrngrhe sceneryand models.bur the queslionI kepl A lot of peoplefie asinterestedin how the modelsaremadeas
askingmyselfwaswhaton earthdo youdo with themwhenthe muchaswhatbattalionworepinL armbandsin 1789.I've pickedup
showisover?After all,they'retoo bigtofit on rhemantlepiece. some very good tips for modeling earrings ftom wargame$.
Sowhichgamesstoodout fromagirlyviewpoint?..StarTrek,. Seriously,who eise would know the toughestvamish on the
wasveryimpressive, (shades ofthe Trekkiecomingout here), ma*et? Insteadof concentratingon rhe historyof eachbaftle,try
andfroma personal pointof view,mucheasierto fit into a livinq ex?andingthe history in terms of the politics of the time, to put
roomcomparedto a 5h by l2fr wargames lable (tiancepleas; everythinginto context.The GeneralPublicaren'tgoingto realise
take note). Hailing from Nouingham I was padcutarty the mponanceof pink armbandsversusgreenheadbands, nor will
interested in the "RobinHood" game.Manythanksto the guy they probablycareI Howeverthey aremorelikely to be interested
who gavea brief, enthusiasti€ and rinple explanationof the in the factthat King X ran off with King Ys sisterandrhendunped
gam€.Unfortunatelyfor the Gladiators,whosegameitwas, he her to marryPrincessZ, hencethe reasonfor the battlebetweenX
wasn'ta clubmember,merelyan innocentbystander(and they andY. Get thei initial interestandyou canbuild on that andtum
still won best of show). Of the more conventionalgames, them into anotherwargamer.Tum people'snatural cuiosity to
"BunkerHill" particularly
stoodour. One of me reasonswas your own, or the club's,advantage.I know "Salute"isn'r a public
the presence of a lurid palm-typetree in the terain - totally display,but it's the closestmany clubswill get to one. Us€ the
unsuitedto Awl. Anotherwastheclubname:cLC. personallv opportunityandyou night geta few recruits.You only haveto s€€
I thoughrlheyweredisbanded longandandthar.RedKen sa: how a small amountof effon on the part o{ cames Workshop
into lizardsand pacifisrnrather than wargaming,but I could be (paintinglessonsand club games)hasbrought the kids flooding
wrong!(If you don't explainyour initiatschaps,exp€ctcomy into their shops.
comments aboutthename!)Oneof myfavouritesnasthe game PR problem, undoubtedly,but it's in your hands.Above al
basedonEllisPeter\ book.Thiswasamedievalskirmishsame rememberit\ a game- there*ercnl manysmilesat ,.Salute"this
serin mid-sinrer.It sroodout in $hireand madea Dle;sinp year. Perhapsif the games were occasionallyjudged by a
changero greenbaize.Maidstone $irh LherrIsmm scienc; disinterested outsider,you mightget somesurpris€results,maybe
fictiongamedeservea mentionfor their Blue petermethodof evenenoughto shakeyou out of your introsp€ction!I awaityour
makingsceneryfrom householdobjecrs(and beingwilling to commentswith interestl
tell peopleaboutit). Very impressive it wastoo. Participation
gamestucked awayinlittle siderooms(mentioningnonamest) rHE aurHoR: Melody is the long suffering fianc€e of Derek
wereavoidedat aquickglanceasbeingfar too intimidatingand HendeNor, a wargamer(25mmNapoleonics)of long standing,
whoseonly claim to fame is an article "One man and his dice,'.
After a while all the geen baizebluned and I left beforerhe shepherdingrules. men not attendingwargamingconventions
winnen wereamounced.I do rememberbeingimpressed with the and feedinghungryJeneymenher hobbiesinclude sewing(not
deLail on lhe WWI lankgame(andLheeanhquakes: seeprevious flags), fencing and drinking duty-ft€e vodka. Her srrongesr
note)andon thegounds thatI rememberedthemtheydeservedto aversionto wargamingis the complicatedrules, although she
win bestscenery.Best figures?I wasnr looking too closely.My would b€ willing to have a go as long as the rules take 5
own penonal {avourite (sorry Jelsey)was ..TheLost World" by nanosecondsto leam and the game involves Daleks. (Any
Homchurch.lls wonderfull)gari\hmlours,roodour dsainstrhe suggestions gratetuIy received)-
geenandbro*ns.Thewarertatl $ a. a br lianr idea.bur;osr of alt
it hada senseof FttN. What I reallywantedto knowthough,was
who ate all the comflales to get the freebieplasticpteranodons?
Jersey,I haveto recommend(howeverbiased)for their attitudeto
total presentation,flags, barulels,hand-outs,€ontinurt spiel and A recentbusiness trip acrossto mainlandEuropeenabledmeto
evenmat€hingclub T-shirts.No,onecouldfail ro notic€who thev call in at what is probably
Holland\ largest Wargames
sere or wharlhe gamewasaboul Something whichcoutdnl be conventionand tradeexhibition,whichwasorsanisedbv the
saidfor manygames(and admit it chaps,the modestlittle banner Sociere La CrandeArm€e.By Enri\hsrandardsihisward
help6!) amatl
,,Salute gathering, with onetradestand(BoutiqueLa crande Armee,
Joking aside,what was the outsideis view of 1991"? fion The Hague),a bar and perhapsa dozendemonstration
Wargamershavea PR problem.As a rule, the cenenl public games.Nevertheless, theenthusiasmforthe hobbywasplain on
doesnollake$riou!l) grosmmenwhoptalaroundwirh25/lsmm the facesof everyonethereand, as the greatNapoleonsaid,
Iead$lde$. Theusualcomment being..kjds who\c ncverg.own "TheMoralislothe Physical asthreeto one".It remirdedmeof
up .I bowfiom mvo$,lrexperience r-hetrne andeffonrhaigoe. someofthe eventsI attended(asa mereboy,youunderstand)
IntomaKxlgrhe models. res€arch andrules.MostwarsameD lnov 20oddyearsagoin Brirain.Itwill not taketheDutch20yearsto
moredboutlhe hisloryot lheir panicularperiodrlan a tor ot reachthe samestandards aswe now enjoyar Britishev€nts.It
so calledhistorians,but this is not well known or appreciated.Mv alsohada majoradvantage overmosrconventions I havebeen
own peBonalview is rhar -Salute ouehrro be a sho$caseto to - therewasno queueat the barl!
emphasize the moreaccessible sideof w;rgaming. UnJortunately Held in a warehouse, (ownedby a wargamerandgivenfree
thisyeais showmerelyreinforcedrhe..nunir" aspea.Grownmen for the day), the event featured boardgamesand figure
huddling around green bajze tables munering ..minusone for wargames in equalpropodions,with the largestgame beingan
mver, plus two for morale" and throwingdice is the lastthing to all-embracing fantasybrawlon a tablesomel5 feetbysix feet.
encoumgenew m€mbe6. Next to this was a 15mm Napoleonica€tion, with some
What is asimportantto an outsideraswhatthe eamelook like excellendy-painted figures,put on by the Delft-basedclub,
fsell (andthe dreaded\er of rules)is Lheoverau;resenladon. I "Muryhy's Heroes" (namedafter the principleof Murphy's
didnl kno$ whohaltrhectubsorrhegameswere.AtsoI rhint al Law: "Anythingthatcangowrong,willgowrong).Therewere
leastoneclub membershouldbe wiling to standaside,purelyfor alsofiguregames in 25mmin Ancient,Napoleonicand, perhaps
the purposeof answeringpeoplet que;dons.Donl ir for lhe surprisingly, EnglishCivil War periods.
 .Ih??sld'ofDBAganesb.|$ed|hee(1i!a|&Pe|.Dl|.k|d1h'\host|igursdr!.a|e'h*e|irs1gane|
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opponon Sh gunes h a da\. honours trcn at 3-3 - ard we stitthatl tine to takeDhotos!

