PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Revised: 08/03/2020

LESSON TIMETABLE
MODULE : 3. KINDS OF VARIABLES
Sub-Module : 1.1 Definition of Variable
1.2 Variables according to Functional Relationship
1.3 Variables according to Continuity of Values
1.4 Classification of Variables

COURSE/SUBJECT : PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

DURATION : FOUR (4) Hours Lecture; ________ laboratory

CONTENT/TOPIC STRATEGY/ REFRENCE/ EVALUATION

DURATION
ACTIVITY TOOLS OUTPUT
Introduction
• Opening Prayer
(Optional)
• Introducing the
instructor Laptop
Lecture-Disc
1 hour • Leveling/ Mutli-media 10-item
ussion jumbled letters
Motivation Projector
• Articulating the to discover the
desired learning different kinds
outcomes for the of variable
session
Presentation 10-item
• Definition of a Objective Type
variable of Written
• Variables Lecture-Disc Activity
according to ussion
Functional 5-item
Laptop
relationship Objective type
2 hours Mutli-media
• Variables Question
Projector
of Written
according to and Answer Activity
Continuity of
Values 10 item
• Classification of Objective type
Variables of Written
Activity
Application
• Feedback Form Recitation Laptop 15-item
1 hour • Assessment Mutli-media Objective Type
• Closing Prayer Lecture Projector of Written Test
(Optional)

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SESSION PLAN
Program/Year Level : Grade 12 – Academic and TVL Tracks
MODULE : 1. Kinds of Variables
Sub-Module : 1.1 Definition of Variable
1.2 Variables according to Functional Relationship
1.3 Variables according to Continuity of Values
1.4 Classification of Variables
SUBJECT : PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY : Lecture-Discussion, Recitation, and Quiz

DURATION : FOUR (4) Hours Lecture; ________ laboratory

LEARNING OUTCOMES (LOs):

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
• Define Variables and
• Describe Variables according to;
a. Functional Relationship and
b. Continuity of Values,
• Identify the Classification of Variables.

LEARNING AIDS:
• Laptop Computer
• Power Point Presentation
• Handouts/ Module
REFERENCES:
• Ragma F. (2016). Research 1 and 2 (Qualitative and Quantitative Research)
• Cristobal, A. and Cristobal M. (2017). Practical research 2 For Senior High
school

I. INTRODUCTION

Preparatory Activities
• Opening Prayer
• Introducing the instructor
• Leveling/Motivation

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Preliminary Activity

Below are jumbled letters. Rearrange the letters to discover the different kinds of
variables.

1. ENEDTENPD - _________

2. NTNSCUOIO - _________

3. ONLNIMA - _______

4. UNTTTQAVEIIA - ____________

5. AIROI - _____

6. NENDEDNTPEI - ___________

7. ICETSRED - ________

8. IDROLNA - _______

9. NIVAIERT - ________

10. OTLCORN - _______

II. PRESENTATION

The Nature of Variables

To ensure objectivity in the study of an identified problem, the researcher has to be
clear as to what variables are to be examined or investigated. A variable is a property or
characteristics that take on different values (Kerlinger, 1986; Wiersma, 1991).

Characteristics of Variables (Zulueta & Costales, 2003).

1. It is an observable characteristic of a person or objects being studied
2. It is capable of assuming several values representing a certain category.

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3. These are raw data or figures gathered by a researcher for statistical

purposes.
4. They are values that may arise from counting and or from measurement.
5. They are the predicted values of one variable on the basis of another.

Variables according to Functional Relationship

A. Independent Variables - this is the stimulus variable, which is chosen by
the researcher to determine its relationship to observed phenomena. This is
called the cause, object and variate of the investigation. This may be an
observed event, factor that is expected to affect another variable.
The example is:
1. To determine the effects of National Secondary test (NSAT) percentile rank
(independent variable) on achievement (dependent variable). He takes a group
of students with high NSAT percentile rank and observes their achievement.
Likewise, he takes another group of students with low NSAT percentile rank
and also observes their achievement. The NSAT percentile rank is the
independent variable because it is the stimulus variable that is manipulated.
2. To ascertain the effect of educational qualification (EQ) on performance. He
takes a group of high EQ teachers and observes their performance.
Educational qualification is independent variable because it is manipulated.
3. Suppose we have the equation y = 3 + 2 x. The equation means that, for
every value of x, there is a corresponding value of y. here, y, is the dependent
variable, and x is the independent variable. In general, we can write the
relationship as y = f (x), which means that the value of y depends on the value
of x.