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b c c a u s ae l l t h c g a m e s s c c m etdo b e p u t o n t o r t h e p l c a s u r e ofthe
p l a ! . r s . r a r h e r t h a n t b r e n t i g h t e n m e n t , e n r c n a i n m cont tl h e
Rod Robinson
G c n c r a l P u b l i c . T h e r c r r a i n sj n p a r l i c u l a rs c r c r u n c l o n a r
r a t h c r t h a n a r r i s t i c .I I o N e v e r . r h e c h o i c c o f \ . e n u e .o n a n
i n d u ! , t r i ncl s t a t e .s o u l d h a \ e c n s u r e dr h a r f e w n o n i n t e r c s t e d W h i l \ t w e r c o n t h e C o n r i n e n t .h c . e a r e t h c r e s u l t so f t h e
p c o t l e $ o u l d h a l e c o n r ci n . a n y N a v l EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSH]PS.I991
I $ r s hI c o u l d h e e m a g i c a l l rt r a n s p o r t c d a lrth o s e w h i n g e i n g \ e l d i r P r . r . i n A o r l . , . u p p l , J { . ' r c . n r * . r J . , r . , . n r
. .t i r f i r r - r ^ u r h , , h h \$ \ . l r e - t $ l ! . . , . n p . " i n r r g ( l i J * T i n S . d l \ r h e l L r , r a e . r r . hn f l o n , h r t , h . , \ r . . . n ( J
a b o u rr n i wirh
fr.'..^r p Ir,,. lh, r.,dr. rnC:Ir\r,.h,,s ln.\ $outd\]\( Salutc for rhe pasr two fcars: hopcfu y thc! t1managero
s c e n p c e s r o m a k c t h e i r w a l l e t ss h r i l e l l t h i r r a g e d yf o r n r i s se a c ho t h c r t o r l 9 9 r l
r , , . n" r J I u , r n e 1 n l h . l r t - rJ | | r u _ c l n e r p r \
r n e < ep r c \ r r r c e . ! . \ . b r , " r . e o f h ( c . , r o r i m o o r t | n g RENAISSANCE
B r i t i s h - m a dtei g u r e t . o r o r d c r d i r e c t l r f r o m r h em a n u f a c t u r e r i
r n B r i r . r i Jn n d n J \ ' h c F - r . , B r B n r a r l t e l d sr h e $ o r t d i n r h . . Rang
" L J r ! . r J L l - n , ( n r s i r p n r i \ p L r , , , n dl h i . r . t r m c t o r 0 Eourpe f,Ci,4 :Prs: nr
.'\nr'rJlron o rh. poputJ'it\of r\e Hoh\! hcr. One dj\ d
1 PIN1 R] BALL B. 1 7 2495
D J I r I -f r , I , d e i ! n " r o t r J i n r $ . t c e r r o 3 , r h e r " i r t - a , { i t c . t
n r o u l dm a k e r . a n d H o l l a n ds w a r e a m c r sw i l l f l o u r i s h l 2 RFA3 R5 OBERMEIT V. 1271
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a n d n o r " B r i r i s h . w h c n d i s c u s s i ntgh L r o r c e sr a n g e o 5 R]O WICKENST. 1 2
, ! r n n I l - n p e r , u - t r . r b r ro r . n r e o , , i n i o : r r \ e r e . . J p r : r r r 6 PIN2 F3 CLEI\,4ENTSD. t 1 2248
: 5 " n r e . \ h e n n r l i l B l i . r u d r I o t r h c\ d h r i e t dd . : k e dL h e
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7 R9 TO|\,IKINS D.W. 1 0 1 A1 7
bur he - f o r e o t 8 RFA3 R6 SCHON B. 9 I054
k)ask the DurchBelgjans]l
Though nill smatl in numbers. Dulch Wargaming is welt- 9 BFG2 R7 TAFF P. 6 s73
, r - J n r . r J \ \ r l h\ . m e \ ( r p n f ( . \ o r " l l \ p r o o u r e lJi s r r e r r e r \ . 1 O FRA4 R2 BUFFET A. 1 567
If\oJ'c!ri ileHcl"narnJIr.nr,,nerrrnsrrhurrg.mrr..
42
(7th edn. WRG)
ANCIENTS TEAMPOSITIONS
Rang ffi
0 Equipe 0 ^l(Ivl
tPts t infh. FRA2 As cossoN F. 17 zrss--;;-.;;E
1 FRA2 A5 cossoN F. 17 2493 FRA2 N6 BAGUET J.C. 15 5297. 45 8679.
2 BELI A29 VAN BELLE D. 17 2323 2 RFAz M4 HRUSCHKA M. 1s 34081_311!3!91
RFA2 N5 NACHSTHEUT R. 12 4232 41 10444
3 BEL1 A3O VAN VANBEECK I 1 5 2 9 0 5 RFA2 M3 TALMANN T. 14 2764 4t 10404
4 SLW2 A4 CLARKE R. 14 2264 3 RFA1 A7 FISCHER U. 7 784 | 40 93431
ENGLISH K. 14 2234 RFAI N4 FOFTMANN P. T5 5607 40 934S
6 F R A 4 4 1 2 LABFUNE F. 1 3 1821 R F A ] M 2 K B O N K ET , 18 2957 40 9343
7 BEL2 A3 BUICK E. 13 1744 4 PlNt Fl BALL F. |7 2495t 3T 46t21
PIN1 431 DAFE W. 10 1296 37 4612
8 SLW3 A21 MEDHURST J, 13 1611 PIN1 A2S SMITH K. 10 421 37 4612
9 FRA2 A2 BRAULT S. 13 898 5 BFG1 A5 ENGLTSHK. 14 223413!__l39lJ
1 0 sLw3 426 ROBEBTS M. 12 520 B F G 1 F 4 L A W F E N C ET - 12 1a06 34 4967
1 1 F R A 3 A 1 8 MASSON B. 1 'l 2054 BFG1 A32 WHITBY O. a 923 34 4967
6 FFA1 M1 LEBFUN Th. 5 699 | 33 97t71
1 2 F R A 3 4 1 3 LAJUS E. 1 I 1565
FRAr tu THOMASSON F. 12 2A11 33 9117
1 3 B E L 4 4 1 4 LEPAN G. 1 1 1068 FFAT N3 \4VIER P. I 6 7401 33 9711
14 I T A A 1 7 MARLIA G. 11 452 PIN2 R3 CLENIENTSD, 1l 2 2 4 0 13 3 34431
1 5 S L W 2A 1 0 JOHNSON T. 11 791 PlN2 A20 llclEoo c. 7 929 33 8448
16 I F L A 9 HOUSTON O. 1 0 1843 15 5271 33 8448
BEL1 A29 VAN AELIE O. 17 2323
1 7 B E L 3 A 1 ADELINE S, 1 0 1595 S 1s 290s 32 s22g
BELI A30 VAN VANSEECK
1 8 B E U ) 4 2 3 MICHELS J. 1 0 1388 9 R F A 3 F s O B E B M E I TV . 14 1 2 7 1 13 0 30651
1 9 P t N l 4 3 1 DARE W. 1 0 1296 RFA3 R6 SCHON B. I 1054 30 3065
2 O B E L 4 A 8 GUILLAUME C. 10 72s RFA3 T.1'J WAL( T. 7 740 30 30 6 5
21 BEl2 422 MEYEBS A. I 1294 1O ZZZ N3 L|STNER S. 6 1 3 8 9 12 8 31961
z F9 TOMKINS D,W, I 0 1017 23 3196
22 I T A A 1 5 i,ANGANELLI I 727
Z FlO WICKENS T. 12 790 28 3196
2 3 BFGI A32 WHITBY D. 8 923 11 IFL N1 CANAVAN T. a 12491 25 44221
2 4 P l N l A 2 8 SMITH K. a 821 IRL A9 HOUSTON D. 11 1A5? 25 4422
2 5 S L W 1A 1 t HOAD M. 8 730 IFL N2 KERR P- 6 1276 25 4422
12 FFA3 Ar3 LAJUS E. 11 1 s 6 5 12 5 37941
2 6 BFGS 419 MCCULLOCH J. ? 1494
FRA3 A18 MASSON 8, 10 2040 25 3794
27 SLW1 427 SHARP N. 7 1235 FRA3 M5 PEFRIER B. 4 149 25 3794
2 8 P l N 2 A 2 0 MCLEOD C, 7 929 13 S L W 2 4 4 C L A R K EF . 14 2 2 6 4 12 5 30551
2 9 RFA1 47 FISCHER U. 7 784 SLW2 AlO JOHNSON T. 11 791 25 3055
3 O BFGS 425 HOLDER N, 5 826 14 S L W 3A 2 1 M E D H U R S T
J. 13 1 6 1 1 12 s 21311
SLW3 A26 ROBEFTS II'- 12 520 2a 2t3l
3 1 B F @ A r 6 MARDON S. 5 807
1s EErr A3 BU|C( E. 11 434 | 21 22641
3 2 BF@. 424 NICKSON N. 3 376 BEL2 A22 MEYEFS A, 10 t430 2t 2264
16 B E L 4 A 8 G U I L I A U M EC . 10 T25l 21 lT93l
(6th edn. WRG)
MEDTEVAL
BEL4 A14 LEPAN G.
Rang 17 B E L 3 A 1 A D E L I N ES . I 0 1595
BEL3 A23 MICH€LS J. 1o 1388 20 2983
0 Equip€ l.lo[,l t Prst infli. I 7 2 7| 19 14431
18 ITA A15 MANGANELLI
1 RFA] M2 KRONKE T. 1 8 2957 10 716 l 9 r4 4 3
2 RFA2 ir14 HFUSCHKA M. 3408 I9 SLW1 All HOAD M. I 730
3 RFA2 I,13 TALMANN T. 1 4 2764 SLW1 A27 SHARP N. 7 1235 15 1965
4 RFA3 i:46 WALK T. 7 740 20 FRA4 R2 EUFFETA. 1 567 | 14 23881
5 FRA1 F B A 4 A 1 2 L A B R U N EF .
M] LEBRUN Th. 5 699 21 BFG2 416 MAFOON S. s 807
6 FRA3 [,,15PEFRIER B. 4 189 EFG2 A24 NICKSON N. 3 376 14 2156
6 973 i4 2156
NAPOLEONIEN
22 8FG3 425 HOLDEF N. 6 826
Fang B F @ 4 1 9 M c C U L L O C HJ , 7 t494 t3 2320
o Equipe NO{,4 t Pls t infli.
I FRAl N8 VIVIER P. 1 6 7007
RFAl N4 FONTMANN P. '1 5 SERVICE
SHIPOF THELINEPAINTING
FRA2 N6 RAGUET J.C. 5247 Napol?onic 1:1200shipspainted.rigge4& based
Send SAE lor detailsto:
PIN2 N9 WASIF A. 1 5 5271
John Laing,
RFA2 N5 NACHSTHEIM R. 1 2 70 Harcout Street, .a
IRL N1 CANAVAN T. 1289 Neu,ark,Notts. NG24 lBF
7 N3 LISTNER B. 1389 or Teleohone0636701439
I IRL N2 KERF P. 6 1 2 76
 .1-l