B. Dependent Variable - this is the response variable, which is observed and

measured to determine the effect of the independent variable. This is
sometimes called effect, results, criterion in the study. It is the observed event,
factor that is expected to be affected by the independent variable.
The example is:
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1. A researcher wishes to determine the effect of National Secondary aptitude

Test (NSAT) percentile rank or achievement. He takes a group of students with
high NSAT percentile rank and observes their achievement. The dependent
variable is achievement because it changes when the independent variable
(NSAT percentile rank) varies.
2. An investigator wants to determine the effect of educational qualification
(EQ) on performance. He takes a group of high EQ teachers and observe their
performance. In this example, the dependent variable is performance because
it changes as a result of variation in EQ. If EQ is high, what happen to
performance? If EQ is low, what happens to performance?

Special Types of Variables

A. Moderate Variable - this is secondary or special type of independent
variable by the chosen by the researcher to ascertain if it alters or modifies
the relationship between the independent and dependent variable.
An example is:
1. A researcher wants to determine the effects of the independent variable F on
the dependent variable M, but suspects that a third factor O, alters or modifies
the relationship between F and M; then, O is considered the moderate variable.

B. Intervening Variable - this is a variable which interferes with the

independent and dependent variables, but its effect can either strength or
weakens the independent and dependent variables. This is an observed
event or factor that is expected to affect possibly the relation between the
independent and the dependent variable.
The examples are:
1. A researcher wants to ascertain how x (independent variable) will affect y
(dependent variable). It is possible that z (intervening variable) might have an
effect on y.
2. The effect of educational qualification on performance. Educational
qualification is the independent variable and performance is the dependent
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variable; but it is possible that age, gender, civil status, experience, socio -
economic status, values, and attitudes as intervening variables might have an
effect on performance.
3. The effect on National Assessment Test (NEAT) percentile rank on
achievement. NEAT percentile rank is the independent variable and
achievement is the dependent variable; but it is possible that age, gender,
socio- economic background, values and attitudes towards the study an
intervening variable might have an effect on achievement.

C. Control Variable - this is a variable controlled by the researcher in which

the effects can be neutralized by eliminating or removing the variable.
The example is:
1. The researcher wishes to determine the effect of x (independent variable) on
y (dependent variable). He may control Z (control variable) because he cannot
do many variables simultaneously. In other words, he may remove or eliminate
Z to neutralize the effects. Control variable will guarantee that he will not have a
moderately effect on the relationship between x and y.

Learning Check: 1
Identify the Independent and dependent Variable. ENCIRCLE the independent
variable of the following research titles. Enclose the dependent variable in a
RECTANGLE
1. Leadership Style of Secondary School Administrators and Teachers in East
Cavite Region.
2. The Influence of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of Public
Secondary School in Paranaque City.
3. The Weather and Flood Forecasting System in the Philippines: Its Effect on the
Business Performance of the Banking Sector.

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4. Personal Values and Leadership Performance of Barangay Executives of Pasay

City.
5. The Influence of Interest and Motivation on Academic Performance of Senior
High School Students in Algebra and Trigonometry.
6. Raising Science Achievement through Enrichment Materials and Lessons.
7. Occupational Preferences and Emotional Profile of Middle - Level Bank Military
Officers with Implication for choices of satisfying post retirement careers.
8. Conceptual, Human, and Technical Skills of Middle - Level Bank Managers:
Their Relationship to Performance Effectiveness.
9. The organizational Culture and Effectiveness of the Philippine National Police.
10. The effect of Sensitivity Training on the Morale of the Employees of the
Philippine general Hospital.

Variables According to Continuity of Values

A. Discrete Variables - it is one that can take on only a finite or potentially
countable set of values.
Examples are:
1. The number of students at any college, that may be 5652 students or 5653
students but not 5652 1⁄2 students. The numbers of students take on a definite
countable set of values.
2. The number of people living a city.
3. The number of children in a family
4. The number of burglar (breaking into building with intent to steal) in a year.
5. The number of automobiles registered in a state.

B. Continuous Variables - it is one that takes on an infinite set of values

between any two levels of the variables. They are the result of measurement.
Examples are:
1. Measurement of weight. It is possible that you may have a scale that indicates
your weight only in whole pounds, such as 135 or 135 pounds. Yet your weight is

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not limited to the specific values. It may take on any value between 135 and 136
pounds.
2. Psychological variables. Such as anxiety or intelligence, exist as continuous
variables, although they may be measured by scales that assign discrete scores to
a person.
3. Measurement of height. In this type of number, decimals have meaning. You
can say that a child’s height is 4.5 or that he has 48.7 cm. by agreement, we can
assign limits to continuous number. For example, the lower limit of the number 3 is
2.5 while the upper limit is 3.5.
Classification of Variables
A. Quantitative Data - Data that are obtained from ordinal, interval or ratio
measurements indicating how much of a variable exists. It also refers to the
numerical information gathered about the samples. Numerical data gathered
about the samples are either discrete or continuous.
B. Qualitative Data - These are the data obtained from nominal measurement,
indicating that variables differ in quality. It refers to the attributes or characteristics
of the sample. It also indicates information such as sex (male and female), attitude
(favorable or not favorable), emotional condition (happy or sad).