ANCIENT
EMPIRTS"
LEAVES
ALLOTHERGAMES
INTHE
DUST.
AncicnrEmpnci hasquicktybcconerhc
sundddby whichall o|ncrrulesysrcnsfor
miniarurcs
deme6ured. Androw we hail rh.
trimphal enu@ of C&sd.' Inside rhis nodulc arc
Julils Caeses giealesrbarles. A@urarelyr€qeare Caesds
cmpaigs inCaDl, Cenuy, dd Brilain, rhe Seond Rona Civil Wai, Lhc
Atricm, Spuish,md Pdthiu W{s, md nuchmorc. Soler
Ancien! Empnes dd rhe all new Caesa capmreyour
 by CltrisPeers

I to l|tnDt t+ X'll r \ afC

.tioDl the E.litat\.olle io, bt Phil Robi,\on & Petet AIl.n.l
 45
Mostskimish wargamerseventuallysufferftom a form ofcreeping usesurpluspointsthismove.
megalomadawhich enmunges them ro build up their figure
€ollectionsto a point at which their usualrulescamot cope,and An unencoumg€d rtrrn canonly:
tiey harero reconcile lhemselves lo eitherleavingmoi;f $e'r Halt andtakeno action.
figurcs in their boxes or to starting overlarge gameswhich, Continuea moveif alreadymoving,andnot pinn€dor supFessed.
becauseof the customarydetail and €omplexityof "skirnish" Fire unaimedwith explosiveor automaticweapons.
rules,theyknowtheywill neverfinish.The problen is particularly Takemver within 1 moveif underfirc.
acutewith 20thc€nturyperiods,in whjchmo6tof the actiofltends Defendhirns€[in hand,to-handcombat.
to consistof menlying down in coverand fuing at targetsalsoin Obeymoraletestresults.
cover,with a very low chanceof a hit in anyonemove,but a lot of
facton to work through in order to reacba generallyindecisive A rnano€edsto bc mcoursg€din ordertol
result. The following set of rules is very tenrativelyoffer€d as a Tate an aimedshot.
solutionto anyonewishingto setup a one-to-onescaleWorld War Beginor resumea moveoncehaLed.
II gamewith up to a hmdred or sofiguresa side,which,be€ause of Move into hand-to-handcombar.
their extremesimplicity,maybeusefulfor club "big games"etc., in Recoverft on suppression.
whichmanyof the playen are unfamiliarwith the period.On the Any otheractionhe maybe orderedto undertake
other hand, testingsuggest5that it givesa reasonablegame in
which men in cover are not wipedour roo quicklyby smal arms Movemmt:
fire, while advancingin the op€n is suitablysuicidal;the resultis On foot 4 inches.
that flanking movest€come imponant, but are difficult to carry Manhandledheaq weapons 2inches.
out unlesscloselysupewis€dby offic€n. Of coursethe readerwiu cavaFJ 8 inches.
quickly notice that I have cheated;rhere are no rules for tants, Halve aI movesin badgoing.
otr-table artilery, air support and many other aspects,this set
concentmtingon the infantry-venus-infantrybattle.This is in Iact General actionssuch as mount, dismountetc. take one full
no problem- all you haveto do is usethe appropriatesectionsof move.Firing or throwinggrenadescan only be combinedrvith a
your favourite "mainstream"rules, which nearly alwaysuse a maximumt -inch move,andthenor y iI en€ouraged - separately
one-to-one scale (I use the WRG set, War Games Plles, necessaryfor the movementandanyaimedshot.
1925-1950)and so give results which are compariblewith this
skimish set. Visibilityl
Line of sight is consideredro be completelyblocked by terrain
features,exceptihat a mancan,without moving,elecrto look over
SKTRMISH RULESFORWORLDWARtr, 1939-r94s or round a suitablefeature,countingonly asin cover,and dense
Scales: vegetationcanbe seenthrcughby a manin contactwith it, but not
1 figureor model= I manor vehicle. by othen, who counthim asin coverif he fire, but cannorseehim
1 inch : appmx.5 yardsor metres. otherwise.Figues movingin the op€n are alwals assumedto be
seen,tho6ewith no Iineof sightcannotbe; othen, includingthose
S€quenc€ ofPlay: haltedmorethan10inchesawayin the open,countasin coverand
Dicefor whogoesfilst eachmove,theneachplayerdeatswith one thei locationis assumedto be only rougl y kno*n to an enemy.
sectionaltemately,moving,firing andundertakinSotheractionsin Thesecanor y be engagedwith unaimedfire.
any order. Insteadof making a move, however,a section,part
s€ctionor supportweaponmaybe declaredto be on ovcNarcn, m Shmting:
which caseit may frre later in rhe moveif a targetappearsin the Therc are 2 tFes; aimed and unaimed. Aimed fire is only
areabeingobserved.It musrbe encouraged ro do this(seebelow), permitted at targetsnot in cover and by men who have been
andits leadermayrctain a point until the endof the movefor this encouraged.Basicscorelo hit is 6 or moreon a D10, nodified as
purPose. folows:

Cor nrnd andContml: +2 longrange

A section,platoonand,if present,a companyof inJantrywil €ach partialy obs.uredby smoke,dust,da]ktess,etc.
haveoneleader.Theywill begiver generalodels at the beginning -2 firer a specialistsniper
of the game,alongthe linesof "hold presentposition", "take the tuing tull automaticat up to 30' if tripod-mounted,20' if
hi[", etc. A heaq w€aponwill often have its own leader,and a bipod'mounted,5' if hand,held.
detachedsniperor a vehiclewi tre assumedto be its own leader
andableto enmurageits€lfto undertakeanydesircdactions.Each Weaponsfiring tully automaticmayfire aimedat individualslike
leaderdicesoncepermove,at thepoint at $rhichhissection,or HQ others, but may also use unaimed6re at targe$ eligible to be
group if a higherformationleader,wishesto nove- Norlnally, a engagedby directaimedfue.
platoon or companycommanderthrows one Dlo and a secrion Unaim€d6re is usedin aI other circumstan€es. andbv all HE
leaderoneD5, but thismaybe variedasdesiredasa simplewayof weaponr.0amethJowers etc. Eachweaponhasa beaLinzone.
reflectingdifferencesin organisationandtloop quality.The score centredwherethefirer rvishes,within whichaI figwesdicefor a hit
is the numberof men under that leadeis comnand who can be with a D10, requiringa 10to hit if in cover,9 or 10if not. Beaten
encouraged this move,althougha manout of sightor morethan6 zonesizesandnumberof dicethrownp€r targetfigureper weapon
inchesawaymunts as2, onebeyond12inchesas3. A platoonor
companycommandermayencourage menin thes€ctionsunderhis
cornmanddtecdy, or giveneworden to a subordinateleader,this SMC or automaticrifle 3"xl' 1Dro
requiring double the usual points. If leaden are in tou€h by LMG, handgenade, Iight mortar,
telephoneor (unusuallyin this period) Iadio, ignore distanc€ llEATround 4,x{ 2
penalties.A leadergetsno pointsif he fires or fightshand-to-hand MMG, GPMG,HMG, heavierIIE gx6" 4
- this move, Flametbrower,cffnisterrcund
and may not encourageothen if he is suppressed. A Z'wide,
suppressed leaderneeds4 pointsin orderto recover,andc.anthen upro max.range4
 F
-
IRREGULAR MINIATURES LTD -
.-*-I
69, Acovg RoAD.HoLGATL.\oRK yo2 4!p rEf. r0904r790J97
'so.ry! No P.rsnal Crll.* rre rllowed, du. ro Coun.il R*rictiona,

M'\. M^cvN. nsuENlueR ,. P

All hits,by whichevertypeoffire, suppressthetarget;to convertto pinned ur ess Russian,Japanese,Gurkhas or elite SS units
a knock-outrequircsa basic6 on a D 10,modfied asfollows: advancing,or ur esswithin 4 inchesof visibleenemy.The section
+3 targetin cover can shootas normal,but cannotadvance.The leadetmust use4
+2 unaimedfue at long lange pointsto makethe sectionrecover.
1 6rer a specialistsdper, or SLR or anti-tank rifle against
penonnelnot in coverfiring full automaticat targetsnot in cover. Moml€T6t:
Ta,l(enwh€n:
W€apotrraDs€saft: Short Long Own sectionor platoonreducedto haffstlength.
S M G 5 M Irader in line of commandkno.ked out.
Pistol 2 6 Underflame,air or rocketattack.
Carbine,automaticdfle 10 60 Altemativeto supFessionif within 4" of enemy.
Bolt-a€tionrifle, SLR, LMG 20 1m
HeavierMc 50 250 To test,throw a D6:
Anti-tank rifle 20 1m
Cannister 40 80 Saore
Flamethrcwer 6 10 I Run awayfiom nearestenemyat full speed,leavingtablo
Panzerfaost 6 20 (ninimum rangp2) unlessralliedby a leaderwithin 4'. This requires3 encowage-
Bazooka,PIATetc. 6 40 (ninimun rangp2) mentpoints;the rcuter thenrccove$to suppress€d.
Handgenade 6 - (rninirnurnrange3) 2-4 Becomesuppress€d.
Rillegenade 10 40 (miniinun range3) tr Carryon.
Ligh.mortar. 40 160(mininum range10)
A figure not getting"carry on" sunenden if eneny are within 6
A11rangesare measuredto the cenFe of the beatenzone for inchesandnearertlranthe nearestftiends.
unaimedfue. If playen wish to reflecl different levelsof tloop quality in th€
molale test, this c,anbe simply done by usingdifferent dic€; for
Suppnssion: example,a Dlo for elite commandos,a D,l for raw recruits.
Caus€dby a hit which doesnot knockout, or by failing a morale
test(s€ebelow). Cannotmoveexceptinitially into coverwithin 4 Hand-to-handcombat:
inches.Cannotuseaimedfue. Must be encouragedto rccover.If Individualsonly; if a manis attackedby more than one eDemyat
within 4 inchesof visible enemy, tale a morale test insteadof once,he sunenders.Each frgule tbmws a D6 - lowests(orcr is
becomingsuppressed. killed. If equal,fight againon next move. Add 2 if elite troops,
usingfixed bayonetagainstshorterweapon,or if cavalryagainst
Pinning: infantr)'.
ff a nan is knockedout by aimed fire, the rest of his s€ctionis
 47