Learning Check: 2
Determine whether the following are Qualitative Variables or Quantitative
Variables. If Quantitative, classify if it is continuous or discrete.
1. Number of students in a class of 35 who turn in a term paper about tuberculosis
before the due date.
2. Number of syringes in an operation.
3. Temperature of a patient with fever.
4. Weight of patients suffering from obesity.
5. Health condition of the new born babies in the nursery room.

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Variables according to Scales of measurements

Measurement is the process of assigning numbers to variables following a set of
rules. Each research method described requires making measurement of
characteristics or behavior of subjects. Typically, measurements are classified into
one of the four scales or levels of measurement.
A. Nominal Variable - is classification of the measured variables into different
categories. It is the simplest scale. The number or letters are assigned to
objects as labels for identification or classification.
Nominal Variables are divided into two:
1. Real nominal variable - refers to variables, which are classified based on a
naturally occurring attribute like nationality, sex distribution and ethnic group.
2. Artificial nominal variable - means variables which are classified, based on
man - made attributes following certain rules like passing or failing a test, being
introvert and extrovert and being a mild smoker or a heavy smoker.
B. Ordinal Variable - is the amount of a variable placed in the order of magnitude
along a dimension. A scale that arranges objects or alternatives according to
their magnitude in an ordered relationship.
Examples are:
1. Social class or incomes
2. Stages of cancer
3. Responses to items on an instrument (always, sometimes, never)
4. Grades (A, B, C, D)

C. Ratio Variable - it is the amount of a variable along a dimension where the

differences between the assigned numbers represent equal amounts in the
magnitude of the variable measured. A scale having absolute zero where there is n
absence of a given attribute. It also refers to a variable where equality of ration or
proportion has meaning.
Examples are:
1. Horsepower of motorcycle engines
2. Salaries of nurses in a hospital
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3. Ages of students enrolled in a martial arts course

4. Weight of beef cattle fed a special diet

D. Interval Variable - is the amount of variable and ordered along a dimension

and the differences between the assigned numbers represent equal amounts in
the magnitude of the variable measured. The zero point of interval scale is an
arbitrary point, a scale that not only arranges objects according to their
magnitudes, but also distinguishes the ordered arrangement in units of equal
intervals.
Examples:
1. Grading system in course
2. Temperature scales (°F or °C)

Learning Check: 3

Categorize the following variables according to scale of measurements.

_______________1. Chronological age of the students

_______________2. Levels of performance of honor students, Summa Cum Laude,

Magna Cum Laude, and Cum Laude.

_______________3. Gross Family Income

_______________4. Ethnic minorities (Aetas, Manobos etc.)

_______________5. Achievement test in Earth and Life Science

_______________6. Positions of Teachers (Teacher I, Teacher II, Teacher III etc.)

_______________7. Height of Basketball players.

_______________8. Socio - Economic Status (Very rich, Rich, Middle Class,Poor)

_______________9. Final Grades in Practical Research 1

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_______________10. Number of Students enrolled per Strand

FEEDBACK FORM
3-2-1. Complete the table below

Three important things you have learned.

1.

2.

3.

Two interesting facts you have found.

1.

2.

One question that bothers your mind.

1.

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III. ASSESSMENT

I. Classify the following variables by checking the appropriate column.

.
VARIABLES NUMERICAL CATEGORICAL

Continuous Discrete Ordinal Nominal Ratio Interval

Sex

Emotional
Well -being

Academic
Awardees

Weight

Personal
Practices

Level of
satisfaction

Absences

Values

Salary of
Teachers

37.°C - 40 °C

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II. Identify and classify the variables. Write your answers inside the box.

Research Title Independent Variable Dependent Variable

A Comparative Study on the

Academic Performance of
Grade 11 and Grade 12 in
Jose C. Feliciano College
Foundation when ICT is
Integrated in Teaching.

A Survey of Grade 10
Students’ Preferences to
Enroll in the Senior High
School Program at Jose C.
Feliciano College
Foundation

The Effectiveness of
Tawa-tawa in Platelet
Enhancement

Junk Food and BMI: A Look

at Schools Banning Candy,
Snacks, and Soft Drinks and
the Effect on Sixth Graders'
BMI

How Does the Migration of

Adult Children Affect the
Health of Elderly Parents
Left Behind?

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IV. CLOSING PRAYER

Prepared by:

Mrs. Marisa Avila

Teacher

Reviewed by:

Mr. Richard John W. Hernandez

Academic Coordinator, SHS

Approved by:

Dr. Vilma V. Esparrago

Principal, Basic Education

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