SKYTREX l/zoor.ir. SCALE WW2 & MODERN

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48

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Tlle Ancri.,n SolidenKarcher '.::: viL''1D'*'of,h.Pe
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 Stu[io 'lonEanlief[
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DearWaqamer,StudioVon santietdis a newcompanydedicared
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50

WILDGEESEMINIATURES 4ft.! ChI@, EuoD.....

A Uedt..val Fdgd.B D.y
35CrossStreet,Upton,Pontefract
WFg1EU
New25nm FrenchIndlan Wqrsnqnge
J.1..odtr.tbqrFq!&1ol
FI2 Rqnger stonding
FI3 Rqnger in hunthg shii
FI4 Indion with muskel
FIs Indion dttocking wilh ciub
FI6 Indion odvqncino wiih bow qnd club a 'h@{r 44d @q!t
FI? Indion odv6ncin6 with muiket ond club Rgbwh@bqonhde$@q
FI8 Indion in breech cloul wilh muikei 't @ua @dpvtut4
FI9 Indion in breech cloui wilh club u4a1tgoubfufu@6ao
@wtu ttu .oa aJ qt to t F4- [be.a a
FIl0 Indron in breech cloui wilh bow
FII I Indion in breech cloui wilh muSketqnd club
FI12 French Morine in lricorn a @ ad oE .dsltd @aot, rt"tuu,-" 'sb-jtp-.*d,.di s
FIi3 FrenchMarhe in bonnetdu police
FIl4 French Marine in copole cool ond iricom
FI15 Frcnch Morjne in cqpole cool ond bonnet du police
FI16 French Morlne olficer in tricorn a.4fi..honr*o- ruonkamou
FII 7 French Morine olficer in ccDote coql
All Figurescost 35p eoch
Specldl olt€r ee dJ r-.btd Fm- b ts a,r,i| on o d"sd.d o nj , ";rd;i b' ,!m-

Sel20 2olndiqns al sers

eoooincnan
Sel3 20 ftench Morines )
Postcge U.K.BFPO roy.I
avi"o-"t"on'"
Restol World 3$[ ]A"""tt ryoudblblybPEsn'3gae

Forq cqlqlogue qnd 5qmple send 5 l .00 or rcdr hl'u H)

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KEEP WARGAMING
Pauland TeresaBailev
The Keeo $rei gorp815
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LondonRoad, Nov slocklna EmDlrcsEaal$ & Lions
Devizes,Wiltshire,SN102ER,UK The best lla!€l€€nicnagarne ,vr,?rbre C.50 po3l lr€e
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AssgmbJyFooms ARMYOF MARIATHERESAby DUFFY €27.50
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For tulld€k'rs s.nd an sdc. o 2
i{ oossib 6. rcur 5r€a ot inr€rei.
REPUBLTC r848/49 €10.75
Fiqur€3
GARIBALDI & THETHOUSAND
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THE LIBERATION OF SICILY €10.75
Dhons vn,arr4 ja[ 15mn & 25mir raroe!, MrF .i.dsd iinoss All above includeDostor post lree
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FurrRanqeor Empt€ PobricarioN S.A.E.forILLUSTBATED
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 51
lsrtrm FRENCHNAPOLEONICS66 packetsof Minifigs(178
CLASSIFIED piecet andboxedset"NapoleonsBa.tles"160.Citadel2Srnm
ADVERTISEMENTS Inperial GuardArmy 70+ pieceswell painredandbasedr35.
PhoneRichardon 0695632674.
Ads shouldbe accompaniedby a chequemadepayable
to Stratagem Publi@tions Ltd., lt Lovers Lane' LARGE IRREGULAR MINIATURES AustTian 6mm
Newark, Notts, NG24 lIlZ. Rate 15pper word. Pl€ase Napoleonicarmy, very well painted plus asso ed rnilitary
add l1t/z4o V.A.T. Minimum f2.50. books.Ring 0482'831685.

FOR SALE
DBA ANCIENTHISTORICALBATTLESRefightMarathon. OPPONENTSWANTED
Hydaspes,Cannae,Pharsalus.30 Ba.tles + DBA POINTS NAPOLEONIC lsnm RUSSIANARMY seeksopponentsin
SYSTEM.13.50 incP&P. MrP. Sides,NAAFI HQ ES.,BFPO York area.Static12x 6 lable available.Paul0904410929.
40.
FANTASY/ECWACW15mmand25mmSamuraiSurterPacks SERVICES
frorn !9.99. Revel FrenclvBritishknightscomingsoon with WINTER GAMING WtrEKENDSParties!p to six, includes
many others. AIso secondhandfigures bought^old. Send B.B.E.D. f25.00 per person.Silverdale,23St. ChadsRoad,
S.A.E. + x2 lst classstampsfor details:GamesDes'gn.40 BlackpoolFYI 6BP. Phone:025344420.
ChurchStreet.Stanwick,Northants.
QA IRA QUALITY PAINTINGSERVICE.warganes figures
MAGNETICBASING,self adhcsive,stickslo existingfigure paintedto collectors standard.For 15rnmsanpleandlistssend
basing.Now €vencheaper,coslsjust 11.60per metre (24mm fl.00 or fl.50 for 20nrnor €2.50for 25mmsamole.refundable
wide) enoughfor up to 300 15mmfigs. or 10 metresfor f14 wrthhrstorder.ChequeP.O.madepa)ablelo M.R. Cooling.
(pices inc. p&p). Cheques/Posto M Sawyer.29 windsor 24 GelderTerrace.Moldgreen,Huddersfield, wesl Yorkshire
Drive, High wycombe,BucksHP136BJ. HD5 9AZ. Napoleonicsand equipmentpiecesa speciality.
WARRIOR MINIATURF.S25mm FrenchNapoleonicarmy, U.S. Customers send$5 bill for 25mmsanple and lists.
somepainted.112infl24cav/General f20 the lot. Write: A. TRIPLE SIx profess'onalpainting serviceof high quality
Horner. 102Gillrovd Lane. Linthwaite.Huddersfield.HD7 figures.Any size,comp€titively priced.SendSAEand!1.00for
5SH. listsand sampl€.30 GlasgowStreet,Northampton.Tel: 0604
SIEGEOI PEKINGGAME featuredin wI27.250+ figs.7lrx 58337{J.
5fl terrain, asst.extras,includingfull game kit. Best garnc WARPAINT PROFFSSIONAL PAINTING SERVICE AI]
winneiatseveralshows.Offersaround1500. Also'Tarawa'.l0 scales to highstandardat comperitive pri€es,e.g. 15mmcalvary
x 6ft beachrerrain.figs.andgamekit. Anotherlrophywinncr. !l each. Send SAE and {1 for sampleand price list to:
t250. Contact:PaulCarsot 0784257281. Warpaint, 106 WoodlandsRoad, Haresfinch,St. Helens,
25nm FrenchNapoleonic ArmJ.320foot,80 mounted,4guns. Merseyside WAll 9AG.
well painted.1200.ContactDavid Brown(0232)603146 after HAND MADE SCALE \ryARGAMESMODELS constructedto
6pm your requirements.SAE for detailsto: Edward's,29 Beke
lsmm AUGUSTANROMAN ARMY 420infanlry, 104cavalry Road,Gillingharn,Kent ME8 gRL.
pluswagonsandartillerypiecesall paintedby Bill Breweroflhe
PaintedSoldier. For further informationconiacl Mark on DtrANFORESTFIGURFSFigurepainting,buildingsandtrees
081-6976361. Send!3.00orSAE. forlist orsamplestatingin.erestand styleof
paintingrequired.P & M Beveridge,62 Gtove Road, Berry
AIRFIX and ESCI SALE! BargainpriceslFigures.A.F.V.S Hill, Coleford,Glos. GL16 8OX. Tel: 059436130.
Aircraft. (Kits) SendL.S-S.A.E.plusfl.00 to: A.G. Peddle,
"Sunnymead",4 BraunlonRoad,Barnstaple, N. Devon.EX31 WARGAMES FIGURES PAINTED
1JY.,or phone027177757after 2pm. to collectoisstandards. SendSAEor hro IRG lor pricelist
CALLING ALL ANCIENTS.WessexRules are pleasedto to: D. Seaarove.
announce perod.
their new rulesfor the ancient Comprehen- THE LAsr DETAiL
sive but playableand enjoyablerules, clearly written and 196Parlaunt
Road,Langley.Slough.Berkshire SL-38AZ
illustrated.Fairto all armieswithbasesizeslikelyto matchyour PROITSSIONALPAINTINGSERVICE (Est.1985).All scales
existing15or 25mmarmies.Availablefrom wessexRules,42 cateredfor. All work fully guaranteedand to a choiceof
DanecroftRoad,LondonSE24pricet7.50,postage75pwithin standards. Competitiveprices,with gooddiscounts. e.g.15mm
UK, 11.50outside.Excitingand authenlicbattlesguaranteed. foot, from 43p.SendS.A.E. for colourdetails,l14 windmill
SIIPtrRBLY PAINTED lsmm NAPOLEONIC MINIFIGST Hill Lane.Derbv DE3 3BP. Overseas orderswelcome.
Austrians288inIantry,48 cavalry,3 guns,1150;Russians 69
infantry,33cavalryand3gunsI50.Plusp&p. Tel: 048675969.
G.J.M.FIGURINES
WARGAMERSELLINGUP. Flemisharmy: 128foot, 2 guns: Wa€amesFigu6 painledlo @llelo6 siarda.d.
f50. HundredsYealswararmy:96foot,ll cavalry:145.Wars 5mmro30mm.5mmsamplelrc€ sirh SAEor 5 lFCs.
of the Roses:162foot, 15 cavalry:I75. WelshMedieval:186 ForsamDle 1smmlioueandlistssend11-95or!2.95
foot, 10cavalry:I80. SYW RussianArmy ofObseration: 185 lo. 25m sampbfidu.e,payabl€ro G6ra.dConin,
24 Chelsfi€ldM6ws,SlanlonClos€,Olpington,
foot.45cavalry,3guns:1140. Allarmiesarel5mmandpainted K€ni,BR54FN NolGn4 rddhom numb.r
to a high standard.Ring 0f'42460638. 5mmasp€ciarily. T.l.phon : o6{i{i82oit 5 (z'4n,
r5nm ECW ARMY: 100 foot, 20 cavalry:165. Also l5mrn UScu3lomer3 plet3€3€ndS5bllllor rsmms€mple+ list
Austdan Napoleonic:144 foot. 20 cavalry: 180. All well
painted. Ring 0977647 (,4?. SABLEROSEPAINTINGSERVICE.Quality,efficientpaint-
rsmmSASSANID, L/Roman,ACW unpainted.Foot7p.Horse ingservice. Send11.50 + SAE for25mrn/l5mmsamples orSAE
15p.Action 200,Modern/roo,h.Manyotherbargainsto clear. for price list only. To Gareth Beamish,36 Arthur Street,
0902498181. PembrokeDock. D!.fed.SA726EN.
 52

The CONNOISSEUR Range

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\,onnolsseur,r tgures
20aCoastal
Road,
Burniston,
Scarborough,
N.Yorks. (0723\
YOl3oRH FaxorTetephone: 870741

FORTHCOMINGEVENTS CLUBS& SOCIETIES

r99l THE LEEDSCLUBmeeteachWednesdav niehtfrom 7.00till
BRITISH FORCES WARGAMES ASSOCIATION{GER. 10.30ar the AlexandraClub,ThornhillRd',Amtey, Leeds12.
MANY) - Muster91 21st& 22ndSeptember1991.St. Barben The clubhasover50 members,playingmosrperiodsincluding
BarracksFallingbostel,near Hannover-Star Fleet Battles, air and navalcombat.Membe6 also play role-play,board,
Battlet€chCompetition,Warhanrner40K, Ancient Doubles computerand play,by-mailgames.The club has a large
Competilion,DBA HistoricalBattleDemo- Hydaspes 3268C collectionofequipmentandterrain;allyouhavetodo isturn up
+ Loads Morel! ContactMr Peter Sides,Gernany, 02163 and playl The club runs an annual wargamesconvention
31361. FIASCO. We wouldlike to take this oppo(unity ro thank a[
LITTLE WARS CHARITY CONVENTION 21st & 22fld who cameas visitols, rradercor broughtdisplaygamesfor
September 1991at The BenjaminGott High School,Annley, makingthisyear'seventthe bestshowyet. We had over 1300
Leeds.Doolsopen9.30am-5.00pm eachday.For trade& other visitorsandhopetomakethe eventev€nberternextyear.Any
enquidescontact:Mr K.F. Whitlo€k, 36 Wyther Park Rd., clubor groupwhowishtoputon adisplayorpanicipationgane
Bramley,LeedsLS12zRU. at theshownextyearshouldcontactJohnSmithfor details.As
2,8th29thSEPIEMBER,SKIRMISH'91 atThe BridseCentre, nextyearis the20thanniversary of thefoundingofthe club,we
Chippenham. WilLs.l5mm Ancienc doubl€.co=mpelilion wouldlike to hearfrom anypasrmemberswhowouldcometo a
'masters',openDBA comp€tition,participationgames,
trad- reunionofpastmembers. JohnD. Srnith.Secretary,27 Arnley
ers,bring and buy, paintingcompetition,foodl Contactwith Grant Mt, Leeds, W. Yorks. LS12 3QB. Richard Jones.
SAE Mike Evans,2 SpnngfieldBuildings,Chippenham, wilts. Chairman.35 KirkstallAvenue,Leeds,W. Yorks. t-S530W.
Telephone0249655918. ST. ALBANSWARGAMESSOCIETYmeetseveryThursday
1992 in the FleetvilleComrnuflityCentre,HarfietdRoad. at 7pn_
TUNBRIDGEWELLSWARGAMESSOCIETY- OPENDAY Playenover 18 welcorne.A wide rangeof gamesfrom muhi
23rdFebmary1992,at St. Giegory'sSchoolReynoldsLane, playersolo to in depthcommitteegamesand campaigns. All
Southborough Bring and Buy, FREE PaintingCompetition, periodsconsidered,but no boardgames please_For furrher
Demonstration Games,TradeStands.Contact:PeterEngland, detailsphoneNick Skinneron (0727)5?713after 6pln.
Flat 5, 20 FranrRoad,TunbridgeWells,Kenl.
THEWESTMIDLANDMILITARY MODELLINGSHOWwill
RE.ENACTMENT SOCIETIES
takeplaceon Sunday8th March1992,at the AlumwellC€ntre, RECRUITS ARtr WANTED for the newly formed light
Walsall,WestMidlands,andwill consistof traders,wargaming companyofthe 23rdRegimentofFoot. The aimof the groupis
and modelling displays,large bring and buy, uniformed to re-createthe atmosphereanddressofthe lightcompanyas it
societies,bar and restaurant.Show Secretary:Mr Andrew would havebeenduringthe AmericanWar of Independence
Bratton,29 Sherringham Drive, Essinglon,Wolverhampton. (U76-83).More detailsare availablefrom SteveGage, 130
'lel: CalleydownCrescent,New Addington,CroydonCRo oEL
0922,!,n'7749.
When replying to adverts please mention lVargames Illustrated.
connohseur25mm.A.c.w. Rebsholedup in a homestead
are flushedout by unjon troopers.photo takenat the wargames
HolidayCentre.

F'mgePumy
THe AMnrcaa{ CNrr- VrR rN MNTATURT

nn tnd Fu'y-aunique ?4ptoach to slldyi.g lhe Amen-

.6CirilWar Fh. tacl Fu,tisan innovative gamingststem
usinomhialuroamieslo rdeale lheoajorbanbsbElwen
lh€ Nonhand Sourh.Thlsbeauriturtjrlusr€rod,rurr,@ror
b@kisbnmminO*ilh phol€raphs anddiaq6ms, lt @ntains
nolonlytul€slorwaigaming rheCivilWa.,boralsohisio.ical
backg.ound a.d sc€narios lor relighting lhe Banb ol
Gsitsburg, plus guidelinestor designingorh6r batdes.
Th€.sasalsoa gudelo palntngminiatur€s and@nsrructing
a s.alemoddbanHield.ln sum,Fl6 4.1 Fvynas $ary-
lhinglo help9€tlhe n€wminiatuEsgame.srarred-
Whilethe tulesare easylo leamand quickmovinq+
allowi.gplayelsto€lighra najo.bameina singleevenin!-
lheyde otet lh€ historicalaccuEcyyoulooklor in a CMI AVAILABLElN GBEATBBITAIN& IFELANDlrom
W game:unitqualily,leadereftetivenessand*ualties,
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 55

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